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the entire body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and the efforts of society to
prevent and repress them.
the scientific study of the causes of crime in relation to man and society who set and
define rules and regulations for himself and others to govern.
NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY
1.) It is an applied science. (INSTRUMENTATION)
2.) It is a social science. Crime is a social creation and it exists in a society being a
social phenomenon.
3.) It is dynamic. Criminology changes as a social condition changes. It is concomitant
with the advancement of other sciences that have been applied to it.
4.) It is nationalistic.
The study of crimes must be in relation with the existing criminal law within a territory
or country. The question as to whether an act is a crime is dependent on the criminal law of
a state.
BRANCHES OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. Criminal Etiology – is the study of the cause or origin of crime. It studies the primary
reasons for crime commission.
2. Sociology of law – attempt at scientific analysis of the condition which the penal/criminal
laws has developed as a process of formal or social control.
3. Penology – is that branch of criminology which deals with the administration and
management of jail.
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Sociology – it is the study of human society, its origin, structure, functions and direction
Criminological research – study of the crime correlated to with antecedent variables, state
of crime trend.
CRIME
-an act or omission in violation of a public law forbidding or commanding it.
SUB-CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES
CLASSES OF CRIMES
1. Crime Mala in Se (BAD IN ITSELF) – acts that are outlawed because they violate basic
moral values such as rape, murder, assault and robbery.
a. Intentional felony (IFI)
b. Non-intentional felony (IFN)
2. Crime Mala Prohibita – acts that are outlawed because they clash with current norms
and public opinion, such as tax, traffic and drug laws.
ELEMENTS OF A FELONY
Intentional Non-intentional
Dolo/Deceit Culpa/Fault
Intelligence Intelligence
Freedom Freedom
Intent Negligence/Imprudence
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MS. ALEXIS R. ALCANTARA
c) light felonies – those to which the law attaches the penalty of arresto menor or a
fine not exceeding P200.00
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Inchoate crimes = incomplete or contemplated such as criminal solicitation or
criminal attempts.
Mission hate crimes = violent crimes committed by disturbed individuals who see it
as their duty to rid the world of evil.
Organizational crimes = crimes that involves large corporations and their efforts to
control the market place and earn huge profits through unlawful bidding, unfair advertising,
monopolistic practices, or other illegal means.
Organized crimes = illegal activities of people and organizations whose
acknowledged purpose is profit through illegitimate business enterprise.
Public Order crimes = acts that are considered illegal because they threaten
general well-being of society and challenge its accepted moral principles. Prostitution, drug
use, and the sale of pornography are considered public order crimes.
Reactive hate crime = perpetrators believe they are taking a defensive stand
against outsiders who they believe threaten their community or way of life.
Retaliatory hate crime = offense committed in response to a hate crime, real or
perceived.
Statutory crimes = crimes defined by legislative bodies in response to changing
social conditions, public opinion, and custom.
Trill-seeking hate crime = hatemongers who join forces to have fun by bashing
minorities or destroying property; inflicting pain on others give a sadistic thrill.
Victimless crimes = crimes that violate the moral order but in which there is no
actual victim or target. In these crimes which include drug abuse and sex offenses, it is
society as a whole and not an individual who is considered the victim.
White-collar crimes = illegal acts that capitalize on a person's status in the market
place. It may involve theft, embezzlement, fraud, market manipulation, restraint of trade, and
false advertising.
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o. Involuntary manslaughter = a homicide that occurs as a result of acts that are
negligent and without regard for the harm they may cause others, such as driving
while under the influence of liquor or drugs. (Also known as negligent manslaughter)
p. Voluntary manslaughter = a homicide committed in the heat of passion or during a
sudden quarrel; although intent may be present, malice is not.
q. Mass murder = the killing of a large number of people in a single incident by who
typically does not seek concealment or escape.
r. Murder = the unlawful killing of a human being with malicious intent.
s. Serial murder = the killing of a large number of people over time by an offender who
seeks to escape detection.
CRIMINAL
in the legal sense, a criminal is any person who has been found to have committed a
wrongful act in the course of the standard judicial process; there must be a final
verdict of his guilt.
in the criminological sense, a person is already considered a criminal the moment
he committed a crime.
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2) On the basis of behavioral system:
a) ordinary criminals – the lowest form of criminal career, they engage only in
conventional career, they engage only in conventional crimes which require limited
skill.
b) organized criminals – these criminals have a high degree of organization that
enables them to commit crimes without being detected and committed to specialized
activities which can be operated in large scale businesses.
c) professional criminals – these are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable
amount of money without being detected because of organization and contact with
other professional criminals.
3) On the basis of activities:
a) professional criminals – those who earn their living through criminal activities
b) accidental criminals - those who commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated
circumstances.
c) habitual criminals – those who continue to commit criminal acts for such diverse
reasons due to deficiency of intelligence and lack of control.
d) situational criminals – those who are actually not criminals but get in trouble with
legal
authorities because they commit crimes intermixed with legitimate economic activities.
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MS. ALEXIS R. ALCANTARA