L3 - The Vedic Period - 1678882710
L3 - The Vedic Period - 1678882710
Vedic Age
Introduction
• Between 1500 BC and 600 BC in India.
• Period during which Vedas were composed
• Associated culture - Vedic civilization.
• Centered in the northern and northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent.
• Beginning of the historic period in India as it can be studied through literary
records i.e., the Vedas.
• Vedas are thought to have been composed by the Aryans.
Advent of Aryans
• ‘Aryan’ - a linguistic group speaking Indo-European languages.
• Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek etc. Emerged from these languages.
• Vedic people belonged to the Nordic race.
Advent of Aryans
Original Homes
• Based on the philological and archaeological evidence, Aryans may have lived
somewhere in the Steppes stretching from southern Russia to Central Asia and
migrated to northwest India and came to be called Indo-Aryans or just Aryans. .
• They migrated in several waves spanning several hundred years, the earliest
wave of migration seems to have been around 1500 BCE.
Agriculture
• Agriculture was their secondary economic activity for subsistence as -
• The region received low rainfall.
• All the rivers mentioned chose to change their courses frequently.
• Lack of iron tools restricted taking up of large-scale cultivation.
• Crops
• Only mentioned crops were yava (modern jau or barley) or cereals.
Early Vedic or Rig Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC)
Agriculture
• Agricultural Technology
• Early Vedic people had no knowledge of iron technology.
• Only metal referred is 'Aya' (copper either pure or alloyed).
• Tools mentioned - langala or sira (the plough), the wooden phala
(ploughshare), Khanitra (hoe), the datra (sickle) and the parasue (axe).
• Fire used to burn down the forest cover for shifting agriculture.
Society
• Basic social unit - the Kula, or the • Society was a tribal and largely an
family, and the Kulapa. egalitarian society.
• Family was part of a larger grouping • Social relations were based on
called vis or clan. kinship ties.
• The clans settled in villages or • There was no caste division.
grama. • Occupation was not based on birth.
• One or more clans made jana or • Economically stratified.
tribe, also the largest social unit.
• Chief of the tribe was the raja or
the gopati.
Early Vedic or Rig Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC)
Society
Occupation Trade
Position of Women
• Women in Early Vedic society enjoyed a respectable position.
• Both polygamy and polyandry were present.
• Though Sati was mentioned, it was never practiced in a strict sense and was only
symbolic.
• There were no references of child marriage.
• There are few references to widow remarriage.
• Niyoga (levirate) marrying the husband's younger brother after the death of
one's husband was allowed.
• Women were educated and had access to the tribal assemblies, and even those
who composed hymns.
• Learned women of Vedic studies were called 'brahmavadinis’.
• Lopamudra, Gosha and Apala had contributed to the hymns of RigVeda.
Early Vedic or Rig Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC)
Polity
• The polity of the early vedic period was a tribal one where democratic principles
were generally predominant.
• The chief social unit of the Aryans was known as jana and the chief of jana was
the political leader called rajan.
• The main function of the rajan was to protect the jana and cattle from the
enemies.
• He was helped in his task by the tribal assemblies called sabha, samiti,
vidatha, gana and parishad.
• Out of these sabha and samiti were the most important assemblies.
• Women were also allowed to participate in the deliberations of the Sabha and
Vidatha.
• Rajan enjoyed no authoritative powers and was always checked by these
tribal assemblies.
• The tribal assemblies exercised deliberative, military and religious functions.
Early Vedic or Rig Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC)
Polity: Tribal Assemblies of Early Vedic Period
• It was the council of elders of the clan referred as 'Narista'-meaning its
Sabha resolutions cannot be denied.
• Women had special representation in this assembly.
• It was the General assembly of the entire clan.
Samiti
• Its most important function was the election of Rajan.
• Rigveda refers to this assembly 122 times- probably it might be the most
important one.
• This assembly was a kind of dispute resolutionary body, but was not
Vidhata directly involved in administrative functions.
• It took up the task of distribution and re-distribution of wealth among the
clan.
• Women had special representation in this assembly.
• No much information is available regarding this assembly.
Gana • It also participated in distribution of wealth of the clan.
Early Vedic or Rig Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC)
Polity: Functionaries
• In the day to day administration, the king was assisted by the following
functionaries -
• Purohita - He was the most important functionary. His role was to offer prayers
and perform rituals. Two priests who played a major part in the time of Rig
Veda are Vasishtha and Visvamitra.
• Senapati - He was the next important functionary. He assisted Rajan in waging
wars.
• Vrajapati - He was the officer who enjoyed authority over the pasture lands.
He led the heads of the families called kulapas or the heads of the fighting
hordes/units called gramanis to battle.
• Gramani - He was the head of village or fighting hordes/units, He was referred
as 'Rajakarte' (king-maker) in RigVeda.
Early Vedic or Rig Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC)
Polity
Religion
• Indra was mentioned most frequently as Rigvedic people were engaged in wars
with each other. He carried the thunderbolt and was also respected as a weather
god who brought rains.
○ Maruts the god of storm aided Indra in the wars.
○ Agni, the fire god was the god of the home and considered an intermediary
between gods and men.
○ Soma was associated with plants and herbs. Soma was also a plant from which
an intoxicating juice was extracted and drunk at sacrifices.
○ Varuna was the keeper of the cosmic order known as rita - an important aspect
of tribal set-up.
○ Pushan was the god of the roads, herdsmen and cattle.
• Other gods were similarly associated with other aspects of nature and life.
Early Vedic or Rig Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC)
RigVedic Gods
• Most important God - the god of strength and the god of thunder.
Indra
• RigVeda devoted 250 hymns to him.
• Water god and the upholder of Rta (cosmic and moral order).
Varuna • Punishes immoral people with Pasha and worshipped for forgiveness.
• RigVeda devoted 20 hymns to him.
• Agni is Fire god and priest of gods (intermediary b/w men and god).
Agni
• RigVeda devoted 200 hymns to him.
• Soma is god of plants and King of gods.
Soma
• RigVeda devoted 120 hymns to him.
Vayu(Wind god), Marutha(God of storms), Yama(God of death), Aswins
Other Gods
(Healers of diseases), Pushan(Protector of cattle), Dyaus(God of Heaven).
Early Vedic or Rig Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC)
RigVedic Gods
RigVedic Aditi(Earth goddess); Ushas(Goddess of dawn), Aranyasi(Godess of
Godesses forests); Savitri(Godess of light); Ila(Mother of cattle herds).
• Soma is god of plants.
• King of gods.
Soma
• RigVeda devoted 120 hymns to him.
Other • Vayu(Wind god); Marutha( God of storms); Yama(God of death);
prominent Aswins(Healers of diseases), pushan(Protector of cattle), Dyaus (God
Gods of Heaven).
RigVedic • Aditi(Earth goddess); Ushas(Goddess of dawn), Aranyasi(Godess of
Godesses forests); Savitri(Godess of light); Ila(Mother of cattle herds).
Later Vedic Period (1000-600 BC)
About
• Period that followed Rig Vedic period is known as the Later Vedic period.
• Also marked as Iron- PGW Age because of the use of iron in agriculture and
painted grey ware (PGW).
• Based mainly on the Vedic texts completed after the age of the Rig Veda.
Geographical Expansion
• The literature of this period mentions the Arabian sea, the Vindhya range and the
Northern plains of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab.
• During this period, the Aryans moved into Eastward and southward regions.
• In the East, Aryans inhabited the Awadh region and after that they entered
into Bihar.
• A proof of the Eastward march was given in the Satapatha Brahmana
through the story of Agni and Videha.
Later Vedic Period (1000-600 BC)
Geographical Expansion
• The Later Vedas give three broad divisions of India:
• Aryavarta (Northern India)
• Madhyadesa (Central India)
• Dakshina Patha (Southern India)
Society
• Patriarchal Family System - Eldest of male members of the family perceived as
the head of family, called as 'grihapati'.
• Varna System
• The 10th Mandala in Purushsukta of Rigveda mentions a clear-cut division of
the society.
• Duties assigned to each varna:
• Brahman - Teaching, learning, performance and hosting of sacrifice
• Kshatriya - Learning, hosting sacrifice and protection of people and land
• Vaishya - Trade and agriculture; the agriculturists, traders and artisans
belonged to this varna, and
• Shudra - Submission of service to upper three classes; this was the lowest of
the varna-ladder and had no powers or rights in the society.
Later Vedic Period (1000-600 BC)
Society
• Varna System
• The three Varnas (Brahmans, Kshatriya, Vaishya) in combination were
perceived as men of higher Varnas, i.e. traivarnikas.
• Traivarnikas were entitled to upanayana (investiture) with the sacred thread
according to the Vedic mantras.
• Sudras and women were not entitled to upanayana.
• Chatur-Varnashrama System
• In this system, a person's life is divided into four parts and he was assigned
some duties with respect to his age -
• Brahmacharya ashrama-Studentship
• Grihastha ashrama-Householder
• Van-prastha ashram-Partial retirement from household life
• Sanayas ashrama -Complete retirement from social life
Later Vedic Period (1000-600 BC)
Society
• Concept of Purushartha
• Every man was expected to follow four main duties in his life - Artha
(economic values), Kama (pleasure), Dharma (righteousness), and Moksha
(liberation).
• System of Marriage
• 'Inter-Varna' marriages were disliked, whereas 'same gotra/ family’ marriages
were forbidden.
• There were two types of legalized structures of marriages:
• Anuloma marriage was used to perform between bridegroom from higher
Varna and bride from lower Varna.
• Pratiloma marriage was used to perform between bridegroom from lower
varna and bride from higher varna.
• Asta-vivaha -This refers to the eight types of marriages prevalent during the
period.
Later Vedic Period (1000-600 BC)
Astavivaha
Type of
S.No. Description
Marriage
1 Brahma Most idealistic marriage; duly dowried, and marriage in same
Varna with the consent of parents
2 Daiva Giving daughter to a priest in lieu of dakshina
3 Arsa Marriage with a token bride-price of a cow and a bull
4 Prajaprathya Marriage without dowry or bride-price
5 Gandharva Clandestine marriage with the consent of the both parties;
meant for kshatriyas
6 Asura Marriage by purchase which was meant for Vysyas
7 Rakshasa Marriage by capture which was also meant for Kshatriyas
8 Paisacha Marriage by seducing girl with intoxicants, meant for Shudras
Note: First four marriages were permissible to Brahmans.
Later Vedic Period (1000-600 BC)
Position of Women
Polity
• The small tribal states (Janas) of Rig Vedic period were replaced by large
territorial states (Janapada).
• Puru and Bharata tribes of RigVedic period were merged to form Kuru rajya.
• Srijanya, Krivi, Turuvasa, Somaka, Keshin tribes were merged into Panchala
kingdom.
• Monarchy - Tribal polity was now replaced by a monarchical system of
governance.
• To assert his authority over subjects, the king began to perform public rituals
to get religious sanctity and to secure titles like Samrat, Virat, and Bhoja.
Later Vedic Period (1000-600 BC)
Polity
• Popular assemblies lost their importance as there is absolute power in the hands
of the king.
• A rudimentary army too emerged as an important element.
• There were five types of State System that include-
• Rajya(Central kingdom) - Ruled by the Raja
• Bhojya (Southern kingdom)- Ruled by the Bhoja
• Swarajya (Western kingdom)- Ruled by Svarat
• Vairajya (Northern kingdom)- Ruled by the Virat
• Samrajya (Eastern kingdom)- Ruled by the Samrat.
• Tax system-The king levied taxes like ‘Bali’, ‘sulka’ and ‘Bhaga’.
Later Vedic Period (1000-600 BC)
• Officers/ministers - ‘Ratnins’ - assisted the king.
Bureaucracy • Note: Satapata Brahmana calls Suta and Gramani as
'Arajano Rajakarte'.
Ratnins Position Ratnins Position
Purohita Chief Priest, also called the Senani Supreme Commander
Rastra Gopa of the Army
Vrajapati Officer Incharge of the Pasture Jivagribha Police Officer
land
Spasas/Dutas Spies, who sometimes worked Gramani Leader of the village
as messengers
Madhya Masi Mediator of disputes Kulapati Family head
Bhagadugha Tax Collector Sangrahitri Treasurer
Mahishi Chief Queen Suta Charioteer
Govikartana King's campanian in games Akshavapa Accountant
Sthapati Chief Judge Gramyavadin Village Judge
Rathakara Chariot maker Adhikrita Village officer
Later Vedic Period (1000-600 BC)
Religion
• The religion became very complex in the Later Vedic period.
• Speculative philosophies like transmigration of soul, salvation, karma etc began
to dominate Vedic religion.
• Trinity Worship (worship of three supreme Gods) - Prajapati, Vishnu, Rudra were
predominant.
• Rigvedic Gods like Indra, Varuna and Surya became unpopular.
• All the Natural forces were made subordinate to the Trinity were reduced to
the position of Astadikpalas.
• Pushan became the God of the shudra, who was the protector of cattle in the
early Vedic period.
Later Vedic Period (1000-600 BC)
Religion
• Sacrifices became far more important in rituals.
• Sacrifices varied and codified with various types of rules and regulations i.e.
karmakanda.
• The right of performance of sacrifices became the monopoly of the priestly class.
• Public Sacrifices performed in the Later Vedic Period include -
• Asvamedha - Horse sacrifice to establish kings supremacy over other kings
• Rajasuya - Consecration ceremony conferring supreme power to the kings
• Vajapeya - Chariot race to re-establish a king’s supremacy over his people.
• Private rituals -Shodasakarmas (16 rituals) were expected to be performed by an
individual to get salvation during his lifetime from conception to cremation
Later Vedic Period (1000-600 BC)
About
• Four vedas are collectively known as 'Vedatrayi’.
• Many scholars consider Bharatamuni's “Natyasastra” or sometimes,
Mahabharata as Panchama Veda (5th Veda).
1. Rig Veda
• Earliest of entire Vedic literature.
• Consists of hymns(mantras) for nature gods like Varuna (rain), Vayu (wind), Indira
(thunder), Surya(sun), and Usha (dawn).
• It is in verse form and contains 1028 hymns divided into 10 Mandalas/Books.
• Each Mandala is ascribed to a particular family of seers, e.g. III Mandala is
associated with Viswamitra and VI Mandala is to Vasista.
• Famous Gayatri mantra in III Mandala is dedicated to Goddess Savitri.
Shruti Literature: Vedas
1. Rig Veda
• Dasarajna (Battle of Ten Kings) is described in VII Mandala.
• Purusha Sukta gives the first reference of Varna system is in X Mandala - four
Varnas came from the mouth, arms, belly and legs of the Creator respectively.
2. Yajur Veda
• Has hymns for rituals and sacrifices, and prescribes the procedures to be
adopted at the time of performing different sacrifices.
• Consists of two parts namely - Krishna Yajurveda (in prose form) and Shukla
Yajurveda (in verse form).
Shruti Literature: Vedas
3. Sama Veda
• It is the Rig Veda set in musical form.
• Has 1063 hymns from Rigveda arranged to keep requirements of melody.
4. Atharvan Veda
• It is believed to be composed by non-Aryans.
• Contains 711 hymns divided into 20 Khandas.
• Most of these hymns are used to ward off evil spirits.
• It describes the popular beliefs and superstitions of humble folk due to
non-Aryan influence.
Shruti Literature
Brahmanas
• Brahmanas explain the hymns of the Vedas.
• Written in prose and they elaborately describe the various sacrifices and rituals,
along with their mystic meanings.
• A total of 19 Brahmanas are extant - RigVeda (2), Sama Veda (10), Yajurveda (6)
and Atharvan Veda (1).
• Important Brahmanas - Aithareya Brahmana (RigVeda), Taittariya Brahmana
(Krishna Yajurveda), Satapata Brahmana (Shukla Yajurveda), Tandyamana
Brahmana (Samaveda), Gopatha Brahmana (Atharvan Veda)
Aranyakas
• Aranyakas are the appendices (concluding portions) of the Brahmanas.
Shruti Literature
Aranyakas
• They deal with philosophical doctrines and mysticism to answer the various
complex questions related to human life.
• The word Aranyaka means 'the forest' and these are called 'forest books' written
mainly for the hermits and students living in the jungles.
Upanishads
• Literally means 'sitting at the foot of' guru to get knowledge and the concluding
portions of Vedas - referred as “Vedantas”.
• They are in prose as well as verse form and contain highly philosophical and
metaphysical writings about the soul (atman) and Brahman.
Shruti Literature
Upanishads
• There are 108 Upanishads classified according to the Vedas - 10 out of them are
considered as 'Dasa or Mukhya Upanishads’ - Aithareya (Rigveda), Kena and
Chandogya (Samaveda), Isa and Brihadaranyaka (Shukla Yajurveda), Katha and
Taittariya (Krishna Yajurveda), Prasna, Mundaka and Mandukya (Atharvan
Veda).
• Note
• Our national motto ‘Satyameva Jayate’ is a part of a mantra from Mundaka
Upanishad.
• Brihadaranyaka Upanishad contains discussion between Yagnavalka and his
two wives, Gargi and Maitreyi.
• The first reference of Ahimsa is in Chandogya Upanishad.
Shruti Literature
Upanishads Vs Vedas
• The Upanishads contain the essence of the Vedas. They are the concluding
portions of the Vedas and are the source of the Vedanta philosophy.
• The Vedas start out as mythical and ritual texts. Whereas Upanishads have been
telling man what he should or should not do, what path leads to good, etc.
• The thoughtful way of Upanishad is deemed to be a bit more advanced than the
outward-looking nature of Vedas. Each Upanishad represents any of the four
Vedas, thereby explaining the profound truths hidden in that Veda.
• Upanishads laid the foundation for various philosophical systems that developed in
India. The three most famous Vedanta systems still prevalent in India are Advaita,
Dvaita and Vishishtaadvaita.
• Upanishads are key texts that helped to develop and grow Samkya, Yoga,
Mimamsa, Buddhism, and Jainism.
Smriti Literature
Vedangas
• They are the supplements/limbs of Vedas and help in understanding the Vedas.
• There are 6 such Vedangas-
• Shiksha - It deals with the study of sounds and pronunciation(Phonetics) of
Vedic hymns.
• Kalpa - It deals with the practical, ceremonial, sacrificial and ritual aspect of
the Vedas.
• Vyakarana - It deals with Sanskrit grammar used in Vedic hymns.
• Nirukta - It deals with etymology (study of origin of words) of the words used
in Vedas.
• Chhanda - It deals with metrics( pattern in which one must recite any mantra).
• Jyotisa - It deals with the astronomical and astrological aspects of fixing
auspicious date and time to perfom vedic rites and rituals, etc.
Smriti Literature
Sutras
Dharshana
• There are six schools of Indian philosophy known as Shad-Darshana.
• They all propagate the virtues of life.
• Nyaya by Gautama
• It is a school of logic and realism.
• It held that liberation is gained through right knowledge i.e. by negating both
illusion and unhappiness using logic.
• Vaishesika by Kanada
• It postulated that all the objects in the physical universe are reducible to
‘paramanu’ (atom).
• It held that knowledge and liberation was achievable by fully recognizing the
atomic nature of the Universe and its difference from the soul.
• This atomic theory marked the beginning of Physics in India.
Smriti Literature
Dharshana
• Purvamimansa by Jaimini
• It regards Vedas as eternal and rituals are of primary importance to attain
salvation (ritualism).
• Sankhya by Kapila
• It has no faith in existence of God.
• It held that world was created and evolved by Nature/Prakriti.
• It further asserts that soul can attain liberation only through real knowledge
that is to be acquired through observation and inference.
Smriti Literature
Dharshana
• Yoga by Patanjali
• It believes in salvation through meditation and physical application.
• It had influenced the development of physiology and anatomy in ancient times.
• Uttaramimansa by Bhadarayana
• It is the summary of the teachings of the Upanishads.
• It dealt with metaphysical concepts like aatma-brahma, karma doctrine,
meditation, devotional Hinduism etc.
• It held that brahma is reality and everything else is myth.
Smriti Literature
Upavedas
Deals with the Deals with the Deals with are Deals with
art of warfare. music. and architecture. medicine.
Narada Smriti
• Dated 100-400 AD, it is known as judicial text par excellence.
• It exclusively deals with procedural and substantive law.
Yagnavalka Smriti
• It is dated between 3rd and 5th century AD (Guptan period).
• It divides dharma into three categories - Achara, Vyavahara, and Prayaschitta.
• It is more advanced and unconventional Law book so that it allows widows to
inherit property.
UPSC Previous Years
Mains Questions
Prelims
1. Which one of the following four Vedas contains an account of magical charms and
spells?
a) Rig-veda
b) Yajur-Veda
c) Atharva-Veda
d) Sama-veda
Ans: (C)
Prelims
2. With reference to the difference between the culture of Rigvedic Aryans and
Indus Valley people, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Rigvedic Aryans used the coat of mail and helmet in warfare whereas the
people of Indus Valley Civilization did not leave any evidence of using them.
2. Rigvedic Aryans knew gold, silver and copper whereas Indus Valley people
knew only copper and iron.
3. Rigvedic Aryans had domesticated the horse whereas there is no evidence of
Indus Valley people having been aware of this animal.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
a) 1 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: (C)
Mains
1. Describe the social life of the later vedic people. How was it different from the Rig
vedic life.
2. Examine the view that sacrifice was a ritual and a form of social exchange in vedic
India.
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theory1AryanInras
did.tk tyalBarbarian
West Punjab and Bahawalpur Graveyard
Rigveda mention
Harupriya
2 Flood
Earthquakef heory
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3
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o
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orientalist
understand local
people
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De Asianthom
o Advanted by Max Muller
comparative study of Avesta and vedas
o
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Gmat
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2 European theory
0
By Sir W Jones
Greek Latin Gothic English and Sanskrit
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t
words mother and father
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a Tibetantheon
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5
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o
comparative study of Avesta and vedas
R
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e.g Rakhigarhi excavation
W
All above theories formulated according
to circumstances and politics of a
particular time period
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tofvedicperiod
Earn age teredage
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o Qi QI
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