Full Test -01

SET No.

A
(History Class-6 & 7)

SOLUTION English Medium

1 1
1. (A) North India 8. (C) Both i and ii
• The term ‘Kathak’ is derived from katha, a word • Around 9500 BC, the Neolithic period is considered
used in Sanskrit and other languages for story.
to have begun. At the same time, stone tools have
• Kathak associated with several parts of north
also been found at many places. Some of these
India.
tools are different from the earlier Palaeolithic
• The kathaks were originally a caste of story-tellers
in temples of north India, who embellished their tools and hence they are called Neolithic. These
performances with gestures and songs. include tools that were sharpened for precise
• Kathak began evolving into a distinct mode of cutting, and mortars and pestles used to grind
dance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries grains and other plant products.
with the spread of the Bhakti movement.
• Mortar and pestle are still used for grinding grains
2. (C) Only I even today after thousands of years. At the same
• The period from about 12,000 years ago to 10,000 time, Palaeolithic type tools continued to be made
years ago is called Mesolithic period. and used and it is noteworthy that some tools
• Stone tools found during this period are generally were also made of bone.
small, and are called Microliths.
• Microliths were probably tiny stones mounted on 9. (C) Dal Khalsa
bone or wood handles to make tools such as saws • In the eighteenth century, under the leadership of
and sickles. Till this time old types of tools also
many capable leaders, the Sikhs organized
continued to be used.
themselves first into 'Jathas', and later into 'Misls'.
3. (A) Himachal Pradesh The combined forces of these Jathas and Misls
• In the later years of the seventeenth century, a were called 'Dal Khalsa'.
bold and emotional style of miniature painting
developed in the Himachal region, which is called
10. (C) 20%
'Basohli' style.
• In the eighteenth century, Dal Khalsa used to
4. (C) Bhanudatta
meet in Amritsar on the festivals of Baisakhi and
• The most popular book of miniature painting
Diwali. In these meetings, collective decisions
painted in Himachal was – Bhanudutt's
Rasmanjari. were taken, which were called Gurumata (Guru's
• It shows the distinctive style of regional miniature resolutions). The Sikhs established the Rakhi
painting. system, under which farmers were charged 20
percent of their produce as tax in return for
5. (C) Both (i) and (ii)
protection.
• Brihadharma Purana, which is a thirteenth
century Sanskrit text written in Bengal, 11. (D) None of the above
• It allowed the Brahmins there to eat certain types
• 1500 B.C. to 1100 B.C. The period is called the
of fish as part of the local Bengali culture.
Rigvedic period. During the Rig Vedic period, there
6. (B) 2 3 4 1 is a description of two classes in terms of
• Farrukhsiyar - 1713-1719 performing tasks, the first is the priests, who are
• Alamgir II - 1754-1759 sometimes also called Brahmins, and who used to
• Shah Alam II - 1759-1806 perform various rituals and the second class was
• Ahmed Shah - 1748-1754 of the kings.
• These kings neither had capital cities, nor palaces
7. (B) Malwa
and armies, nor did they collect taxes. Normally a
• During the Mughal period, influential Rajput
king's son could not become a king.
families claimed the governorship of the
profitable provinces of Gujarat and Malwa. 12. (C) Both i and ii
• Raja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur got the governorship of
• In comparison to the Rig Vedic period, society was
Gujarat and Sawai Raja Jai Singh of Amber got the
now becoming complex. The priests divided
governorship of Malwa.
• In 1722, Sawai Raja Jai Singh got the governorship people into four groups, called varnas. According
of Agra. to priest, each varna had different tasks:

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 • The first varna was that of Brahmin. In second 18. (C) Organization of traders
place were the rulers, who were also called • In Pallavas ‘Nagaram’ was an organisation of
Kshatriyas. The third was Vaishya. The last were merchants. It is likely that these assemblies were
the Shudras and women were often classified
controlled by rich and powerful landowners and
along with the Shudras.
merchants. Many of these local assemblies
• The priests also said that these groups were
continued to function for centuries.
determined on the basis of birth. For example, if
someone's father and mother were both
Brahmins, he would automatically become a 19. (B) Place of residence of Jana (People)
Brahmin, and there are other similar examples. • The rajas who performed these big sacrifices were
now recognised as being rajas of janapadas rather
13. (C) Praise
than janas. The word janapada literally means the
• Prashasti is a special kind of inscription.
land where the jana set its foot, and settled down.
• Prashasti, a Sanskrit word, meaning ‘in praise of’.
• Archaeologists have excavated a number of
• Prashastis were composed for some of the rulers
settlements in these janapadas, such as Purana
such as Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni
Qila in Delhi, Hastinapura near Meerut, and
14. (D) Harishena Atranjikhera, near Etah (the last two are in Uttar
• "Emperor Samudragupta's court poet was Pradesh). They found that people lived in huts,
Harisena. He authored a renowned poem and kept cattle as well as other animals. They also
commemorating Samudragupta's valour" grew a variety of crops — rice, wheat, barley,
pulses, sugarcane, sesame and mustard.
15. (B) 12
Harishena describes four different types of kings and
Samudragupta's policies towards them. 20. (B) 2500 years ago
1. Samudragupta defeated the nine rulers of • About 2500 years ago, some Janapadas became
Aryavarta and merged their kingdoms into his more important than others, and were known as
empire. Mahajanapadas. Most Mahajanapadas had a
2. After this the twelve rulers of Dakshinapatha capital city, many of these were fortified. This
came. After being defeated, all of them means that huge walls of wood, brick or stone
surrendered before Samudragupta. Samudragupta
were built around them.
allowed them to rule again.
3. In the neighboring countries, there were many
Gana or Sanghas from Assam, Coastal Bengal, 21. (D) Neither 1 nor 2
Nepal and North-West. They brought gifts for • During Mahajanapada period there were two
Samudragupta, followed his orders and used to be major changes in agriculture One was the growing
present in his court. use of iron ploughshares. This meant that heavy,
4. Rulers of the outer areas, who probably belonged clayey soil could be turned over better than with
to the Kushan and Shaka dynasties. The rulers of a wooden ploughshare, so that more grain could
Sri Lanka were also there in it. He accepted the be produced. Second, people began transplanting
subordination of Samudragupta and married his paddy. This meant that instead of scattering seed
daughters to him.
on the ground, from which plants would sprout,
16. (D) Chandragupta II saplings were grown and then planted in the
• The era beginning in the 58 BCE is traditionally fields. This led to increased production, as many
associated with Gupta king, Chandragupta II, who more plants survived.
had founded it as a mark of victory over the
Shakas and assumed the title of Vikramaditya. 22. (A) Only I
17. (A) Pulkeshin II • One of the most famous grammarians was Panini,
• Harshvardhan was successful in the east, and who prepared a grammar for Sanskrit.
conquered Magadha and probably Bengal also, he • He was the one who arranged the vowels and
was not as successful elsewhere. He tried to cross consonants in a particular order, and then used
the Narmada to march into the Deccan, but was them to create formulas similar to those found in
stopped by a ruler belonging to the Chalukya algebra.
dynasty, Pulakeshin II.

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23. (C) Digha Nikaya 28. (B) Only (ii), (iii) and (iv)
• This is an account of the Vajjis from the Digha • Shankara, one of India's most influential
Nikaya, a famous Buddhist book, which contains philosophers, was born in the state of Kerala in
some of the speeches of the Buddha. These were the eighth century. He was a supporter of Monism,
written down about 2300 years ago. according to which both the living soul and the
• In a gana or a sangha there were not one, but Supreme Soul (which is the ultimate truth) are
one and the same.
many rulers and each one was known as a Raja.
• He taught that Brahma, who is the only or
These rajas performed rituals together. They also
ultimate truth, is Nirguna Bhakti and formless.
met in assemblies, and decided what had to be
Shankara considered the world around us to be
done and how, through discussion and debate. For
false or Maya and preached to renounce the world
example, if they were attacked by an enemy, they
i.e. to take Sannyasa and to adopt the path of
met to discuss what should be done to meet the knowledge to understand the true nature of
threat. However, women, dasas and kammakaras Brahma and attain salvation.
could not participate in these assemblies.
29. (B) Karnataka
24. (D) Ganga dynasty • The connection between the Tamil bhakti
• In the twelfth century, one of the most important movement and temple worship. This in turn led
rulers of the Ganga dynasty, Anantavarman, to a reaction that is best represented in the
decided to erect a temple for Purushottama Virashaiva movement initiated by Basavanna and
Jagannatha at Puri. Subsequently, in 1230, king his companions like Allama Prabhu and
Anangabhima III dedicated his kingdom to the Akkamahadevi. This movement began in
deity and proclaimed himself as the “deputy” of Karnataka in the mid-twelfth century. The
the god. Virashaivas argued strongly for the equality of all
human beings and against Brahmanical ideas
25. (B) 1586 about caste and the treatment of women. They
• From the eighth century, Bengal became the were also against all forms of ritual and idol
centre of a regional kingdom under the Palas. worship.
Between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, 30. (D) Narsi Mehta
Bengal was ruled by Sultans who were • Deccan saint-poets rejected all forms of ritualism,
independent of the rulers in Delhi. In 1586, when outward display of piety and social differences
Akbar conquered Bengal, it formed the nucleus of based on birth. In fact, they even rejected the idea
the Bengal suba. While Persian was the language of renunciation and preferred to live with their
of administration, Bengali developed as a regional families, earning their livelihood like any other
language. person, while humbly serving fellow human
beings in need. A new humanist idea emerged as
26. (A) 1 and 2 only they insisted that bhakti lay in sharing others’
• The seventh to ninth centuries saw the pain. As the famous Gujarati saint Narsi Mehta
emergence of new religious movements, led by the said, “They are Vaishnavas who understand the
Nayanars (saints devoted to Shiva) and Alvars pain of others.”
(saints devoted to Vishnu) who came from all
31. (B) Northern Region
castes including those considered “untouchable”
like the Pulaiyar and the Panars. They were • A number of religious groups that emerged during
medieval period criticised the ritual and other
sharply critical of the Buddhists and Jainas and
aspects of conventional religion and the social
preached ardent love of Shiva or Vishnu as the
order, using simple, logical arguments. Among
path to salvation. The Nayanars and Alvars went
them were the Nathpanthis, Siddhacharas and
from place to place composing exquisite poems in
Yogis. They advocated renunciation of the world.
praise of the deities enshrined in the villages they To them the path to salvation lay in meditation
visited, and set them to music. on the formless Ultimate Reality and the
realisation of oneness with it. To achieve this, they
27. (D) None of the above
advocated intense training of the mind and body
• In South India the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas through practices like yogasanas, breathing
had two centers of power: one inland and one exercises and meditation. These groups became
coastal. particularly popular among “low” castes. Their
• Of these Costal cities, two were very important: criticism of conventional religion created the
Puhar or Kaveripattinam, it was the port of the ground for devotional religion to become a
Cholas and Madurai was the capital of the popular force in northern India.
Pandyas.

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32. (D) Ravidas 37. (C) Prakrit
• Mirabai was a Rajput princess married into the • Swami Mahavir gave his teachings in Prakrit
royal family of Mewar in the sixteenth century. language, that is why even common people could
Mirabai became a disciple of Ravidas, a saint from understand the teachings of him and his disciples.
a caste considered “untouchable”.
38. (C) Both 1 and 2
• She was devoted to Krishna and composed
innumerable bhajans expressing her intense • Mahavir Jain taught a simple doctrine: men and
devotion. women who wished to know the truth must leave
• Her songs also openly challenged the norms of the their homes. They must follow very strictly the
“upper” castes and became popular with the rules of Ahimsa, which means not hurting or
masses in Rajasthan and Gujarat. killing living beings. “All beings,” said Mahavira
“long to live. To all things life is dear.” Ordinary
33. (B) Only ii people could understand the teachings of
• The Chola period was famous for local self- Mahavira and his followers, because they used
governance. The inscriptions of the Cholas who Prakrit.
ruled in Tamil Nadu contain more than 400 words • Jainism was supported mainly by traders.
for different types of taxes. Farmers, who had to kill insects to protect their
• The most commonly mentioned tax is the Vetti, crops, found it more difficult to follow the rules.
which was collected not in cash but in the form Over hundreds of years, Jainism spread to
of forced labour, and in the form of Kadmai, or different parts of north India, and to Gujarat,
land revenue. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The teachings of
Mahavira and his followers were transmitted
34. (B) Weaver orally for several centuries. They were written
• Kabir, who probably lived in the fifteenth- down in the form in which they are presently
sixteenth centuries, was one of the most available at a place called ballabhi, in Gujarat,
influential saints. He was brought up in a family about 1500 years ago
of Muslim julahas or weavers settled in or near the
city of Benares (Varanasi). 39. (D) Vinayapitaka
• We get to know of his ideas from a vast collection • Both the Mahavira and the Buddha felt that only
of verses called sakhis and pads said to have been those who left their homes could gain true
composed by him and sung by wandering bhajan knowledge. They arranged for them to stay
singers. Some of these were bhajan collected and together in the sangha, an association of those
preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib, Panch Vani who left their homes.
and Bijak. • The rules made for the Buddhist sangha were
written down in a book called the Vinaya Pitaka.
35. (A) Guru Nanak
• Born at Talwandi (Nankana Sahib in Pakistan), 40. (D) Married women needed permission from
Guru Nanak travelled widely before establishing a their parents to enter the Sangha.
centre at Kartarpur (Dera Baba Nanak on the river • From Vinaya Pitaka, we know that there were
Ravi). A regular worship that consisted of the separate branches for men and women. All people
singing of his own hymns was established there could join the sangha. However, children had to
for his followers. Irrespective of their former take the permission of their parents and slaves
creed, caste or gender, his followers ate together in that of their masters. Those who worked for the
the common kitchen (langar). The sacred space king had to take his permission and debtors that
thus created by Guru Nanak was known as of creditors. Women had to take their husbands’
dharmsal. It is now known as Gurdwara. permission.

36. (C) Panini 41. (C) Both 1 and 2

• Panini, who prepared a grammar for Sanskrit. He • A new form of Buddhism, known as Mahayana
arranged the vowels and the consonants in a Buddhism, was developed. This had two distinct
special order, and then used these to create features. Earlier, the Buddha’s presence was
formulae like those found in Algebra. He used shown in sculpture by using certain signs. For
these to write down the rules of the language in instance, his attainment of enlightenment was
short formulae (around 3000 of them!). shown by sculptures of the peepal tree.

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42. (B) Only 2 and 3 • There were a number of problems that troubled
• Bodhisattvas were supposed to be persons who him. People in the empire followed different
had attained enlightenment. Once they attained religions, and this sometimes led to conflict.
enlightenment, they could live in complete Animals were sacrificed. Slaves and servants were
ill treated. Besides, there were quarrels in families
isolation and meditate in peace. However, instead
and amongst neighbours. Ashoka felt it was his
of doing that, they remained in the world to teach
duty to solve these problems. So, he appointed
and help other people. The worship of
officials, known as the dhamma Mahamatta who
Bodhisattvas became very popular, and spread
went from place to place teaching people about
throughout Central Asia, China, and later to Korea
dhamma. Besides, Ashoka got his messages
and Japan.
inscribed on rocks and pillars, instructing his
43. (B) Fa-Hsien (Fahien), Xuan Tsang (Huien officials to read his message to those who could
not read it themselves.
Tsang), Itsing
• Pilgrims are men and women who undertake 47. (C) 1 and 3 only
journeys to holy places in order to offer worship. • Most of the inscriptions of Ashoka are in Prakrit
The best-known of these are the Chinese Buddhist language and Brahmi script and not in Kharosthi
pilgrims, Fa Xian, who came to the subcontinent script. Ashoka has described the Kalinga war in
about 1600 years ago, Xuan Tang (who came his 13th edict.
around 1400 years ago) and I-Tsing, who came
48. (C) Iqta
about 50 years after Xuan Tang. They came to visit
• The Mansabdari system was the strong
places associated with the life of the Buddha as
foundation of the Mughal Empire. Mansabdars
well as famous monasteries.
received their salaries in the form of revenue
• Each of these pilgrims left an account of his deeds, called jagirs, which were somewhat like
journey. They wrote of the dangers they iqtas.
encountered during their years of travelling,
around the countries and the monasteries that 49. (D) None of the above
they visited, and the books they carried back with • Chera people also adopted a lot from Sanskrit
them. traditions. The temple-theatre of Kerala, whose
tradition can be traced back to this era.
44. (D) Megasthenes • It was based on Sanskrit epics. The first literary
• Megasthenes was the ambassador of Greek king works in the Malayalam language, dated to
Seleucus Nicator in the court of Chandragupta around the twelfth century, are directly indebted
Maurya. to Sanskrit. It is also a very interesting fact that
Leela Tilakam, a fourteenth century treatise on
grammar and poetics, was written in
45. (C) Indo-Yavan, Shaka, Indo-Parthian, Kushan
'Manipravalam' style. The literal meaning of
• The Mauryan empire collapsed about 2200 years Manipravalam is – Diamond and Munga, which
ago. In its place (and elsewhere) rose several new indicates the simultaneous use of two languages –
kingdoms. In the north-west, and in parts of Sanskrit and the regional language.
north India, kings known as the Indo-Greeks ruled
for about one hundred years. They were followed 50. (D) All of the above
by a Central Asian people known as the Shakas, • Ashoka's inscriptions have been found in
who set up kingdoms in the north-west, north Kandahar, Brahmagiri, Jaugad, Girnar, Lumbini,
and western India. Some of these kingdoms lasted Delhi, Vaishali, Sarnath, Allahabad, Amravati and
for about 500 years, till the Shakas were defeated Sacchi.
by the Gupta kings. The Shakas in turn were 51. (D) All of the above
followed by the Kushanas (about 2000 years ago). • Ashoka also sent messengers to spread ideas about
dhamma to other lands, such as Syria, Egypt,
46. (B) Dhamma Mahamatta Greece, and his son Mahendra and daughter
• Ashoka’s dhamma did not involve worship of a Sanghmitra to Sri Lanka. He built roads, dug
god, or performance of a sacrifice. He felt that just wells, and built rest houses. Besides, he arranged
as a father tries to teach his children, he had a for medical treatment for both human beings and
duty to instruct his subjects. He was also inspired animals.
by the teachings of the Buddha.

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52. (A) Governor 57. (D) Puducherry
• In the Maurya Empire, princes were often sent as • Arikamedu is located in Puducherry. Arikamedu
governors of small provinces, but it is believed was a port about 2200 to 1900 years ago, a structure
that only local traditions and rules were followed made of bricks has been found here which may
have been a warehouse.
in these places.
58. (A) By Buddhist followers
53. (C) Both (i) and (ii)
• Jataka is the part of Khuddaka Nikaya under Sutta
• Refers to South Asia (modern India, Pakistan,
Pitaka of Buddhist text Tripitaka. These stories
Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka) and contain stories of Lord Buddha. Which is believed
neighboring countries like Afghanistan, Iran, to have been told by Gautam Buddha himself,
China and Myanmar. South Asia is smaller than a although some scholars believe that some Jataka
continent, but due to its vastness and being stories were told by his disciples after the Nirvana
divided from the rest of Asia by seas, hills and of Gautam Buddha. The world's oldest written
mountains, it is often called a subcontinent. stories are Jataka tales in which about 600 stories
have been collected. This incident happened 300
years before the Christian era. In these stories, an
54. (B) Painted-Grey Ware
attempt has been made to explain morality and
• During the Mahajanapada period, painted gray religion through entertainment.
pottery was used to store grains; mostly plates and
bowls have been found in this type of vessels. 59. (D) Vellala
These vessels are beautiful and smooth with very • The Vellalas were an elite class of agricultural
thin surface. They were probably also used to landlords who formed the aristocracy of the
ancient Tamil order during the Sangam age.
serve food to important people on special
• In the Tamil region of South India, big landowners
occasions. These vessels were made from clay.
were called 'Vellala', ordinary plowmen - 'Unvar'
and landless laborers were called 'Das Kadaisiyar'
55. (D) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) and 'Adimai'.
• There are several ways of finding out about the
60. (A) Only 1
past. One is to search for and read books that were
• An old inscription. This inscription dates to about
written long ago. These are called manuscripts,
2250 years ago, and was found in Kandahar,
because they were written by hand. These were
present-day Afghanistan. It was inscribed on the
usually written on palm leaf, or on the specially orders of a ruler named Ashoka. When we write
prepared bark of a tree known as the birch, which anything, we use a script. Scripts consist of letters
grows in the Himalayas. or signs. When we read what is written, or speak,
• Over the years, many manuscripts were eaten we use a language.
away by insects, some were destroyed, but many • This inscription was inscribed in two different
have survived, often preserved in temples and scripts and languages, Greek (top) and Aramaic
monasteries. These books dealt with all kinds of (below), which were used in this area.
subjects: religious beliefs and practices, the lives of 61. (C) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi)
kings, medicine and science. Besides, there were • Those who study these objects are called
epics, poems, plays. Many of these were written in archaeologists. They study the remains of
Sanskrit, others were in Prakrit (languages used by buildings made of stone and brick, paintings and
ordinary people) and Tamil. sculpture. They also explore and excavate (dig
under the surface of the earth) to find tools,
56. (C) Mathura weapons, pots, pans, ornaments and coins. Some
of these objects may be made of stone, others of
• Kanishka was the most powerful ruler of the
bone, baked clay or metal. Objects that are made
Kushan Empire. The capital of his empire was of hard, imperishable substances usually survive
Purushpur or Peshawar. for a long time.
• About 2000 years ago, Mathura became the second • Archaeologists also look for bones — of animals,
capital of the Kushans. Mathura has also been a birds, and fish — to find out what people ate in
religious centre. There are Buddhist monasteries the past. Plant remains survive far more rarely —
and Jain temples here. This was an important if seeds of grain or pieces of wood have been burnt,
center of Krishna devotion. they survive in a charred form.

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62. (D) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) 65. (A) Traders used only sea routes to transport
• Hunter-gatherers moved from place to place. goods.
There are many reasons for this. • Traders used both sea vessels and roads to
• First, if they had stayed at one place for a long transport these goods to Rome.
time, they would have eaten up all the available
plant and animal resources. Therefore, they would
have had to go elsewhere in search of food. 66. (D) Ashvaghosha
• Second, animals move from place to place —either • Poet Ashvaghosha was the author of Buddha's
in search of smaller prey, or, in the case of deer biography 'Buddhacharita'. He lived in the court
and wild cattle, in search of grass and leaves. That of Kanishka, the most famous ruler of the
is why those who hunted them had to follow their Kushans. Buddhist philosophers like Parsva and
movements. Vasumitra and scholars like Nagarjuna were
• Third, plants and trees bear fruit in different present in Kanishka's court.
seasons. So, people may have moved from season
to season in search of different kinds of plants. 67. (C) Both 1 and 2 are true
• Fourth, people, plants and animals need water to • Theravada Buddhism is one of the oldest and
survive. Water is found in lakes, streams and most traditional branches of Buddhism. It is
rivers. While many rivers and lakes are perennial mainly prevalent in Southeast Asian countries
(with water throughout the year), others are like Thailand, Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka,
seasonal. People living on their banks would have Cambodia and Laos. The name "Theravada"
had to go in search of water during the dry means "teaching of the elders" and emphasizes
seasons (winter and summer).
the preservation of the Buddha's original
63. (B) Only 2 teachings.
• Punch-marked coins were generally rectangular 68. (B) Pradakshina Path
or sometimes square or round in shape, either cut
• The Pradakshinapath was a path that was laid
out of metal sheets or made out of flattened metal
around the stupa. This was surrounded with
globules (a small spherical body). The coins were
railings. Entrance to the path was through
not inscribed, but were stamped with symbols
gateways. Devotees walked around the stupa in a
using dies or punches. Hence, they are called
clockwise direction, as a mark of devotion. Both
punch-marked coins. These coins are found over
most parts of the subcontinent and remained in railings and gateways were decorated with
circulation till the early centuries CE. sculptures.
• Due to the different shapes being made on silver
69. (C) (i), (ii) and (iii)
or copper coins, they were called struck coins.
• Very often, plants and animals that are tended by
64. (D) All of the above people become different from wild plants and
• Around 2000 years ago, Mathura became the animals. This is because people select plants and
second capital of the Kushanas, about whom you animals for domestication. For example, they
would read. Mathura was also a religious centre — select those plants and animals that are not prone
there were Buddhist monasteries, Jaina shrines, to disease. They also select plants that yield large-
and it was an important centre for the worship of size grain, and have strong stalks, capable of
Krishna. bearing the weight of the ripe grain. Seeds from
• Several inscriptions on surfaces such as stone selected plants are preserved and sown to ensure
slabs and statues have been found in Mathura. that new plants (and seeds) will have the same
Generally, these are short inscriptions, recording qualities.
gifts made by men (and sometimes women) to • Amongst animals, those that are relatively gentle
monasteries and shrines. These were made by
are selected for breeding. As a result, gradually,
kings and queens, officers, merchants, and
domesticated animals and plants become
craftspersons who lived in the city. For instance,
different from wild animals and plants. For
inscriptions from Mathura mention goldsmiths,
example, the teeth and horns of wild animals are
blacksmiths, weavers, basket makers, garland
usually much larger than those of domesticated
makers, perfumers.
animals.

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70. (C) Puhar 74. (D) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)
• The Puhar or Poompuhar is mentioned in works • Around 3900 years ago, we find the beginning of a
of Sangam Tamil literature which refers to the major change. People stopped living in many of
city located 30 km from the existing Poompuhar the cities. Writing, seals and weights were no
town in southern Tamil Nadu at the mouth of the longer used. Raw materials brought from long
river Cauvery around 3,000 years ago. It was a port distances became rare. In Mohenjodaro, we find
of the Chola dynasty. that garbage piled up on the streets, the drainage
• The port city flourished in inter-continental trade system broke down, and new, less impressive
but shifted with time. houses were built, even over the streets.
• Some scholars suggest that the rivers dried up.
71. (C) Both (i) and (ii)
Others suggest that there was deforestation. This
• Archaeologists have found traces of huts or houses
could have happened because fuel was required
at some sites. For instance, in Burzahom (in
for baking bricks, and for smelting copper ores.
present-day Kashmir) people built pit-houses,
Besides, grazing by large herds of cattle, sheep and
which were dug into the ground, with steps
goat may have destroyed the green cover. In some
leading into them. These may have provided
areas there were floods. But none of these reasons
shelter in cold weather. Archaeologists have also
can explain the end of all the cities. Flooding, or a
found cooking hearths both inside and outside
river drying up would have had an effect in only
the huts, which suggests that, depending on the
some areas.
weather, people could cook food either indoors or
outdoors.
75. (D) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
• The rulers lost control in the Harappan
72. (B) Mahayana
civilization and people left the Harappan cities
• Mahayana Buddhists claim that enlightenment is
and the use of seals, writing and weights stopped,
available to anyone who has belief and sees their
due to which the import of raw materials
religion as a means of life that anybody may
decreased. Whatever may have happened, the
embrace. They also like philosophical debate and
effect of the change is clearly visible. The
intellectual acrobatics, and they seek the
settlements of Sindh and Punjab of modern
assistance of feminine deities and magical powers,
Pakistan were destroyed. Many people settled in
as well as worshipping gods or goddesses, Buddhas,
new and smaller settlements in the areas of the
and Bodhisattvas.
east and south.
• After about 1400 years, new cities developed.
73. (B) 1-b, 2-a, 3-c
• Raw materials are substances that are either 76. (C) Kushan
found naturally (such as wood, or ores of metals)
• Some kings tried to control large portions of the
or produced by farmers or herders. These are then
route. This was because they could benefit from
processed to produce finished goods. For example,
taxes, tributes and gifts that were brought by
cotton, produced by farmers, is a raw material
traders travelling along the route. In return, they
that may be processed to make cloth. While some
often protected the traders who passed through
of the raw materials that the Harappans used
their kingdoms from attacks by robbers.
were available locally, many items such as copper,
• The best-known of the rulers who controlled the
tin, gold, silver and precious stones had to be
Silk Route were the Kushanas, who ruled over
brought from distant places.
central Asia and north-west India around 2000
• The Harappans probably got copper from present-
years ago. Their two major centres of power were
day Rajasthan, and even from Oman in West Asia.
Peshawar and Mathura. Taxila was also included
Tin, which was mixed with copper to produce
in their kingdom. During their rule, a branch of
bronze, may have been brought from present-day
the Silk Route extended from Central Asia down
Afghanistan and Iran. Gold could have come all
to the seaports at the mouth of the river Indus,
the way from present-day Karnataka, and
from where silk was shipped westwards to the
precious stones from present-day Gujarat, Iran
Roman Empire.
and Afghanistan.

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 82. (D) I, II, III and IV
77. (B) Kanishka • Tehreek-e-Hurriyat, Jamaat-e-Islami, Jammu
• Poet Ashvaghosha, the author of Buddha's Kashmir Liberation Front, Jammu Kashmir
Democratic Front
biography, lived in the court of Kanishka.
83. (C) B.R. Kamboj
78. (C) Black pepper • Vice Chancellor of Chaudhary Charan Singh
• South India was famous for gold, spices, especially Agricultural University Haryana, has been
pepper, and precious stones. Pepper was awarded with prestigious M.S. Swaminathan
particularly valued in the Roman Empire, so Award. Kamboj was given this award for his
contribution as a scientist and extension
much so that it was known as black gold. So,
specialist in the field of agricultural science.
traders carried many of these goods to Rome in
Karnataka Governor Thawar Chand Gehlot
ships, across the sea, and by land in caravans.
presented him this award.
There must have been quite a lot of trade as many
Roman gold coins have been found in south India. 84. (C) United Arab Emirates
• The joint military exercise 'Desert Cyclone' of
India and United Arab Emirates is being organized
79. (B) He died in a battle against the Guptas.
in Mahajan, Rajasthan which will end on January
• The Pallavas and Chalukyas were the most
15. In this, 45 soldiers of Zayed First Brigade are
important ruling dynasties in south India during participating from UAE side. Exercise 'Desert
this period. The kingdom of the Pallavas spread Cyclone' will further strengthen mutual
from the region around their capital, cooperation between India and UAE.
Kanchipuram, to the Kaveri delta, while that of
85. (B) 4 Year
the Chalukyas was centred around the Raichur
• Recently, India began its four-year term as a
Doab, between the rivers Krishna and
member of the United Nations Statistical
Tungabhadra.
Commission. It is the supreme body of the global
• Aihole, the capital of the Chalukyas, was an statistical system. It was established in the year
important trading centre. It developed as a 1947. This commission includes 24 member
religious centre, with a number of temples. The countries of the United Nations. India last became
Pallavas and Chalukyas frequently raided one a member of the Statistical Commission in 2004.
another’s lands, especially attacking the capital
86. (B) Dinesh K Tripathi
cities, which were prosperous towns.
• Vice Admiral Dinesh K Tripathi officially assumed
• The best-known Chalukya ruler was Pulakeshin II.
the role of Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff. Before
We know about him from a Prashasti, composed this he was serving as the Flag Officer
by his court poet Ravikirti. This tells us about his Commanding-in-Chief of the Western Naval
ancestors, who are traced back through four Command.
generations from father to son. Pulakeshin
87. (A) Only One
evidently got the kingdom from his uncle.
• Recently, the Indian Tsunami Early Warning
Centre, which includes the Indian National Center
80. (B) Surajmal
for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), said
• Surajmal ruled in the 18th century. He was the son there is no tsunami threat in India after a
of Jat Sardar Badan Singh. He was a great leader, powerful 7.5 magnitude earthquake struck off the
great fighter, great diplomat and a great politician west coast of Japan. Indian National Center for
of his time. During his time Jat Raj emerged as a Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) is an
powerful region. independent organization under the Ministry of
Earth Sciences (MoES). It was established in 1999
and is headquartered in Hyderabad. INCOIS's
81. (B) Arvind Panagariya
function is to provide marine information and
• Arvind Panagariya was Vice Chairman of NITI advisory services to society, industry, government
Aayog (1st) agencies and the scientific community. INCOIS is
• Ritwik Ranjana Pandey nominated as Secretary of the nodal agency for tsunami forecasting and
16th Finance Commission early warning in India. Hence only statement 2 is
• Tenure of the Commission – 2026-27 to 2030-31 correct.

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88. (B) Only 2 92. (A) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
• ISRO on January 1 achieved success by placing its • The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is
first polarimetry mission, X-ray Polarimeter the principal international organization
Satellite (XPoSat) into a precise circular orbit of
responsible for promoting safe, secure, and
650 km after a 21-minute flight. XPoSat is the
peaceful nuclear technologies. It plays a crucial
world's second satellite-based mission dedicated
to X-ray polarimetry measurements. It has been role in monitoring and regulating nuclear
launched by the Indian Space Research activities to ensure compliance with
Organization (ISRO). This mission will operate in international agreements and the Global Nuclear
low Earth orbit and its life span is estimated to be Order. The IAEA's mandate includes verifying that
five years. Hence statement 1 is correct countries are complying with their non-
89. (D) All four proliferation commitments, promoting nuclear
• All four sectors are included within the RCEP safety and security, and facilitating the peaceful
agreement. The RCEP also covers other areas such use of nuclear energy.
as competition policy, government procurement,
and labor and environmental protections. Overall,
93. (B) 2 and 3 only
the agreement aims to create a comprehensive
framework for economic cooperation among its • Statement 1 is incorrect. The India Out
members, with the goal of boosting trade and campaign's primary objective is to reduce Indian
investment flows and fostering sustainable influence in the Maldives. It is a political
development in the Asia-Pacific regio movement to mobilise people in Maldives against
90. (D) None India. The campaign is against the presence of
• Statements 1, 2 and 3 are incorrect. Although the Indian military on Maldivian soil. Statements 2
FMR aimed to improve border relations and and 3 are correct. India has historically viewed the
connect communities, it wasn't primarily focused Maldives as a crucial partner in its defense and
on facilitating trade or investment. It was
security strategy and has invested in
designed for temporary cross-border movement
strengthening their defense cooperation. Hence, it
for specific purposes like trade, farming, and
family visits. Visa requirements were not a part of considers the Maldives as its primary defense line
the FMR, and Indian citizens could avail of its against terrorism, drug trafficking, narcotics, and
benefits without a visa. The FMR was a visa-free various maritime crimes. The Greater Male
arrangement based on a longstanding Connectivity Project is a large-scale infrastructure
understanding between the two countries. The project being developed in the Maldives with
FMR was restricted to a specific area within 16 km
Indian financial and technical assistance. It is
on either side of the border, not the entire 1,643
km length. Note: Recently, the Indian government designed to improve connectivity between the
has announced its intention to end the FMR along Maldivian capital Male and nearby islands,
the India-Myanmar border. This is being done as supporting the country's economic and social
a measure to enhance border security development.

91. (A) Only One

• Statement 1 is correct. In GST, exports are zero- 94. (D) Neither 1 nor 2
rated, which means that exporters don’t pay taxes • Statements 1 and 2 are incorrect. The pact,
on their output but are entitled to refunds on the officially called the Agreement on the Prohibition
taxes they paid on their inputs. Statements 2 and
of Attack against Nuclear Installations and
3 are incorrect. GST is levied on the supply of goods
Facilities, emphasizes transparency and aims to
and services, not just manufacture and sale. While
the essential nature of goods and services is a prevent accidental or deliberate attacks on each
factor in their tax classification under GST, it's not other's nuclear facilities. Sharing the locations of
the sole determinant. Other factors like economic these facilities helps build trust and reduces the
utility, luxury vs. necessity, revenue potential, and risk of miscalculation in times of tension. The
social considerations also influence the tax slabs
specific goal of the pact is to minimize the risk of
assigned to different goods and services.
nuclear conflict, not to boost economic
cooperation.

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95. (C) Bihar 99. (B) 4,797 crores
• Under ‘Mission Suraksha’ The main objective is • The Central Government has allocated
to control crime like illegal business in Flood approximately Rs 4,797 crore for the PRITHVI
plains and hilly areas like liquor manufacturing, VIGYAN scheme. The scheme consists of five
illegal firearms manufacturing, Afrim cultivation ongoing sub-schemes, including Atmosphere and
etc. Also in traffic control and maintaining law Climate Research-Modeling Observational
and order. Systems and Services (ACROSS), Ocean Services,
Modeling Applications, Resources and Technology
96. (C) Bihar (O-SMART), etc. The objective of the Prithvi
• It was related to tennis ball cricket which was scheme is to enhance long-term observations of
organized in Nepal. In which Bihar won the title the atmosphere and ocean.
by defeating Uttar Pradesh.
100. (C) Gujarat
97. (A) Bihar • Gujarat government is going to start the country's
• Mission Investigation @75 launched by Bihar to first submarine tourism. This project has been
promote e-governance and strengthen the legal started around Bet Dwarka, a small island off the
system. coast of Dwarka city. For this, Gujarat
Government has joined hands with Mazgaon Dock
Limited (MDL). This project is likely to start before
98. (C) 13th
Diwali 2024. The weight of this tourist submarine
• Road accidents are the cause of most deaths in
will be approximately 35 tons and its capacity will
Bihar – 56%
be to carry 30 passengers.

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