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Chemical Reactor Design Chemical Reactor Design: Y W L Youn-Woo Lee
Chemical Reactor Design Chemical Reactor Design: Y W L Youn-Woo Lee
Y
Youn-Woo
W L Lee
School of Chemical and Biological Engineering
Seoul National Universityy
155-741, 599 Gwanangro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea [email protected] http://sfpl.snu.ac.kr
Chapter 4
Isothermal Reactor Design
化學反應裝置設計
• Describe
ib the
h algorithm
l i h thath allows
ll the
h reader
d to solve
l chemical
h i l
reaction engineering problems through logic rather than
memorization.
• Size batch reactors, semibatch reactors, CSTRs, PFRs, and PBRs
for isothermal operation given the rate law and feed conditions.
• Studying
Study g a liquid-phase
qu d p ase batch
batc reactor
eacto to dete
determinee the
t e specific
spec c
reaction rate constant needed for the design of a CSTR.
• Design of a tubular reactor for a gas-phase
gas phase pyrolysis reaction.
reaction
• Account for the effects of pressure drop on conversion in packed
b d tubular
bed b l reactors andd in
i packed
k d bed
b d spherical
h i l reactors.
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Fig. 4-1
Isothermal
Reaction
Design
Algorithm
for Conversion
1 dN A 1 dN A 1 dN A d N A / V0 dC A
rA rA
V dt V dt V0 dt dt dt
3. Stoichiometry C A C A0 (1 X )
dX
4 Combination
4. C bi ti kC A0 (1 X ) 2
dt 2nd order
Isothermal
Liquid-phase
dX
kC A0 dt Batch reaction
(1 X ) 2
5. Analytical Evaluation
t X 1 X
1 dX
dt t
0 kC A0 0 (1 X ) 2 kC A0 1 X
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Reaction time in Batch Operation
Batch polymerization reaction times may vary between 5 and 60 hours. hours
Decreasing the reaction time with a 60-h reaction is a critical problem. As the
reaction time is reduced (e.g. 2.5 h for a 2nd-order reaction with X=0.9 and
kCA0=1010-3 s-1),
) it becomes important to use se large lines and pumps
p mps to achieve
achie e
rapid transfer and to utilize efficient sequencing to minimize the cycle time.
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Batch Reaction Times
A
B
Mole balance dX rA
V
dt N A0
First - order Second order
Rate law
rA kC A rA kC A2
NA
Stoichiometry (V=V0) CA C A0 (1 X )
V0
dX dX
Combine k (1 X ) kC A0 (1 X ) 2
dt dt
1 1 X
Integration t ln t
k 1 X kC A0 (1 X )
10-22 10-11 Mi t
Minutes
1 10 Seconds
Design a CSTR to produce 200 million pounds of ethylene glycol per year
by hydrolyzing ethylene oxide. However, before the design can be carried
out, it is necessary to perform and analyze a batch reactor experiment to
determine the specific reaction rate constant (kA). Since the reaction will be
carried out isothermally,
isothermally kA will need to be determined only at the reaction
temperature of the CSTR. At high temperature there is a significant by-
product formation, while at temperature below 40oC the reaction does not
proceed at a significant rate; consequently, a temperature of 55oC has been
chosen. Since the water is usually present in excess, its concentration may
be considered constant during the course of the reaction.
reaction The reaction is
first-order in ethylene oxide.
O CH2-OH
OH
H2SO4
CH2-CH2 + H2O CH2-OH
A + B C
Catalyst
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Example 4-1 Determining k from Batch Data
1 dN A
1. MOLE BALANCE rA Batch reactor that is well-mixed
V dt
Since water is present in such excess, the
concentration of water at any time t is virtually
2 RATE LAW
2. rA kC A the same as the initial concentration and the rate
law is independent of the concentration of H2O.
(CB~CB0)
3. STOICHIOMETRY
1 dN A
rA
V dt
dC A dC A
4 COMBINING
4. rA , rA kC A kC A
dt dt
Mole balance Rate law
5. EVALUATE
CA dC A t t C A0
C A0 CA
kdt k dt
0 0
ln
CA
kt
C A C A0 e kt
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Problem Solving Algorithm
Example 4-1 Determining k from Batch Data
The concentration of EG at any time t can be obtained from the reaction stoichiometry
A+B C
N C N A0 X N A0 N A
NC NC
CC C A0 C A C A0 (1 e kt )
V V0
CC C A0 (1 e kt )
C A0 C C
l
ln kt
k
C A0
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Example 4-1 Determining k from Batch Data
Rearranging and taking the logarithm
of both side yields rA (0.311 min 1 )C A
C A0 C C
ln kt The rate law can now be used in the design
C A0
of an industrial CSTR. Note that this rate
We see that a plot ln[(CA0-C CC)/CA0] as law was obtained from the lab-scale batch
a function of t will be a straight line with reactor (1000 mL).
a slope –k.
1
ln 10 2 .3
k 0.311 min 1 0.6
t 2 t1 8.95 1.55
Time C A0 CC
A0
CA
((CA0-CC)/C
(min) C A0
0.0 1.000 0.1
FA0 X
Mole balance V
(rA ) exit
FA0 v0 C A 0 v0 C A0 X V C A0 X
V the space time
rA v0 rA
1 X C A0 X
C bi
Combine
k 1 X kC A
g g
Rearranging
k CSTR relationship
X between space time and
1 k conversion for a 1st-order
liquid-phase rxn
k k
C A C A0 (1 X ) C A0 1 X
1 k
1 k
1 k k C A0
C A0
1 k 1 k
C A0
CA
1 k
C A0
exit concentration of A CA
1 k
CA0 CA1, X1
v0
CA2, X2
-rA1, V1 -rA2, V2
For 1st-order irreversible reaction with no volume change (v=v0) is carried out in
two CSTRs placed in series. The effluent concentration of A from reactor 1 is
C A0
C A1
1 1k1
FA1 FA2 v0 C A1 C A2
V2
rA2 k 2 C A2
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CSTRs in Series
Solving for CA2, the concentration exiting the second reactor, we get
C A1 C A0 C A0
C A2 C A1
1 2 k 2 1 2 k 2 1 1k1
1 1k1
C A0 C A0
C An
1 k n
1 Da n
The conversion and the rate of disappearance of A for these n tank reactors
in series would be
1 kC A0
X 1 rAn kC An
1 k n
1 k n
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Conversion as a function of reactors in series
for different Damköhler numbers for a first-order reaction
k=1
k=0.5
k=0.1
rA0V
Da
FA0
Da 1,, 90% conversion is achieved in two or three reactors;;
thus the cost of adding subsequent reactors might not be justified
Da ~0.1, the conversion continues to increase significantly with each reactor added
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Reaction Damköhler number
rA0V kC A2 0V
For 2nd-order irreversible reaction Da kC A0
FA0 v0 C A0
RULE OF THUMB
Da 0.1 will usually give less than 10% conversion.
Da 10.0 will usually give greater than 90% conversion.
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4.3.4 A Second-Order Reaction in a CSTR
rA0V
Da
FA0
0.88
0.67
At high conversion, a 10-fold
increase in Da will increase the
conversion only to 88% due to
lowest value of reactant
concentration in CSTR.
CSTR
6 60
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Example 4-2: Producing 200,000,000 lb/yr in a CSTR
~91 ton/yr
CA0=1 vA0=vB0
produce 200 x 106 p
It is desired to p pounds pper yyear
of EG. The reactor is to operated isothermally.
A 1 lb mol/ft3 solution of ethylene oxide (EO) in
water is fed to the reactor together with an equal
volumetric solution of water containing 0.9 wt%
of the catalyst H2SO4. The specific reaction rate
0 311 min-1 as determined in Ex 4-1.
constant is 0.311 4-1
M.W. of EO=58
=1
3m 10’
~2 gps 5’
1.5m
5 gal~19.8L
1 ga
gal ~3.78
3 8L
one CSTR two equal-sized CSTRs in parallel two equal-sized CSTRs in series
X=0.81
800gal
800gal 800gal
X=0.8
X=0.81 X1=0.68 X2=0.90
1480gal
800gal
(A Products)
X
-Turbulent, dX
- No dispersion V FA0
- No radial gradients in T, u, or C
0 kC A2
St i hi
Stoichiometry
t for
f liq.
li phase
h rxn
PLUG-FLOW REACTOR T & P = constant
dX
V FA0
0 rA Seoul National University
4.3 Tubular Reactors
X (1 X ) 2
V FA0 0 kC 2 (1
A0 X) 2
dX
FA 0 X (1 X ) 2
V
kC A2 0 0 (1 X ) 2
dX FA0 C A0 v0
v0 (1 ) 2
X
V 2(1 ) ln(1 X ) X
2
kC A0 1 X
v0 (1 ) 2
X V Ac L
L 2(1 ) ln(
l (1 X ) X
2
kC A0 Ac 1 X
Cross sectional area Seoul National University
Conversion as a function of distance down the reactor
1.2
A 0.5B (=-0.5)
1
A B (=0)
( 0)
onversion (X)
0.8 A 2B (=1)
A 3B (=2)
0.6
0.4
Co
v0
0.2 2.0dm 3
kC A0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
L (m)
v (1 2 X )v0
the reactant spends less time
v0 (1 ) 2 X
v=vo(1+X) V 2 (1 ) ln(1 X ) X
2
kC A0 1 X
=1 : (A→2B)
v = vo((1+X))
= 0 : (A→B)
( )
v = vo
=0.5 : (2A→B)
Complete
conversion v = vo(1-0.5X)
C2H6 C2H4 + H2
A B+C
FB = 300x106 lb/year
lb/ = 0.340
0 340 lb-mol/sec
lb l/
FB = FAoX
FAo = FB/X = 0.340/0.8 = 0.425 lb-mol/sec
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.2)
In liquid
liquid-phase
phase reaction
- the concentration of reactants is insignificantly affected by even
relatively large change in the total pressure
- ignore the effect of pressure drop on the rate of reaction
when sizing liquid-phase chemical reactors
- that
th t is,
i pressure drop
d i ignored
is i d for
f liquid-phase
li id h ki ti calculations
kinetics l l ti
In gas-phase
gas phase reaction
- the concentration of the reacting species is proportional to total pressure
- the effects of p
pressure dropp on the reaction system
y are a keyy factor
in the success or failure of the reactor operation
- that is, pressure drop may be very important for gas-phase reactions
(Micro-reactors packed with solid catalyst)
i vi X P
Ci C A0 i
Fi 0
y A0
1 X P0 FA0
A 1, B b / a
• For example,
example
- the second order isomerization reaction in a packed-bed reactor
2A B + C
-the mole balance (differential form)
The differential form of
dX gmoles
FA0 rA PFR design equation
dW g catalyst min must be used when
there is a P
- rate law
rA kC A2
- the larger the pressure drop from frictional losses, the smaller the reaction rate
• Combining
C bi i with
ith th
the mole
l bbalance
l ((assuming
i iisothermal
th l operation:
ti T T0)
T=T
2
P
2
dX C (1 X )
FA 0 k A0
P
dW 1 X 0
• Dividing by FA0(=v0CA0)
2
1 X P
2
dX kC A0
1 X P0
dW v0
2
1 X P
2
dX kC A0
dW v0 1 X P0
dX (4-21)
f ( X , P)
dW
ddP G 1 150(1 )
3 1.75G (4-22)
dz g c D p Dp
laminar turbulent
• The gas density () is the only parameter that varies with pressure on the right-
right
hand side. We are now going to calculate the pressure drop through the bed.
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Flow through
g ap
packed bed
• Equation of continuity
m 0 m
0 v0 v
- The reactor is operated at steady state, the mass flow rate at any point is equal to
the entering mass flow rate
• Gas-phase volumetric flow rate
P0 T FT v0
v v0
T
0
P 0 FT 0 v
• Then,
v0 P T0 FT 0
0 0
v P0 T FT
dP G (1 ) 150(1 ) P0 T FT
1.75G
0 g c D p 3 T F
dz Dp P 0 T0
• Simplifying dP P0 T FT
0 (4-24)
dz P T0 FT 0
G (1 ) 150(1 )
0 1.75G ((4-25))
We need
dP dP dP dz
0 g c D p
3
Dp
dW dW dz dW
Ac
• The catalyst weight, W (1 ) Ac z c z
Volume of Density of
solid solid catalyst
dW c (1 ) Ac dz (4-26)
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Pressure drop in a packed bed reactor
dz 1
dP 0 P0 T FT
dW c (1 ) Ac
dP dP dz
dW Ac (1 ) c P T0 FT 0 dW dz dW dP P T F
0 0 T
dz P T0 FT 0
dP T P0 FT
• Simplifying (4-28)
F
dW 2 T0 P / P0 T0
2 0
(4-29)
Ac c (1 ) P0
F FT FA0
FT FT 0 FA0X FT 0 1 A0 X 1 X y A0
FT 0 FT 0 FT 0
dP T P0
(1 X ) (4 30)
(4-30)
dW 2 T0 P / P0
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Pressure drop
p in a p
packed bed reactor
dP T P0
(1 X ) (4-30)
(4 30)
dW 2 T0 P / P0
ε <0
0, the
th pressure d
drop (P) will
ill b than ε = 0
be lless th
ε > 0, the pressure drop (P) will be greater than ε = 0
dP dX
f ( X , P) and f ( X , P) (4-31)
dW dW
dP T P0
(1 X ) (4-30)
dW 2 T0 P / P0
Analytical Solution
Isothermal with dP P0
ε=0 dW 2 ( P / P0 )
Rearranging gives us
P d ( P / P0 ) d ( P / P0 ) 2
2
dW
P0 dW
Taking P/P0 inside
(4-32) the derivative
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Pressure Drop
p in a Packed Bed Reactor
d ( P / P0 ) 2
dW
Integrating with P=P0 @ W=0
( P / P0 ) 2 1 W
P
ε=0 1 W (4-33)
T = T0 P0
Pressure ratio P
1 W (4-33)
only for ε = 0 P0
2 0
Ac (1 ) c P0 2 0 z
W
W (1 ) Ac z c P0
G (1 ) 150(1 )
0 1.75G
0 g c D p
3
Dp
Pressure as a P 2 z
function of 1 0 (4-34)
P0 P0
reactor length, z
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4.5.3 Pressure Drop in Pipes
Pressure drop for gases along the length of the pipe w/o packing
dP du 2 fG 2 u G/
P dP 2 dP 2 fG 2
G 0 G 0
dL dL D 0
P P0 dL PdL D
P0
Integrating with P=P0 at L=0, and assuming that f = constant
0
P02 P 2 P L P
G2 0 2 f ln 0
2 0 D P
Rearranging, we get
P0 4 fG 2
1 pV p
P 0 P0 Ac D
Example 4
4-4:
4: 1½”
1½ schedule 40 x1000
x1000-ft =0 018) P<10%
ft L (p=0.018),
However, for high volumetric flow rates through microreactors,
the P may be significant. Example 4-4 Seoul National University
4.5.4 Analytical Solution for Reaction with Pressure Drop
For gas phase reactions, as the pressure drop increases, the concentration decreases,
resulting in a decreased rate of reaction,
reaction hence a lower conversion when compared to
a reactor without a pressure drop.
A B Combining
Mole balance:
dX
dX
dW
kC A2 0
FA 0
(1 X ) 2 1 W 1/ 2 2
F A0 r A
dW
Separating variable and Integrating
Rate law:
rA kC A2
1 W dW
FA 0 dX
kC A2 0 (1 X ) 2
S
Stoichiometry: Gas-phase isothermal with =0
at X 0, W 0 and FA0 C A0 v0
P
C A C A0 (1 X )
P0 v0 X W
W 1
P kC A0 1 X 2
1 W
P0
kC A0W W
1
v0 2
X (4-38)
kC W W
1 A 0 1
v0 2
Pressure drop
dominant Internal diffusion
Conversion inside catalyst k ~ 1/Dp
dominant
X
Dp, optt
Particle Diameter, Dp
Why
y not p
pack the catalyst
y Problems with largeg diameter tubes:
into a large diameter (1) Bypassing or Channeling
to reduce P? (2) Little efficient of heat transfer rate
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Example 4-6 Production of ethylene glycol
H 2, C 2H 4
402 million
lbC2H6 /yr
1 C2H6 C2H4 + H2 2
separator
V=81 ft3, X=0.8 C2H6
O2, C2H4, N2, C2H4O
rA kPA1/ 3 PB2 / 3 k 0.0141
lbmol
@ 260o C
Ag atm lb cat h
C2H4+ ½ O2 C2H4O C2H4
3
6 5 260oC, 10bar
4 Air
separator
W=45,440 lb, X=0.6
H 2O C2H4O
7 8 H2O, 0.9wt% H2SO4
C2H4O(aq)
O( )
200 million
9
lb EG/yr
197 ft3, X
V=197
V X=0
0.8
8
absorber
CH2OH
C2H4O + H2O Cat.
CH2OH Seoul National University
Example 4-6 Calculating X in a Reactor with Pressure Drop
dX k 1 X
y
dW FA0 1 X
dy (1 X )
dW 2y
dP d 2 fG 2 P dP 2 dP 2 fG 2
G 0 G 0
dL dL D P0 dL PdL D
Integrating with P=P0 at L=0, and assuming that f = constant
0
P02 P 2 P L P
G2 0 2 f ln 0
2 0 D P
Rearranging, we get
P0 4 fG 2
1 pV p
P 0 P0 Ac D
C2H4O(aq)
O( )
200 million
9
lb EG/yr
197 ft3, X
V=197
V X=0
0.8
8
absorber
CH2OH
C2H4O + H2O Cat.
CH2OH Seoul National University
Production of ethylene glycol
lb mol
M.W. bp(oC) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 $/lb
$/ b
s
C2H6 0.425 0.040
C2H4
H2
O2
N2
EO
EG 0.102 0.380
H2SO4 - 0.043
H2O
Total 0.425 0.102
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Synthesizing
y g a Chemical Plant
For example, Mukesh gives relationships between the CSTR tank diameter,
p
T, impeller size diameter, D, tank height,g H, and the liquidq level, l. To scale
up a pilot plant (1) to a full scale plant (2), the following guidelines are given
D 2 T2 2 H 2
R
D1 T1 1 H1
And the rotational speed, N2, is
N 2 N1R n
Where values
Wh l off n for
f different
diff t pumping
i capacities
iti and
d Froude
F d numbers
b are
given in Mukesh’s article.
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Closure
Evaluation
Combine
Stoichiometry
Rate Law
Mole Balance