Grammar

Grammar are rules through which we use a language correctly and prevents from making

mistakes.

Importance of grammar

To use and comprehend a language correctly

Ovoid mistakes

Prevent misunderstanding

Get command on a language

Is learning grammar important?

Grammar is important when we learn for academic purposes

If we learn language for social purposes grammar is not important

What is language?

Language is the way of communication.

Language is verbal and non-verbal.

Verbal: we use words.

Non-verbal: we don’t use words.

In every language we must learn four skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing.
Two sub skills are there in each language: grammar and vocabulary.

Aspects of a language: receptive and productive

Articles are a type of determiner specify the noun they precede.

1. Definite Article: "The"

refer to specific or particular nouns, when the speaker and the listener are aware about

2. Indefinite Articles: "A" and "An"

refer to non-specific or general nouns.

Note: Articles are not used with proper nouns, unless they are part of a specific title or phrase.

- Articles are generally not used with plural or uncountable nouns.

Present tense Be:

The present tense of the verb "be" is used to describe a current state, condition, or existence.

Express characteristics, qualities, or identities.

1. Negative Sentences: To form a negative sentence, use the appropriate form of "be" followed

by the word "not."

2. Questions: To form a question, invert the subject and the appropriate form of "be”.

To be verbs: Function:
Be bare infinitive
am, is, are present tense
was, were past tense
Been past participle
Being present participle, gerund
Homework:
He is being very understanding about the situation.

They are being quite helpful with the project.

The children are being very noisy in the playground.

She is being very patient with her students.

We are being cautious about our expenses during this economic downturn.

"being" indicate an ongoing action or behavior at the present moment

Simple future

I will be in Medellin tomorrow. )bare infinitive)

future continuous tense

I will be flying to Medellin tomorrow.

We use the bare infinitive be with all modal verbs, such as can, should, might, or must

You can be anything if you try.

He must be exhausted after that.

They should not be here.

Present participle

Don’t listen to me: I am being upset.

Participle

I have been being tired since my first day of school. (Present participle)

It had been a bad day even before it started raining. (Past participle)

Pronouns

used to replace nouns

1. Personal Pronouns:

Refer to specific people or things.

Subject pronoun

Object pronoun

Possessive adjective

Possessive pronoun

2. Subject Pronoun:
Subject pronouns are used as the subjects of sentences.

3. Possessive Adjective:

indicate ownership or possession use before nouns

4. Object Pronouns:
used as the object of a verb or preposition.
- Examples: me, you, him, her, it, us, them.
"She gave it to me."
He called me yesterday.

Substitute the underlined nouns with suitable object pronouns.

1. Miller and Davis are going along with Daisy.

2. Where did you get this photo?

3. When will you be meeting the Board members?

4. I bought Ranvir his favourite burger.

5. The teacher asked the students to pass the books.

Check your answers here.

1. Miller and Davis are going along with her.

2. Where did you get it?

3. When will you be meeting them?

4. I bought him his favourite burger.

5. The teacher asked the students to pass it.

5. Possessive Pronouns:
show ownership without the need for a noun.
- Examples: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
- Example Sentence: "The book is mine."

3. Reflexive Pronouns:
- Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence.
- Examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves
- Example Sentence: "I hurt myself."

4. Demonstrative Pronouns:
- Demonstrative pronouns point to specific people or things.
- Examples: this, that, these, those
This is my car.

5. Interrogative Pronouns:
- Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions.
- Examples: who, whom, whose, what, which

6. Relative Pronouns:
- Relative pronouns connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun.
- Examples: who, whom, whose, which, that
The person who won is my friend.

7. Indefinite Pronouns:
- Indefinite pronouns refer to nonspecific people or things.
anybody, everybody, someone, something, nobody, nothing
 - Example Sentence: Everybody enjoyed the party.

Interrogative words:
"Where" is used to inquire a location or place.
"Where are you going?"

"What" is used to inquire information, things, or objects.

"What is your favorite color?"
“What” is also used before another noun to talk about a choice.
It’s usually interchangeable with “which.”
What color do you want to buy?
Which color do you want to buy?

"When" is used to inquire a specific time or period.

"When is the meeting scheduled?"

"How" ask about the manner or condition of something.

"How are you?" "How did you solve the problem?"

"Why" ask for the reason or cause of something.

"Why did you choose that option?" "Why is the sky blue?"

"Who" inquire about a person or people.

"Who is your best friend?" "Who won the race?"

- "Which" ask about a choice or selection among a group of things.

"Which color do you prefer?" "Which book should I read?"
 - "Whose" inquire about possession or ownership.
- Example: "Whose phone is this?"

1.…….. did you see earlier today?

I saw James, the new football player.

Who

Which

How
2……….. did you do last weekend?

I watched movies and played hockey.

Who

What

Whom
3………… will you leave?

After the meeting.

Who

Whom

When
4…………… is David?

He’s still fine. Thanks for asking.

Who

Whom

How
5………….. ball is this?

It’s Nick’s.

Who

Whose

Whom
6……………. gave you this present?

That was my boyfriend, Harry.

Who

Whom

Whose
7……………. did he not come?

He was busy all day.

 How

Why

When
8……….. suitcase is mine?

The blue one. The other is Jane’s.

Who

Whose

Which
9……….. long did it take to make such a big cake?

It took 2 hours.

What

When

How
10………… was the weather like on Monday?

It was raining a lot.

How
 When

What

Have and Has

Indicating possession
“Has” is used: “he,” “she,” and “it,” or a singular noun.
“Have” is used: (“I,” “we”), (“you”), (“they”)
“Have” and “has” can describe actions that could happen but have not occurred yet.
For example:
You have to go there today.
She has to submit her homework by Monday.
“Has” and “have” are used with other verbs to indicate that an action has been completed.
For example:
She has completed the homework.
My neighbors have moved out of the house.
Janet has played the piano for two years.

To use them as questions, we need to invert the subject and verb.

For example:
Has she finished her homework?
Have you seen the movie?
To form negations, we need to use “not” after “have” or “has.”
For example:
I have not been there before.
She has not completed the project.

Get a book and pen:

 1. Write two sentences using “have” in the simple present tense.

2. Write two sentences using “has” in the present perfect tense.

Try these other “has vs. have” exercises:

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with either “has” or “have”:

1. I ____ invited you here to talk to you.

2. You ____ one hour to get ready.

3. Joshua ____ learned an important lesson from his trip.

4. She doesn’t ____ time for this.

Exercise 2: Correct the errors with “has” or “have” in the

following sentences:

1. She have gone to work.

2. Lydia and her friends has gone to a party.

3. My neighbor have gotten another apartment.

4. They has studied French for five years.

5. The car have not been repaired yet.

Exercise 3: Circle the correct verb:

1. Our dog (have/has) white fur.

 2. I (have/has) three siblings.

3. He (has/have) a cool smartphone.

4. The cat (have/has) caught a fast mouse.

5. Trevor (have/has) a new skateboard.

Noun:
Is a word which names everything.
- Examples: dog, city, book, happiness, knowledge, freedom, skills

Singular Noun:
- A singular noun refers to one person, place, thing, or idea.

Plural Noun:
- A plural noun refers to more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

Common Noun:
- A common noun refers to a general person, place, thing, or idea.
- Example: dog, city, book, table.

Proper Noun:
- A proper noun refers to a specific person, place, or thing and is capitalized.
- Example: John, Paris, Coca-Cola, Statue of Liberty.

Please buy me a SANDWICH.*

common noun
 proper noun
Have you seen my GRANDMOTHER?*
common noun

proper noun
ROME is a beautiful city.*
common noun

proper noun
MR. JIMENEZ offered me a job today.*
common noun

proper noun
Let’s get some Indian FOOD tonight.*
common noun

proper noun
Is WAKANDA FOREVER streaming anywhere?*
common noun

proper noun
We live across from the SCHOOL.*
common noun

proper noun
Did you hear what GLORIA said?*
common noun

proper noun

Exercise 1: Identify the type of noun

Read the following sentences and identify the common or proper nouns in them.

1.
 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. I gave my book to Riya to read.
11. The Taj Mahal in India is very beautiful.
12. Red Riding Hood met the fox in the forest.
13. Mr Tony Stark walks his dog everyday.
14. The boy ran to his mother.
15. The flat was in the middle of Lenin Street.
16. The reporter went to Noida to collect news.
17. This milk tastes sour.
18. Rose is a beautiful girl.
19. I have read the novel by Emily Bronte.
20. King Arthur was a noble king.
21. The author wrote a crime novel.
22. The captain steered the ship from hitting the iceberg.
23. The old judge passed a unique judgement.
24. The Milky Way is a big galaxy.
25. The Indian Express is the newspaper I read regularly.
26. Sheldon Cooper is an intelligent physicist.
27. The Ganga is an important river of India.
28. J.K Rowling wrote the famous novels on Harry Potter.
29. My uncle works in the Reserve Bank of India.

Answers –
1. Book – Common noun, Riya – Proper noun
2. Taj Mahal, India – Proper nouns
3. Red Riding Hood – Proper noun; fox, forest – Common nouns
4. Mr Tony Stark – Proper noun; dog – Common noun
5. Boy, mother – Common nouns
6. Flat – Common noun; Lenin Street – Proper noun
7. Reporter, news – Common nouns; Noida – Proper noun
8. Milk – Common noun
9. Rose – Proper noun; Girl – Common noun
10. Novel – Common noun; Emily Bronte – Proper noun
 11. King Arthur – Proper noun; king – Common noun
12. Author, novel – Common nouns
13. Captain, ship, iceberg – Common nouns
14. Judge, judgement – Common nouns
15. Milky Way – Proper noun; galaxy – Common noun
16. The Indian Express – Proper noun; newspaper – Common noun
17. Sheldon Cooper – Pronoun noun; physicist – Common noun
18. Ganga, India – Proper nouns; river – Common noun
19. J.K Rowling, Harry Potter – Proper nouns; book – Common noun
20. Uncle – Common noun; Reserve Bank of India – Proper noun

Exercise 2: Categorise the Nouns

Given below are some nouns which you have to categorise as common nouns and proper nouns.

new orleans king key lake budapest

great white shark lotus teacher gwen united nations

Titanic sailor forest mother sun

Jupiter macbeth tiger duchess steve rogers

Answers –

Common Noun Proper Noun

King New Orleans

Key Gwen

Lake Great White Shark

 Lotus Budapest

Teacher United Nations

Sailor Titanic

Forest Sun

Mother Jupiter

Tiger Macbeth

Duchess Steve Rogers

"There is" and "There are"

phrases indicate the existence of something
They are commonly used to describe the number or availability of objects or people in a
particular location.
"There is": It is used when referring to a singular noun or an uncountable noun.

Example:
There is a cat on the roof.
There is water in the glass.

"There are": It is used when referring to plural nouns.

Example:
There are two animals in the backyard.
There are many books on the shelf.

Negative form: To express the absence or non-existence of something, you can use "there is not"
or "there are not," which can be contracted as "there isn't" or "there aren't."
Example:
There isn't a pen on the table.
There aren't any apples in the fridge.

Interrogative form: To form a question using "there is" or "there are," you can invert the subject
and the verb.
Example:
Is there a pen in your bag?
Are there any chairs available?

1. _____ any chairs in this room. Where can we sit?

There aren't

There's not

2. _____ coffee. My sister drank it all.

There's no

There is any

3. _____ ten people in my class.

There is

There are

4. How many days _____ in a year?

are there

is there

5. _____ any good restaurants in this town?

Are there
Is there

6. It's very easy to visit us. _____ a train station near our house.
It is

There is

7. _____ a lot of people at the shopping centre yesterday.

There are

There were

8. _____ hospital in this city?! I'm surprised. A lot of people live here.
There is any

There's no

"'s" and "s'":

- "'s" is a possessive marker used to show ownership of a singular noun.
- "s'" is a possessive marker used to show ownership of a plural noun.
"John's car is red."
"The students' books are on the desk."
This is Sam's bicycle.
Andy is Emma's brother.
‘Have you seen Sam and Emma's garden?’ ‘It's really big.’
My parents' friends came for dinner.
Our children's toys are everywhere!
Noun + 's or s' noun
Singular: Sam's bicycle
My children's toys
Plural: Sam and Emma's house
My parents' friends
We use possessive 's to say that something or someone belongs to a person, is connected to a
place, or to show the relationship between people. The possessive 's always comes after a noun.
Sam's bicycle
the shop's customers
New York's museums
Emma's brother

When something belongs to more than one person and we give a list of names, we put 's on the
last name.
Sam and Emma's house. Sam's and Emma's house

With regular plural nouns we use ' not 's.

They're my parents' friends. They're my parent's friends.

With irregular plural nouns we use 's.

They're my children's bicycles. They're my Childrens’ bicycles.
's has two other uses.
Jack’s in the classroom. (= Jack is in the classroom.)
Jack's got a new laptop. (= Jack has got a new laptop.)
Possessive 's has no long form.
Here is Jack's room. Here is Jack is room.

Adjective:

Describes or modifies a noun or pronoun.

happy, tall, blue, delicious.

It provides additional information about the noun, such as its quality, quantity, size, color, or
appearance.
Placement: Adjectives are typically placed before the noun they modify.

For example, in the phrase "red car," "red" is the adjective describing the noun "car."

However, in some cases, adjectives can come after the noun they modify, such as "the car is red."

Degrees of Comparison: Adjectives can express different degrees of comparison to indicate the
quality of a noun in relation to others.

The three degrees of comparison are the positive degree (simple form), comparative degree (used
to compare two things), and superlative degree (used to compare three or more things).

Gradability: Many adjectives can be modified to show different levels of intensity or

comparison.

They can be used in their base form (e.g., "good"), or they can be intensified (e.g., "great,"
"fantastic") or diminished (e.g., "okay," "bad").

Predicate Adjectives: Adjectives can also be used in the predicate of a sentence to describe the
subject.

For example, in the sentence "The soup is delicious," "delicious" is a predicate adjective
describing the subject "soup."

Regular and Irregular Verbs:

- Regular verbs follow a predictable pattern when forming their past tense and past participle
by adding "-ed" or "-d" to the base form.
Example: walk (base form) - walked (past tense) - walked (past participle)

- Irregular verbs do not follow the regular pattern and have unique forms for the past tense and
past participle.
Example: go (base form) - went (past tense) - gone (past participle)

All verbs in the English language (except for to be), have five forms: base form (infinitive), past
tense, past participle, present participle, and third-person singular (or –s form).
Base form: (to) talk
Past tense: talked
Past participle: talked
Present participle: talking
Third-person singular: talks
When figuring out if a verb is regular or irregular, the forms you have to consider are past tense
and past participle.
Past tense and past participle are similar, but past tense leaves open the possibility that the action
will continue to occur in the future. The kids jumped in the bounce house (and might continue to
jump again later on).
However, the kids have jumped in the bounce house implies the jumping started and ended
(there’s no more jumping happening later on).

15. Usage of Prepositions "in," "on," and "at":

- "In" indicate being inside or within a place or time frame.
He will be back in an hour. I am in the park." The pen is in the box.

- "On" being in contact or positioned above a surface.

The book is on the table.

- "At" is used to indicate a specific location or point in time.

The meeting is at 3 PM. The meeting is scheduled for 9 a.m. at the office.
in, at, on. Generally, in shows the “largest” time or place, on shows dates and time, and at usually
shows the “smallest” time or place.
Brad usually eats lunch at 12:00.
They often go out at night.
We visit our family and friends at Christmas.

Pedro's birthday is on January 18th.

We usually stay go out on Saturday evenings.

Note: Do not use in/at/on before “next” or “last”

We will get married next year.

Their baby was born last March.

1. Gabriel and I always go out to a movie ____ our wedding

anniversary.
A. ? at

B. ? on

C. ? in

2. We often walk the dogs in the park ____ Sundays.

A. ? in

B. ? on

C. ? at

3. Chris sees his family once a year, usually ____ Christmas.

A. ? on

B. ? in

C. ? at

4. My dad gets paid ____ the end of the month.

A. ? on

B. ? in
 C. ? at

5. In many countries, there are a lot of parties ____ New Year's Eve
A. ? at

B. ? on

C. ? in

6. Maya said that she might not be home ____ the morning, but
she will be home ____ the afternoon.
A. ? in, in

B. ? at, at

C. ? at, in

7. Our taxes will increase by 2% ____ January.

A. ? at

B. ? in

C. ? at

8. The book was so interesting that I read it ____ a day.

A. ? at

B. ? on

C. ? in

9. The class starts ____ September 6th and ends ____ December
7th.
A. ? on, at

B. ? in, on
 C. ? in, in

D. ? on, on

10. Gabriel got married ____ 50, which is older than the average
man.
A. ? on

B. ? in

C. ? at

1. Cathy usually leaves work ____ 5:00 every day.

A. ? in

B. ? on

C. ? at

2. She went to bed ____ 10:00 and got up ____ 7:00.

A. ? in,at

B. ? at, at

C. ? at, in

3. It is very beautiful by the ocean this evening. I like walking

around ____ night.
A. ? at

B. ? in

C. ? on

4. Ruby's grandfather died ____ San Diego, ____ the age of 86.
 A. ? at, at

B. ? in,at

C. ? in, on

5. Byron was born ____ Victoria ____ Vancouver Island.

A. ? at,on

B. ? at, in

C. ? in, on

6. I'll call you tomorrow ____ 7:00 ____ the morning.

A. ? at, at

B. ? at, in

C. ? in, in

7. Bonita is ____ the Colorado River ____ the Rocky Mountains.

A. ? on, in

B. ? at, at

C. ? on, on

8. Melanie went to India. She will be back ____ a week.

A. ? on

B. ? in

C. ? at

9. We need to hurry. The concert starts ____ ten minutes.

A. ? in
 B. ? at

C. ? on

10. Dan and Brenda work hard during the week. So, they like to
relax ____ the weekends.
A. ? in

B. ? at

C. ? on

The bus will be leaving in a few minutes.

The astronauts explored the moon in the 1960s.
Formation of Adjective:
adding suffixes (-ful, -less), prefixes (un-, dis-), or converting nouns or verbs into adjectives.
Suffixes:
Joyful: She had a joyful expression on her face.
Careless: He made a careless mistake.
Colorless: The sky was filled with gray and colorless clouds.
Prefixes:
Unhappy: She felt unhappy with the results.
Disorganized: The files were in a disorganized state.
Nonexistent: The evidence was nonexistent.

Adverb:
modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
how, when, where, or to what extent an action or quality occurs.
- Adverbs of time indicate when an action occurs (e.g., "yesterday," "soon").
- Adverbs of place indicate where an action occurs (e.g., "here," "there").
- Adverbs of manner indicate how an action is performed (e.g., "quickly," "carefully").

Adverbs of frequency: how often an action occurs.

always, often, sometimes, rarely, never, frequently, occasionally, regularly, and seldom.
used with the simple present tense "I always go to the gym" or "She rarely eats fast food."
can be placed before the main verb, after "to be," or at the beginning or end of a sentence for
emphasis.

Gradable Adjective:
- express different degrees or levels of a quality.
"very," "quite," "extremely," etc.,

Coordinating Conjunctions:
- Coordinating conjunctions are words used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal
importance.
- The most common coordinating conjunctions are "and," "but," "or," "so," "for," "nor," and
"yet."

1. "And":
- connect similar ideas or elements, or add information:
I like to read books and watch movies.
She studied for hours, and she still didn't feel prepared.

2. "But":
- shows a contrast and disagreement
He is smart, but he is lazy.
I want to go, but I can't afford it.
3. "Or":
- choices and express a condition:
Would you like tea or coffee?
Be here by 9 a.m. or you'll miss the meeting.

4. "So":
- shows result, purpose or intention:
Purpose: She practiced diligently so she could improve her skills.
Result: She worked hard so she could pass the exam.

5. "For":
- give a reason or shows cause and effect:
She went to the store, for she needed some groceries.
He was late for the meeting, for his car broke down.

6. "Nor":
- Introduce a negative alternative or continue a negative statement:
Neither he nor she wants to go.
He didn't study, nor did he attend the lecture.

7. "Yet":
- Indicate a contrast and introduce unexpected result:
The weather was cloudy, yet she went for a walk.
He studied all night, yet he failed the test.

Asking and Telling Time

We only use ‘o’clock’ when we are telling time using the 12-hour clock so English speakers
would never say ’13 o’clock’.
We only have a ‘half past, never a ‘half to’.
So, 6:30 is ‘half past six’ and 6:31 is 29 minutes to seven.
Use ‘at’ for specific times and ‘in’ for periods of time.
We also only use ‘half past’ with the 12-hour clock.
I’ll meet you at six pm.
in the morning”, “in the afternoon”, “in the evening”, or “in the night”.
What time is it?
What's the time?
Do you have the time?
Can you tell me the time?
Could you let me know what time it is?
Would you mind informing me of the time?
May I ask for the time?
Answers:
It's 3:30 PM.
The time is 7:45 PM.
It's early morning.
It's late afternoon.

Types of objects
Direct object:
receives the action of a transitive verb directly. answers "what" or "whom" after the verb.
Example: She bought a book.

Indirect object:
appears between a verb and direct object.
tells "to whom" or "for whom" the action is done
He gave Mary a gift.
Object of preposition: follows a preposition and completes its meaning. It shows the
relationship between the preposition and the rest of the sentence.
"She sat next to him.