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Ancient Lamps in the J. Paul
Getty Museum
Jean Bussière and Birgitta Lindros Wohl
Director’s Foreword
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations and Notes to Readers
Introduction
Catalogue
Typological Classification
I. Phoenico-Punic Clay Saucer Lamps
II. Greek and Hellenistic Clay Lamps
III. Roman-Period Clay Lamps
IV. Metal Lamps
Indices
Index of Iconography
Index of Signatures and Inscriptions
Index of Donors and Vendors
Index of Place Names
Concordance of Identification Numbers
Bibliography
About the Authors
Copyright
Director’s Foreword
Timothy Potts
Director
The J. Paul Getty Museum
Acknowledgments
Jean Bussière
Birgitta Lindros Wohl
B.L.W.
Abbreviations and Notes to Readers
The Getty collection of well over six hundred ancient lamps began
late in the history of the comparatively young museum. The lamps
did not form part of Mr. Getty’s personal interests, which focused
mainly on paintings and sculpture, but belong (with one exception)
rather to the policy of systematic broadening of the holdings after
Mr. Getty’s death in 1976. The earliest acquisitions of lamps in the
form of gifts were in fact from that year, soon joined by others. Most
gifts predate the purchased acquisitions, except for the Fleischman
group of 1996. (See the Index of Donors and Vendors.) Apart from
two single purchases (in 1973 and 2003), the majority of the Getty
lamps came to the Museum in 1983, through the Galerie Günter
Puhze in Freiburg, which facilitated the sale of a German private
collection owned by Hans-Klaus Schüller. After some exchange of
limited items, the final collection acquired contained 557 lamps of
clay, bronze, and lead and one mold (cat. 458). Of these, twenty-six
were registered as fakes; however, after careful examination, all but
one, cat. 492, have been judged by the authors of the present
catalogue to be genuine, and they have been included here with
clear indications of their changed status (and possible remaining
doubts).
Hans-Klaus Schüller maintained a long-standing interest in lamps
and must be regarded as a fine connoisseur. In the 1970s he sold
410 lamps to Bochum University; those lamps are on permanent
display in the Bochum Museum, awaiting publication by Dr. Heinrich
Hermanns of Cologne University. In 1983 Mr. Schüller sold a second
collection to the Getty Museum. The Bochum and the Getty
collections exhibit striking similarities and homogeneity, even to the
point of having fifty-one identical items. This is not surprising, for it
is known that Mr. Schüller traveled and prospected in the same areas
over long periods: principally Asia Minor, further in Tunisia, and less
extensively in Egypt, Italy, and Greece. At the very beginning of his
interest in lamps, he acquired some in Germany, where it is assumed
they were excavated, possibly shortly after World War I.
Four vessels, which came to the Getty with the Erwin
Oppenländer glass collection, were originally catalogued by the
Museum as oil lamps. Recent research sheds doubt on that
identification, and thus they are not included here. A pair of deep
cups with flattened bases, made of translucent white glass with
cobalt blue blobs, may be either beakers or lamps (inv. 2003.454
and 2003.455). Introduced in the late Roman period, hanging bowls
and ovoid containers held in a polycandelon, or chandelier, served as
lighting fixtures. Nearly rimless and with no trace of attachments for
suspension, the function of the Getty vessels remains ambiguous.
Two cylindrical containers (inv. 2003.378 and 2003.453 feature a
small circular opening in a domed top and a strap handle. The
absence of a nozzle or second opening for a wick argues against
their function as lamps. Instead they are more probably
atramentaria—inkwells, examples of which are found in ceramic,
bronze, and glass.1
The first objective of the present work is to provide a typological
classification of the lamps, as far as possible presented in
chronological order. The typological variety of the Getty Museum
lamps is considerable, derived as they are from very diverse regions
of the Mediterranean basin: twenty-four forms are without parallel in
the wide literature consulted, and fifty-six forms have only an
approximate closeness to known types. No existing typological
classification alone can account for this diversity. Thus we have
taken recourse in several typologies, widely accepted by
lychnologists, such as those of Dressel, Loeschcke, Broneer,
Howland, Deneauve, Ennabli, Bailey, Bussière, and the fundamental
Italian Atlante delle forme ceramiche.
Each lamp type in this catalogue is presented by an introduction
summarizing its characteristics, listing its workshop signatures,
proposing its chronology, and debating potential problems. Thanks
to parallels found in the now-abundant specialized literature and to a
variety of criteria, the Getty lamps have been divided into three
major sections:
I. Phoenico-Punic lamps
II. Greek and Hellenistic lamps
III. Roman-period lamps
1. Some Byzantine clay lamps, which due to their shape are often
called “ink pot lamps,” are featured in, e.g., Broneer 1930,
although he does not use that name. While similar to inkwells
(atramentaria), these lamps all have air holes and at times a
spout at the edge for the wick—items lacking on the Getty
objects. See, e.g., Broneer 1930, p. 292, no. 1522, fig. 207, or p.
292, no. 1543, pl. XXIV. See also Motsianos et al. 2011, p. 155,
no. 32; Wight 2011, pp. 122–23, figs. 92–93.
For further discussion, see Whitehouse 1988 and Lightfoot
2013; we are grateful to Claire Lyons for sharing this
information.↩
Catalogue
Typological Classification
The first clay lamps ever devised and produced in numbers appeared
in the Near East in the late third millennium (Amiran 1969, pp. 189–
90, pl. 59, pp. 291–93, pl. 100). They were handmade and had the
shape of a square shallow bowl with four pinched corners, making
four wick-rests (Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, p. 76, no. 311). A second
form, now wheelmade and soon prevailing, took the shape of a
saucer with one pinched corner forming a single wick-rest or spout
(Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, p. 76, nos. 312–21). This shape—see
cats. 1 and 2—lasted for about two thousand years with little
change. Then a second pinched spout (sometimes more) was added
(Oziol 1977, nos. 33–37, pl. 3). In a later stage of evolution the lamp
changed from a saucer to more of a plain bowl with a flat and
slightly raised base and two sides folded together, meeting on top to
form a single wick-hole (Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, p. 79, nos. 329–
30).
In the Punic area, not long before the fall of Carthage (146 B.C.),
this last shape was further modified: Three sides of the bowl were
pinched together to form two tubular nozzles, or wick-holes, at the
front and a broad opening at the rear (Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, p.
67, nos. 274–75). Finally, the lamp was equipped with a raised
circular base, making a small foot, and it became a closed vessel
with three evenly spaced equal-sized openings for the wick-holes; for
this shape, see cats. 3 and 4, which are similar to Rosenthal and
Sivan 1978, p. 67, nos. 276–77. By the end of the second century
B.C. the long life of the saucer type came to an end.
For more readings, see Amiran 1969; Bailey BM I, pp. 205–10;
Oziol 1977, pp. 17–19; Rosenthal and Sivan 1978, pp. 75–79; Hayes
1980, p. 4, pls. 1, 3; Kassab Tezgör and Sezer 1995; and Sussman
2007. For Punic types specifically, see Cintas 1950; Deneauve 1969,
pp. 23–39; and Bussière 1989.
1
Author: Aristophanes
Language: Spanish
Credits: Ramón Pajares Box. (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Interne
Archive/Universidad de Sevilla.)
Nota de transcripción
COMEDIAS
DE
ARISTÓFANES
TRADUCIDAS DIRECTAMENTE DEL GRIEGO
POR
TOMO I.
MADRID
imprenta central a cargo de víctor saiz
calle de la colegiata, núm. 6
—
1880
CUATRO PALABRAS
ACERCA DEL TEATRO GRIEGO EN ESPAÑA.
por Fr. Luis de León, publicados por primera vez en el tomo vi de sus
Obras coleccionadas por el P. Merino (págs. 288 y 289) conforme a un
manuscrito del Colegio de San Ildefonso de Alcalá. Son como de ta
maestro.
También Pedro de Valencia tradujo un largo trozo de las Bacantes, y
le inserta en su Discurso (inédito) sobre las brujas y cosas tocantes a
magia.
7) Don Genaro Alenda publicó en la Revista de Instrucción Pública
(27 de noviembre de 1858) la escena de Taltibio en la Hécuba de
Eurípides.
8) «Biblioteca de dramáticos griegos, publicada por la iniciativa y
bajo la protección del Excmo. Sr. D. José Gutiérrez de la Vega... y
traducida en prosa castellana por D. Eduardo de Mier. Tragedias de
Eurípides. Tomo i. Madrid, imprenta de M. Tello... 1865.» 4.º, xxiv +
382 páginas.
Contiene este tomo nueve tragedias; la mitad del teatro de
Eurípides:
Hécuba. — Hypólito. — Las Fenicias. — Orestes. — Alcestes. —
Medea. — Las Troyanas. — Hércules Furioso.
— Electra.
Con una introducción, notas y preámbulos del traductor a cada
tragedia.
Si tan escasa y pobre es la cosecha en Castilla, fácilmente se
imaginará que es aún menor en Portugal y Cataluña. No existe
ninguna traducción portuguesa de Esquilo, y las de Sófocles y
Eurípides se reducen a las siguientes:
a) «Tragedia da vingança que foy feita sobre a morte del Rey
Agamenón. Agora novamente tirada de Grego em lingoagem: trovada
por Anrrique Ayres Victoria. Cujo argumento he de Sophocles poeta
Grego. Agora seguda vez impressa e emendada e anhadida pelo
mesmo autor.»
A la vuelta de esta portada hay una dedicatoria a doña Violante de
Tavora.
Impreso a dos columnas. Dividido en siete escenas, tras de las
cuales viene una Exhortacam do autor aos leitores, en cuatro
estancias de arte mayor. La última dice así:
A presente obra foi acabada
De em nossa linguagem se traduzir
A quinze de março, sem nada mentir,
Na era do parto da virgem sagrada
De mil e quinhentos, sem errar nada,
E treinta e seis falando verdade,
No Porto que he muy nobre cidade,
E por Anrique Ayres foi tresladada.
M. Menéndez Pelayo.