Teologiiiaaaa
Teologiiiaaaa
doi: 10.14746/tp.2019.20.03
ORCID: 0000-0003-0787-4395
PAWEŁ KIEJKOWSKI
The Eucharist is the source and summit of all Christian life, a summary
and a round-up of all our faith (cf. CCC 1324, 1327). The cult of the Holy Sac-
rifice is the centre of the Church’s life, which is realized in the Eucharist and,
at the same time, around this “the Sacrament of sacraments”(cf. CCC 1330) it
concentrates all its salvific activities (cf. Kiernikowski 2000). This truth ap-
plies equally to both the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. Polish Or-
thodox theologian Father Henryk Paprocki in his unique work Mystery of the
Eucharist emphasizes that what distinguishes the spirituality of the Orthodox
Church is its liturgical character (cf. Paprocki 2010, p. 7). In the understanding
of Orthodox theology, all nature participates in the cosmic liturgy, in which
every creature fulfills its proper function, praising the Creator with their be-
ing. Only man was called, as a rational and free person, the king and the priest
of all creation, to give to God a sacrifice of praise and glory (cf. Kiejkowski
2016, p. 219-222). A special place in this cosmic liturgy is taken up by the
Eucharist. The whole created world was sanctified by the Paschal Mystery of
Jesus Christ. Then the eternal Triune God revealed Himself to the world, sanc-
tifying the entire cosmos. Holy is also the time of the Eucharist, when Jesus
Christ returns in the Eucharistic parousia and heaven becomes physically pre-
sent in the place where the Lord’s Supper is celebrated (cf. 1 Cor. 11:24). Each
Eucharist is an anticipation of the joy of eternal life (cf. Paprocki 2010, p. 8).
Only those who participate in the Eucharistic mystery and accept Christ’s
invitation: “Come and see” (John 1:46) can understand what the Church is.
A Christian is a man waiting in hope for the gift of eternal life, for the newness
38 PAWEŁ KIEJKOWSKI
of the Kingdom of God, for the gift of unity and communion with the Triune
God and in Him with brothers and sisters. These gifts come with the Risen
One, in the incarnate Son who is present and active in the Holy Liturgy. The
Eucharist is a salvific event that has the character of a certain “dramatization”
(cf. Evdokimov 2003, p. 259-260). It is a mysterious action and drama that
takes place on the sacred scene of an Orthodox temple and engages through
its action a gathering of believers (cf. Dalmais 2010, p. 5.5). For the Orthodox
Church, the Eucharist is the mystery of the coming Kingdom of God and the
sacrament of unity – this was emphasized by an outstanding Orthodox theo-
logian Alexander Schmemann, whose chosen eucharistic themes this text is
devoted to.
1
Cf. I collected biographical information based on: Przesmycki (2006, p. 308-320); Kiejkowski
(2017, p. 182-184); Matreńczyk (2017).
THE EUCHARIST – THE MYSTERY OF A GATHERING, THE KINGDOM AND UNITY… 39
a doctorate in theology in 1958 on the basis of a thesis devoted to liturgical
theology. He followed the way from historical to theological and liturgical
studies. This intellectual path inscribed itself in reformative trends in the Ro-
man Catholic Church inspired by the terms “return to the source” and “litur-
gical movement”. Rediscovering “liturgical theology” or “paschal mystery”
was associated with such great Catholic theologians as Jean Daniélou, Louis
Bouyer, Odo Casel and Romano Gaurdini. These quests had an unquestionable
influence on the Russian theologian.
In 1951, following the suggestion of Father Georges Folorovsky, Alex-
ander Schmemann and his family moved to New York, where he was asked
to run lectures in theology at St. Vladimir’s Theological Seminary (currently
Theological Institute of St. Vladimir). At that time, our theologian was heavily
influenced by Folorovsky, who impressed him with his brilliant mind, a bold
vision of the Orthodox mission in the modern world, roots in his own tradi-
tion, and openness to new theological ideas present in the Western Churches.
After some time, the young theologian was followed by other lecturers from
St. Sergius Institute in Paris, inter alia, Sergey Vierchovskoy and then Father
John Meyendorff. Together, they contributed to the development of Vladimir’s
Seminary.
The activity of Father Alexander in America, which lasted thirty years, was
carried out at three complementary levels, as rector of the seminary, a theolo-
gian and an Orthodox activist. He served as rector from 1962 until his death
caused by cancer in 1983. In his time, St. Vladimir’s Seminary was reputed to
be one of the best centres of Orthodox theology in the Western world. Schme-
mann lectured at many American universities, including Columbia University
and New York University. He received the honoris causa doctorate from many
universities (including Butler University, Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School
of Theology, Iona College). The main field of his scientific research was the
history of the Church, ecclesiology and liturgical theology. Most of his books
and articles were written in the United States. In the years 1962-1965, Alex-
ander Schmemann participated as an Orthodox observer in the proceedings of
the Second Vatican Council. He also took part in the work of the “Faith and
Order Commission” of the World Council of Churches. For more than twenty
years, he gave weekly conferences broadcast by “Radio Liberty” for Soviet
Russia. He was also actively involved in work in the structures of the Ortho-
dox Church.
A characteristic feature of the Orthodox Church is the close connection
of liturgy, theology, morality and spirituality (cf. Evdokimov, 2012, p. 13-21;
Łosski, 2017, p. 13-27). These four harmoniously cooperating dimensions of
Christian existence arise from the original understanding of Christian theol-
ogy – theology understood as the experience of the mystery of the Triune God,
40 PAWEŁ KIEJKOWSKI
3
It is worth recalling that we can find very similar observations with J. Ratzinger, for example
in the book by Ratzinger/Benedict XVI (2005, p. 37-46).
42 PAWEŁ KIEJKOWSKI
4
This is also the structure of the Catholic Eucharistic liturgy: “As we celebrate the memorial of
his Death and Resurrection, we offer you, Lord, the Bread of life and the Chalice of salvation, giving
thanks that you have held us worthy to be in your presence and minister to you. Humbly we pray
that, partaking of the Body and Blood of Christ, we may be gathered into one by the Holy Spirit”.
Eucharistic Prayer II. “Look with favour on your Church’s offering, and see the Victim whose death
has reconciled us to yourself. Grant that we, who are nourished by his body and blood, may be filled
with his Holy Spirit, and become one body, one spirit in Christ” (Eucharistic Prayer III).
THE EUCHARIST – THE MYSTERY OF A GATHERING, THE KINGDOM AND UNITY… 43
world with the earthly one. It arose as a testimony of experiencing the temple
as “heaven on earth”, the experience that “the time has come and the Kingdom
of God is near” (Mark 1:15). Iconostasis, just like an icon, is the consequence
of the incarnation. In the temple, it is, in an analogous way, the embodiment
of the unity of the visible and invisible world, the present symbol of the new,
already divinized creature.
The Holy Liturgy, according to Father Alexander, is the “sacrament of
a gathering” (cf. Schmemann 1997, p. 15). For the Son of Man came to “gather
into one the scattered children of God” (John 11:52). The Eucharist is the rev-
elation and updating of the unity of the new People of God, through Christ
and in Christ, who in His flesh on the cross reconciled all people in Himself,
putting to death the hostility (Eph. 2:14-18; cf. Kiernikowski 2000, p. 32-34).
Christians do not go to their individual prayer, they do not come together to
achieve their more or less appropriate own goals. They gather as the Church
to experience their own gathering, the gift of the given and accepted unity
with God and with each other, as the work of Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit.
When the faithful gather at the Lord’s Supper, they fully realize that through
baptismal immersion they have become members of one Body of Christ
(cf. 1 Cor. 12:27). They go to show and realize their membership, reveal and
testify before God to the mystery of the Kingdom of God, which “has come
in power” (cf. Schmemann 1997, p. 15). In this way, people who are different
and distracted by sin become one in the living Resurrected Lord. They become
one flesh and one soul, nourished by the Body and Blood of God’s Son and
filled with the Holy Spirit5. Whoever tastes this will never for trivial reasons
leave the eucharistic gathering and communion in one Body and in one Cup.
He will appreciate above all this choice and the grace of participation in the
gathering of saints.
5
Cf. Eucharistic Prayer III Roman Missal.
44 PAWEŁ KIEJKOWSKI
among disciples and the world. When the community of the faithful bless for
the gift of the coming Kingdom of God, it means that they accept it with love
and strive to this kingdom with all their being. The Church is the gathering
of those who, in the Kingdom of God revealed by Christ, discover the mis-
sion and essence of their lives (cf. Schmemann 1988, p. 23). An expression
of the acceptance of the gift of the coming kingdom is the communal “amen”
solemnly uttered by the congregation. This “amen” is also given as a gift by
the Saviour. For only by knowing Him, only in Him, who is the great “Amen”
uttered to God the Father, the fate of humanity and of all creation is settled
(cf. 2 Cor. 1:20).
The proclamation of the Kingdom of God and the corresponding “amen”
is just the beginning. The community of disciples abides in prayer and joyful
waiting for the fulfilment of the promise that is already being realized. They
are waiting to meet the Risen Lord. They are waiting for the sanctifying work
of the Holy Spirit. This is the solemn celebration of the coming salvation. It is
expressed by the beauty of the temple and rituals, gestures and vestments. For
the Church is nothing but love, expectation, joy of the approaching meeting,
heaven on earth. It is the joy of a newly found childhood, its freedom and self-
less love, which is able to transform life (cf. Schmemann 1988, p. 24).
The Kingdom of God is inseparably connected with man’s recovered di-
vine filiation. By grace, man becomes the son of God the Father, son “in the
Son”. It is always the fruit of the Holy Spirit’s activity. Therefore, being gath-
ered as the Body of Christ, coming to the Lord’s altar, participation in the sac-
rifical feast of the kingdom is effected in the power of the Sanctifying Spirit.
The Kingdom of God and everything that this term means is realized only
where the Paraclete is redeemingly present. It is Him that makes the Eucharist
transform the end of the old world into the beginning of a new one, unites into
the Lord’s gathering people separated by sin and hostility. Hence, the life of
every believer, of the whole Church gathered at the Holy Liturgy, is a constant
summoning of the Spirit of Truth, it is a constant epiclesis (cf. Kiejkowski
2014, p. 80-88; Rosato 1998, pp. 17-30). Where the Holy Spirit is, there is the
Kingdom of God.
The Eucharistic liturgy is a symbol of the kingdom because it reveals and
affords participation in the mystery of the Church, which joins in communion
with the Holy Trinity. This is accomplished through Jesus Christ and in the
power of the Holy Spirit, and the community of believers thus reveals what
it is: the Body of Christ and the Temple of the Holy Spirit. The uniqueness of
Christian liturgy is revealed in this anticipation of parousia. The Lord’s Supper
is the sacrament of the coming of the Resurrected One, meeting and being in
communion with Him at His table in His kingdom (cf. Luke 22:30; cf. Schme-
mann 1997, p. 32). And so, for example, following the gathering of the faith-
THE EUCHARIST – THE MYSTERY OF A GATHERING, THE KINGDOM AND UNITY… 45
ful, the entrance of the bishop or presbyter reveals and makes the entire Church
enter a new world, from old life to changed life. It is a world in which there
are no more altars and temples, because the altar became Jesus Christ himself,
and His changed humanity is the only true temple. Only in Him humanity is
granted access to the community with the Triune God. Hence, the entrance of
the leader in Orthodox liturgy is accompanied by the angelic singing of Trisa-
gion (cf. Schmemann 1997, p.38). The community of disciples ascends and
stands with angels before the face of God who is absolutely unachievable and
different, and at the same time one that can satisfy the deepest human desires.
6
Cf. Benedict XVI, Spe salvi, 11.
7
The call: “Let us offer each other the sign of peace” can also be found in a renewed Roman
liturgy.
46 PAWEŁ KIEJKOWSKI
has become commonplace and lost its essential primary meaning. Its evangeli-
cal novelty has been lost, which is expressed, among other things, in love for
enemies (cf. Matthew 5:43-48). They were drowned out by various excuses
and comments (cf. Schmemann 1997, p. 103-104). Meanwhile, Christian love
is not only a confirmation, a strengthening of natural love, flowing from the
bond of blood or the nation (cf. Matthew 10:37; Luke 14:26), but is fundamen-
tally different from it and infinitely exceeds it. It is a new love which an old
man is not capable of without rebirth through Jesus Christ. You can not work it
out by acts of your will, self-knowledge, asceticism, and training. Christianity
is not so much the commandment of love, which ultimately exceeds the natu-
ral possibilities of man, but above all it is revelation and gift (cf. Schmemann
1997, p. 104) of this love. Before this love was commanded to Christians, it
was/is first revealed and given. The shocking newness of Christianity is the
truth that only “God is love”, who through the event of incarnation, the mys-
tery of human-divine nature gives Himself to humanity.
Father Alexander reminds us that to live in the Saviour as the “vine” and
in His love it means to be and to live in the Church, the Body of Christ. For
Christ’s love is the beginning, content, quality and purpose of the Church’s
life (cf. John 13-35). This love is the essence of the holiness of the new Peo-
ple of God, and also the source of its apostolate and unity (cf. 1 Cor. 13:1-3).
Christ’s love not only binds individual Christians in the experience of a new
unity but also through it wants to manifest and give itself to the whole fallen
world. This world is marked by the separation of all from all, which cannot be
overcome by purely human love, contaminated with the fear of death and the
fruit of sin (cf. Kiernikowski 2000, p. 35-40). The essence of the Church then
is to show and nurture in the world the existence of love as life and life as love
(cf. Schmemann 1997, p. 105).
The Church is a community which is the fruit of Christ’s love for the other,
the stranger, the enemy. Contrary to such unity is the pure human “feeling” of
kindness, which would most gladly get rid of the presence of others, a crowd
that disturbs spiritual peace and being focused on prayer. In this perspective,
as it is strongly emphasized by our Orthodox priest, the meaning of the kiss of
peace is manifested. It is not an expression of human kindness, but a sign of im-
mersion in God’s love, making unity through strength and in the image of Cru-
cified Jesus’love. It is about the miracle of a new love that makes the stranger/
enemy become our brother. And it is independent of whether he/she changes
according to our expectations and sensitivity. In a Christian, in this particular
Christian congregation, fearful alienation is overcome which God’s and man’s
enemy introduced into the human world for its destruction (cf. Heb. 2:14; Eph.
2:14-18; cf. Kiernikowski 2000, p. 309-315). In liturgy, there is a real unity,
the action of the Triune God for the sake of unity, which makes itself present
THE EUCHARIST – THE MYSTERY OF A GATHERING, THE KINGDOM AND UNITY… 47
through the liturgical mystery and which is accepted and taken by the gathered
believers in freedom. The sign of peace expresses being filled with the love
of Christ, which, according to human categories, sometimes makes strangers
and hostile people become brothers in Christ. This means that those who are
in conflict with each other are to reconcile and forgive each other, and actions
leading to unity are undertaken. Christians gather during the Liturgy not to
experience consolation and spiritual comfort, but to wait for the gift, the fire of
the Holy Spirit, who will enable them to effect unity, even at the price of their
lack of peace and commitment to reconciliation in the image of crucified love.
After the kiss of peace in Orthodox liturgy, there is singing or recitation of
the Symbol of faith. Originally, Credo was connected with baptismal initiation.
In the Eucharistic celebration, it appeared relatively late – at the beginning
of the 6th century in the context of great dogmatic disputes (cf. Müller 2007,
p. 89-93). It was a kind of border (hόros), which separated the Church from
heresy, and at the same time a sign of the unity of the professed faith and the
actual gift of unity which the baptised gathered at the Eucharist experienced.
In this way, our author emphasizes, confessing the Symbol of faith after the
sign of peace became commonplace, being nothing but confirmation of the
obvious, organic and inseparable bond between, on the one hand, the unity of
the Church’s faith and its fulfilment in the Eucharist, and on the other – as the
essence of experience in the life of the Church (cf. Schmemann 1997, p. 108).
According to the Orthodox theologian, this original, obvious bond between
the sign of peace and Credo, although it was preserved in the liturgical rite,
was lost in the experience of most Christians and also theologians8. For many
of them, the Eucharist ceased to be the mystery of the people gathered by the
Lord, the sacrament of accepting and building real unity. It rather appears as
a place of personal sanctification, of experiencing subjective spiritual experi-
ences. He calls this process very emphatically as degeneration of the original
Eucharistic experience (cf. Schmemann 1997, p. 109). He believes that this
extremely subjective experience was sanctioned in Orthodox thought under the
influence of Western theology. This is particularly about the artificial and erro-
neous separation of theological treaties, which is motivated by methodological
reasons, which discuss the reality of faith, the Church and the Eucharist. Con-
sequently, the unity that is fundamental to Christianity disappears – as a new
quality of life from the faith lived in the Church, which is given and accepted
as a unity in the Holy Spirit in the Eucharist (cf. Schmemann 1997, p. 110).
The separation of faith and real commitment to unity reveals the loss of
something very important in the very sense of faith. Christian faith is first of
8
A. Schmemann, in writing these words, meant the Orthodox participants of the liturgy. I think
that these words can also be justified in referring to Catholics, our parishioners.
48 PAWEŁ KIEJKOWSKI
9
Cf. Benedict XVI, Spe salvi, 4-9.
THE EUCHARIST – THE MYSTERY OF A GATHERING, THE KINGDOM AND UNITY… 49
of Christian writers, he points out that the devil does not create new words, but
gives a new, false meaning to old words. Therefore, words need to be precisely
defined, purified, exorcised (cf. Clément 2010, p. 70-75). This also applies to
words such as: God, unity, faith, piety, love (cf. Schmemann 1997, p. 114).
The concept of “unity” which interests us in Christianity is primarily re-
lated to God’s original plan for human life and the highest quality of this life.
Man created in the image of God is called to unity in the image of this com-
munion, which is in the Holy Trinity. It is a divine unity thanks to grace. The
Triune God is the source and beginning of all life, which is unity in diversity
(cf. Greshake 2001, p. 47-59). An unattainable icon of such unity is Rublev’s
Trinity (cf. Špidlik and Rupnik 2001, p. 21-35; Bielawski 2015, p. 125-130).
Christianity is knowledge, getting to know God in His Triunity. In the light of
the Holy Trinity, everything becomes understandable: creation and man, fall
and salvation. In Its perspective, salvation is seen as regaining communion
with God, and in Him with all creation. In unity is the essence of the new and
eternal life of the already given and announced Kingdom of God: “that they
may be one, as we are one” (John 17:22; cf. Schmemann 1997, p. 116). In the
restored, renewed, Divine unity, the essence and content of faith is expressed.
Faith is participation in unity that descends from heaven. The Church, on the
other hand, is a place where the heavenly unity becomes a gift, is made present
and actually fulfilled. The Church celebrating the Liturgy is the actualization
of a new life, unity thanks to faith. Therefore, there is no Christian faith be-
yond the heavenly unity of the Bride of Christ. In the Church, everyone, even
a hermit abiding in desolation, lives and cares for such unity. The whole vis-
ible sacramentality of the Body of Christ serves this purpose.
Only through getting to know heavenly unity can one recognize and dis-
tinguish the unity proposed by the fallen world, touched by the mystery of sin,
permeated with fear of dissolution and death (cf. 1 Cor. 7:31; Heb. 2:14). The
devil could tear a man, and with him all creation, away from God. He could
soak the fallen world with the consequences of sin, but he cannot change the
very nature of life as a calling to deified unity, because only the Triune God is
the Creator and Giver of all life, whose unlosable right is unity. All creatures,
especially man, long for heavenly unity, crave it and tend towards it. Satan’s
victory, however, is the separation of unity from its Divine source and making
it a kind of idol. For those who have been hit by the lie of sin, it has become an
end in itself which wants to be achieved independently of God. Consequently,
unity appears as an ambivalent reality. On the one hand, the desire for true
unity continues to penetrate various areas of a human created in God’s image:
family life, acts of mercy, art. On the other hand, to the extent that it broke
away from God, unity becomes an end in itself, being a source of new divi-
sions, evil, hatred, love of oneself and equal counterparts. Unity which became
50 PAWEŁ KIEJKOWSKI
STRESZCZENIE
S U M M A RY
BIBLIOGRAFIA (WYBRANA)
Bielawski M. (2015): Blask ikon. Kraków.
Clément O. (2010): Boski kosmos. Wybrane zagadnienia z kosmologii. Tłum. P. Mikulska. Kraków.
Dalmais I.H. (2010): Przedmowa do wydania francuskiego. W: H. Paprocki, Misterium Eucharystii.
Interpretacja genetyczna liturgii bizantyjskiej p. 5.5. Kraków.
Eucharystia pierwszych chrześcijan. (1987). Wybór i opracowanie M. Starowieyski. Kraków.
Evdokimov P. (1996): Poznanie Boga w Kościele Wschodnim. Tłum. A. Leduchowska. Kraków.
Evdokimov P.(2003): Prawosławie. Tłum. J. Klingier, Warszawa.
Evdokimov P. (2012): Prawosławna wizja teologii moralnej. Bóg w życiu ludzi. Tłum. W. Szymona,
Kraków.
Greshake G. (2001): Wierzę w Boga Trójjedynego. Tłum. W. Szymona. Kraków.
Katechizm Kościoła Katolickiego. (1994). Poznań.
Kiejkowski P. (2017): Eucharystia sakramentem królestwa Bożego. Wybrane wątki z teologii eucha-
rystycznej Aleksandra Schmemanna. „Studia Gnesnensia” 31: 2017 p. 182-184.
Kiejkowski P. (2014): Homo Paschalis. Poznań.
Kiejkowski P. (2013): Relacyjny i ekstatyczny charakter osoby ludzkiej w teologii Wacława Hrynie-
wicza. „Studia Bydgoskie” 7: 2013 s. 117-130.
Kiejkowski P.(2010): Wiara i wiedza. Josepha Ratzingera zmaganie o człowieka. W: K. Michalczak
(red.), Wokół pojęcia wiary. Teologia dogmatyczna, t. 4 s. 19-24. Poznań.
Kiejkowski K. (2016): Zmartwychwstanie Chrystusa a przemiana kosmosu w teologii Oliviera
Clémenta. „Studia Gnesnensia” 30: 2016 s. 213-232.
Kiernikowski Z. (2000): Eucharystia i jedność. Częstochowa.
Kiernikowski Z. (2011): W mocy słowa i sakramentu. Warszawa.
Łosski W. (2017): Teologia mistyczna Kościoła Wschodniego. Tłum. I. Brzeska, Kraków.
Matreńczyk A. (2017): Dziedzictwo o. Aleksandra Schmemanna. http://www.przegladprawoslawny.
pl/articles.php?id_n=2872&id=8 [dostęp: 22.07.2017].
Müller G.L. (2007): Msza święta. Źródło chrześcijańskiego życia. Tłum. S. Śledziewski. Lublin.
Paprocki H. (2010): Misterium Eucharystii. Interpretacja genetyczna liturgii bizantyjskiej. Kraków.
Paprocki H. (1998): Wieczerza mistyczna. Anafory eucharystyczne chrześcijańskiego Wschodu.
Warszawa.
Przesmycki P. (2006): Śpiewać pieśni pańskie w obcej krainie, w: J. Majewski, J. Makowski (red.),
Leksykon wielkich teologów XX/XXI wieku, t. 3 s. 308-320. Warszawa.
Ratzinger J./Benedykt XVI (2011): Jezus z Nazaretu, cz. 1. Od chrztu w Jordanie do Przemienienia.
Tłum. W. Szymona. Kraków.
Ratzinger J./Benedykt XVI (2005): Patrzeć na Chrystusa. Tłum. J. Merecki. Kraków.
Ratzinger J. (1996): Wprowadzenie w chrześcijaństwo. Tłum. Z. Włodkowa. Kraków.
Rosato P.J. (1998): Wprowadzenie do posoborowej teologii sakramentów. Tłum. A. Baron. Kraków.
Schmemann A. (1997): Eucharystia: misterium Kościoła. Tłum. A. Turczyński. Białystok.
Schmemann A. (1988): Za życie świata. Tłum. A. Kempfi. Warszawa.
Špidlik T., Rupnik M. I. (2001): Mowa obrazów. Tłum. J. Dembska. Warszawa.