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Anthony Croft and Robert Davison
Foundation
Maths SEVENTH EDITION
Contents
Preface xv
Publisher’s acknowledgements xvii
List of videos xix
Mathematical symbols xxi
Using mathematical and statistical computer software and apps in
Foundation Maths xxiii
1
Arithmetic of whole numbers 1
1.1 Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division 1
1.2 The BODMAS rule 5
1.3 Prime numbers and factorisation 7
1.4 Highest common factor and lowest common multiple 10
Test and assignment exercises 1 14
2 Fractions 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Expressing a fraction in equivalent forms 16
2.3 Addition and subtraction of fractions 19
2.4 Multiplication of fractions 22
2.5 Division by a fraction 24
Test and assignment exercises 2 25
3 Decimal numbers 26
3.1 Decimal numbers 26
3.2 Significant figures and decimal places 30
Test and assignment exercises 3 33
4 Percentage and ratio 34
4.1 Percentage 34
4.2 Ratio 40
Test and assignment exercises 4 43
5 Algebra 45
5.1 What is algebra? 45
5.2 Powers or indices 47
5.3 Substitution and formulae 51
Test and assignment exercises 5 54
6 Indices 55
6.1 The laws of indices 55
6.2 Negative powers 59
6.3 Square roots, cube roots and fractional powers 62
Sets 13 144
13.1 Terminology 144
13.2 Sets defined mathematically 147
13.3 Venn diagrams 150
13.4 Number sets 153
Challenge Exercise 13 154
Test and assignment exercises 13 156
14 Number bases 157
14.1 The decimal system 157
14.2 The binary system 158
14.3 Octal system 161
14.4 Hexadecimal system 164
Challenge Exercise 14 167
Test and assignment exercises 14 167
15 Elementary logic 168
15.1 Logic and propositions 168
15.2 Symbolic logic 169
15.3 Truth tables 172
Test and assignment exercises 15 178
16 Functions 179
16.1 Definition of a function 179
16.2 Notation used for functions 180
16.3 Composite functions 185
16.4 The inverse of a function 187
Challenge Exercise 16 189
Test and assignment exercises 16 189
17 Graphs of functions 191
17.1 The x–y plane 191
17.2 Inequalities and intervals 193
17.3 Plotting the graph of a function 196
17.4 The domain and range of a function 200
17.5 Solving equations using graphs 204
17.6 Solving simultaneous equations graphically 207
Challenge Exercises 17 212
Test and assignment exercises 17 212
18 The straight line 214
18.1 Straight line graphs 214
18.2 Finding the equation of a straight line from its graph 218
18.3 Gradients of tangents to curves 222
Challenge Exercise 18 226
Test and assignment exercises 18 226
19 The exponential function 227
19.1 Exponential expressions 227
19.2 The exponential function and its graph 230
19.3 Solving equations involving exponential terms using a
graphical method 233
Vectors 26 331
26.1 Introduction to vectors and scalars 331
26.2 Multiplying a vector by a scalar 332
26.3 Adding and subtracting vectors 333
26.4 Representing vectors using Cartesian components 336
26.5 The scalar product 342
Challenge Exercise 26 345
Test and assignment exercises 26 345
27 Matrices 348
27.1 What is a matrix? 348
27.2 Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices 350
27.3 The inverse of a 2 * 2 matrix 356
27.4 Application of matrices to solving simultaneous equations 360
Challenge Exercises 27 362
Test and assignment exercises 27 362
28 Complex numbers 364
28.1 Introduction to complex numbers 364
28.2 Real and imaginary parts of a complex number 365
28.3 Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of complex numbers 367
28.4 Representing complex numbers graphically – the Argand diagram 372
28.5 Modulus, argument and the polar form of a complex number 373
28.6 The exponential form of a complex number 378
Challenge Exercises 28 382
Test and assignment exercises 28 382
29 Tables and charts 383
29.1 Introduction to data 383
29.2 Frequency tables and distributions 385
29.3 Bar charts, pie charts, pictograms and histograms 391
Test and assignment exercises 29 401
30 Statistics 404
30.1 Introduction 404
30.2 Averages: the mean, median and mode 404
30.3 The variance and standard deviation 411
Challenge Exercises 30 416
Test and assignment exercises 30 417
31 Probability 419
31.1 Introduction 419
31.2 Calculating theoretical probabilities 420
31.3 Calculating experimental probabilities 423
31.4 Independent events 424
Challenge Exercise 31 426
Test and assignment exercises 31 426
32 Correlation 428
32.1 Introduction 428
32.2 Scatter diagrams 429
32.3 Correlation coefficient 433
Solutions529
Index607
Text credit(s):
xxii Advisory Committee on Mathematics Education: Mathematical Needs:
Mathematics in the workplace and in Higher Education, June 2011. Advisory
Committee on Mathematics Education.
Photo credit(s):
xxiii xxiv 9 13 87 88 109 295 297 298 341 344 353 354 358 377 464 476 502
GeoGebra: Screenshot of GeoGebra © GeoGebra 2019 199 206 211 264 293
294 438 441 430 448 Microsoft Corporation: Screenshot of Microsoft Excel
© Microsoft 2019.
The following table lists the videos which accompany selected exercises and examples in the
book. You can view the videos at go.pearson.com/uk/he/resources
Name Reference
Substitution of a value into a quadratic expression Exercise 5.3 Q13
Simplification of expressions requiring use of the first law of indices Exercise 6.1 Q8
Simplification of expressions requiring use of the second and third laws of indices Exercise 6.1 Q10
Simplification of expressions with negative powers Exercise 6.2 Q4
Removing the brackets from expressions 1 Example 7.18
Removing the brackets from expressions 2 Example 7.24
Factorising a quadratic expression 1 Example 8.6
Factorising a quadratic expression 2 Example 8.12
Simplifying an algebraic fraction 1 Example 9.4
Simplifying an algebraic fraction 2 Example 9.8
Simplifying the product of two algebraic fractions Example 9.19
Simplifying products and quotients of algebraic fractions Exercise 9.3 Q4
Adding algebraic fractions 1 Example 9.26
Adding algebraic fractions 2 Example 9.27
An example of partial fractions Example 9.30
Another example of partial fractions Example 9.31
Transposition of a formula Example 10.7
Solving simultaneous equations by elimination Example 11.6
Solving a quadratic equation by factorisation Example 11.10
Solving a quadratic equation using a formula Example 11.16
+ plus
- minus
{ plus or minus
* multiply by
# multiply by
, divide by
= is equal to
K is identically equal to
≈ is approximately equal to
≠ is not equal to
7 is greater than
⩾ is greater than or equal to
6 is less than
⩽ is less than or equal to
∈ is a member of set
e universal set
t intersection
d union
∅ empty set
A complement of set A
⊆ subset
ℝ all real numbers
ℝ+ all numbers greater than 0
-
ℝ all numbers less than 0
ℤ all integers
ℕ all positive integers
ℂ all complex numbers
ℚ rational numbers
q irrational numbers
6 therefore
∞ infinity
e the base of natural logarithms (2.718 …)
ln natural logarithm
log logarithm of base 10
a sum of terms
1 integral
dy
dx derivative of y with respect to x
p ‘pi’ ≈ 3.14159
¬ negation (not)
¿ conjunction (and)
¡ disjunction (or)
S implication
Foundation Maths has been written for students taking further and higher educa-
tion courses who have not specialised in mathematics on post-16 qualifications
and who need to use mathematics or statistics in their courses. Our intentions
are to provide a thorough, carefully-paced foundation in the mathematical meth-
ods needed for success, to develop understanding and to build confidence.
1
ACME is the The Royal Society Advisory Committee on Mathematics Education, a distinguished
body advising on mathematics education policy, www.acme-uk.org
Author: J. G. Lemaistre
Language: English
ROUGH SKETCH
OF
MODERN PARIS.
G. Woodfall, Printer,
Paternoster row.
ROUGH SKETCH
OF
MODERN PARIS;
OR,
LETTERS
ON
SOCIETY, MANNERS, PUBLIC CURIOSITIES, AND
AMUSEMENTS,
IN THAT CAPITAL,
WRITTEN DURING THE LAST TWO MONTHS OF 1801 AND THE FIRST
FIVE OF 1802.
BY J. G. LEMAISTRE, ESQ.
SECOND EDITION.
Voltaire.
Idem.
LONDON.
PRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON, IN ST. PAUL’S CHURCHYARD;
1803.
PREFACE.
In june, 1801, while the war between England and France still
continued, I obtained his majesty’s license to visit the latter country,
in order to ascertain my claims to a legacy left me at Paris. A french
passport was likewise necessary; and such were the difficulties
which occurred, that, notwithstanding repeated applications to M.
Otto on the subject, the instrument in question was not yet arrived,
when, on the first of October, an extraordinary gazette announced
the joyful intelligence of the signature of preliminary articles of
peace. The jealousy of the french government ceased with the war;
and, three days after its termination, I received the long expected
passport.
Being one of the first englishmen who arrived in France, after a
war big with such unparallelled events, I determined to keep a
journal of my proceedings. The object which, at first, induced me to
do so, was simply to gratify the curiosity of an intimate friend, who
had charged me, on leaving England, to forward to him, by every
opportunity, detailed accounts pf modern France. Of my
correspondence, thus begun, I took regular copies; and, on perusing
the materials which I had been able to collect, it afterwards occurred
to me, that some of these letters might become not totally
uninteresting to the public, if formed into a less objectionable shape,
and freed from the many little occurrences, which they originally
contained, and which only related personally either to my friend or
myself. From this collection I have accordingly culled the following
letters. I offer them to my readers, as conveying not a studied view of
society and manners, but a rough landscape, drawn by the untutored
hand of an inexperienced artist. If the sketch should happen to
please, the merit will be less in the execution than in the subject; if it
fail, the fault will be in the pencil, and not in the accuracy of the
drawer.
To divest myself, as much as possible, from every prejudice, has
been a duty which I have strictly endeavoured to fulfil; yet I fear, such
is the effect of early habit, that many marks will still be discovered of
national predilection. I beg leave, as a check against faults of this
kind, which I may have involuntarily committed, to request my reader
to remember, that the observations now laid before him, are those of
a man accustomed to english opinions, english society, and english
manners. In judging of another country, a foreigner cannot help
making a comparison between what he has known at home add
what he sees abroad. In doing so, the partiality, which he naturally
entertains for his own customs, may lead him to condemn, as faults,
what may be simply deviations from the former. That such is the
general bias of the human mind, I am fully aware, and I cannot flatter
myself that mine has escaped it. This consideration must plead my
excuse with the french, if I should sometimes appear severe; and the
same ought to prevent my countrymen from placing too implicit a
confidence in my judgments, where it may be my misfortune to
condemn. My hand has faithfully drawn what my eye beheld; but the
sight may be jaundiced, and, in that case the picture will be incorrect.
To conclude—The intention of this work being simply to describe
the internal situation of the french capital, all religious and political
discussions will be avoided. The causes, events, and consequences
of a revolution, which has no parallel in history, I leave to abler and
more experienced writers. To point out to strangers the objects most
interesting at Paris, to convey some previous information to those
who intend going thither, and to lay before such as are prevented, by
their other occupations, from undertaking the journey, an account of
the pleasures, festivals, buildings, and mode of living in that
metropolis, is the task I have undertaken, a task which, however
comparatively humble, is neither useless nor unimportant. Had it
fallen into other hands, the public would feel the truth of this remark.
As it is, I fear they will easily discover, that the subject deserved an
abler pen.
THE AUTHOR.
PREFACE
TO THE SECOND EDITION.
The first edition of this work appeared anonymously. Its rapid sale
and the favourable manner in which “The Rough Sketch,” has been
received induce the Author, as a mark of respect and gratitude to an
indulgent Public, to affix, his name to this second impression. In
doing so, he begs leave to apologize for the typographical errors
found in the first edition, and which he can only correct in that which
is now issued, by means of an errata. These faults may, perhaps, be
pardoned, when it is known that the Author was in the most distant
part of Italy at the time of the first publication, and that most of the
sheets which compose the present impression, were struck off
previously to his return.
In reading the following pages the Public will also have the
goodness to remember the period at which they were written. When
the Author speaks of Bonaparte, he speaks of him in other days. In
May, 1802, when these letters were concluded, the First Consul was
the elected first magistrate of France, the professed friend of
England, and the acknowledged pacificator of Europe. He had not at
that time overturned the form of government which he had solemnly
sworn to maintain, by assuming for life the reins of power. He had
not then violated the laws of nations and the rights of a free, virtuous,
and independent people by the subjugation of Switzerland. He had
not then insulted his Majesty and the British nation in the person of
our ambassador. He had not yet dared to ask for changes in the
most valuable and purest parts of our excellent constitution, nor had
he sunk the dignity of his character by a conversation which at once
betrayed his vanity, rashness, and unbounded ambition. In one word,
the laurels of Marengo were yet unfaded. He was then a great man.
Without enquiring what he now is, one may be permitted to apply to
him what Virgil said of the Trojan hero after his defeat:
⸺Heu quantum mutatus ab illo
Hectore, qui redit exuvias indutus Achillis!
LETTER I.
Reflections on landing at Calais.—Custom house officers,
municipality, commissaires, Dessein’s, theatre.—
Montreuil.—L’hôtel d’Angleterre at Amiens.—Chantilly.
—State of the roads.—Difficulty of getting lodgings at
Paris.—M. Peregaux. p. 1.
LETTER II.
The palace and gardens of the Thuilleries.—The Louvre.—
The musée central des arts, or picture gallery.—Maria
Cosway.—Gallery of antiquities.—Apollo Belvidere.—
Laocoon.—List of pictures. p. 10.
LETTER III.
The fête of the 18th of brumaire in honour of the
preliminaries, and of the anniversary of the consular
government.—Apathy of the people.—Fireworks.—
Accident which happened to an english gentleman.—
Postscript.—The death of the gentleman last named. p. 40.
LETTER IV.
State of society at Paris.—The three sets, l’ancienne
noblesse, the governmental class, and les parvenus
ou nouveaux riches.—Description of a house
belonging to one of the latter. p. 53.
LETTER V.
Opening of the legislative body.—Election of the president.
—Lord Cornwallis.—Reflections of the people in the
gallery. p. 63.
LETTER VI.
The abbé Sicard, and the institution in behalf of the deaf
and dumb.—His favourite pupil, Massieu.—
Examination of a young woman, who had become deaf
at six years old.—Reflections on the establishment. p. 69.
LETTER VII.
A thé or evening party.—French remarks on Shakspeare
and Mr. Fox.—Dullness and pedantry of parisian
society. p. 74.
LETTER VIII.
Bonaparte.—The monthly review or parade in the court of
the Thuilleries. p. 81.
LETTER IX.
The tribunate.—Speech of Portalis on presenting the code
civil in the corps législatif.—Debate in the tribunate on
the same subject. p. 87.
LETTER X.
Bal des étrangers, (a public subscription ball).—Thinness
of the ladies’ dresses. p. 92.
LETTER XI.
New year’s day.—The Palais royal. p. 98.
LETTER XII.
L’institution des travaux des aveugles, or establishment for
the support and employment of the blind.—Their
different occupations.—The plate glass manufactory.—
Description of another meeting at the hospital of the
deaf and dumb.—Massieu taught galvanism and
stenography. p. 103.
LETTER XIII.
The young savage, or wild boy of Aveyron.—His history.—
The state in which he was found, and the means used
to restore him to the use of his senses.—The success
with which these efforts have been attended. p. 109.
LETTER XIV.
Detailed account of all the theatres or spectacles. p. 116.
LETTER XV.
The play of Henry IV, read by le Texier. p. 133.
LETTER XVI.
Party at a fournisseur’s.—Ball at a ci-devant noble’s. p. 137.
LETTER XVII.
A play acted for the first time, called “Edouard en Ecosse,”
the hero of which was the english pretender, full of
royalist sentiments, performed twice, and highly
applauded; “God save the King,” played on the French
stage; plot of the play, which was forbidden on the third
day. p. 146.
LETTER XVIII.
The carnival.—Masks in all the streets.—Account of the
different characters, processions, &c.—Masqued ball
at the opera house. p. 152.
LETTER XIX.
Bonaparte’s audience.—His address to the english
gentlemen presented to him.—First appearance, this
season, of Vestris.—Madame de St—l’s concert. p. 158.
LETTER XX.
The antichamber of the Musée Central, now filled with an p. 166.
additional collection of fine pictures.—Account of the
wonderful recovery of some chefs-d’œuvre.—List of
pictures in this room.
LETTER XXI.
Bois de Boulogne.—Account of that promenade.—Order of
the police against english footmen wearing laced
cocked hats.—Cannon fired in honour of the definitive
treaty.—Illuminations in the evening.—Little effect
produced at Paris by the peace. p. 175.
LETTER XXII.
The palais du Luxembourg.—Théâtre d’Odéon.—The
pantheon or St. Généviève.—Tombs of Rousseau and
Voltaire. p. 181.
LETTER XXIII.
Concordat with the Pope ratified by the legislative body
after an eloquent speech by Lucien Bonaparte.—
Madame Bonaparte’s first drawing room.—Appearance
of Dehayes at the opera, after a long absence. p. 188.
LETTER XXIV.
Versailles.—St. Cloud.—Sèvre.—Petit Trianon.—Specimen
of an extravagant bill.—Curious trial.—St. Germain.—
Malmaison.—Waterworks of Marly. p. 192.
LETTER XXV.
Long Champ, account of that annual promenade, date of its
origin, and of the great preparations made this year for
attending it.—The bustle and gayety which it produced
at Paris. p. 205.
LETTER XXVI.
Te Deum sung at Notre Dame, in honour of the peace and p. 213.
the reestablishment of religion.—Military insolence.—
Account of the ceremony.—Illuminations in the
evening.—Indifference of the people.
LETTER XXVII.
Palais de Justice.—Account of the different tribunals or
courts of law. p. 222.
LETTER XXVIII.
The gardens and walks of Paris. p. 227.
LETTER XXIX.
The manufactory of Gobelins, the observatory, les Enfans
trouvés, Champ de Mars, les Invalides, and the temple
of Mars, containing the colours taken from different
nations, and the tomb of Turenne.—Le Musée des
Monumens françois, or collection of monuments.—List
of the most esteemed of these.—Note to this letter
contains the account of a dinner at the first consul’s. p. 235.
LETTER XXX.
General account of literary establishments at Paris.—
National library.—Manuscripts.—Memoirs of his own
times, by Lewis XIV.—Fac simile of a love letter of
Henry IV.—Cabinet of medals.—Cabinet of
engravings, &c.—Library of the Pantheon.—Mazarine
library.—Library of the Institute. Libraries of the senate,
the legislative body, and tribunate.—The Lycées, now
called les Athénées.—Admirable lectures given at one
of them.—Professors Fourcroy, Cuvier, and la Harpe.
—L’Institute national.—Jardin national des Plantes.—
Collection of birds, plants, fossils, and insects, in the
house attached to the Jardin des Plantes.—Cabinet de
l’École des Mines, à l’Hôtel des Monnoies.—Great
opportunities afforded at Paris of cultivating science
and literature in all their various branches. p. 249.
LETTER XXXI.
Calculation and estimate of expenses at Paris.—List of
hôtels, traiteurs, &c. p. 266.
LETTER XXXII.
General view of Paris, principally taken as compared with
London. p. 282.
A
ROUGH SKETCH
OF
MODERN PARIS.
LETTER I.
Reflections on landing at Calais.—Custom house officers, municipality,
commissaires, Dessein’s, theatre.—Montreuil.—L’hôtel d’Angleterre
at Amiens.—Chantilly.—State of the roads.—Difficulty of getting
lodgings at Paris.—M. Peregaux.
my dear sir,
At length, arrived in this celebrated city, I execute my promise in
commencing a correspondence, which, on my part, shall in future be
strictly confined to the curiosities of the place. As I have been only
three hours at Paris, I shall in this first letter speak of nothing but my
journey. On the 26th of october, I left the York house, at Dover, (of
which Payne is still the civil landlord); and embarking at one o’clock
on board a neutral vessel, which I was compelled to hire, no english
packet boat being yet allowed to enter the ports of France, found
myself, after a safe and pleasant passage, at four, on the continent.
Though I have before crossed the Channel, and in as rapid a
manner, I was forcibly struck by the wonderful and almost magical
change of situation which this short voyage had effected. Rising at
my usual hour, I had breakfasted, and walked about the streets of
Dover, surrounded by english faces and english customs. The sun
had not yet set, and I was now in a foreign country, and that country
so lately the enemy of mine, and the seat of such extraordinary and
many coloured events. I had changed a monarchical for a republican
government. I saw a different people, different dresses, and different
countenances, and I was subject to different laws, and different
customs.
As soon as the vessel entered the port of Calais, two custom
house officers came on board, in a military uniform (for every
fonctionnaire public has here a regimental dress); and, after taking
the names of the passengers, one of them retired, to make his report
at the municipality, while the other stayed to prevent our landing, till
the return of his companion. In the mean time, the jetée, or pier, was
crowded with spectators, the greater part of whom were military
men, of different ranks and different descriptions. They seemed
highly amused in staring at the dresses of the ladies, and in
examining the body of my carriage, which was hung on the deck of
the ship; while we were equally entertained with the great
moustaches of the grenadiers, the wooden shoes of the peasants,
and the close caps of the grisettes.
At length, monsieur de la Douaine returned. We were permitted to
touch the territory of the republic; and, conducted by a guard of
Bourgeois (who, in their dress, rather resembled the ragged
regiment of Terence, than the renowned warriors of France), we
proceeded to the custom house, from the custom house to the
municipality, and from the municipality to the commissaire’s.
After undergoing examinations at each of these offices, delivering
our passports, and giving up our pocket books and letters (which
were returned the following day), we were at last permitted to retire
to our inn, the tattered guard, which accompanied us from the ship,
having been previously dismissed. At six o’clock, I sat down to an
excellent dinner, at the celebrated hotel, formerly kept by Dessein,
who is now succeeded by his nephew, Quillacq, a very respectable
man, who met me at landing, and, with the utmost civility and
attention, took charge of my carriage, baggage, &c. I wished to have
set out the following morning for Paris, but I was informed that this
was impossible, as, though I brought with me a passport from M.
Talleyrand, it was necessary to have this exchanged for one of the
mayor of Calais, which latter could not be delivered till late the
following day. I accordingly passed tuesday in this town, which gave
me an opportunity of visiting the theatre, which is still at Dessein’s.
To the best of my recollection, there is no alteration in the building
since the war; and, from the darkness of the house, I am inclined to
think, that even the painting has not been changed. The actors are
not very good, yet better than the generality of our country
performers in England. The house was full, and the company well
dressed. In short, this amusement may be considered as a very
pleasant resource for travellers detained at Calais, either by contrary
winds, or by delays in the delivery of passports.
On wednesday morning, Mrs. ⸺ and myself proceeded with post
horses. We found the roads very bad, particularly near Boulogne;
and, if our conveyance had not been particularly easy, we should
have suffered very severely from the fatigues of the journey. It is
necessary to add, that numerous workmen were employed in every
part of the roads in repairing and amending them. Probably,
therefore, before next summer, the communication between the two
principal cities of Europe will be restored to its former excellence. At
present, the roads have rather the appearance of leading to some
deserted village, than to the capital of la grande nation. The post
horses are active and well-fed, their drivers civil, and the expense
moderate[1].
Though we left Calais at break of day, and did not stop either to
breakfast or to dine, we did not reach Montreuil, where we proposed
sleeping the first night, till sunset. Here we found excellent
accommodations, at the inn celebrated by Sterne. The house has,
indeed, nothing to recommend it, in point of outward show; and, in
this respect, differs entirely from the generality of french hotels: but if
comfortable beds, superiorly good cooking, and the smiling attention
of two very pretty girls, who act as waiters, are any attractions, I can
safely point out this inn, as one at which my countrymen will do right
to stop.
From Montreuil we proceeded the next day, through a fine country
and bad roads, to Amiens. The cultivation seemed good, and in the
villages through which we passed, the peasants were well clad. In
the towns, the number of beggars was as great as formerly. At every
post, we were surrounded with the old, the blind, and the lame; some
of whom, not satisfied with vociferating their complaints, actually
climbed up the springs of the carriage, and put their faces within the
windows, more effectually to draw our notice.
The waiters, post boys, and landlords, were every where
remarkably civil, and all expressed their joy at seeing once again
amongst them “les milords Anglais,” by which title they have not
forgotten to call, and to tax accordingly, all english travellers. The
people appear to me not only civil, but respectful, and infinitely more
so, than before the revolution. The reason is plain, the old noblesse
treated their inferiors with a degree of familiarity, which produced in
the latter a mode of speaking, that, to an english ear, seemed highly
offensive, but which the french permitted, because they could check
it at their pleasure. The loss of their rank has now compelled the
higher classes to command respect by a distance of manner, which
has of course produced a similar conduct in the persons beneath
them.
At Amiens, we drove to “l’hôtel d’Angleterre,” where we were
magnificently and miserably lodged. Fine rooms, superbly furnished;
windows and doors, which would neither keep out the rain nor wind;
bad fires, and a worse supper, formed the complete picture of a
french inn, and the colouring of extravagant charges was not
omitted.
Starved with cold and hunger we left Amiens by break of day, on
friday morning; and after travelling through a country, the beauty of
which increased every step with the increasing badness of the roads,
we at length reached Chantilly, not a little pleased at having escaped
the dangers of a broken neck. At the post office, which is a new inn,
built since the revolution, directly fronting the park of the ci-devant
château, we found good beds, and a comfortable supper, prepared
by the kind attention of some english friends, who had preceded us
on the road.
The following morning (the 30th), we visited the ruins of this once
magnificent spot. If we had had often reason, during our journey, to