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OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi
A N I N T R O DU C T IO N T O
E N G L I SH L E G A L H I ST O RY
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi
An Introduction to
English Legal History
Fifth Edition
SI R J O H N BA K E R , Q. C . , L L . D. , F. B. A .
Emeritus Downing Professor of the Laws of England
and Honorary Fellow of St Catharine’s College, Cambridge;
Barrister and Honorary Bencher of the
Inner Temple and Gray’s Inn
1
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi
1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Sir John Baker 2019
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
Fourth Edition published in 2002
Fifth Edition published in 2019
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence
Number C01P0000148 with the permission of OPSI
and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018959363
ISBN 978–0–19–881260–9 (hbk.)
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Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi
This edition retains the structure and coverage of its predecessor, but it has been sub-
stantially revised throughout and parts have been rewritten. It might be thought that
legal history would not need much revision. In truth, it can become outdated with sur-
prising rapidity. Although historical facts do not change, information which has been
known for many years can be reinterpreted or reassembled in different ways, and new
evidence is always coming to light. Original source material is now more freely available
than ever before through the internet – almost to an overwhelming extent – and yet
many sources of the common law remain in manuscript and cannot be found online. In
the case of an elementary book such as this, there are added difficulties arising from the
wide range of periods and topics addressed: the need to abridge and simplify voluminous
and complex matter, with the added dimension of time, presents challenges which can
never be fully overcome.
It is gratifying to notice how much legal history has been written since the fourth
edition of this book appeared in 2002; but then, to some who will read this edition, that
amounts to a whole lifetime. Particular attention should be drawn to the Oxford History
of the Laws of England, the first volume of which appeared in 2003. Although more than
half of the series remains to be completed, the six volumes already in print are a deep
store of information and insight, and it is hoped that more will appear in the near future.
A great deal of new scholarship has also been gathered in Comparative Studies in
Continental and Anglo-American Legal History. Some of the most awkward remaining
gaps in basic knowledge have been in the area of public law, a subject long neglected by
English legal historians. But a new interest in the history of constitutional law was
awakened by the commemoration of Magna Carta in 2015, and this is reflected in the
author’s monograph The Reinvention of Magna Carta 1216–1616. Some of that interest
has percolated here and there into this edition.
The present edition takes account of relevant new discoveries and interpretations,
and of the second (enlarged) edition of Baker and Milsom. It would be impossible,
however, to incorporate all the new learning into this single volume, which is an intro-
duction rather than an encyclopaedia. The aim of an elementary textbook cannot be to
trace the history of every aspect of the law and the legal system, or to weigh all the
conflicting opinions on difficult questions, and so the concentration has been on the
main characteristics, institutions, and doctrines of English law over the longer term –
and particularly the evolution of the common law before the extensive statutory changes
and regulatory regimes of the last two centuries. This policy has inevitably resulted
in the exclusion of some whole areas of law and practice which have been important in
their time, or which have grown in importance in recent times, where their proper
treatment would have required major diversions and more pages than these two covers
can contain.
Another reservation concerns the relationship between law and time. Law does not
develop in a vacuum, because it operates in direct connection with real life, and yet the
relationship between legal development and social or economic change is less direct or
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi
automatic than might be supposed. Straightforward cause and effect are most likely to
be discernible in the case of legislative reform, where the law is changed deliberately
and suddenly in order to address a perceived defect. But even legislation, as will be seen
repeatedly throughout the book, was for most periods before the nineteenth century
regarded as a way of restoring, repairing, or reinforcing the common law rather than
supplanting it with something wholly new. If the common law itself sometimes lagged
behind society, it was because judges did not like deliberately to overturn the wisdom
of their predecessors. Many of the larger changes in the law came about less through
the explicit reversal of settled law than through unconscious shifts in the underlying
assumptions. Only changed assumptions can explain, for example, how judges could
take a benevolent approach to legal fictions which might otherwise be seen as brazen
attempts to undermine the law. But gradual evolution makes for long stories. How far
those legal stories can be aligned with the factual state of society in specific periods is
the difficulty. Social changes obviously raise new legal questions, but they do not in
themselves dictate the answers or indicate at what point in history the answers will be
forthcoming. Inclinations towards change were rarely unanimous, and they usually
only led to an alteration in the common law once thinking had shifted so generally that
it seemed inevitable. In any case, since judges and legal advisers were obliged to operate
within the existing frameworks of legal rather than popular thought, they had to find
intellectually manageable ways of squaring evolution with inherited wisdom. Even when
everyone could see the need for some new legal remedy, the process of finding one – in
a system tied constitutionally to the ancient forms of ‘due process’ – might require con-
siderable ingenuity.
For such reasons as these, it was not practicable for the present purpose to map
developments in the law against changes in the temper of succeeding ages by taking
one period at a time. It may seem elementary to divide history into periods, and that
is the scheme of the much larger Oxford History, but in a briefer survey of long-term
developments and lines of thought it would mean leaving lots of loose ends at the end
of every section. A seamless web is more readily understood by tracing the threads
than by cutting it into pieces. This introductory history is therefore, after the initial
chapters, arranged by legal or institutional topics, each of which is approached more
or less chronologically.
I am grateful to all my colleagues in the world of legal history, and to my wife Liesbeth
van Houts, for raising and discussing various questions over the years. Professor Yuzo
Fukao’s heroic enterprise of translating the fourth edition into Japanese in 2010–11
resulted in many helpful suggestions for improvement to the wording, and sometimes
to the thinking as well. Above all, I should record my lifelong indebtedness to the work
of Professor S. F. C. Milsom, who died in 2016. I attended his undergraduate lectures
over fifty years ago and have never lost my fascination with the subject into which he
inducted me. My own attempts to write legal history over five decades have made me
appreciate more and more every year the genius of his insights, the elegance of his writ-
ing, and the enduring power of his scholarship.
John Baker
April 2018
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi
Contents
PA RT O N E
1 Law and Custom before 1066 3
Communal Justice 6
From Communal to Personal Authority 10
Further Reading 13
viii Contents
Contents ix
PA RT T WO
x Contents
21 Quasi-Contract 386
The Action of Account 386
Actions on the Case 390
Indebitatus Assumpsit 393
A General Principle 400
Further Reading 402
23 Negligence 427
Trespass Vi et Armis and Negligence 428
Actions on the Case for Negligence 432
The Tort of Negligence 436
Further Reading 450
24 Nuisance 451
Remedies for Nuisance 451
Isolated Occurrences 461
Common or Public Nuisances 462
Further Reading 464
25 Defamation 465
Actions on the Case for Words 467
Attempts to Abate the Flood of Actions 470
The Scope of Defamation 472
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi
Contents xi
Libel 475
Further Reading 477
Index 599
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 01/03/19, SPi
Table of Statutes
Note: the best printed text of the statutes from 1236 to 1713 is The Statutes of the Realm (1810–27). For
the 1215 and 1225 versions of Magna Carta see the appendices to J. C. Holt, Magna Carta (3rd edn by
G. Garnett and J. Hudson, 2015).
Henry I’s Coronation Edict (or Charter) 1100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 206, 216, 260, 279, 411
Constitutions of Clarendon 1164 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137, 138, 216
Assize of Clarendon 1166. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252, 545
Assize of Northampton 1176 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 252, 542
Assize of Windsor 1179 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 252
Magna Carta 1215. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6, 217
cl. 2 (relief) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
cl. 4–5 (wardship) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
cl. 6 (disparagement of wards) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
cl. 12, 14, 15 (feudal aids) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217, 258, 259
cl. 17 (common pleas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
cl. 18 (assizes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24, 26
cl. 19 (assizes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
cl. 20 (amercements for trespass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503, 552
cl. 24 (sheriffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
cl. 27 (administration of estates) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
cl. 32 (forfeiture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
cl. 34 (praecipe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 255
cl. 36 (mortmain). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
cl. 39 (liberty of the subject). See Magna Carta 1225, c. 29
cl. 41 (merchants). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
2 Hen. III, Magna Carta 1217
c. 7 (widows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
cc. 12–13 (assizes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
c. 32 (liberty) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
c. 36 (feudal services) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
c. 40 (mortmain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
9 Hen. III, Magna Carta 1225 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39, 217
c. 2 (relief) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
cc. 4–5 (wardship) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
c. 6 (disparagement of wards) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
c. 7 (widows) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289, 290
c. 11 (common pleas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 44–5, 47, 49
c. 12 (assizes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24, 149
c. 14 (amercements for trespass) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503, 552
c. 17 (sheriffs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 543
c. 18 (reasonable parts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
c. 22 (forfeiture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
c. 24 (praecipe). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 255
c. 26 (de odio et atia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
c. 29 (liberty of the subject) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60, 105, 130, 154, 159, 225, 482–3, 502, 506–10, 548
c. 30 (merchants) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
c. 32 (feudal services) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
c. 36 (mortmain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
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Table of Statutes xv
7 & 8 Geo. IV, c. 28, Criminal Law Act 1827 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549, 557
9 Geo. IV, c. 31 (petty treason, 1828). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
11 Geo. IV & 1 Will. IV (1830)
c. 68, Carriers Act 1830 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
c. 70, Law Terms Act 1830. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
2 & 3 Will. IV (1832)
c. 39, Uniformity of Process Act 1832 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 75, 591
c. 92, Privy Council Appeals Act 1832 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3 & 4 Will. IV (1833)
c. 15, Bulwer Lytton’s Act 1833. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
c. 27, Real Property Limitation Act 1833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75, 322
c. 41, Judicial Committee Act 1833. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
c. 73, Slavery Abolition Act 1833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515
c. 105, Dower Act 1833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
c. 106, Inheritance Act 1833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
5 & 6 Will. IV (1835)
c. 54, Lord Lyndhurst’s Act 1835. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
c. 65, Lecture Copyright Act 1835 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
c. 76, Municipal Corporations Act 1835 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
6 & 7 Will. IV (1836)
c. 32, Building Societies Act 1836. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333
c. 85, Marriage Act 1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521
c. 114, Trial for Felony Act 1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551
7 Will. IV & 1 Vict., c. 86 (burglary, 1837) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
1 & 2 Vict., c. 62, Judgments Act 1838. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4 & 5 Vict., c. 21, Conveyance by Release Act 1841 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
6 & 7 Vict. (1843)
c. 85, Evidence Act 1843 (Lord Denman’s Act). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
c. 96, Lord Campbell’s Libel Act 1843 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
8 & 9 Vict. (1845)
c. 106, Real Property Act 1845 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
c. 112, Satisfied Terms Act 1845. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
9 & 10 Vict. (1846)
c. 54 (bar of Common Pleas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
c. 93, Fatal Accidents Act 1846 (Lord Campbell’s Act) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445–6, 490
11 & 12 Vict. (1848)
c. 42, Indictable Offences Act 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
c. 43, Summary Jurisdiction Act 1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233, 552
c. 78 (crown cases reserved) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
14 & 15 Vict., c. 99, Evidence Act 1851 (Lord Brougham’s Act) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
15 & 16 Vict. (1852)
c. 76, Common Law Procedure Act 1852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75, 148, 322, 591
c. 83, Patent Law Amendment Act 1852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
17 & 18 Vict. (1854)
c. 31, Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1854 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
c. 125, Common Law Procedure Act 1854. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
18 & 19 Vict., c. 41, Ecclesiastical Courts Act 1855 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
19 & 20 Vict., c. 120, Settled Estates Act 1856. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315
20 & 21 Vict. (1857)
c. 43, Summary Jurisdiction Act 1857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
c. 54 (fraud by trustee or bailee). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
c. 77, Court of Probate Act 1857 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
c. 85, Matrimonial Causes Act 1857. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525, 536
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11 & 12 Geo. V, c. 24, Deceased Brother’s Widow’s Marriage Act 1921 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
13 & 14 Geo. V, c. 19, Matrimonial Causes Act 1923 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
15 & 16 Geo. V (1925)
c. 18, Settled Land Act 1925. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315
c. 20, Law of Property Act 1925 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285, 331, 372
c. 23, Administration of Estates Act 1925 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
c. 49, Supreme Court of Judicature (Consolidation) Act 1925 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216
16 & 17 Geo. V, c. 60, Legitimacy Act 1926. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
19 & 20 Geo. V, c. 36, Age of Marriage Act 1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
24 & 25 Geo. V, c. 41, Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1934. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
25 & 26 Geo. V, c. 30, Law Reform (Married Women
and Tortfeasors Act) 1935. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400, 527
1 Edw. VIII & 1 Geo. VI, c. 57, Matrimonial Causes Act 1937
(A. P. Herbert’s Act) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
1 & 2 Geo. VI (1938)
c. 45, Inheritance (Family Provision) Act 1938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
c. 63, Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1938 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
8 & 9 Geo. VI, c. 28, Law Reform (Contributory
Negligence) Act 1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
9 & 10 Geo. VI, c. 36, Statutory Instruments Act 1946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
10 & 11 Geo. VI, c. 44, Crown Proceedings Act 1947 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
11 & 12 Geo. VI (1948)
c. 41, Law Reform (Personal Injuries) Act 1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
c.66, Monopolies and Restrictive Practices Act 1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
12, 13 & 14 Geo. VI, c. 103, Parliament Act 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
13 & 14 Geo. VI (1949)
c. 76, Marriage Act 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .521
c. 78, Married Women (Restraint upon Anticipation) Act 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
15 & 16 Geo. VI & 1 Eliz. II, c. 66, Defamation Act 1952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477, 487
2 & 3 Eliz. II, c. 34, Law Reform (Enforcement of Contracts) Act 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
4 & 5 Eliz. II (1956)
c. 46, Administration of Justice Act 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
c. 74, Copyright Act 1956 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
5 & 6 Eliz. II (1957)
c. 11, Homicide Act 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
c. 31, Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
6 & 7 Eliz. II, c. 66, Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1958 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
7 & 8 Eliz. II, c. 73, Legitimacy Act 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
8 & 9 Eliz. II, c. 9, Judicial Pensions Act 1959 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
From 1963 statutes are cited by the calendar year instead of the regnal years of the parliament in
which they were passed: Acts of Parliament Numbering and Citation Act 1962 (10 & 11 Eliz. II, c. 34)
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