Chemistry Research Journal, 2016, 1(6):9-16

Available online www.chemrj.org

ISSN: 2455-8990
Review Article CODEN(USA): CRJHA5

The contents and Pharmacological Importance of Corchorus capsularis: A Review

Ali Esmail Al-Snafi

Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Thi qar University, Iraq

Abstract Seeds of Corchorus capsularis contained cardiac glycosides, corchorin, corchortoxin helveticoside,
corchoroside A and B, biosides, olitoriside, erysimoside, strophantidol glycosides, oliogosaccaride and olitoriside;
while leaves contained flavonoids, triterpenes, saponins, glucoside, capsularin steroids and many other secondary
metabolites. The pharmacological studied revealed that te plant possessed cardiac, antioxidant, antiinflammmatory,
analgesic, antipyretic, antimicrobial, insecticidal and many other pharmacological effects. This review was designed
to highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Corchorus capsularis.

Keywords Pharmacology, Constituents, Pharmacognosy, Corchorus capsularis

Introduction
During the last few decades there has been an increasing interest in the study of medicinal plants and their traditional
use in different parts of the world [1]. Plants generally produce many secondary metabolites which were constituted
an important source of many pharmaceutical drugs [2-21]. Seeds of Corchorus capsularis contained cardiac
glycosides, corchorin, corchortoxin helveticoside, corchoroside A and B, biosides, olitoriside, erysimoside,
strophantidol glycosides, oliogosaccaride and olitoriside; while leaves contained flavonoids, triterpenes, saponins,
glucoside, capsularin steroids and many other secondary metabolites. The pharmacological studied revealed that the
plant possessed cardiac, antioxidant, antiinflammmatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antimicrobial, insecticidal and many
other pharmacological effects. This review will highlight the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of
Corchorus capsularis.

Synonyms: Corchorus cordifolius Salisb., Corchorus marua Buch.-Ham [22].

Taxonomic Classification
Kingdom: Plantae; Sub Kingdom: Viridaeplantae; Infra Kingdom: Streptophyta; Phylum: Magnoliophyta;
Division: Tracheophyta; Subdivision: Sparmatophytina; Class: Magnoliopsida; Order: Malvales; Family:
Malvaceae (Tiliaceae); Genus: Corchorus; Species: Corchorus capsularis L [23].

Common Names
Arabic: Joot Abiadh, Melukhiyah; Bangladesh: Koshta; Chinese: huang ma, English: Jute, White Jute; French:
chanvre de Calcutta; German: Rundkapseljute; Hindi: Patta Shaak; Italian: juta; Kenya: Mrenda, Murere;
Korean: hwangma; Nigeria: Rama; North Africa: Melukhiyah; North Sudan: Khudra; Phillipines: Saluyot;
Portuguese: juta; Seria Leone: Krain; Spanish: yute blanco; Swedish: jute and Tamil: Pirattai-keerai [24-25].

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Distribution
The origin of white jute (Corchours capsularis) was said to be Indo-Burma and South China. However, it was
grown in, Iran, Iraq, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, in Africa (Egypt and Sudan), in Brazil and it was also cultivated elsewhere [25-
26].

Description
Annual herb up to 3.5 m tall, stem straight, smooth, cylindrical, very tall, upper portion branched. Leaves light
green, thin, oval, narrow pointed, toothed. Flowers solitary or on 3 short, thick stalks, small, yellow. Capsules short,
globose, flattened at the top, wrinkled, ribbed, 5-valved. Seeds few in each valve, without transverse partitions [27].

Traditional Uses
Jute was known as the golden fiber. It was the most important cash crop. Jute fiber was produced mainly from two
important species: White Jute (Corchours capsularis), and Tossa Jute (Corchorus olitorius). Jute was used as
packaging materials like gunny bag, twill, carpet backing, wool pack, twine, hessian, mats, canvas, rug, handicrafts,
wall cover, and furnishing fabrics of different types and natures. Now a day, it has been used as a popular raw
material for packaging. Highly absorptive fiber made from jute was used for surgical dressings. Before being used as
a commercial commodity it was used in different parts of the world to make household and farm implements such as
ropes, handmade clothes, wall hangings, etc. Paper also made from Jute [26].
Leaves were also used medicinally as demulcent, bitter tonic, stomachic, laxative, carminative anthelmintic,
astringent and intestinal antiseptic. Infusion of dried leaf was bitter and commonly used as a stomachic tonic, also
used in fever, bilious trouble dysentery, liver disorders, intestinal colic, gastric catarrh, skin diseases, atonic
dyspepsia, mild jaundice and other disorders of digestive system. For the treatment of dysentery, dried leaves are
eaten with rice. It was also used as a paste over swellings and abscesses [27].
In India, leaves were used in stomachic, as carminative, diuretic and for the treatment of dysentery (dried leaves),
while, seeds were used as purgative. Ayurvedics used the leaves for ascites, pain, piles, and tumors. The leaves also
were used for cystitis, dysuria, fever, and gonorrhea. The cold infusion was said to restore the appetite and strength
[28-30].
The aqueous/alcoholic extracts (containing polysaccharides and oliogosaccaride), were used in preparations of skin
cosmetics or hair preparations for their moisturizing effect [30].
Part Used: Seeds and leaves [26-30].

Chemical Constituents
Seeds contained cardiac glycosides, corchorin, corchortoxin helveticoside, corchoroside A and B, biosides,
olitoriside, erysimoside, strophantidol glycosides, oliogosaccaride and olitoriside. Seed also contained 2.25%
raffinose, 11.3-14.8% oil (16.9% palmitic acid, 3.7% stearic acid, 62.5% linoleic acid, 0.9% linolenic acids,1.8%
behenic acid, 1.1% lignoceiic acid, 9.1% oleic acid) and large portions of B, Mn, Mo, and Zn. Caffeine and
catechine were also isolated from Corchorus capsularis leaves extract [26, 30-35].
Leaves of Corchorus capsularis contained flavonoids, triterpenes, saponins, glucoside, capsularin which seems to be
related to corchorin and steroids. A new triterpine glycosides (capsin) and capsugenin 30-O-glucopyranoside were
isolated from the leaves of Corchorus capsularis [27, 36-39]. β-sitosterol, scopoletin and fusidic acid were also
isolated from the leaves [40].
The polysaccharides and lignin are the major constituents in bark, stem and fiber of Corchorus capsularis. Glucose,
fructose, sucrose, six low molecular weight sugar alcohols and two inositols were identified and quantified in bark.
Bark and stem of Corchorus capsularis contained various free glycosidic and ester- linked phenolic acid. The ferulic
and p-coumarin acids were the major components of phenolic acid in fresh bark [41].

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The crude methanolic extract of Corchorus capsularis leaves and its fructions were subjected to total phenolic
content determination. Based on the absorbance values of the extract solution, reacted with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent
and compared with the standard solutions of salicylic acid equivalents, cholorform extract extract contained the
highest amount of polyphenols followed by butanol extract and ethyl acetate extract [42].
Para-coumaric acid, ferulic, caffeic, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, vanillic acids, in addition to β-
sitosterol were isolated from 80% aqueous ethanol extract of Corchorus capsularis [43-45].
Cardiac glycosides (corchoroside-A and cannogenol), steroids (β-sitosterol and stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucoside),
flavonoids (quercetin), terpenoids (betulinic and oleanolic acids) were isolated from root extract of Corchorus
capsularis [46]. In addition corosin 0.2 % was also isolated from Corchorus capsularis roots [47]. Nutritional
chemical analysis showed that leaves contained protein 3.86%, β-Carotene 61.33 mg/kg, iron 70.63 mg/kg and
potasium 4043mg/kg [48]. However, Tabassum mentioned that each 100 g of the leaves contained 43-58 calories,
4.5-5.6g protein, 0.3g fat, 7.6-12.4g carbohydrate, 80.4-84.1g H2O, 1.7-2.0 g fiber, 2.4g ash, 266-366mg Ca, 97-
122mg P, 7.2-7.7mg Fe, 12mg Na, 444mg K, 6,410-7,850μg beta-carotene equivalent, 0.13-0.15mg thiamine, 0.26-
0.53mg riboflavin, 1.1-1.2mg niacin, and 53-80mg ascorbic acid. Leaves contain oxydase and chlorogenic acid. The
folic acid content was substantially higher than other folacin-rich vegetables [26].
Jute fiber was collected from the bast or outer region of the stem after retting of the whole plant [49].
The lipid and lignin composition of jute fibers has been characterized. The most predominant lipophilic compounds
were high molecular weight ester waxes (24% of total extract), followed by free fatty acids (17%), free fatty
alcohols (17%) and α-hydroxy fatty acids (14%). Additionally, significant amounts of alkanes (6%), ω- hydroxyfatty
acids (6%), sterols (6%), steroid and triterpenoids ketones (3%) and steryl glycosides (1%) were also identified. The
main inter-unit linkage present in, was the β-O-4´ aryl-ether bond (72%) followed by β-β´ resinol-type substructures
and with lower amounts of β-5´ phenylcoumaran and β-1´ spirodienone substructures [50].

Pharmacological Effects
Cardiac Effect
Corchortoxin (strophanthidin) was a cardiac aglycone isolated from Corchorus capsularis seeds, showed a cardio-
tonic activity. These activities were similar to digitalis genus. However, jute seeds extract showed better activities
than corchortoxin. Corchoroside A and B, which also isolated from other plants also showed digitalis like action
[51-55].

Anticancer Effect
Two antitumor against tumor promoter-induced Epstein-Barr virus activation were isolated from the leaves of jute
(Corchorus capsularis). The antitumor-promoting activity was examined by an immuno blotting analysis. Their
active components were identified as phytol (3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol) and mono-
galactosyldiacylglycerol (1,2-di-O-α-linolenoyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol). The content of the latter
was found to vary among cultivars. The detectable amount of each active component increased by treatment of the
leaves with hot water [56].
Brine shrimp lethality bioassay was carried out to determine the cytotoxicity of the crude methanolic extract of
Corchorus capsularis (leaves) and its fructions. Butanol extract was the most potent extract (71.14% inhibition at a
concentration of 1.25 mg/ml), followed by ethyl acetale (28.57% inhibition at a concentration of 1.25 mg/ml) and
methanol extract (14.28% inhibition at a concentration of 1.25 mg/ml) [42].

Antioxidant Effect
The free radical scavenging properties of some plants found in Malaysia such as, Corchorus capsularis was studied.
The air-dried leaves of the plant (20 g) were soaked in distilled water (1:20; w/v) for 72 h at room temperature. The
collected supernatants were tested for the free radical scavenging activity against the DPPH and superoxide anion
radical scavenging assays. The extract showed remarkable antioxidant activity in both assays with the percentage
of inhibition nearly 90% [37].

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The crude methanolic extract of Corchorus capsularis (leaves) and its fructions (5-25 μg/μl), were tested for the free
radical scavenging activity against the DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. Extracts were found
to show remarkable antioxidant activity in both assays with the percentage of inhibition. Hexan extract caused
65.44-97.43% inhibition and appeared the most potent antioxidant extract, followed by butanol, methanol and ethyl
acetate extracts [42].

Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic Effects

The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of Corchorus capsularis leaves chloroform extract were
investigated in experimental animal models. The antinociceptive activity was measured using the writhing, hot plate
and formalin tests, while the anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema
test. The extract was used in the doses of 20, 100 and 200 mg/kg. It was administered subcutaneously, 30 min prior
to subjection to the respective assays. The extract was found to exhibit significant (p<0.05) antinociceptive and anti-
inflammatory activities [57].
The antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties of an aqueous extract of Corchorus capsularis
leaves were studied in experimental animals. The antinociceptive activity was measured using the abdominal
constriction, hot plate and formalin tests, while, the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities were measured
using the carrageenan-induced paw edema and brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia tests, respectively. The extract was
used as 11.57, 57.85, and 115.7 mg/kg, it was administered subcutaneously, 30 min prior to subjection to the
mentioned assays. The extract was found to exhibit significant antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic
activities in a dosage-independent manner [58].

Antimicrobial Effects
Disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the crude methanolic
extract of Corchorus capsularis (leaves) and its fructions against Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Beta hemolytic streptococcus, Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus pyrpgen), Gram negative
bacteria (Shigella boydii, Salmonella typhi E.coli, Klebsiella and Vibrio mimicus), yeast and fungi (Candida
albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus megaterium). Corchorus capsularis extracts possessed
antimicrobial antifrungal and anti-yeast activity. N-hexane fraction of methanolic extract of leaves of Corchorus
capsularis showed the highest acivities against gram positive, gram negative bacteria and fungi with a zone of
inhibition 0.9-1.5mm, followed by hexane extract [42].

Insecticidal Effect
The mosquitocidal activities of Corchorus capsularis against a common malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi and a
dengue vector Aedes aegypti was studied. The larvicidal activity exerted by ethyl acetate was more prominent than
acetone and methanol extracts in all concentrations tested against Ae. aegypti larvae. Evaluation of the lethal
concentration values (LC50 and LC90) of acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of the plant against An.
stephensi and Ae.aegypti revealed that LC50 of 197.34ppm and LC90 of 358.59ppm was recorded for acetone extract
against the An. stephensi; furthermore, the larvae of Ae. aegypti showed the LC50 and LC90 values of 222.45 and
383.06 ppm respectively, with the treatment with the acetone extract of Corchorus capsularis. Minimum LC50
values were observed among the experimental larval groups treated with methanol extract of Corchorus capsularis
were 176.19 ppm and 182.06 ppm against An. stephensi and Ae. Aegypti respectively. With regard to the ovicidal
activity of acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol extract, it was apparent that 300 -450 ppm concentrations resulted
with no hatchability on An. stephensi and 375-450 pp concentrations in Ae. aegypti. The authors referred to the
possible utilization of Corchorus capsularis to control mosquito menace to a greater extent [59].
The efficacy of emulsified petroleum ether extract of Corchorus capsularis seed was studied against three stored
product pests (Callosobruchus chinensis, Sitophilus oryzae L and Tribolium castaneum Herbst) in adult phase. The
residual film technique method was conducted to determine the LC50 value of the mentioned plant extract against

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three stored product pests. LD50 (μg /cm) of Corchorus capsularis against C. chinensis was 74.26 (50.26 - 109.74)
after 24 hrs and 6.67 (0.49 - 90.07) after 48 hrs. LD50 against S. oryzae was 84.61 (61.98-115.50) after 24 hrs and
32.87 (16.03-67.39) after 48 hrs. While, LD50 against T. castaneum was 547.08 (477.38 - 626.97) after 24 hrs and
452.51 (380.30 - 538.42) after 48 hrs [60].
However, On the other hand, in studying of the role of jute leaf (Chorchorus capsularis) phytochemicals on feeding,
growth and reproduction of Diacrisia casignetum Kollar (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), it appeared that the larval and
post larval developmental duration was shorter on mature jute leaf fed insects whereas adult longevity was higher in
it (P < 0.05) relative to young and senescent leaf fed insects. Fecundity of D. casignetum was also highest on mature
leaves followed by young and senescent leaves. The growth and development of D. casignetum were related to the
nutrient content relative to the secondary metabolites of these three types of jute leaves. Higher levels of nutritional
factors (total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nitrogen and amino acids including water content) and lower levels of
anti-nutritional factors (secondary metabolites) in mature jute leaves have influenced lower developmental time
along with higher growth rate, fecundity and accumulated survivability of D. casignetum than the young and
senescent leaves [61].

Toxicity
The plant was considered toxic plant because it contained cardioactive components. However, the lethal dose of
Corchoroside A, to cats was 0.053-0.0768 mg/kg and Corchoroside B was 0.059-0.1413 mg/kg [26].

Conclusion
The review discussed the cemical constituents, pharmacological effects and therapeutic importance of Corchorus
capsularis.

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