Diseases of Rose and Marigold
Diseases of Rose and Marigold
1. Die back:
Causal organism: Diplodia rosarum
2. Powdery mildew:
Causal organism: Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae
4. Rust:
Causal organism: P. mucronatum, P. fusiformie, P. tuberculatum, P.
rosae pimpinelifoliae
1. Die back:
Causal organism: Diplodia rosarum
Economic Importance:
In India it was first reported in 1961 from Delhi.
Now it occurs in all the rose growing areas.
Symptoms:
Infection starts from the pruned surface of the twigs.
The infected portion becomes brown to dark brown or black.
Infected twig dries from tip downwards.
Infection spreads from twig to main stem and roots and finally whole plant
is killed.
Older plants and neglected bushes are more frequently attacked.
Disease cycle:
Pycnidia present in dead twigs.
Conidia through irrigation water.
Management:
Diseased twigs should be carefully removed and destroyed.
After pruning the cut end should be protected with Chaubattia paste.
Spray Difolatan @ 0.2% or Mancozeb @ 0.2% or Chlorothalonil @ 0.2% in
early September and late October.
Resistant varieties: Blue moon, Red gold, Summer queen, etc.
2. Powdery mildew:
Causal organism: Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae
Economic importance:
This is a very serious disease of this crop both in open and protected
structures and affects both quality and quantity of cut flowers.
Severe mildew growth reduces leaf growth, the aesthetic value of plants,
photosynthetic efficiency and there by plants growth and stability of cut
flowers.
Symptoms:
Small, discrete lesions appear on the stems, leaves or sometimes on the
flowers.
Production of numerous conidia gives the affected plants a white powdery
appearance.
The infected leaves show grayish powdery fungal growth.
Rolling of leaf margins with the onset of sprouting season.
Newly unfolded leaves are most susceptible, becoming increasingly
resistant with age.
Affected leaves become curled and distorted.
The young growing tips are completely covered by the mildew.
As the cells are killed, dark spots may be noticed on the infected leaves.
Infected flower buds do not open.
The petals may become discoloured, dwarfed and finally die.
Pathogen:
The appendages on cleistothecia of S. pannosa are vestigial or lacking and
its ascocarps are usually embedded in felt like mycelium.
Each cleistothecium contains single ascus which bears usually 8 hyaline
and elliptical ascospores.
Disease cycle:
Infection of dormant buds is the primary mode of perennation.
Conidia are produced at the primary infection sites readily dispersed by air
movement.
Favourable conditions:
Warm and humid weather with cool nights favours the development of the
disease.
A temperature of 21 ⁰C and relative humidity ranging between 97-99% is
quite effective for the spread of the pathogen.
Management:
Pruning of infected shoots at the end of the season and burning of these
shoots will help to prevent overwintering of the fungus.
Lowering of the night humidity by fans or venting or heating is
recommended for greenhouse roses.
Spraying the crop with fungicides like Hexaconazole (0.05%),
Difenoconazole (0.03%), Triadimefon (0.075%), Fenarimol (0.04%) or
Carbendazim (0.1%) effectively check this disease.
Use resistant varieties: Ashwini, Ambika, Angeles, American pride, Surabhi
Four sprays with wettable Sulphur @ 0.3% or Carbendazim @ 0.1% or
Dinocap @ 0.1% at 10 days interval.
3. Black leaf spot:
Causal organism: Diplocarpan rosae
Anamorph: Marssonina rosae
Economic importance:
It has also been called as leaf blotch, leaf spot, blotch, rose actinonema
and rose leaf asteroma and star sooty mould.
This disease is considered as most troublesome disease of garden roses
worldwide including India.
Symptoms:
Dark brown tar coloured spots with fringed borders.
Spots coalesce forming large patches.
Brown to black, nearly circular spots (2-12 mm in diameter) often has
fringed margins with a feathery hyphal growth which appear on both sides
of leaves.
The affected leaves turn yellow and drop prematurely due to the formation
of ethylene which is more in green leaves infected with this disease.
Fungus may also attack stems and flowers of rose bushes.
On stems, infected areas are blackened with blistered appearance dotted
with pustules.
Other above ground parts like fruits, sepals, stipules, petioles and
peduncles may also develop similar spots.
Infections on petioles and stipules are usually small and inconspicuous
while petal infection usually causes formation of small, reddish spots
accompanied by distortion of the surrounding tissues.
Close examination of the lesion reveal the presence of small black acervuli
which may be distributed over lesion surface or found in concentric circles.
Pathogen:
The apothecia are globose to disc shaped, subcuticular, radiate and are
100-300 µm in diameter.
Asci are inoperculate, oblong, and cylindrical, short stalked, 70-80 x 12-18
µm and contain a pore.
Each ascus contains 8 ascospores which are oblong, elliptical, hyaline, and
unequally two celled, constricted at the septum and are 20-25 x 5-6 µm in
size.
The paraphyses are numerous, filiform, septate and enlarged at the tips.
Conidia are 18-25 x 5-6 µm in size, hyaline, oval to elliptical with single
septation and are formed in an acervulus.
Acervuli are formed on leaves and young shoots during the summer, while
apothecia and spermogonia are borne on decaying overwintering leaves.
Disease cycle:
Pathogen survives on pycnidia or ascospores in infected plant debris.
Infection takes place by wind borne conidia.
Although the perfect stage has been recorded in certain geographic areas,
but their role is not understood in the pathogen life cycle.
Favourable conditions:
For rapid spread of the disease, temperature ranging between 0-33 ⁰C,
with optimum temperature (24 ⁰C) and more than 85% relative humidity is
favourable.
Management:
Removal of overwintering inoculum by eliminating infected leaves is helpful
in limiting the inoculum spread.
Avoid overhead irrigation and dense planting to allow good air circulation
through leaf canopy and do not allow leaves to remain wet or high humidity
for more than 7-12 hours.
Sprays of Bordeaux mixture, wettable Sulphur, Carbamates, Ergosterol
inhibiting fungicides like Triforine, Benomyl zinc, Chlorothalonil, Mancozeb
provide effective control of this disease.
Spray Tridemorph @ 0.25% or Benomyl @ 0.1% at weekly intervals
starting with the sprouting of the plants till new foliage appears.
Resistant varieties: Bebe bune, coronado, Grand opera, sphinx, Jawahar
and Pusa Sonia.
Cultivar, Radiance escapes infection due to waxy surface.
4. Rust:
Causal organism: P. mucronatum, P. fusiformie, P. tuberculatum, P.
rosae pimpinelifoliae
Economic importance:
The disease is of worldwide distribution.
Heavy losses occur due to premature defoliation.
Symptoms:
On upper leaf surface, minute, orange pycnia appear.
Yellow to brown pustules impart rusty appearance to the shoots.
The fungus produces aecial stage in spring.
The aecia are prominent as yellowish lesions on the lower surface and the
spores get released as the soral membrane fragments following the rupture
of the epidermis.
They are erumpent, bright orange, usually surrounded by a distinct but
narrow chlorotic area.
Aecia and pycnia also appear on petioles and young woody stems.
After aeciospores infect the leaves, the uredinial stage starts forming as a
whitish fleck on the lower surface of the lesion.
Mature uredinia are reddish, orbicular shaped and contain orange coloured
urediniospores which are released about 14 days after the leaf become
infected.
These spores continue to cause new infections throughout the summer.
Disease cycle:
The rust fungus overwinters either in the form of teliospores or as
mycelium in the infected stems.
Wind helps in release of rust spores and their short and long distance
dispersal.
Favourable conditions:
The optimum temperature range for aeciospores and urediospores
germination lies in between 15 to 21 ⁰C while teliospores are produced at
18 ⁰C.
Management:
Remove infected leaves and stem infection near the crown and destroy
them.
Perform severe pruning to destroy the stem infection.
Spray the plants with Dithiocarbamates, Sulphur fungicides, Oxycarboxin
or Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibiting fungicides.
Hyperparasites such as Darluca fulvum, Tuberculina vinosa and
Verticillium lecani can be exploited as biocontrol agents.
DISEASES OF MARIGOLD
1. Botrytis Blight:
Causal organism: Botrytis cinerea
Economic importance:
It is found everywhere plants are grown and has a wide host range.
Symptoms:
Flower petals are most susceptible at any stage of development.
Flower parts develop water soaked lesions that become necrotic and die.
A gray mass of spores develops on necrotic tissue during wet conditions.
Entire petals or flowers may become diseased.
Senescent leaves may also be attacked.
Disease cycle:
Fungus colonizes dead, dying, and wounded plant parts.
From these infections it can attack healthy tissues.
Conidia may come from sources in and outside the greenhouse.
Favourable conditions:
A moist, humid environment is ideal for pathogen sporulation and spread.
Management:
Remove all dead and dying plant parts (particularly blossoms) on and
around plants.
Avoid overhead irrigation or apply such that plants are not wet for extended
periods of time.
Space plants for good air circulation.
Spray with Copper fungicide, Captan, Chlorothalonil (Daconil), Mancozeb,
Maneb, Sulfur fungicide and Thiophanate methyl are found effective.