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9 Audit Evidence 247
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 247
Audit Evidence and Associated Decisions: Nature of Evidence 249
Audit Evidence Decisions 249
Persuasiveness of Evidence 251
Reliability 252
Types of Audit Evidence 255
Analytical Procedures 264
Using Analytical Procedures as Substantive Tests 270
Documentation 272
Preparation of Working Papers 275
Effect of Technology on Audit Evidence and Audit Documentation 277
Professional Skepticism, Evidence, and Documentation 278
APPENDIX 9A: Common Financial Ratios 279
Summary 282
Review Questions 283
Multiple Choice Questions 283
Discussion Questions and Problems 284
Professional Judgment Problems and Cases 287
Research Activities 289
vi CONTENTS
viii CONTENTS
CONTENTS ix
x CONTENTS
Current Coverage
New auditing standards are released without regard to textbook revision cycles. As
auditing instructors, we appreciate how critical it is to have the most current content
available. This edition includes coverage of the most recent standards released and
highlights impending changes that have been announced by Canada’s Auditing and
Assurance Board—the most significant one being the changes to the auditors’ report.
xi
xii PREFACE
PREFACE xiii
Organization
This text is divided into four parts. The chapters are relatively brief and designed to be
easily read and comprehended by students.
xiv PREFACE
MyAccountingLab
MyAccountingLab delivers proven results in helping individual students succeed. It
provides engaging experiences that personalize, stimulate, and measure learning for
each student. And it comes from a trusted partner with educational expertise and an
eye on the future.
MyAccountingLab for the Canadian Thirteenth Edition of Auditing: The Art and
Science of Assurance Engagements includes many valuable assessments and study
tools to help students practise and understand key concepts from the text. Students
PREFACE xv
Student Resources
COURSESMART FOR STUDENTS CourseSmart goes beyond traditional expectations—
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can save time and study efficiently. See all the benefits at www.coursesmart.com/
students.
IMAGE LIBRARY The Image Library is an impressive resource that helps instructors
create vibrant lecture presentations. Almost all figures and tables in the text are included
and organized by chapter for convenience. These images can easily be imported into
Microsoft PowerPoint to create new presentations or to add to existing ones.
PEARSON CUSTOM LIBRARY For enrollments of at least 25 students, you can create
your own textbook by choosing the chapters that best suit your own course needs. To
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xvi PREFACE
PEARSON ETEXT Pearson eText gives students access to the text whenever and wher-
ever they have access to the Internet. eText pages look exactly like the printed text,
offering powerful new functionality for students and instructors. Users can create
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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the following individuals who contributed their time and energy
in sharing their opinions and best practices, and helped to make this book represen-
tative not only of sound theory but of the actual work done in the field of audit and
assurance:
Jane M. Bowen, FCPA, CPA University of Ontario Institute of Technology
Merridee Bujaki Carleton University
Bailey Church University of Ottawa, Telford School of Business
Yvonne Kwok DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University
Camillo Lento Lakehead University
Susan McCracken McMaster University
Wendy Popowich JR Shaw School of Business, Northern Alberta
Institute of Technology
Fred Pries University of Guelph
In addition, I thank all the editorial and production staff at Pearson Canada for putting
together a high-quality product, including Megan Farrell (acquisitions editor), Paul
Donnelly (developmental editor), and Susan Johnson (project manager).
Joanne C. Jones
We thank our families, who encourage and support us through the many hours of
writing, researching, and rewriting; our students, who also push us to think “out of the
box”; our colleagues, particularly Larry Yarmolinsky; and the numerous practitioners
who continue to keep us up to date with the ever-changing audit environment.
Joanne C. Jones
Bartosz Amerski
PREFACE xvii
xviii PREFACE
Who are auditors, and why are they important? These first four chapters
provide background for performing strategic financial statement audits,
which is our primary focus. This background will help you understand
why auditors perform audits the way they do.
Our book begins with a who’s who of assurance services and
describes the role of accountants, public accounting firms, and other
organizations in doing audits. The chapters in Part 1 emphasize the
regulation and control of public accounting through auditing and ethical
standards and discuss the legal responsibilities of auditors. We also
talk about audit reports, which are the final products of audits.
T
his chapter aims to answer a question: Who are auditors and why
are they important? Do you think that all auditors are accoun-
tants? Would you be surprised to learn that the answer is “no”?
In reality, auditors do not account for anything. If it is not yet clear what
this means, you will (hopefully) understand after reading this chapter.
You will learn about the purpose of auditing and why there is a demand
for auditing services, the many different kinds of auditors, and the vari-
ety of skills needed to be a good auditor.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1 Describe auditing.
2 Distinguish between auditing and accounting.
3 Explain the importance of auditing in reducing information risk.
4 List the causes of information risk, and explain how this risk can be reduced.
5 Identify major types of audits and auditors.
6 Describe assurance services provided by public accountants and distinguish the
audit of financial statements from other assurance and nonassurance services.
continued >
The next year, Fraser went further, tracking the flow of funds and assisting the RCMP. Foren-
sic auditors Kroll Lindquist Avey were hired as well. All concluded that fraud and corruption had
indeed incurred. There were breaches of the Financial Administration Act, Treasury Board and
departmental policies, overbilling, lack of competitive bidding for contracts, suspicious varia-
tions in hourly rates, and poor record management. In the end, several people were charged
with fraud and went to jail.
In addition to the various audits and investigations, the new prime minister, Paul Martin,
set up a commission to investigate the legal ramifications of the scandal. As a result of the
scandal, the government was toppled. An internet poll reported that 57 percent of Canadians
wanted Sheila Fraser to be the next prime minister! People admired her forthright and candid
manner and liked that she was checking on their behalf.
As you read through the chapter, consider the following questions:
● What is the role of auditing? (LO 1, 3)
● Why do organizations obtain audit and assurance services? (LO 3)
● What are the different types of audits? (LO 5, 6)
● What are the different types of auditors? (LO 5)
Sources: Benoit and Franks, “For want of a nail: The role of internal audit in the Sponsorship Scandal,” Restoring
Accountability Research Studies Volume 2: The Public Service and Transparency (Ottawa: Public Works and Govern-
ment Services Canada, 2006), pp. 233–304. Kenneth Dye, “Corruption and fraud detection by supreme audit institu-
tions,” in Anwar Shah (ed.), Performance Accountability and Combating Corruption (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank,
2007). John Gray, “Auditing the auditor general,” The Walrus (December 2010).
THIS opening vignette about Sheila Fraser and the Sponsorship Scandal illustrates
the importance of internal controls and the role of auditors in detecting fraud and cor-
ruption. It also provides examples of a wide variety of assurance services that auditors
can perform—compliance audits, fraud audits, internal audits, and forensic audits.
Who says that auditors are simply bean counters?
Auditing is both an art and a science. It takes a combination of the auditor’s pro-
fessional judgment and skepticism (the art) and knowledge of the rules and proce-
dures (the science) to perform a high-quality audit. The definition of auditing, below, Auditing—the accumulation
includes several key words and phrases (emphasis added). and evaluation of evidence
about information to determine
Auditing is the accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information to determine and report on the degree of
and report on the degree of correspondence between the information and established correspondence between the
criteria. Auditing should be done by a competent, independent person. information and established
criteria.
We will now look at each of these key phrases.
3
Report
The final stage in the audit process is the independent auditor’s report—the com- Independent auditor’s report—
munication of the audit findings to users. Reports differ in nature, but in all cases they the communication of audit
must inform readers of the degree of correspondence between the information and findings to users.
established criteria. Reports also differ in form and can vary from the auditor’s stan-
dard opinion usually associated with financial statements to a customized report in
the case of an audit of effectiveness of computer systems or an audit of the efficiency
of manufacturing operations.
Figure 1-1 summarizes the important ideas in the definition of auditing by illus-
trating an audit of an individual’s tax return by a Canada Revenue Agency auditor.
The objective is to determine whether the tax return was prepared in a manner
consistent with the requirements of the Income Tax Act. The auditor first considers
the potential risk of incorrect or fraudulent tax reporting by comparing the statis-
tics of the tax return with other tax returns and by considering factors such as the
taxpayer’s industry and past income. The auditor next examines supporting records
provided by the taxpayer and from other sources, such as the taxpayer’s employer
or bank. After completing the audit, the Canada Revenue Agency (www.cra-arc
.gc.ca) auditor will issue a report to the taxpayer assessing additional taxes, advis-
ing that a refund is due, or stating that there is no change in the status of his or
her return.
Information
Tax returns
Competent, filed
independent by taxpayer
person Accumulates and
evaluates evidence Reports on results
Canada
Examines bank Report on
Revenue Conducts risk Determines correspondence
statements and other tax overages or
Agency assessment
supporting records deficiencies
auditor
Established criteria
Income Tax
Act and
all interpretations
XII. But perhaps you think it is a dull task to read only religious
and moral books: but when God is your happiness; when you are not
afraid of the joys of eternity, you will think it a dull task to read any
other books. Don’t fancy therefore that your heart is right, tho’ you
had rather read books upon other subjects; for it is there that you are
to charge your dullness: religion has no hold of you; the things of
eternity are not the concerns of your mind; it is dull and tiresome to
you to be wise and pious; and that makes it a dull task to read only
books that treat upon such subjects. When it is the care of your soul
to be humble, holy, pious, and heavenly minded; when you know any
thing of the guilt and misery of sin, or feel a real desire of salvation,
you will find religious books to be the greatest feast and joy of your
mind.
XIII. You perhaps will say that you have so much spare time for
reading, that you think you need not employ it at all in reading good
books. It may be so; you may have also more time than you need
devote to offices of charity; but will you thence conclude, that you
may then do things contrary to charity, and indulge yourself in spight
and mischief?
*If you have every day more time than you can employ in
reading, meditation and prayer; if this time hangs upon your hands,
and cannot be turned to any advantage; let me desire you to go to
sleep or pick straws; for it is much better to do this, than to have
recourse to corrupt and impertinent books. Time lost in sleep, or in
picking straws, is better lost than in such exercises of the mind.
Consider farther, that idle and spare time calls for the greatest care
and watchfulness; so that to have recourse then to evil and
impertinent books, is like inviting the devil because you are alone. If
you could read ill books when you are in haste, or in a hurry of other
matters, it would do you much less harm than to read them because
your time hangs upon your hands. That very season which you take
to be an excuse for such reading, is the strongest argument against
it, because evil thoughts and vain subjects have twice the effect, and
make double impressions when they are admitted at times of leisure
and idleness.
XV. *But, after all, what a vain imagination is it to think that you
have any such thing as spare time? Is there any time for which you
are not accountable to God? Is there any time which God has so left
to your own disposal that you may sacrifice it to the indulgence of
vain tempers, and the corruption of your heart? You can no more
shew this than you can shew, that all your time is your own. To talk,
therefore of spare time, is to talk of something that never did nor
ever will belong to any Christian. You may have a spare time from
this or that labour, or necessity, you may abate or change any
particular exercise, you may take this or that refreshment; you have
all these spare times from particular actions, but you have no spare
time that releases you from the laws of Christianity, or that leaves
you at liberty not to act by the principles of religion and piety.
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