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 Page v

contents in brief

List of Boxes xx
About the Author xxii
Preface xxiv

Par t 1 Introduction to Anthropology 1

1 WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? 1
2 CULTURE 17
3 APPLYING ANTHROPOLOGY 35

Par t 2 Biological Anthropology and Archaeology 54

4 DOING ARCHAEOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 54
5 EVOLUTION AND GENETICS 70
6 HUMAN VARIATION AND ADAPTATION 89
7 THE PRIMATES 105
8 EARLY HOMININS 125
9 THE GENUS HOMO 144
10 THE ORIGIN AND SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS 165
 11 THE FIRST FARMERS 185
12 THE FIRST CITIES AND STATES 206

Par t 3 Appreciating Cultural Diversity 229

13 METHOD AND THEORY IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 229
14 LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION 254
15 ETHNICITY AND RACE 276
16 MAKING A LIVING 297
17 POLITICAL SYSTEMS 320
18 GENDER 343
19 FAMILIES, KINSHIP, AND DESCENT 366
20 MARRIAGE 384
21 RELIGION 403
22 ARTS, MEDIA, AND SPORTS 422

Par t 4 The Changing World 446

23 THE WORLD SYSTEM, COLONIALISM, AND INEQUALITY 446
24 ANTHROPOLOGY’S ROLE IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD 468
Glossary 487
Bibliography 495
Index 519
 Page vi

contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Also Available from McGraw-Hill by Conrad Phillip Kottak
contents in brief
list of boxes
about the author
a letter from the author
Preface
Learn Without Limits
Acknowledgments
Connects

PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY

1 What Is Anthropology? 1

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 2
Human Diversity 2
Adaptation, Variation, and Change 3
Cultural Forces Shape Human Biology 4
General Anthropology 4
The Subdisciplines of Anthropology 6
Cultural Anthropology 6
Anthropological Archaeology 6
FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: World Events 7
Biological Anthropology 8
Linguistic Anthropology 8
Applied Anthropology 9
Anthropology and Other Academic Fields 10
Cultural Anthropology and Sociology 10
Anthropology and Psychology 11
The Scientific Method 12
Theories, Associations, and Explanations 12
Case Study: Explaining the Postpartum Taboo 12
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Anorexia Goes Global 14
The Value, and Limitations, of Science 15
Summary 15
Key Terms 16
Critical Thinking 16
Page vii
2 Culture 17

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 18
What Is Culture? 18
Culture Is Learned 19
Culture Is Symbolic 19
Culture Is Shared 20
Culture and Nature 20
Culture Is All-Encompassing 21
Culture Is Integrated 21
Culture Is Instrumental, Adaptive, and Maladaptive 22
Culture’s Evolutionary Basis 22
What We Share with Other Primates 23
How We Differ from Other Primates 23
Universality, Generality, and Particularity 24
Universals and Generalities 24
Particularity: Patterns of Culture 25
Culture and the Individual: Agency and Practice 26
Levels of Culture 26
Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, and Human Rights 27
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Who Owns Culture? 28
Mechanisms of Cultural Change 31
Globalization 31
Globalization: Its Meaning and Its Nature 32
Summary 33
Key Terms 34
Critical Thinking 34
3 Applying Anthropology 35

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 36
The Role of the Applied Anthropologist 37

Early Applications 37
Academic and Applied Anthropology 38
Applied Anthropology Today 38
Development Anthropology 39
Equity 40
Negative Equity Impact 40
Strategies for Innovation 40
Overinnovation 41
Underdifferentiation 41
Indigenous Models 42
Anthropology and Education 42
Urban Anthropology 43 44
Medical Anthropology 44 Page viii
Disease - Theory Systems 44
Scientific Medicine versus Western Medicine 46
Industrialization, Globalization, and Health 46
FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: The Deadliest Global Pandemic of Our Time 48
Anthropology and Business 49
Public and Applied Anthropology 49
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Culturally Appropriate Marketing 50
Careers and Anthropology 51
Summary 52
Key Terms 52
Critical Thinking 52

PART 2 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY

4 Doing Archaeology and Biological Anthropology 54

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 55
Research Methods in Archaeology and Biological Anthropology 56
Multidisciplinary Approaches 56
Studying the Past 58
Survey and Excavation 58
Kinds of Archaeology 60
Dating the Past 60
Relative Dating 61
Absolute Dating: Radiometric Techniques 61
Absolute Dating: Dendrochronology 62
Molecular Anthropology 63
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: All This from a Finger Bone? 63
Kinds of Biological Anthropology 65
Bone Biology 65
Anthropometry 66
Primatology 66
Doing Anthropology Right and Wrong: Ethical Issues 66
Ownership Issues 67
The Code of Ethics 67
Summary 68
Key Terms 68
Critical Thinking 69
5 Evolution and Genetics 70

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 71
Evolution 72
Natural History Before Darwin 72
Evolution: Theory and Fact 73
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Intelligent Design versus Evolutionary Theory 74
Genetics 75
Mendel’s Experiments 75
Independent Assortment and Recombination 78
The Role of DNA 78
Cell Division 79
Crossing Over 79
Population Genetics and Mechanisms of Genetic Evolution 80 80
Natural Selection 80 Page ix
Mutation 83
Random Genetic Drift 83
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Disease Evolution: A Case Study 84
Gene Flow 85
Microevolution, Macroevolution, and Extinction 85
Punctuated Equilibrium 86
Extinction 86
Summary 87
Key Terms 87
Critical Thinking 88
6 Human Variation and Adaptation 89

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 90
Race: A Discredited Concept in Biology 90
Races Are Not Biologically Distinct 92
Genetic Markers Don’t Correlate with Phenotype 93
The AAA Race Project 94
Human Biological Adaptation 95
Explaining Skin Color 95
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: What’s Wrong with Race? 96
Facial Features 99
Size and Body Build 100
Genes and Disease 100
FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: A Devastating Encounter in The Columbian Exchange 102
Lactose Tolerance 103
Summary 103
Key Terms 104
Critical Thinking 104
7 The Primates 105

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 106

Our Place among Primates 107
Homologies and Analogies 107
Primate Adaptations 109
The Primate Suborders 110
Monkeys 110
New World Monkeys 111
Old World Monkeys 112
Apes 112
Gibbons 112
Orangutans 113
Gorillas 114
Chimpanzees 115
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Should Apes Have Human Rights? 117
Bonobos 117
Behavioral Ecology and Fitness 118
Primate Evolution 118
Chronology 119
Early Primates 119
Early Cenozoic Primates 120
Oligocene Proto-monkeys 121
Miocene Hominoids 122 Page x

Later Miocene Apes 122

Pierolapithecus catalaunicus 123
Summary 123
Key Terms 124
Critical Thinking 124
8 Early Hominins 125

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 126

What Makes Us Human? 127
Bipedalism 127
Brains, Skulls, and Childhood Dependency 127
Tools 128
Teeth 128
Chronology of Hominin Evolution 128
Who Were the Earliest Hominins? 128
Sahelanthropus tchadensis 128
Orrorin tugenensis 130
Ardipithecus 130
Australopiths and Other Pliocene Hominins 131
Australopithecus anamensis 132
Australopithecus afarensis 132
Kenyanthropus 136
Gracile and Robust Australopithecines 137
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Au sediba: Ancestor or Fascinating Sideline? 138
Early Stone Tools 140
Surprisingly Early Stone Tools 141
Oldowan Hominins at the Kanjera Site 141
Summary 142
Key Terms 142
Critical Thinking 142
9 The Genus Homo 144

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 145

Early Homo 145
2015 Discoveries 145
H. rudolfensis 146
H. habilis and H. erectus 147
Out of Africa I: H. erectus 149
Paleolithic Tools 149
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: The Rising Stars of a South African Cave 150
Adaptive Strategies of H. erectus 152
The Evolution and Expansion of H. erectus 153
Middle Pleistocene Hominins 154
Ice Ages of the Pleistocene 155
H. heidelbergensis 155
The Neandertals 158
Cold-Adapted Neandertals 159
The Neandertals and Modern People 159
Life as a Neandertal 160
The Denisovans 161
Homo floresiensis 162
The Red Deer Cave People 163
Summary 163
Key Terms 164
Critical Thinking 164
Page xi
10 The Origin and Spread of Modern Humans 165

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 166

Modern Humans 166
Out of Africa: AMH Edition 166
“Mitochondrial Eve” and the Spread of AMHs 168
The Advent of Behavioral Modernity 169
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: In with the Old: The Evolutionary Importance of Grandparents 172
Advances in Technology 173
FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: Giant Steps toward Globalization 174
Glacial Retreat 174

Cave Art 175

Settling Australia 176

Settling the Americas 178
Peopling the Pacific 180
Summary 183
Key Terms 184
Critical Thinking 184
11 The First Farmers 185

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 186

The Mesolithic 187
The Neolithic 188
The First Farmers and Herders in the Middle East 188

Genetic Changes and Domestication 191

Food Production and the State 192
Other Old World Food Producers 192
The Neolithic in Africa 193
The Neolithic in Europe 194
The Neolithic in Asia 195
The First American Farmers 196
The Tropical Origins of New World Domestication 197
The Mexican Highlands 198
Explaining the Neolithic 199
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Global Climate Change and Political Threats to Sites 200
Geography and the Spread of Food Production 202
Costs and Benefits 203
Summary 204
Key Terms 205
Critical Thinking 205
Page xii
12 The First Cities and States 206

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 207

State Formation 207
Regulation of Hydraulic Economies 208
Regional Trade 208
Population, War, and Circumscription 208
The Urban Revolution 209
Attributes of States 210
State Formation in the Middle East 211

Urban Life 211

FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: The Seven Wonders of the World 212
The Elite Level 213
Social Ranking and Chiefdoms 214
Contrasts between Mesoamerican and Middle Eastern Chiefdoms 214
Advanced Chiefdoms 216
The Rise of the State 216
Other Early States 218
African States 220
State Formation in Mesoamerica 221
Early Chiefdoms and Elites 221
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: The Fantastic Claims of Pseudo-Archaeology 222
Warfare and State Formation: The Zapotec Case 223
States in the Valley of Mexico 224
Why States Collapse 225
The Maya Decline 226
Summary 227
Key Terms 227
Critical Thinking 228

PART 3 APPRECIATING CULTURAL DIVERSITY 229

13 Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology 229

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 230

Ethnography: Anthropology’s Distinctive Strategy 230
Ethnographic Techniques 231
Observation and Participant Observation 231
Conversation, Interviewing, and Interview Schedules 231
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Even Anthropologists Get Culture Shock 232
The Genealogical Method 234
Key Cultural Consultants 234
Life Histories 234
Problem-Oriented Ethnography 235
Longitudinal Research 235
Team Research 236
Ethnographic Perspectives 236
Emic and Etic 236
Expansion in Analytic Scale 237 Page xiii

Online Ethnography 237

Survey Research 238
Doing Anthropology Right and Wrong: Ethical Issues 239
The Code of Ethics 240
Anthropologists and Terrorism 240
Theory in Anthropology over Time 241
Nineteenth-Century Evolutionism 241
Historical Particularism 242
Functionalism 243
Configurationalism 245
Evolutionism Returns 245
Cultural Materialism 246
Cultural Determinism: Culturology, the Superorganic, and Social Facts 247
Symbolic and Interpretive Anthropology 247
Structuralism 248
Processual Approaches 249
World-System Theory and Political Economy 249
Culture, History, Power 251
Anthropology Today 251
Summary 252
Key Terms 253
Critical Thinking 253
14 Language and Communication 254

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 255

What Is Language? 255
Nonhuman Primate Communication 256
Call Systems 256
Sign Language 256
The Origin of Language 258
Nonverbal Communication 258
The Structure of Language 259
Language, Thought, and Culture 261
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 261
Focal Vocabulary 262
Meaning 262
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Words of the Year 263

Sociolinguistics 264
Linguistic Diversity within Nations 265
Gender Speech Contrasts 265
Language and Status Position 266
Stratification 266
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: I Wish They All Could Be California Vowels 268
African American Vernacular English (AAVE) 269
Historical Linguistics 270
Language, Culture, and History 273
Language Loss 273
Summary 274
Key Terms 275
Critical Thinking 275
Page xiv
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Transcriber’s Notes:
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