5 - Principles of Operational Control March 2024

Engr. Marvilette P.
Jequinto
Industrial Hygienist III
 Understand the principles on how to protect workers
against the hazards from the use of chemicals
 Identify measures to control the chemical hazards fro
the prevention of health effects
Department of Labor and Employment

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTER
1 PROTECT 2 COMPLY
Compliance with
Safeguard
OSH policies
workers against
and government
health hazards
laws

Pre-requisite: Familiarization on the
Process Flow Unit Operations Unit Processes Products or Services
“a physical change to
which material is “ a chemical change Specifications of end
subjected especially in (as nitration, product or service
coordination with a diazotization, or being provided
unit process (as esterification) to which
material is subjected
filtration, distillation, as a step in Ex. Solid body soaps
or extraction)“ manufacture”
Ex. Saponification
Ex. Mixing

Considerations
Regulatory
Assessment of Risk Efficiency
Requirement
a. Nature of the Standards, Based on the

hazard Department Orders, hierarchy of controls
b. Way it affects the Codes, Guidelines
worker

Types of control to be chosen depend on Assessment of Risks
Nature of hazard Way it affects the worker
 Fire and Explosion Entrance to Human Body

Hazards - Inhalation, Indigestion
– Gases / Vapor and Dust and Skin Contact
 Health & Physical  Degree of Hazards from
Hazards Exposure
– Gases, Vapor, Mist, – Nature of the material
Fumes, Dust and Gases involved, Intensity and
Duration of Exposure and
Individual Susceptibility

Fire and Explosion
Hazards Elements of fire and
explosion
 Gases
 Vapors
Lower Explosive
Limit (LEL)
 Combustible
Dusts
Deflagration index

Nature of Hazard
Health Hazard Physical Hazard
Acute toxicity, skin irritation, eye Explosives, flammable gases,

irritation, skin sensitization, self reactive substances and
carcinogenicity, reproductive mixtures, unstoppable
toxicity, etc. explosives, combustible solids,
pyrophoric liquids

Way it affects the worker
Entrance to Human Body Degree of Hazards from Exposure

Types of control to be chosen depend on Regulatory Requirement
Local International
DOLE – RA11058, OSHS,  Occupational Safety and Health
Department Order and Labor Administration (OSHA) – Permissibile
Advisory Exposure Limit (PEL)
 National Fire Protection Association
RA 9514 – Fire Code of the
(NFPA) – Standards
Philippines  Korea Occupational Safety and
RA 10657 - Professional Health Agency (KOSHA) – Local Rule
Chemistry Law on Occupational Safety and Health
2012 Philippine Mechanical Standard
Engineering (PME) Code  American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienist
(ACGIH) – TLVs, Local Exhaust
Ventilation
CODES & STANDARDS – Combustible Solids

Standards Code Guidelines
Legally Enforceable Legally Enforceable Recommended maximum

“By virtue of the powers vested in the exposure which are
Department of Labor and Employment under
Article voluntary and not legally
162 of the Labor Code of the Philippines, this
Occupational Safety and Health Standards is enforceable
hereby
promulgated for the guidance and
compliance of all concerned. This body of
standards rules and
regulations shall hereafter be referred to as
“Standards”
RA 11058

Types of control to be chosen depend on Efficiency

Where to apply the Controls:
Three (3) zones where control measures can be applied:
• At the source of contamination
• Along the transmission path
• At the worker
SOURCE AIR PATH RECEIVER

Assessment and Monitoring
Work Environment Measurement Safety Data Sheet

(WEM) (SDS)
Working environment measurement

shall mean sampling and analysis carried
out in respect of the atmospheric
working environment and other
fundamental elements of working
environment for the purpose of
determining actual conditions therein.

Hierarchy of Controls

Engineering Controls Elimination
• Highest degree of
worker protection Substitution
• Easier to
implement a
control during Isolation
planning stage
Modification
Automation
Ventilation
Eliminating a hazard by removing a process or
Elimination substance completely
Ex. Source of Ignition, fuel, statics
Elimination of the process of

painting the dials using lips

Substitution Involves changing chemical substances
Substitution and/or process with less hazardous or harmful one
Radium
Tritium
Phosphorescent pigments

Isolation of the source of the hazard by placing the
Isolation hazardous substance in a sealed vessel or system to
create a barrier between the hazard and the worker
Ex. Safety cabinet, Sensors, relief valves
Chemical Cabinets Mechanical Explosion Isolation

Modification Modification to change the physical operating
conditions without changing the chemical or process
Manual mixing and pouring Use of motor and faucet

Application of machines to tasks once performed by
Automation human beings or, increasingly, to tasks that would
otherwise be impossible.
Use of robotic arms for spray

painting

Ventilation process of supplying or removing air by natural or
mechanical means to and from any space
Importance of ventilation in
Dilution Local Exhaust
Control of Chemical Hazards?
Ventilation Ventilation
•To renew the air in the workplace,
therefore diluting eventual air
contaminants to acceptable levels.
•To prevent hazardous air contaminants
from generating into the working
environment and reaching the workers
breathing zone
•To prevent accumulation of hazardous
airborne contaminants in the workplace
•To ensure condition of thermal comfort
Dilution Ventilation
Natural
Refers to dilution of
contaminated air with
fresh air in a general
area, room or building
for the purpose of
health hazard or
nuisance control
Mechanical
Dilution Ventilation
Natural
Refers to dilution of
contaminated air with
fresh air in a general
area, room or building
for the purpose of
health hazard or
nuisance control
Mechanical
Air Change
- Air Change per Hour (ACH) or Air Change per Minute (ACM) is
unsatisfactory control measure in controlling a substance or mixtures
of substance with high degree of hazards.

General Dilution Ventilation Equation
Constant Generation Rate (G)
G = CONSTANT (SG) (ER)
MW
Where:
SG = Specific Gravity of Volatile Liquid
ER = Evaporation Rate of Liquid, pts/min (li/s)
MW = Molecular Weight of Liquid
Cg = is express in parts per million (ppm)
mi = a factor to allow for incomplete mixing, ranges from 1 to 10
Dilution Ventilation for Steady State Concentration
Q’ = G
Cg
Dilution Airflow with Constant
Evaporation of Contaminant
Constant Generation Rate (G)
G = CONSTANT (SG) (ER)
MW
G = Generation Rate, acfm (am3/s)
Constant = 403 ( the volume in ft3. that 1 pint(pt) of liquid when vaporized,
will occupy at STP, ft³/pt).
= 24 ( the volume that 1 liter (li) of liquid when vaporized, will
occupy at STP, meter³/li).
Where;
Q’ = effective ventilation rate, cfm (am3/s)
Q = actual ventilation rate, acfm(am3/s)

Q’ = Effective Ventilation Rate in cfm
Q’ = G
Cg
403 (10 6) (SG) (ER)
Q’ =
MW (CG)
Q = Actual Ventilation Rate in acfm
Q= G mi
Cg
403 (106) (SG) (ER) (mi)
Q=
MW (CG)
Sample Problem
Dilution Airflow with Constant Evaporation of
Contaminant
Methyl chloroform is lost by evaporation from a
tank at a rate of 1.5pints (0.71 li) per 60 mins. (3600
sec). What is the effective ventilation rate (Q’) and
the actual ventilation rate (Q) required to maintain
the vapor concentration at the TLV?
TLV = 350ppm SG= 1.32 MW= 133.4 Assume mi = 5

Q’ = 403 (106) (SG) (ER)
MW (CG)
24 (106) (SG) (ER)
Q’ =
MW (CG)
403 (106) (SG) (ER) (mi)

Q=
MW (CG)
Assuming perfect dilution, the effective ventilation rate (Q’) is
Q’ = 403 (106) (1.32) (1.5/60)
133.4 (350)
Q’ = 284 cfm
Due to incomplete mixing the actual ventilation rate (Q) is
Q = 403 (106) (1.32) (1.5/60)(5)

133.4(350)
Q = 1424 acfm

Limiting Factors on the Use of
Dilution Ventilation:
 Quantity of contaminant must not be high
 Workers must be far from contaminant source
 Toxicity of contaminant must be low
 Direction of clean air flow must remove contaminant from
workers breathing zone
 Seldom applied to fumes and dusts
 Most often used to control vapors from organic solvents

Local Exhaust
Ventilation Exhaust
Fan
An engineering control
or ventilation system
that removes airborne
contaminants from
the point of dispersion
before it reaches the
breathing zone of the
exposed workers.
Air Cleaning
Device
Hood

Local Exhaust
Ventilation Enclosed
An engineering control
or ventilation system
that removes airborne
contaminants from
the point of dispersion
before it reaches the Canopy
breathing zone of the
exposed workers.
Receiving
Enclosure-type of booth
• most efficient type

of hood
• minimum air
volume required.
• typically used for

laboratory hoods,
spray paint booths,
abrasive blasting,
ovens, etc

Capturing-type of
booth
• Less efficient than

enclosing hoods
• Greater exhaust
airflow is required.
Fixed
• located as close as
possible to the Movable
source.
Low Volume High

Velocity
Capture Zone

Canopy/Updraft-type of
booth
• Should only be
used for the
removal of
relatively harmless
material such as
steam or heat.
• Should not be used

if the operator
tends to bend over
the contaminant
source

Air Cleaning Device
Particulate-Emission Gaseous Emission-

Control Control
• Air Filter • Thermal Oxidisers

• Dust Collectors • Adsorption
• Biofilter

Scrubber
Spray Chamber
 Removal of
pollutant by
impaction into
water droplets
 Flammable and Packed Bed

explosive dusts
 5-10 μm
e.g. flour
Venturi

Packed Bed Scrubber
 Impaction happen
with the liquid film
found on the
packing media
and then drain
away

Is this an LEV?

Administrative Control
 DOLE OSHS RULE 1077, 1140, 1940, 1960 and
 DOLE DO 136-14
 RA 9514, 2012 PME CODE, ACGIH, NFPA
 Process Hazard analysis / Dust Hazard Analysis / Hot
Work Permit / Gas Monitor
 Preventive Maintenance Programs (relief valve,
mechanical moving parts, sensors)
Personal Protective Equipment
1. Dust / Gas Respirators 5. Aprons
2. Safety Goggles/Spectacles 6. Safety Shoes
3. Face Shields 7. Helmets
4. Earplugs /Earmuffs 8. Gloves

Respiratory Protective Equipment
Air Purifying
Filtering air impurities which
are present in the atmosphere
before they are inhaled by the
worker.
 Filter- type
 Cartridge- type

Respirator Filter Definition
N-Series Filters
Filters restricted to use in those atmosphere free of oil aerosols
R-Series Filters
Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil based liquid
aerosol. Used only for single shift (8 hours of continuous or intermittent
use)
P-Series Filters
Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil based liquid
aerosols. Should be used and re-used for no more than 40 hours or 30
days whichever occurs first

Criteria for Selection of Respirators
• Identification of contaminants
• Maximum possible concentration of contaminants
in the work area
• Acceptability in terms of comfort
• Compatibility with the nature of job
• Proper fit to the face of user to prevent leakage

Gas & Vapour Filters (cartridges)
Color Coding on
Contaminant Cartridge/Canister
Acid gases White
Hydrocyanic acid gas White with 1/2 inch green stripe
completely around the canister
near the bottom.
Chlorine gas White with 1/2 inch yellow stripe
near the bottom.
Organic vapors Black
Ammonia gas Green
Acid gases and ammonia gas Green with 1/2 inch white stripe
near the bottom.
Carbon monoxide Blue
Gas & Vapour Filters (cartridges)
Contaminant Color Coding on Cartridge/Canister
Acid gases & organic vapors Yellow
Hydrocyanic acid gas and chloropicrin Yellow with 1/2 inch blue stripe
vapor completely around the canister near
the bottom.
Acid gases, organic vapors, and Brown
ammonia gases
Radioactive materials, except tritium Purple (magenta)
& noble gases
Pesticides Organic vapor canister plus a
particulate filter
Multi-Contaminant and CBRN agent Olive
Any particulates - P100 Purple
Any particulates - P95, P99, R95, Orange
R99, R100
Any particulates free of oil - N95, N99, Teal
or N100 Department of Labor and Employment
Air Supplying

Uses of PPEs
a. where temporary control measures are
necessary before engineering controls are
installed
b. to supplement engineering controls in
reducing exposure during maintenance and
repair
c. during emergencies
d. It is the last line of defense
Hierarchy of Controls
1. Engineering control
2. Administrative control
3. Use of Personal
Protective Equipment

Where control measures can be applied
SOURCE AIR PATH RECEIVER
 Substitution with a less  Housekeeping (immediate  Training and education

harmful material (water in cleanup) (most important)
place of organic solvent)  General exhaust ventilation  Rotation of workers
 Change of process (roof fans) (split up dose)
(airless paint spraying)  Dilution ventilation (supplied  Enclosure of worker
 Enclosure of process air) (air conditioned crane
(glove - box)  Increase distance between cabs)
 Isolation of process source and receiver  Personal monitoring
(space or time) (semi-automatic or remote devices (dosimeters)
control)
 Local exhaust ventilation  Personal protective
(capture at source)  Continuous area monitoring devices (respirators)
(pre-set alarms)
 Adequate maintenance  Adequate maintenance
program  Adequate maintenance program
program
Example
Preparation
of Transfer of
Raw Disinfectant solution to
solution Misting
Materials the misting
(Mixing of tank
chemicals)
What could be What could be the What could be the What could be the
the control when: safety measure/s safety measure safety measure
a. storing the when: a. mixing the when: while:
chemicals? chemicals? a. transferring the
b. Handling the b. How to have solution to the Misting
materials/chemic adequate tank?
als ventilation?
Engineering Controls Source
Administrative Controls Path
PPE WorkerOCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTER
Activities you may perform
• Studies of process emissions, workers’ exposure and

work practices
• Evaluation on the need for improvement
• Studies of air movement / airflow in the workplace
• Training of operators how to use the ventilation system
and safety devices
• Review of Approved Plans and As-Built Plans
• Assistance with operation, maintenance and inspection
programs
• Sustaining regular periodic maintenance

Clear Points
 All hazards can be controlled
 There are usually many
alternative methods of control
 Some methods of control are
better than the others
 Some situations will require more
than one control method to obtain
optimum results

Clear Points
Controls should be introduced as a means to protect
the health or comfort of workers along with other
objectives, including employee safety, reduction in
environmental pollution and reduction in economic
loss.

Clear Points
“The correct identification and
careful evaluation of the hazards
are extremely important and will
constitute the basis of appropriate
control measures.”

End of Principles of Operation
Controls Lecture


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Engr. Marvilette P.

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

a. Nature of the Standards, Based on the

Department of Labor and Employment

 Fire and Explosion Entrance to Human Body

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Health Hazard Physical Hazard

Acute toxicity, skin irritation, eye Explosives, flammable gases,

Department of Labor and Employment

Entrance to Human Body Degree of Hazards from Exposure

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Legally Enforceable Legally Enforceable Recommended maximum

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

SOURCE AIR PATH RECEIVER

Department of Labor and Employment

Work Environment Measurement Safety Data Sheet

Working environment measurement

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Elimination of the process of

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Chemical Cabinets Mechanical Explosion Isolation

Department of Labor and Employment

Manual mixing and pouring Use of motor and faucet

Department of Labor and Employment

Use of robotic arms for spray

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Dilution Ventilation for Steady State Concentration

Department of Labor and Employment

TLV = 350ppm SG= 1.32 MW= 133.4 Assume mi = 5

Department of Labor and Employment

403 (106) (SG) (ER) (mi)

Due to incomplete mixing the actual ventilation rate (Q) is

Q = 403 (106) (1.32) (1.5/60)(5)

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

• most efficient type

• typically used for

Department of Labor and Employment

• Less efficient than

Low Volume High

Department of Labor and Employment

• Should not be used

Department of Labor and Employment

Particulate-Emission Gaseous Emission-

• Air Filter • Thermal Oxidisers

Department of Labor and Employment

 Flammable and Packed Bed

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment