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Full Download PDF of (Ebook PDF) Understanding Human Differences: Multicultural Education For A Diverse America 5th Edition All Chapter
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Contents
Preface xvii
SECTION 1
Individual Attitudes and Interpersonal Relations
vii
SECTION 2
Cultural Foundations of Oppression
in the United States
SECTION 3
Contemporary Dilemmas for Intergroup Relations
What examples of violence against LGBT people have been reported? 241
What are some myths about homosexuality? 242
Institutional Heterosexism 245
Is the demand for LGBT rights really a demand for special privileges? 245
How can LGBT people be discriminated against if they don’t reveal their sexual identity? 247
Why do same-sex couples want legal recognition for domestic partnerships? 247
If domestic partnerships were recognized throughout the United States, would same-sex couples
still want to get married? 248
Are LGBT couples good parents? 249
Why have gay men and lesbians always been excluded from military service? 249
Why should LBGT people be encouraged to become teachers? 251
Afterword 251 • Summary 252 • Terms and Definitions 252 • Discussion Exercises 253
SECTION 4
The Challenge of Diversity to American Institutions
References 327
Index 357
• Addition of Learning Outcomes that frame the content of the chapters and tie
to each major section, and summary statements at the end of each chapter that
highlight the important issues addressed in sections of the chapter
xvii
• Reorganization of the content in Chapters 4 and 11, creating a clearer and more
logical presentation of the information
• New coverage of recent developments at the U.S./Mexican border concerning
the illegal entry of thousands of children from Central America and Mexico
• Expanded content on conflict and conflict resolution in K–12 schools, including
why these schools are abandoning zero tolerance policies and how restorative
justice is being implemented to provide a more equitable discipline strategy
• Examination of recent research on perceptions of one’s own body image and of
ideal body images for both men and women
• New coverage of age discrimination in the LGBT community
• New coverage of how schools make accommodations for students with a disabil-
ity to participate in K–12 sports
• Updated coverage of content on transgender issues such as the new challenge to
the military to allow transgender soldiers to openly serve their country
• New coverage on issues of racism at colleges and universities
• Expanded coverage of myths about people on welfare
• Descriptions of recent developments in economic discrimination against youth
• New strategies for using digital learning to enhance multicultural education ap-
proaches in K–12 schools
e-Text Enhancements
This book is available as an enhanced Pearson e-Text with the following features:
• Video Margin Notes are available throughout the fifth edition. Two to three
videos are included in most chapters. In these videos, students will listen to
experts, watch footage of diverse classrooms, listen to teachers and students
from diverse classrooms and watch videos that challenge biased behaviors and
attitudes. Videos are accompanied by reflective questions.
• Check Your Understanding Quizzes align with learning outcomes and ap-
pear as a link at the end of every major section of each chapter in the e-text
edition. Using multiple choice and short answer response questions, the quizzes
allow readers to test their knowledge of the concepts, research, strategies, and
practices discussed in each section.
Students should benefit from exploring all of these issues because each is relevant
to today’s society as well as the future society that they may influence. The first step
in problem solving is to understand why a problem exists and how it is perpetuated;
with that understanding, a person or a community, a state or a nation can implement
solutions to address root causes of persistent problems. Consistent with this book’s
first four editions, the additional content offers information to enable students to un-
derstand problems or issues in society in order to find solutions, or in some cases to
describe solutions that have been proposed or implemented.
These features are only available in the Pearson e-Text, available exclusively
from www.pearsonhighered.com/etextbooks or by ordering the Pearson e-Text plus
Loose-Leaf Version (ISBN 0134044312) or the Pearson eText Access Code Card (ISBN
0133949710).
Organization/The Conceptual
Framework for this Book
Understanding human differences is an ongoing challenge. Initially, scholars focused
on individual attitudes and behaviors; later, they described the influence of cultural expec-
tations in shaping individual attitudes. Finally, scholars addressed institutional policies
and practices in which either discrimination was intentional against minority groups or
it was an unintentional outcome. Vega (1978) describes a conceptual framework in-
corporating these three elements to understand human differences and the oppression
1. Cultural norms and standards influence and are reinforced by individual atti-
tudes and behaviors and institutional policies and procedures.
2. Individual attitudes and behaviors influence and are reinforced by cultural
norms and standards and by institutional policies and procedures.
3. Institutional policies and procedures influence and are reinforced by cultural
norms and standards and individual attitudes and beliefs.
The four sections of this book that relate to the conceptual framework are as
follows.
chapter of this section describes how those who are pluralism advocates are
engaged in efforts to reject this historical pattern of discrimination, but as the
following section illustrates, discrimination remains a problem in our society.
Section 3 • Section 3 describes interrelationships among culture, individuals, and insti-
tutions to produce discrimination based on race, gender, social class, sexual
orientation, and disability, with institutional issues being a major focus of this
section.
Section 4 • Section 4 addresses changes that have been implemented to reduce levels of
individual prejudice and institutional discrimination, focusing on major institu-
tions in our society such as K–12 schools, the federal government, higher educa-
tion, business, the media, and the military; their pluralistic policies and practices
are designed to benefit from the diversity that exists in our society. This concep-
tual framework helps us to appreciate the changes that are occurring, but also
the ongoing issues that illustrate how much farther we have to go.
Discussion Exercises
To reinforce the inquiry approach, exercises for group discussion are provided at the
end of each chapter to examine serious ethical questions. Based on specific issues, ac-
tivities encourage readers to reflect on and discuss aspects of issues that involve ethical
or moral dilemmas. The exercises are not designed to manipulate readers into find-
ing a “politically correct” solution; rather, they enable students to hear the variety of
responses from others and appreciate the complexity of individual, institutional, and
cultural issues in America today.
this book is not necessarily intended to change reader values, but to challenge attitudes
based on incomplete or erroneous information (see Chapter 1 for a description of the
difference between values and attitudes). Diversity brings benefits as well as challenges,
but the surest way to enjoy the benefits is to meet the challenges with a firm founda-
tion of knowledge and insight that is based on research from all behavioral sciences.
Once students have read this textbook, the primary goal will be realized if they have
gained a better understanding of the issues addressed. Whether or not that is accompa-
nied by changes in attitudes is up to each individual; and there is an Attitude Inventory
in the Instructor’s Manual that accompanies this text. Your instructor may ask for your
cooperation in taking this inventory before, during, or on completion of the course.
The intent of this book is to clarify our understanding of human differences and
the role they play in interpersonal and intergroup relations. The Vega conceptual
framework allows us to recognize how the interlocking circles of cultural biases, in-
dividual attitudes and actions, and institutional policies and practices have produced
inequities that continue to polarize and all too often prevent Americans from achiev-
ing ideals first expressed over two centuries ago when dreamers imagined a radical
new concept: a nation where each person would be given the freedom to be whoever
he or she wanted to be.
TestGen (0133949753)
Test Gen is a powerful test generator available exclusively from Pearson Education
publishers. You install TestGen on your personal computer (Windows or Macintosh)
and create your own tests for classroom testing and for other specialized delivery op-
tions, such as over a local area network or on the web. A test bank, which is also called
a Test Item File (TIF), typically contains a large set of test items, organized by chapter
and ready for your use in creating a test based on the associated book material.
The tests can be downloaded in the following formats:
Acknowledgments
I want to thank Alison Leonard for her research and writing on the topic of the
Common Core State Standards for Chapter 13, and for assisting with resources for
the e-Text. I am grateful to Greg Wegner for his contributions to the Ageism section
of Chapter 9, and Robin DiAngelo for her contributions to content on Individual and
Cultural Racism in Chapter 8 and Culturally Responsive Teaching in Chapter 13. I also
want to extend a special thanks to Jan Koppelman for her assistance on numerous
aspects of revising this textbook and improving both content and illustrations. I am
grateful to my editor Max Chuck for her advice and assistance, and I am apprecia-
tive of the work done by my copyeditor Kathy Smith who has worked so diligently
on every edition of this book since the first one. Thanks also to the reviewers for
this edition: Ilene Allgood, Florida Atlantic University; Colleen Coughlin, Davenport
University; Judith A. Hakes, Angelo State University; Stephen D. Hancock, University
of North Carolina at Charlotte; Dr. Richard Robertson, St. Ambrose University; and
Winston Vaughan, Xavier University.
Individual Institutions
1
Understanding Ourselves
and Others: Clarifying Values
and Language
“May you live in interesting times” is a Chinese curse. It implies that life is easier
and more enjoyable when nothing out of the ordinary or controversial happens.
As Americans in this complex, multicultural society, we certainly live in interesting
times. Is it the best of times or the worst of times? Like the question about whether
the glass is half empty or half full, the answer is the same: It’s a personal decision. We
can choose to be engaged in the challenges and opportunities of diversity issues, or we
can retreat and resign ourselves to an attitude of indifference or even despair. Because
America is not only a diverse society but also a democratic one, we have the freedom
to choose our perceptions, assumptions, and behaviors.
If we take Spinoza’s quote seriously, we need to understand all kinds of diversity—
including opinions, appearances, values, and beliefs—as well as the categories of race,
ethnicity, social class, gender, sexual orientation, and disability. The study of hu-
man diversity obviously requires an examination of social groups that encounter dis-
crimination. However, in addition to focusing on the sociocultural differences among
groups, we must also acknowledge the importance of individual differences. Each of
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