Ramos J. et al. Foods and Raw Materials.

2023;11(1):64–71 ISSN 2308-4057 (Print)

Foods and Raw Materials. 2023;11(1) ISSN 2310-9599 (Online)
Research Article Available online at http://jfrm.ru/en
Open Access https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2023-1-553
https://elibrary.ru/PYKGGP

Preparation of sodium alginate films incorporated

with hydroalcoholic extract of Macrocystis pyrifera L.
Judith Ramos1 , Nelson Adrián Villacrés1 ,
Éder Tadeu Gomes Cavalheiro2 , Hugo A. Alarcón1 , Ana C. Valderrama1,*
1
National University of Engineering , Lima, Peru
2
University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil

* e-mail: [email protected]

Received 02.07.2022; Revised 23.07.2022; Accepted 09.08.2022; Published online X.X.2022

Abstract:
Agroindustry needs novel materials to replace synthetic plastics. This article introduces sodium alginate films with antioxidant
properties. The films, which were incorporated with hydroalcoholic extract of Macrocystis pyrifera L., were tested on sliced Hass
avocados.
The research featured sodium alginate films incorporated with hydroalcoholic extracts of M. pyrifera. Uncoated avocado halves
served as control, while the experimental samples were covered with polymer film with or without hydroalcoholic extract. A set
of experiments made it possible to evaluate the effect of the extracts on polymeric matrices, release kinetics, and sensory profile
of halved Hass avocados.
A greater concentration of hydroalcoholic extracts increased the content of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity. As
a result, the bands in the carboxylate groups of sodium alginate became more intense. Crystallinity decreased, whereas opacity
and mass loss percentage increased, and conglomerates appeared on the surface of the films. These processes fit the Korsmeyer-
Peppas kinetic model because they resulted from a combination of diffusion and swelling mechanisms in the films.
The films incorporated with hydroalcoholic extract of M. pyrifera proved to be an effective alternative to traditional fruit
wrapping materials.
Keywords: Sodium alginate, films, hydroalcoholic extracts, Macrocystis pyrifera, coating, storage, avocado

Funding: The authors are grateful for the financial support provided by the Peruvian government funding through its
PROCIENCIA/WORLD BANK program, project code N°01-2018-FONDECYTBM-IADTUM.

Please cite this article in press as: Ramos J, Villacrés NA, Cavalheiro ÉTG, Alarcón HA, Valderrama AC. Preparation of
sodium alginate films incorporated with hydroalcoholic extract of Macrocystis pyrifera L. Foods and Raw Materials. 2023;11(1):
64–71. https://doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2023-1-553

INTRODUCTION Bioplastics are defined as materials produced by

Polymers, popularly known as plastics, are usually living organisms. They are biobased, biodegradable,
synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds with or both and are used in many sectors, including food
a high molecular weight. These materials are used processing, agriculture, compost bags, etc. [4].
in almost all industrial sectors. As a result, the total Red (Rhodophyta), green (Chlorophyta), and brown
amount of plastics manufactured in the world since 1950 (Phaeophyta) macroalgae possess a great chemical
exceeds 8000 Mt [1]. However, its production generates diversity of primary and secondary metabolites with
pollutants and greenhouse gases, e.g., carbon dioxide numerous beneficial properties and a good application
(CO2), which contribute to environmental pollution and potential. They have increasingly attracted attention
global warming [2]. of many industrial branches, including plastics pro-
However, conventional polymers can be replaced duction [5].
by biodegradable materials made of fats, vegetable oils, Brown macroalgae contain secondary metaboli-
gluten, proteins, and polysaccharides [3]. tes with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-

Copyright © 2023, Ramos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to
remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.

64
 Ramos J. et al. Foods and Raw Materials. 2023;11(1):64–71

microbial [6, 7] properties. Macrocystis pyrifera is one STUDY OBJECTS AND METHODS
of the most popular representatives of this group [8]. Materials. All solvents and reagents were of
M. pyrifera L. is a low-calorie product with a high analytical grade. Medium viscosity brown algae so-
concentration of mineral ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, P5+, K+, I–), dium alginate, glycerol 99%, average weight poly
vitamins, low lipid content, alginates, and poly- (ethylene) glycol Mn 400, sodium carbonate, the Folin-
phenols [9]. Ciocalteau reagent 2N, gallic acid, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-
Polyphenols are antioxidant compounds that delay picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Sigma-
or prevent the oxidation of oxidizable molecules [10]. Aldrich. Ethanol and methanol were produced by Merck.
As a result, they reduce food deterioration when they The hydroalcoholic extract of brown macroalgae was
are incorporated directly into food itself or its prepared from Macrocystis pyrifera L., collected in the
packaging [11]. district of Paracas (Ica, Peru). The Hass avocado fruits
Alginate is a polysaccharide that consists of were collected from the Province of Chincha (Ica, Peru)
β-D-mannuronic and α-L-guluronic acids [12]. It is and stored at 8°C until the application of the films.
biocompatible, biodegradable, low-toxic, and easily Extraction of brown macroalgae with a hydro-
available, which causes a great commercial inte- alcoholic solution. To produce the extracts, we
rest [13]. Alginate-based films and coatings are flexible macerated 10 g of dry and ground brown macroalgae
and glossy; they possess excellent water solubility and with 100 mL of a hydroalcoholic ethanol:water solution
emulsification capacity, as well as low oil and oxygen (70:30, v/v ). The mix was stirred at 35°C in an amber
permeability [14]. bottle for 24 h. Then, the mix was filtered, and the solid
In the food industry, alginate-based films provide residue was macerated again with the hydroalcoholic
temporary protection against water loss. Such films solution. The resulting supernatants were combined and
prolong the shelf life of fruits and vegetables by concentrated with a vacuum evaporator to a volume of
inhibiting post-harvest metabolic processes, i.e., aging 100 mL. The resulting product was stored at 10°C.
and rotting [15]. Alginate-based films are prospec- Determination of the total phenolic content. The
tive vehicles for polyphenolic compounds, which total phenolic content of the hydroalcoholic extract was
migrate, partially or totally, from the film onto the food revealed by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the results
surface [16, 17]. were expressed in gallic acid equivalent per 100 g of
The extract leaves the polymeric matrix by diffusion brown macroalgae (mg GAE 100 g–1) [20]. According
throughout or swelling of the matrix. Eventually, the to the standard procedure, 1 mL of the hydroalcoholic
release rate decreases because the material swells, and M. pyrifera extract was mixed with 0.6 mL of the
the active agent has to cover a greater distance to exit Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. After that, we added 3.2 mL
the system. This diffusion process is governed by Fick’s of an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3,
law, in which the concentration is proportional to the 7.5%, w/v). The resulting mix was brought up to 12 mL
diffusion flux density. with ultrapure water and stirred at room temperature
However, some swelling-produced systems generate in the dark for 60 min. Finally, its absorbance was
a slow migration, which results in a balance between measured at 765 nm using a Lambda 25 UV-Vis
the internal and external environments. Considering spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer).
these processes, Higuchi proposed that release occurs Determination of the free radical capture capacity
as a function of the square root of time (Eq. (1)), (DPPH method). Antioxidant activity. The antioxidant
while Korsmeyer et al. considered that the release activity was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-
depends on material dissolution or structural ef- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method [21]. According to
the standard procedure, 1 mL of the hydroalcoholic
fects (Eq. (2)) [18, 19]:
M. pyrifera extract was mixed with 1 mL of methanolic
Mt solution ofMDPPH (0.36 mmol L –1) and 2 mL of methanol.
1/2
= K × t1/2 (1)
t
K × tand
The mix was =stirred left at room temperature in the
M∞ M∞
dark for 30 min. Then, its absorbance was measured at
M 517 nm.
where Mt/M∞ is the fraction
M t= of
t
t1/2
K ×solute that has been Mt
The results = Kwere
× t n expressed as the inhibition
released at time t, and K M
is the K × t n rate constant;
∞= release M
percentage of∞ the DPPH radical according to Eq. (3):
M∞
Mt  AC − AE 
= K ×tn  AC (2)
− AE  Inhibition ( %
= ) 100 ×   (3)
M∞
Inhibition ( )
%= 100 ×    AC 
 AC 
where K is a constant that incorporates structural and

andACn −is AE
 where AC is the control absorbance
− Log (T ) (DPPH), and AE is the
geometric characteristicsInhibition (−%=
of the release) system,
Log 100
( T ) × A  extract Opacity
absorbance.=
d
the exponent that indicates the release
Opacity = mechanism. C  Preparation of the films incorporated with
This research focused on the antioxidantd effect of hydroalcoholic extract. We added a mix of plasticizers
sodium alginate films with hydroalcoholic
− Log ( T )extract of (ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol) to 30 mL
Opacity =
M. pyrifera on Hass avocado. of sodium alginate polymeric solution 1.5% (w/v) at
d
65
 Ramos J. et al. Foods and Raw Materials. 2023;11(1):64–71

a ratio of 9:1 (w/w) under constant stirring at 70°C for Table 1 Antioxidant activity of Macrocystis pyrifera extract at
60 min. Subsequently, we added 5 mL of extract solution different concentrations
in a range between 3 and 6 % (w/v). The solution was
Extract %, w/v Total phenolic content, DPPH radical
obtained from the stock solution of M. pyrifera extract. mg GAE 100 g–1 scavenging, %
The resulting mix was stirred at 70°C for 30 min. Finally,
3.0 25.4 ± 0.2 22.2 ± 0.2
the solutions were molded and dried at 50°C for 24 h. 6.0 48.5 ± 0.3 41.2 ± 0.4
Description of the films incorporated with 10 74.2 ± 0.3 61.0 ± 0.1
hydroalcoholic extract. The opacity was reduced
from the transmission
M t values ​​and the film thickness
= K × t1/2
as in Eq. (4). TheMmean thickness value was registered
∞ The samples were gold-plated in an MED 020 (Bal-Tec)
using a mechanical micrometer (Mitutoyo 103-
high vacuum metallizer.
137) with a precision
M t of 0.01n mm. The transmittance Release test of hydroalcoholic extract. The
value was obtained =by Kcutting
×t the films into square alginate films incorporated with hydroalcoholic extract
M∞
pieces (20×20 mm). The pieces were placed in the of M. pyrifera were immersed in 25 mL of a 70%
support of solid samples of a Varian Cary® 50 UV-Vis ethanolic solution at 10°C and stirred at 100 rpm. For
 A − AEat 300–
spectrophotometer.Inhibition ( %=) were
The spectra 100registered
× C  measurement purposes, 2 mL of release medium were
1000 nm [22].  AC  withdrawn at predetermined times. Its absorbance
was determined at 271 nm using a UV-1800 UV-Vis
− Log ( T ) spectrophotometer (Shimadzu). This aliquot was re-
Opacity = (4)
d turned after reading, and the system was kept under
stirring until the next reading [23].
where T is the light transmittance of the film at 600 nm, Food protection test. The antioxidant activity of the
and d is the sample thickness, mm. films with hydroalcoholic extracts was tested on halved
The FTIR spectra were obtained by Attenuated Total Hass avocados. The cut face was covered with simple
Reflectance (ATR) using an IRPrestige 21 Shimadzu films and those incorporated with hydroalcoholic extract.
spectrophotometer at 600–4000 cm–1 after acquisition The research involved an additional Hass avocado test
of 20 scans at a resolution of 4 cm–1 for each spect- without coating, which was marked as control sample C.
rum. Thermogravimetric curves were gathered in an The tests were carried out at 8°C and 50–60% relative
SDT Q600 simultaneous TG/DTA modulus managed by humidity on storage day 21.
the Thermal Advantage for Q Series software (v. 5.5.24),
both from TA Instruments. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The measurements were performed using sample Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity
amounts of 5.0 ± 0.1 mg in a dynamic N2 atmosphere of extracts. A 10-g sample of Macrocystis pyrifera L.
flowing at 50 mL min–1. The temperature range was yielded 6.86% in the extraction of the hydroalcoholic
selected as 25–800°C with a heating rate of 10°C min–1. extract. Its concentration was 10% w/v, the TFC was
The XRD diffractograms were obtained in a range of 74.2 mg GAE 100 g–1, and the percentage inhibition was
2 θ from 5 to 100° in a D8 Advance diffractometer 61.0%.
(Brüker) equipped with a Cu source (Kα = 1.5418 Å) After that, 3 and 6% solutions were prepared
and a LynxEye model PSD type detector. The from diluted stock solution. They were presented as
diffractometer operated at a voltage of 40 kV and a total polyphenol content of 25.4 and 48.5 mg GAE
40 mA (1600 W). The SEM images were obtained with 100 g–1, with inhibition percentages of 22.2 and 41.2%,
an LEO 440 microscope (Cambridge) equipped with a respectively. The obtained results were consistent with
7060 detector (Oxford) at resolutions of 10 and 1 µm available scientific publications on M. pyrifera. Table 1
with a magnification of 1000× and 5000×, respectively. shows the total phenolic content values ​​for each solution.

a b c

Figure 1 Films obtained from sodium alginate: (a) base film (no extract); (b) film with 3% hydroalcoholic Macrocystis pyrifera
extract; and (c) film with 6% extract

66
 Ramos J. et al. Foods and Raw Materials. 2023;11(1):64–71

100 100

90
80

Transmiltance, %
Transmiltance, %

80

70 60

60
40
50
20
40

30 0
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000
Wavelength, nm Wavelength, cm–1
base 3% 6% base 3% 6%
a b
100 3000

80 2500
Intensity, a.u.
2000
Weight, %

60
1500
40
1000
20
500

0 0
0 200 400 600 800 0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature, °C 2θ, degree
base 3% 6% base 3% 6%
c d

Figure 2 Light transmittance (a), FTIR spectrum (b), TG curves (c), and XRD diffractograms (d) of films from sodium alginate
(base) and sodium alginate with 3 and 6% of Macrocystis pyrifera extract

Table 2 Transmittance and opacity values of films in the

visible spectrum Optical properties of films. Average thickness
and UV-Vis spectrum described the opacity of the
Film Thickness, T600, %a Opacity, a.u. films (Fig. 2a). The obtained transmittance percen-
mm (nm/mm)
tage was ≥ 80% in the region of 500–800 nm. The
Base (no extract) 0.185 90.2059 0.24
transmittance decreased as the hydroalcoholic extract
With 3% 0.173 87.9631 0.32
Macrocystis pyrifera concentration increased because it had a photoprotective
extract effect [24]. The opacity also increased, which means that
With 6% 0.178 85.2594 0.39 the extracts were not homogeneously distributed in the
Macrocystis pyrifera polymeric matrix of the films.
extract
Table 2 shows the transmittance value of the films
a
T600 % is the transmittance percent of each film at 600 nm at 600 nm (visible light), as well as their corresponding
opacity. The transmittance percentage of the base
Sodium alginate films. We prepared three alginate film was 90.21%. As the concentration of the extract
films, namely the base film, which contained no hydro- increased, the value fell down to 87.96 and 85.26% in
alcoholic extract, and films contained 3 and 6% of the films with 3 and 6% of the extract, respectively. The
hydroalcoholic extract. Figure 1 depicts the obtained opacity was calculated at a wavelength of 600 nm. It
films: the hue darkened as the concentration of the demonstrated a slight increase as the concentration of
hydroalcoholic extract increased. the M. pyrifera extract increased.

67
 Ramos J. et al. Foods and Raw Materials. 2023;11(1):64–71

Table 3 Mass loss values: thermogravimetric analysis of films obtained from sodium alginate with/without Macrocystis pyrifera
extract

Film Weight, mg Thermal event ∆T, °C Mass loss, %

Base (no extract) 5.176 Dehydration 25.0–119.8 22.8
Film degradation 119.8–320.8 61.1
Polymer degradation 320.8–672.5 5.38
Carbonization 672.5–800.0 5.14
With 3% Macrocystis pyrifera extract 5.142 Dehydration 25.0–109.7 23.9
Film degradation 109.7–325.5 57.0
Polymer degradation 325.5–638.2 4.00
Carbonization 638.2–800.0 7.87
With 6% Macrocystis pyrifera extract 5.105 Dehydration 25.0–113.6 24.8
Film degradation 113.6–314.1 61.9
Polymer degradation 314.1–617.3 5.68
Carbonization 617.3–800.0 9.86

1409 cm–1, torsional vibrations and swinging of –CH2 at

1350–1150 cm–1, C-O stretching of the pyranose ring at
1099 cm–1, and C-O stretching at 1028 cm–1 of sodium
alginate [25–27]. The obtained results revealed an
interaction between the polar groups of the polymeric
matrix and the polyphenolic compounds of the extract.
Thermogravimetry. Figure 2c presents the thermo-
gravimetric curves of the films with mass losses that
were assigned to the following steps: dehydration, film
a degradation, polymer degradation, and carboniza-
tion [28]. As the extracts became more concentrated, the
mass loss in the films increased, especially in the film
with 6% of the extract. However, if the concentration of
the extract was lower, the mass loss decreased during
this step, and a better extract-film interaction was
assumed. Table 3 summarizes the thermal events, mass
loss, and respective temperature intervals
X-ray diffraction analysis. The X-ray diffraction
diffractogram in Fig. 2d demonstrates a broad peak
between 20 and 30°. It presents the diffraction pattern
b
of the amorphous structure of the sodium alginate film
plasticized with glycerol and PEG 400 (base film). The
crystallinity percentage of the base film was 39.3%.
However, it reached 39.1% when it was incorporated
with 6% of the extract. The low concentration of the
extract brought up the crystallinity to 43.1% in the film
with 3% of the extract. Therefore, the microstructure of
the incorporated film was more homogeneous when the
concentration of the extract was lower.
Scanning electron microscopy analysis. The
c scanning electron microscopy images (Figs. 3a, 3b,
and 3c) showed a rough and homogeneous surface
Figure 3 Scanning electron microscopy images of films: (Fig. 3a) with clusters on the surface, which increased
(a) base film; (b) film with 3% extract; and (c) film with 6% the concentration of the M. pyrifera extract (Figs. 3b
extract and 3c). The obtained result shows how the secondary
metabolites migrated towards the avocado surface.
Kinetic behavior of hydroalcoholic extract
FTIR of the films. Figure 2b illustrates the FTIR release. Figure 4 shows the release curve of the extract
spectrum of the films under study. The increase in the at 271 nm for 300 min of testing. Figure 5 indicates the
concentration of the extracts intensified the bands profile of the film with 3 and 6% extract according to
corresponding to the symmetric stretching COO – at the Higuchi model. Figure 6 shows the profile according

68
 Ramos J. et al. Foods and Raw Materials. 2023;11(1):64–71

500 0.12
0.11
450
0.10
Concentration, mg L-1

400 0.09
350 0.08
0.07

Mt/M
300 0.06
250 0.05
200 0.04
0.03
150
0.02
100 0.01
0 50 100 200 300 400 500 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time, min t ½, s ½
3% 6% 3% 6%

Figure 4 Release profile of Macrocystis pyrifera extract in Figure 5 Release profile according to the Higuchi model.
alginate films with 3 and 6% hydroalcoholic Macrocystis
pyrifera extracts a b c d
Day 1
–0.8
–0.9
–1.0
–1.1
Log, Mt/M

–1.2
–1.3
–1.4 Day 7
–1.5
–1.6
–1.7
–1.8
2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4
Log, t Day 14
3% 6%

Figure 6 Release profile according to the Korsmeyer and

Peppas model.

Table 4 Kinetic parameters of films from sodium alginate Day 21

with Macrocystis pyrifera extracts according to Higuchi and
Korsmeyer-Peppas

Film Higuchi Korsmeyer-Peppas

KH R2 n R2
3% extract 6.31×10–4 0.9764 0.42 0.9894
6% extract 2.99×10–4 0.9918 0.35 0.9982
Figure 7 Hass avocado halves on days 1, 7 and 14 of storage.
Epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp of Hass avocado on day 21.
to the Korsmeyer and Peppas model. In both cases, the (a) Uncoated (control); (b) coated with the base film
film with the 3% extract had higher constants R2 and n. (no extract); (с) coated with the film from sodium alginate with
However, the film with the 6% extract could continue the 3% Macrocystis pyrifera hydroalcoholic extract; and
(d) coated with the film from sodium alginate with the 6%
to release. The release percentage was not complete
extract
because the extract contained polyphenolic compounds:
their hydroxyl groups can interact with related groups of
alginate or plasticizer [23]. (no M. pyrifera extract). However, as the concentration
Table 4 shows kinetic parameters K and n calcu- of the hydroalcoholic extract increased, the browning
lated according to Eqs. (3) and (4). As n ≤ 0.5, the intensity around the stone decreased. As a result, the
swelling and porosity provided a partial diffusion browning in the sample covered with the film with the
mechanism [29]. 6% extract was less intense in color, compared to the
Food protection test. In Fig. 7, the endocarp of the avocado covered with the film with the 3% extract. This
control sample (uncoated avocado) is brown around the result proves that the extract migrated from the film onto
stone, and so is the sample coated with the base film the fruit surface.

69
 Ramos J. et al. Foods and Raw Materials. 2023;11(1):64–71

On day 21, none of the samples showed any evi- be good vehicles for the administration and release of
dence of browning. Therefore, the interior of the fruit Macrocystis pyrifera extracts. If used as fruit coating,
remained intact under the experimental conditions this film can reduce browning.
of 8°C and 50–60% relative humidity. However, the
epicarp in the control sample and the avocado coated CONTRIBUTION
with the base film had a little mold caused by humidity, The authors were equally involved in the written
which was absent in the samples coated with the films
and experimental part of the manuscript and are equally
with the M. pyrifera extracts.
responsible for plagiarism.
CONCLUSION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The hydroalcoholic extracts interacted with the
The authors declare no conflict of interests regarding
polymeric matrix of sodium alginate. The increase
in their concentration affected the surface and the the publication of this article.
microstructure of the films, resulting in a greater mass
loss during degradation, a more intense opacity, and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
a lower crystallinity percentage. However, when the The authors are thankful to Dr. Ana Paula
concentration was lower, it facilitated the distribution Garcia Ferreira for her helpful contribution to the
within the polymeric matrix. Alginate films proved to thermogravimetric characterization of the films.

REFERENCES

1. Bahl S, Dolma J, Singh JJ, Sehgal S. Biodegradation of plastics: A state of the art review. Materials Today: Proceedings.
2020;39:31–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.096
2. Shlush E, Davidovich-Pinhas M. Bioplastics for food packaging. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2022;125:
66–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.04.026
3. Teixeira-Costa BE, Andrade CT. Natural polymers used in edible food packaging – History, function and application
trends as a sustainable alternative to synthetic plastic. Polysaccharides. 2022;3(1):32–58. https://doi.org/10.3390/
polysaccharides3010002
4. Ibrahim NI, Shahar FS, Hameed Sultan MT, Shah AU, Azrie Safri SN, Mat Yazik MH. Overview of bioplastics
introduction an its applications in product packaging. Coatings. 2021;11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111423
5. Rosa GP, Tavares WR, Sousa PMC, Pagès AK, Seca AML, Pinto DCGA. Seaweed secondary metabolites with
beneficial health effects: An overview of successes in in vivo studies and clinical trials. Marine Drugs. 2020;18(1).
https://doi.org/10.3390/md18010008
6. Tenorio-Rodríguez PA, Esquivel-Solis H, Murillo-Álvarez JI, Ascencio F, Campa-Córdova ÁI, Angulo C.
Biosprospecting potential of kelp (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) from Baja California Peninsula: Phenolic content,
antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory, and cell viability. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2019;31(5):3115–3129.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01781-1
7. Ford L, Stratakos AC, Theodoridou K, Dick JTA, Sheldrake GN, Linton M, et al. Polyphenols from Brown Seaweeds
as a potential antimicrobial agent in animal feeds. ACS Omega. 2020;5(16):9093–9103. https://doi.org/10.1021/
acsomega.9b03687
8. Murúa P, Edrada-Ebel R, Muñoz L, Soldatou S, Legrave N, Müller DG, et al. Morphological, genotypic and metabolomic
signatures confirm interfamilial hybridization between the ubiquitous kelps Macrocystis (Arthrothamnaceae)
and Lessonia (Lessoniaceae). Scientific Reports. 2020;10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65137-3
9. Tapia-Martínez J, Cano-Europa E, Casas-Valdez M, Blas-Valdivia V, Franco-Colin M. Toxicological and therapeutic
evaluation of the algae Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae) in rodents. Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografia.
2020;55(2):119–127. https://doi.org/10.22370/rbmo.2020.55.2.2497
10. Rodríguez JE, Castro A. Evaluation of polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of
Eisenia cokeri m.a. howe. Ciencia e Investigación. 2018;21(1):11–17. (In Spanish).
11. Beratto-Ramos A, Castillo-Felices RP, Troncoso-León NA, Agurto-Muñoz A, Agurto-Muñoz C. Selection criteria for
high-value biomass: Seasonal and morphological variation of polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity in two
brown macroalgae. Journal of Applied Phycology. 2019;31(1):653–664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1528-9
12. Ore YB, Pichilingue ERL, Valderrama Negron AS. Extraction and characterization of sodium alginate from the
macroalgae Macrocystis pyrifera. Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú. 2020;86(3):276–287. (In Spanish). https://
doi.org/10.37761/rsqp.v86i3.300

70
 Ramos J. et al. Foods and Raw Materials. 2023;11(1):64–71

13. Layek B, Mandal S. Natural polysaccharides for controlled delivery of oral therapeutics: A recent update. Carbohydrate
Polymers. 2020;230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115617
14. Santos LG, Silva GFA, Gomes BM, Martins VG. A novel sodium alginate active films functionalized with purple
onion peel extract (Allium cepa). Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2021;35. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.bcab.2021.102096
15. Azucena Castro-Yobal M, Contreras-Oliva A, Saucedo-Rivalcoba V, Rivera-Armenta JL, Hernández-Ramírez G,
Salinas-Ruiz J, et al. Evaluation of physicochemical properties of film-based alginate for food packing applications.
E-Polymers. 2021;21(1):82–95. https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2021-0011
16. Silva J, Vanat P, Marques-da-Silva D, Rodrigues JR, Lagoa R. Metal alginates for polyphenol delivery systems:
Studies on crosslinking ions and easy-to-use patches for release of protective flavonoids in skin. Bioactive Materials.
2020;5(3):447–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.03.012
17. Solano-Doblado LGa, Alamilla-Beltrán L, Jiménez-Martínez C. Functionalized edible films and coatings. TIP
Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas. 2018;21(2):30–42. (In Spanish). https://doi.org/10.22201/
fesz.23958723e.2018.0.153
18. Higuchi T. Mechanism of sustained action medication. Theoretical analysis of the rate of release of solid drugs
dispersed in solid matrices. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1963;52(12):1145–1149. https://doi.org/10.1002/
jps.2600521210
19. Korsmeyer RW, Gurny R, Doelker E, Buri P, Peppas NA. Mechanisms of solute release from porous hydrophilic
polymers. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 1983;15(1):25–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(83)90064-9
20. Vilcanqui Y, Mamani-Apaza LO, Flores M, Ortiz-Viedma J, Romero N, Mariotti-Celis MS, et al. Chemical
characterization of brown and red seaweed from Southern Peru, a sustainable source of bioactive and nutraceutical
compounds. Agronomy. 2021;11(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081669
21. Liu X, Yuan W, Zhao R. Extraction of antioxidants from brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum using a binary
solvent extraction system. ACS Food Science and Technology. 2021;1(6):1041–1049. https://doi.org/10.1021/
acsfoodscitech.1c00053
22. Cui R, Zhu B, Yan J, Qin Y, Yuan M, Cheng G, Yuan M. Development of a sodium alginate-based active package with
controlled release of cinnamaldehyde loaded on halloysite nanotubes. Foods. 2021;10(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/
foods10061150
23. Carlos-Salazar MJ, Valderrama-Negrón AC. Release of anthocyanins from chitosan films cross-linked with sodium
tripolyphosphate. Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú. 2017;83(1):115–125. https://doi.org/10.37761/rsqp.
v83i1.108
24. Castro AJ, Carhuapoma M, Ramos NJ, Juárez JR, Felix LM, Jáuregui JF, et al. Photoprotective effect of Macrocystis
pyrifera compared to sunscreens in prevention of skin lesions. Ciencia e Investigación. 2015;18(2):95-98. (In Spanish).
https://doi.org/10.15381/ci.v18i2.13617
25. Ye Y, Zhang X, Deng X, Hao L, Wang W. Modification of alginate hydrogel films for delivering hydrophobic
kaempferol. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2019;2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9170732
26. Fabra MJ, Falcó I, Randazzo W, Sánchez G, López-Rubio A. Antiviral and antioxidant properties of active
alginate edible films containing phenolic extracts. Food Hydrocolloids. 2018;81:96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
foodhyd.2018.02.026
27. Mutlu B, Farhan M, Kucuk I. T-Shaped microfluidic junction processing of porous alginate-based films and their
characteristics. Polymers. 2019;11(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091386
28. Zia T, Usman M, Sabir A, Shafiq M, Khan R. Development of inter-polymeric complex of anionic polysaccharides,
alginate/k-carrageenan bio-platform for burn dressing. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.
2020;157:83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.157
29. Aragón Fernández J, González Santos R, Fuentes Esteves G. Study in vitro of delivery drug from a compound
biomaterial. Revista CENIC. Ciencias Químicas. 2010;41:1–8. (In Spanish).

ORCID IDs
Judith Ramos https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2434-9197
Nelson Adrián Villacrés https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9499-3792
Éder Tadeu Gomes Cavalheiro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5186-3039
Hugo A. Alarcón https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9533-2133
Ana C. Valderrama https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7741-3207

71