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    FINAL BIOLOGY PROJECT

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    Autogamy

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    6 views17 pages

    Final Biology Project

    Uploaded by

    shaktiprasadchhotaray008
    Autogamy

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 17

    ARYAVART ANCIENT ACADAMY

    TOPIC: - CANCER
    GUIDED BY SUBMITED BY
    SUBHADARSHINI AGASTI MAM AYAANS KUMAR TRIPATHY
    Class: - 12th
    Roll No:-
    CERTIFICATE

    This is to certify that Ayaans Kumar Tripathy, of class:– 12th


    has successfully completed his project on the Topic – Cancer as
    prescribed by Subhadarshini Agasti Mam, during the academic year
    2024–2025 as per the guidelines given by AISSCE examination
    conducted by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).
    Date:-

    Sign of Internal Sign of External Sign of Principal


    Examiner Examiner
    INDEX

    SL.NO TITLE PAGE NO


    1. INTRODUCTION 4
    2. DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN CANCER CELLS 5
    3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEALTHY AND 6-7
    CANCER CELL
    4. CANCER CELL DIVISION 8-9
    5. CAUSES OF CANCER 10
    6. CANCER TYPES – SYMPTOMPS AND 11-14
    PREVENTION
    7. CANCER TREATMENT 15
    8. ACKNOWLAGEMENT 16
    9. BIBLIOGYAPHY 17
    INTRODUCTION

    Cancer is a group of dreaded


    diseases of human beings and is the
    main cause of death all over the globe.
    It is cause by abnormal growth of cells
    with the potential to invade or spread
    to other part of the body of an
    individual.
    Healthy cells shows a property called as contact inhibition by
    virtue of which cells contact with other cells and inhabits their
    uncontrolled growth. Cancer cell appears to have lost this property. As a
    result cancerous cells just continue to divide giving rise to masses of
    cells called tumors. Not all tumors are cancerous.
    Possible signs and symptom of cancer include a lump,
    abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a
    change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate
    cancer, they may have other causes.
    Over 100 types of cancer affects humans

    These diseases are characterized by a


    cellular malfunctions. Healthy cell are
    promoted to ‘know what to do and when
    to do it’. Cancerous cells do not have this programing and therefore they
    grow out of control. Cancerous cells in together called as Neoplasm.
    Human Cancer Cells

    Human cancer cells are cells that divide

    forming solid tumors or flooding the

    blooding with abnormal cells.

    Cancer cells have distinguishing features

    that are visible under the microscope.

    The nucleus is often large and irregular, and the cytoplasm may also
    display abnormalities.

    The shape, size, protein composition, and the texture of the


    nucleus are often altered in malignant cells. The nucleus may acquire
    grooves, folds or indentations, chromatin may aggregate or disperse, and
    the nucleolus can become enlarged.

    Different combinations of abnormalities are

    characteristic of different cancer types,

    to the extent that nuclear appearance can

    be used as a maker in cancer diagnostics

    and staging.
    DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEALTHY CELLS
    AND CANCER CELLS
    Healthy Cells Cancer Cells
    Cell reproduction
    Cell reproduction is needed to These cells may have gene mutations
    replenish, the cell population that or chromosome mutation that affect
    ages or becomes damaged or the reproductive cells. They don’t
    destroyed. Healthy cells reproduce experience biological aging and
    properly. maintain their ability to replicate and
    grow.
    Cell Communication
    Cell communicate with other cells Cancer cells lose the ability to
    with chemical signals. These signals communicate with other cells through
    help healthy cell to know when to chemical signals. They also lose
    reproduce and when to stop sensitivity anti-growth signals from
    reproducing. Cell signals are usually surrounding cells. These signals
    transmitted through specific normally restrict cellular growth.
    proteins.
    Cell Specialization
    Healthy cells have the ability to Cancer cells are unspecialized and do
    differentiate or develop into not develop into cells of a specific
    specialized cells. For example, cells type. Similar to stem cells, cancer cells
    can develop into heart cells, brain proliferate or replicate many times, for
    cells, lung cells or any other cell of long periods of time.
    a specific type.
    Cell Death

    Healthy cells have the ability to self- When the genes in a normal cell are
    destruct when they become damaged beyond repair, certain DNA
    damaged or diseased. Cells break checking mechanisms signal for cells
    down and are disposed of by white destruction.
    blood cells.
    MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE
    BETWEEN NORMAL AND CANCER CELLS
    HEALTHY CELL CANCER CELL

    Healthy Cells Cancer Cells


    Large cytoplasm Small cytoplasm
    Single nucleus Multiple nuclei

    Single nucleolus Multiple and large nucleoli

    Fine chromatin Coarse chromatin


    CANCER CELL DIVISION
    Cell division is a normal process used by body for growth and
    repair. A parent cell divide to form two daughter cells, and these
    daughter cell are used to build new tissue, or to replace the cells that have
    died as a result of aging or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing when
    there is no longer need of daughter cells, but cancer cell continue to
    produce copies.

    Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutation in genes can


    cause cancer by accelerating cell division rate or inhabiting normal
    controls on the system, such as cell cycle arrest or programed cell death.
    As a mass of cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a tumor.

    Tumor formation
    Cancer Development

    FOUR BASIC STAGES OF CANCER


    CAUSES OF CANCER
     Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths.
     Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity,
    and excessive drinking of alcohol.
     Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing
    radiation and environmental pollutants.
     In developing world nearly 20% of cancer is due to infections like
    such as hepatitis-B, hepatitis-C and human papillomavirus (HPV).
     Approximately 5-10% of cancer are due to inherited genetic
    defects from a person’s parents.

    These factors act at least partly by changing the genes of a cell.


    Typically many genetics changes are required before cancer
    develops.
    TYPES OF CANCER AND SYMPTOMS OF CANCER

    Most common types of Cancer:

     LUNGS CANCER
    A cancer that begins from lungs and most often in the peoples
    who smokes.
    Symptoms:
    Cough (often with blood), chest pain, wheezing and weight loss.
    Prevention:
    Avoid smoking and carcinogens at work, eat diet full of fruits
    and vegetables, and exercise most days of week.

     BREAST CANCER
    A cancer that forms in the cells of breast.
    Symptoms:

    Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort, inverted nipple, lump


    formation near breasts.

    Prevention:

    Keep weight in check and be physically fit, avoid alcohol and


    smoking. Avoid birth control pills and regular screening. Avoid post-
    menopausal hormone.

     PROSTATE CANCER

    A cancer in men’s prostate, small walnut shaped gland that produces


    seminal fluid.
    Symptoms:

    Urinary problem, blood in urine and semen. Pain in hips,


    pelvis, spine or upper leg. Pain or discomfort during ejaculation.

    Prevention:

    Enough exercise, maintaining a healthy and a balanced diet.


    Ensuring regular ejaculation. Having green tea regularly.

     THROAT CANCER

    Throat Cancer refer to cancer of the voice box, the vocal cords,
    and other parts of the throat, such as the tonsils and oropharynx.

    Symptoms:

    Respiratory symptoms like coughing, Shortness of breath,


    weight loss, weakness, fever, a change in voice , chest pain, ear pain,
    hoarseness swollen lymph nodes in the neck, difficulty in swallowing.

    Prevention:

    Don’t smoke, check for radon at home, regular exercise; eat


    variety of fruits and vegetables, limit the intake of alcohol, have a cup of
    green tea.
    LUNGS CANCER:

    BREAST CANCER:
    PROSTATE CANCER:

    THROAT CANCER:
    CANCER TREATMENT

    Cancer can be treated in the following ways:

     Surgery

    Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which a


    surgeon removes cancer from the patient’s body.
     Radiation Therapy

    It is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to


    kill cancer cell and shrinks tumors.
     Chemotherapy

    It is at type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells.

     Immunotherapy

    It is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system to


    fight against cancer.
    Traditional Cancer Treatment:
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my


    Biology teacher, Subhadarshini Agasti Mam as well as our Principle
    Diptimayee Mohanty Mam who gave me the golden opportunity to do
    this wonderful Project on the topic :- Cancer
    Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends
    who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
    frame.
    Lastly, I would like thank all my supporters who motivated
    me to fulfill this project before the time line.

    THANK YOU
    BIBLIOGRAPHY

     NCERT - BIOLOGY
     www.google.com
     www.cancersearchuk.org
     www.thoughtco.com
     https://en.m.wikipedia.org

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