Sgem 2018 2 09
Sgem 2018 2 09
[23]. Material for substructure layer are mixtures of Table 1: Ground characteristic according toPN-ISO14688-2:2006[4]
crushed-stone aggregates with continuous granulation indicator.
(2)
Rock material Mine/deposit/ Uniformity Coefficient of Water Frost Flakiness Mass fraction Sand Los Angeles Resistance to
mixture coefficient gradation CC [-] absorption resistance, index of passing equivalent coefficients wear micro-
CU [-] WA24 [%] loss of weight Fl [%] 0.063mm SE [-] LA [-] Deval
F [%] f [%] MDE [-]
Test according to PN-EN ISO PN-EN PN-EN 1 PN-EN PN-EN PN-EN PN-EN PN-EN
14688-2 [4] 1097-6 [5] 367-1 [6] 933-3 [8] 933-1 [7] 933-8 [9] 1097-2 [10] 1097-1 [11]
dolomite Dubie 0/31.5 158.3 29.5 1.2 2.3 29.0 10.7 20.0 23 bd
limestone Czatkowice 0/31.5 86.7 2.7 1.5 3.2 13.0 7.6 26.4 23 16.5
sandstone Klęczany 0/31.5 96.7 4.9 1.7 2.5 17.5 10.7 22.8 24 36
basalt Winna Góra 0/31.5 18.0 1.4 1.3 0.7 49.4 4.4 50.5 15 16
Winna Góra 0/63 18.7 1.3 1.3 0.6 35.0 2.4 33.7 16 15
granite Rogoźnica 0/31.5 60.0 8.7 0.5 0.12 15.3 3.6 35.6 33 8
serpentinite Nasławice 0/31.5 126.3 9.6 1.8 2.75 18.4 9.4 11.1 19 13
magnesia- Grochów 0/31.5 36.7 6.7 2.50 0.86 14.8 5.7 16.8 19 25
serpentinite
Grochów 0/63 50.0 4.1 2.33 0.64 13.0 6.1 19.4 19 26
Mixture of Crushed- Stone Aggregate as Material For Substructure Layers
157
158 Joanna Hydzik-Wiśniewska et al.
Table 3: Optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for tested samples.
Optimum moisture Maximum dry density Optimum moisture Maximum dry density
content [%] [g/cm3] content [%] [g/cm3]
dolomite Dubie 5.8 2.205 6.2 2.155
low abrasion resistance. In spite of the high LA resistance 4 Values of CBR ratio for mixtures
values, all the materials were technically suitable for
substructure.
of 0/31.5 mm and 0/63
Material approved for road surface layers, according
Indicator penetration test to establish the bearing ratio
to WT-4 [23], should characterize with absorbability of
is performed on the compact material (Is = 1.0) with
maximum 2% and loss of weight of aggregate after 10
optimum moisture content according to the standards
freeze/thaw cycles in water of not more than4%. The
PN-EN 13286-47:2007 [15]. In connection with the fact that
value of absorbability was exceeded only for the mixtures
granulation of the tested material was 0/31.5 mm and 0/63
of dolomites from Żelatowa and magnesia-serpentinite
mm and the applied method of testing CBR ratio relates to
aggregate. Despite a relatively high value of absorbability,
the material with a maximum dimension of 22.5 mm, the
none of the materials showed loss of weight of boundary
samples were supposed to be properly prepared. Method
value of 4%. The highest loss of weight was noticed for
standards PN-S 06102:1997 [16] were used for this purpose,
the dolomite from Dubie, limestones and serpentinite;
and for each material, grains above 20 mm were screened
while in the other cases, the values did not exceed1% of
out and replaced with an equivalent material of dimension
aggregate weight. The evaluation of material sensitivity
from 6.3 mm to 20 mm. An American method AASHTO
to the frost was tested on the basis of sand equivalent SE.
Designation T 193-99 [1] has also similar requirements
Table 2 shows SE values for fivefold material compaction.
concerning material preparation, according to which, the
Analysing the tested mixtures, only basalt mixture of
grains above 19 mm are replaced with material of 4.75/19
0/31.5 mm has a sand equivalent at the level of SE = 50
mm. Material prepared in such a way was tested both for
and is suitable for substructure. Other mixtures, while
optimum moisture and CBR ratio. Mixtures of crushed
constituting the road surface, may show a tendency
aggregates were compacted according to the Proctor
for destruction in frosty conditions. While analysing
method standards PN-EN 13286-2:2010 [14]. Compaction
mixtures for grains below 0.063 mm content, only the
of the aggregates was done in three layers with 2.5 kg
dolomite mixtures with fraction 0/31.5 from Dubie and
rammer (rammer A) in a big mould (B) of a diameter 150
Żelatowa do not comply with the requirements for base
mm and height of 120 mm. Table 3 summarises the values
substructure(maximum content of 9%) but only for
of optimal moisture and maximum dry density for all the
subbase (maximum content of up to 12%).
tested aggregate samples.
Next, the mixtures of aggregates were tested for CBR
indicator directly after concentration of the material
in cylinder and after four days of water soaking. Table
4 summarises the average values of bearing ratio of
mixtures of aggregates, obtained from the test of at least
two identical samples.
Mixture of Crushed- Stone Aggregate as Material For Substructure Layers 159
Table 4: Values of CBR ratio for mixtures after compaction and after four days of soaking in water.
CBR directly after CBR after four days of CBR directly after CBR after four days of
compaction [%] soaking in water [%] compaction [%] soaking in water [%]
Dolomite Dubie 39.6 30.9 26.0 24.1
It can be noted that the highest values of bearing increase of material moisture, softening and the change of
ratio directly after compaction of above 50% are for consistency. Only the mixtures of granite after compacted
serpentinite aggregate mixtures both of 0/31.5 and 0/63 material saturation showed an increase of CBR with an
mm and for sandstone mixture of 0/63 from Lipowica. This increase of moisture by about 0.5%.
is due to the fact that the granulation is proper. High CBR
values may be as well expected for dolomite mixture of
0/31.5 from Żelatowa due to good granulation. However, it 5 Analysis of an influence of
has the lowest bearing ratio, which may be resulting from
low crushing and abrasion resistance and high content of
geometrical and physical properties
flat and irregular grains. It could have been also expected on CBR ratio
to obtain high values of bearing for aggregate samples
of volcanic rock with high mechanical parameters, that The correlation dependencies between CBR ratio and
is, basalt and granite. In both the cases, the reason for other aggregate parameters were specified to state which
obtaining low values of bearing ratio was improper grain geometrical and physical properties of aggregates have the
composition, in spite of the fact that CU and CC coefficients highest influence on obtaining high compaction, which
for basalt showed high suitability for compaction. means high substructure or subbase layers’ bearing.
However, the modification of grain composition caused Mechanical properties of aggregates, that is, resistance
a sudden increase in the content of grains above 6.3 mm to fragmentation LA were tested first. Linear correlation
and modification of CU and CC coefficients. An increase between the value of CBR ratio and LA coefficients (Fig. 3)
of the curves of grain composition coefficient CC and was observed. It is clear to notice that lower the crushing
decrease of graining curve coefficient CU occurred in most resistance, lower is the CBR ratio. It means that aggregate
cases. This may indicate that mixtures prepared in such grains with LA coefficient of above 35 may get damaged
way are more difficult to compact and at the same time, by compaction. However, there is practically no influence
it is harder to obtain a high value of CBR ratio. Additional on abrasion resistance values of CBR ratio for aggregates
reason for low values of bearing ratio in case of basalt (Fig. 4).
mixtures was high content of irregular grains, and in case Second part of proprieties analysed for CBR values
of granite mixtures, low crushing resistance. None of the are geometrical properties represented by the uniformity
tested mixtures complied the required minimum values of coefficient CU and coefficient of gradation CC. Figures 5
bearing ratio. and 6 show charts of correlation between bearing ratio
Values of CBR ratio after water soaking in case of most and respectively CU and CC. Presented correlation does not
analysed samples decreased at a very large range from directly show the influence of coefficients connected with
few percent to even over 20%. It was caused mostly by an the mixture of aggregate granulation on CBR value, which
160 Joanna Hydzik-Wiśniewska et al.
Figure 3: Correlation between CBR and Los Angeles coefficie. Figure 5: Correlation between CBR value and uniformity coefficient
CU value.
Figure 4: Correlation between CBR and micro Deval coefficient, Figure 6: Correlation between CBR value and coefficient of gradation
values. CC value.
directly influences the bearing of substructure layers. The charts in figures 7 and 8 show a symptomatic
These coefficients help only to evaluate the aggregate tendency that lower the optimum moisture content of
mixture ability to compact and obtain tight structure. compacted mixture, higher is the value of bearing ratio
However, there is only a complete consistency of limestone The optimum moisture content in the mixture required
aggregate mixtures to the recommended grain content [23] to its maximum compaction is connected mostly with
for the substructure, while comparing the values of CU and water demand of particular grains and its grain content.
CC (Table 2) coefficients. The lower the fraction, more is the water it requires to
The last part of analysed properties are parameters of properly moisture the grains. The less popular tendency
compacted mixture prepared to the established CBR ratio. is to notice, for relation to maximum compaction of
The parameters are optimum moisture content (Fig. 7) and soil skeleton. It means that the level of grains’ content,
maximum dry density (Fig. 8). moisture, and volume density influence the volume of
Mixture of Crushed- Stone Aggregate as Material For Substructure Layers 161
6 Conclusion
Mixtures of crushed rock aggregate with continuous
grain are widely used for digging and road construction.
However not all types of aggregates are properly prepared
and suitable for this kind of work. Nine types of crushed
rock aggregate with continuous grain of fraction 0/31.5
mm and 0/63 mm from different bed rocks were tested. On
the basis of the results of analysis of comprehensive tests
Figure. 7: Correlation between CBR value and optimum moisture of the mixture, the following conclusions were reached:
content value. –– Values ofCBR ratio were in a wide range from about
20 to 60 %. None of the tested mixtures complied to
the required minimum bearing ratio for road subst-
ructure.
–– The aggregate of rock with high mechanical proper-
ties is not always a suitable material for road surface
construction. The grain content of crushed aggregate
will have a substantial influence on bearing ratio.
–– Uniformity coefficient CU and coefficient of gradation
CC constitute a quick way of establishing the mixtures’
suitability for compaction. However, it is not possible
to clearly state if the mixture with low suitability for
compaction will characterize with low bearing and
vice versa.
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