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Lecture 3
Lecture 3
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Lecture 3 Data is everywhere lets manage it!
Objectives
Some common uses of database systems.
Characteristics of file-based systems.
Problems with file-based approach.
Meaning of the term database.
Meaning of the term Database Management
System (DBMS).
Objectives
Typical functions of a DBMS.
Major components of the DBMS environment.
Personnel involved in the DBMS environment.
Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs
DBMS Architectures
Components of the DBMS
Environment
There are five major components: hardware,
software, data, procedures, and people.
Hardware
Needed for DBMS and the applications to run on.
Can range from a single personal computer, to a single
mainframe, to a network of computers.
Depends on the organization’s requirements and the DBMS used.
A DBMS requires a minimum amount of main memory and disk
space to run, but this minimum may not give acceptable
performance.
The frontend is the part of the DBMS that interfaces with the
user. This is called client-server architecture: the backend is the
server and the frontends are the clients.
Software
Made up of DBMS software and the application
programs, together with operating system, including
network software if the DBMS is being used over a
network.
Application programs may be written using a
fourth-generation language like SQL embedded in
a third generation language
Data
From the end-users’ point of view data is the most
important component of the DBMS environment.
Data is the bridge between the machine components
and human components.
The database contains both the operational data and
the metadata (“data about data”).
The structure of the database is called the schema.
Procedures
Procedures are instructions and rules that govern the design and use
of the database.
Documented procedures on how to run the system are required by
the users of the system and the staff that manage the database.
Procedures may consist of instructions on how to:
log on to the DBMS;
use a particular DBMS facility or application program;
start and stop the DBMS;
change the structure of a table.
People
There are four distinct types of people:
Data and database administrators,
Database designers,
Application developers,
End-users.
Data and Database Administrators
They deal with the management and control of a DBMS and its data.
The Data Administrator (DA) is responsible for the management of
the data resource including
database planning,
development and maintenance of standards,
policies and procedures,
and conceptual/logical database design.
This person consults with and advises senior managers so that the
database development will support corporate objectives.
DBA
The Database Administrator (DBA) is responsible for the
physical realization of the database,
including physical database design and implementation,
security and integrity control, maintenance of the
operational system,
ensuring satisfactory performance of the application for
users.
Some organizations have one person performing both
roles.
Database Designers
Large database design projects have two types of
designer
Logical database designer: identifies the data (the
entities and attributes), the relationships between the
data, and the constraints on the data that is to be
stored in the database.
Physical database designer: decides how the logical
database design is to be physically realized.
Application Programmers
People who implement the application programs that
provide the required functionality for the end-users.
Usually application developers work from a
specification produced by systems analysts.
Each program contains statements that request the
DBMS to perform some operations on the database
including retrieving data, inserting, updating, and
deleting data.
End Users
End-users are the “clients” for the database, which has been designed and
implemented, and is being maintained to serve their information needs.
End-users can be classified according to the way they use the database
system:
Naïve users: access database through specially written application
programs that attempt to make the operations as simple as possible.
Sophisticated users: knows the structure of the database and facilities
offered by the DBMS. May use a high-level query language like SQL to
perform the required operations or may even write application programs
for their own use.
Advantages of DBMSs
Control of data redundancy
Data consistency
More information from the same amount of data
Sharing of data
Improved data integrity
Improved security
Enforcement of standards
Economy of scale
Advantages of DBMSs
Balance of conflicting requirements
Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
Increased productivity
Improved maintenance through data independence
Increased concurrency
Improved backup and recovery services
Disadvantages of DBMSs
Complexity
Size
Cost of DBMSs
Additional hardware costs
Cost of conversion
Performance
High impact of failure
Functions of DBMS
Data Storage, Retrieval, and Update.
A User-Accessible Catalog.
Transaction Support.
Concurrency Control Services.
Recovery Services.
Authorization Services.
Support for Data Communication.
Integrity Services.
Services to Promote Data Independence.
Utility Services.
Disadvantages of DBMSs
Complexity
Size
Cost of DBMSs
Additional hardware costs
Cost of conversion
Performance
High impact of failure
Functions of DBMS
Data Storage, Retrieval, and Update.
A User-Accessible Catalog.
Transaction Support.
Concurrency Control Services.
Recovery Services.
Authorization Services.
Support for Data Communication.
Integrity Services.
Services to Promote Data Independence.
Utility Services.
System Catalog
Repository of information (metadata) describing the
data in the database.
One of the fundamental components of DBMS.
Typically stores:
names, types, and sizes of data items;
constraints on the data;
names of authorized users;
data items accessible by a user and the type of access;
usage statistics.
Labs Work Basics.
Oracle 10g
Installation
Overview
SQL basics
Basics of SQL (DML)
List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements
Execute a basic SELECT statement
Select Statement (conti..)
Select Statement
Exercise
Persons
..
..
Select person living in city Islamabad.
Any question!
See you in Next Class !