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 9. Many companies treat the various communication elements, such as advertising, sales promotions,
public relations, and so on, as virtually separate activities rather than integrated tools that work
together to achieve a common goal.

ANS: T PTS: 1

10. Interactive marketing communications, or simply IMC, is the philosophy and practice of carefully
coordinating a brand’s sundry marketing communications elements.

ANS: F PTS: 1

11. One reason firms have not practiced IMC is because different units within organizations have
specialized in separate aspects of marketing communications.

ANS: T PTS: 1

12. One reason firms have not practiced IMC is because outside suppliers, such as advertising, public
relations, and promotion agencies, have been reluctant to broaden their function beyond the one aspect
of marketing communications in which they have developed expertise and built their reputations.

ANS: T PTS: 1

13. In reality, IMC is little more than a management fad that is short lived.

ANS: F PTS: 1

14. Novice managers are more likely than experienced managers to practice IMC.

ANS: F PTS: 1

15. By closely integrating multiple communication tools and media, brand managers achieve duplicity,
which means multiple methods in combination with one another yield more positive communication
results than do the tools used individually.

ANS: F PTS: 1

16. The integrated marketing communication process starts by determining the strengths and weaknesses
of the marketer.

ANS: F PTS: 1

17. The IMC approach uses the “inside-out” approach in identifying communication vehicles.

ANS: F PTS: 1

18. The use of integrated marketing communications is restricted to the mass media.

ANS: F PTS: 1

19. The terms touch point and contact are used interchangeably to mean any message medium capable of
reaching target customers and presenting the brand in a favorable light.

ANS: T PTS: 1
20. Coordination of messages and media is absolutely critical to achieving a strong and unified brand
image and moving consumers to action.

ANS: T PTS: 1

21. A positioning statement is the key idea that encapsulates what a brand is intended to stand for in its
target market’s mind.

ANS: T PTS: 1

22. Successful marketing communication requires building relationships between brands and their
consumers/customers.

ANS: T PTS: 1

23. One thing that has not changed in marketing communication practices is the dependence on mass
media advertising.

ANS: F PTS: 1

24. The mixture of communications elements and the determination of messages, media, and momentum
are all fundamental decisions in the brand-level marcom decision process.

ANS: F PTS: 1

25. The various types of brand-level marcom decisions include fundamental decisions and implementation
decisions.

ANS: T PTS: 1

26. The objective of marketing communications is to enhance brand equity as a means of moving
customers to favorable action toward the brand.

ANS: T PTS: 1

27. A brand has no equity if consumers are unfamiliar with it.

ANS: T PTS: 1

28. Selection of target segments is a critical step toward effective and efficient marketing communications.

ANS: T PTS: 1

29. A brand’s name is the central idea that encapsulates a brand’s meaning and distinctiveness relative to
competitive brands in the product category.

ANS: F PTS: 1

30. The fundament decisions in the marcom decision process are conceptual and strategic, and the
implementation decisions are practical and tactical.

ANS: T PTS: 1
 31. There is an optimum mixture of expenditures between advertising and promotion that can be
determined using computer models.

ANS: F PTS: 1

32. Systematic decision making requires that message content be dictated primarily by the media vehicle
used to reach the target audience.

ANS: F PTS: 1

33. The concept of media is relevant to all marcom tools.

ANS: T PTS: 1

34. The ultimate objective of successful marketing communications is to cut costs.

ANS: F PTS: 1

35. Purchase intentions are not valid communication measures.

ANS: F PTS: 1

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The marketing mix for a brand consists of ____.

a. product
b. price
c. promotion
d. place
e. All of these are correct.
ANS: E PTS: 1

2. Marketing communications is used by which type of organization?

a. business-to-business organizations
b. consumer marketing organizations
c. not-for-profit organizations
d. None of these are correct.
e. All of these are correct.
ANS: E PTS: 1

3. Which of the following is NOT a form of media advertising?

a. television
b. radio
c. magazines
d. sales promotions
e. newspapers
ANS: D PTS: 1

4. Coupons, trade shows, buying allowances, premiums, and price-off deals are all examples of ____.
a. media advertising
b. promotions
 c. place advertising
d. point-of-purchase advertising
e. public relations
ANS: B PTS: 1

5. Which term is preferred by most marketing practitioners to refer to the collection of advertising, sales
promotions, public relations, event marketing, and other communication devices?
a. marketing promotion
b. promotion
c. sales promotion
d. marketing communications
e. integrated marketing communications
ANS: D PTS: 1

6. Which of the following terms serves as a summary means for describing all forms of marketing focus?
a. product
b. brand
c. communication
d. promotion
e. integration
ANS: B PTS: 1

7. Which of the following could be a brand?

a. product
b. service
c. retail outlet
d. person
e. All of these could be a brand.
ANS: E PTS: 1

8. Current marketing philosophy holds that ____ is absolutely imperative for success.
a. direct marketing
b. e-mail
c. coupons
d. integration
e. assessment
ANS: D PTS: 1

9. ____ is the philosophy and practice of carefully coordinating a brand’s sundry marketing
communications elements.
a. Interactive marketing
b. Branding
c. Synergistic marketing communications
d. Synergistic marketing
e. Integrated marketing communications
ANS: E PTS: 1

10. Which of the following has NOT been a reason for the reluctance to change from a single-function,
specialist model to an IMC model?
a. no way to assess the effectiveness of integration
 b. managerial parochialism
c. fear that change might lead to possible budget cutbacks in their areas of control
d. reluctance of agencies to broaden their function beyond the one aspect of marketing
communications in which they have developed expertise and built their reputations
e. fear of reduction in authority and power
ANS: A PTS: 1

11. Which of the following statements is true regarding the adoption of IMC?
a. Novice managers are more likely than experienced managers to practice IMC.
b. Firms involved in marketing services rather than products are more likely to have adopted
IMC.
c. Business-to-business firms are more likely to adopt IMC than business-to-consumer firms.
d. Less sophisticated firms are likely adherents to IMC.
e. All of these are true regarding the adoption of IMC.
ANS: B PTS: 1

12. Milo is employed by a manufacturer of consumer packaged goods products. His job entails the
planning, creation, integration, and implementation of diverse forms of marcom, such as advertising,
sales promotion, publicity releases, events, etc., that are delivered over time to a brand’s targeted
customers and prospects with the ultimate goal of influencing or directly affecting their behavior. Milo
is performing ____.
a. integrated marketing (IM)
b. marketing communications (marcom)
c. integrated marketing communications (IMC)
d. promotion marketing (PM)
e. integrated promotion management (IPM)
ANS: C PTS: 1

13. The ultimate goal of integrated marketing communications is to ____.

a. increase brand awareness
b. affect the behavior of the targeted audience
c. learn how to outsell the competition
d. lower production costs
e. All of these are correct.
ANS: B PTS: 1

14. What is achieved when multiple methods are used in combination with one another yielding more
positive communication results than when the tools are used individually?
a. synergy
b. duplicity
c. multiplicity
d. redundancy
e. repetition
ANS: A PTS: 1

15. Which of the following is NOT a key feature of IMC?

a. The customer represents the starting point for all marketing communications activities.
b. Brand managers and their agencies should be amenable to using various marketing
communication tools.
c. Multiple messages must speak with a single voice.
 d. The ultimate goal is to influence brand awareness and enhance consumer attitudes toward
the brand.
e. Build relationships.
ANS: D PTS: 1

16. A key feature of IMC is that the process should ____.

a. use an “inside-out” approach
b. be restricted to only one or a select number of communication media
c. use the same media to reach all target audiences to improve efficiency
d. start with the customer or prospect and then work back to the brand communicator in
determining the most appropriate messages and media
e. utilize the same communication media over time
ANS: D PTS: 1

17. Which approach will best serve the customers’ information needs and motivate them to purchase the
brand?
a. inside-out
b. outside-in
c. top-down
d. bottom-up
e. combination
ANS: B PTS: 1

18. Today, consumers are not only passive receivers of marcom messages, but are often active participants
in the marcom process due to ____.
a. economic advances
b. technological developments
c. increases in the use of sales promotion
d. changes in demographics
e. expansion of advertising agency services
ANS: B PTS: 1

19. Brand managers should turn to alternative means of marcom as the option of first choice rather than
automatically defaulting to ____.
a. sales promotion
b. personal selling
c. point-of-purchase advertising
d. event marketing
e. mass media advertising
ANS: E PTS: 1

20. Which of the following terms is used to mean any message medium capable of reaching target
customers and presenting the brand in a favorable light?
a. touch point
b. contact
c. intersection
d. touch point and contact
e. touch point, contact, and intersection
ANS: D PTS: 1
21. The idea of surrounding the customer or prospect with a brand’s marcom messages, or that a brand’s
touch points should be everywhere the target audience is, is known as:
a. consumer-oriented marketing
b. the media-neutral approach
c. 360-degree branding
d. the rotation principle
e. event marketing
ANS: C PTS: 1

22. The marketing manager for Carver Products, Inc. asked her research staff to identify all of the points
of contact that consumers are likely to have with Carver’s products. The marketing manager would
most likely use this information in designing a(n) ____.
a. point-of-purchase display
b. board of director’s report
c. integrated marketing communications program
d. marketing research survey
e. slice-of-life television commercial
ANS: C PTS: 1

23. The context (or medium used) influences the ____ that the message has.
a. impact
b. reach
c. frequency
d. integration
e. touch points
ANS: A PTS: 1

24. The idea that “context matters,” and that not all touch points are equally effective, has been termed
____ by marcom practitioners.
a. synergy
b. media mix
c. awareness generation
d. engagement
e. contact
ANS: D PTS: 1

25. What does the phrase, “speak with a single voice,” mean?
a. Carefully select those tools that are most appropriate for the communications objective at
hand.
b. Reach the target audience efficiently and effectively using whatever touch points are most
appropriate.
c. Successful marketing communications requires building relationships between brands and
their consumers/customers.
d. All marketing communication elements should use the same endorser so that consumers
do not get confused.
e. Coordination of messages and media is absolutely critical to achieving a strong and
unified brand image and moving consumers to action.
ANS: E PTS: 1
26. Karen is attempting to put into words the key idea that encapsulates what her company’s brand is
intended to stand for in its target market’s mind. Karen is writing a ____.
a. relationship statement
b. creative brief
c. positioning statement
d. contact brief
e. touch point
ANS: C PTS: 1

27. Which of the following encapsulates what a brand is intended to stand for in its target market’s mind
and then consistently delivers the same idea across all media channels?
a. positioning statement
b. contact point
c. relationship statement
d. creative brief
e. creative platform
ANS: A PTS: 1

28. A key characteristic of IMC is the building of relationships with customers. Which of the following is
NOT a benefit of building relationships?
a. repeat purchases
b. loyalty toward a brand
c. enduring links between a brand and its customers
d. greater profitability
e. huge acquisition costs
ANS: E PTS: 1

29. The fact that it costs five to 10 times more to land a new customer than to keep a current customer has
been compared to a(n) ____.
a. clogged drain
b. leaky bucket
c. sand castle
d. ice sculpture
e. bee hive
ANS: B PTS: 1

30. Frequency, loyalty, or ambassador programs and creating brand experiences that make positive and
lasting impressions are ways to ____.
a. speak with one voice
b. create synergy
c. build customer/brand relationships
d. start with the customer/prospect
e. reach consumers who cannot be reached through traditional mass media
ANS: C PTS: 1

31. One way relationships between brands and customers are nurtured is by creating brand experiences
that make positive and lasting impressions. This is done by creating special events or developing
exciting venues that attempt to ____.
a. appeal to consumers’ demographic characteristics
b. reposition products or services by connecting with consumers’ functional needs
 c. generate increased sales to current customers
d. develop new target markets
e. build the sensation that the brand is relevant to the consumer’s lifestyle
ANS: E PTS: 1

32. The ultimate objective of IMC is to ____.

a. start with the customer or prospect
b. move people to action
c. carefully select those tools that are most appropriate for the communications objective at
hand
d. use as many communications outlets as possible to reach the target audience
e. speak with a single voice
ANS: B PTS: 1

33. Which of the following is NOT a change in marketing communication practices?

a. increased reliance on outside suppliers, or specialized services
b. reduced dependence on mass media advertising
c. increased reliance on highly targeted communication methods
d. heightened demands on suppliers
e. increased efforts to assess communications’ return on investment
ANS: A PTS: 1

34. When counseling its clients in selecting appropriate marcom tools, McCann Worldgroup uses an
approach that requires that the brand marketer first identify the goal(s) a marcom program is designed
to accomplish and then identify the best way to allocate the marketer’s budget. What is this approach
known as?
a. inside-out
b. bottom-up
c. media-neutral
d. media-centric
e. goal oriented
ANS: C PTS: 1

35. What is the greatest obstacle to implementing integrated marketing communications?

a. There is a lack of interest in IMC by top management.
b. The cost for implementing an IMC program is difficult to justify.
c. Little can be gained by coordinating the various marketing communications elements.
d. Few providers of marketing communication services have the far-ranging skills to plan
and execute programs that cut across all major forms of marketing communications.
e. Measuring the return on investment is nearly impossible.
ANS: D PTS: 1

36. Which of the following is a fundamental decision in the brand-level marcom decision process?
a. targeting
b. positioning
c. setting objectives
d. budgeting
e. All of these are fundamental decisions.
ANS: E PTS: 1
37. Which of the following is an implementation decision in the brand-level marcom decision process?
a. targeting
b. mixing elements
c. budgeting
d. positioning
e. setting objectives
ANS: B PTS: 1

38. Julie and her department are responsible for making brand-level fundamental and implementation
marcom decisions. What are the expected outcomes of these decisions?
a. increasing sales and profits
b. enhancing brand awareness and attitudes
c. enhancing brand equity and affecting behavior
d. increasing purchase intentions and affecting behavior
e. enhancing brand equity and increasing brand awareness
ANS: C PTS: 1

39. The objective of marketing communications is to ____ as a means of moving customers to favorable
action toward the brand.
a. increase brand awareness
b. cut costs
c. increase product usage
d. enhance brand equity
e. increase the rate of purchase
ANS: D PTS: 1

40. ____ allows marketing communicators to deliver messages more precisely and to prevent wasted
coverage to people falling outside the intended audience.
a. Targeting
b. Positioning
c. Budgeting
d. Setting objectives
e. Momentum
ANS: A PTS: 1

41. Which of the following variables do companies use to identify potential target markets?
a. demographic characteristics
b. lifestyles
c. product usage patterns
d. geographic considerations
e. All of these are variables used.
ANS: E PTS: 1

42. A brand’s ____ represents the key feature, benefit, or image that it stands for in the target audience’s
collective mind.
a. equity
b. image
c. position
d. name
e. trademark
 ANS: C PTS: 1

43. Which of the following is NOT a budgeting method?

a. top-down budgeting (TD)
b. bottom-up budgeting (BU)
c. top-down/bottom-up/top-down process (TDBUTD)
d. bottom-up/top-down process (BUTD)
e. top-down/bottom-up process (TDBU)
ANS: C PTS: 1

44. Joan Kaufman is a senior manager of a large conglomerate. She decides how much money is allocated
to each subunit. This is an example of ____ budgeting.
a. top-down
b. bottom-up
c. bottom-up/top-down
d. top-down/bottom-up
e. hierarchy
ANS: A PTS: 1

45. The most frequently used budgeting method is ____.

a. top-down (TD)
b. bottom-up (BU)
c. top-down/bottom-up/top-down (TDBUTD)
d. bottom-up/top-down (BUTD)
e. top-down/bottom-up (TDBU)
ANS: D PTS: 1

46. John is a subunit manager at a large consumer packaged goods manufacturer. Every year, he submits a
budget request to the vice president of marketing, who coordinates the various requests and then
submits an overall budget to top management for approval. This is an example of ____ budgeting.
a. top-down
b. bottom-up
c. top-down/bottom-up
d. bottom-up/top-down
e. combination
ANS: D PTS: 1

47. All marketing communications should be ____.

a. directed to a particular target market
b. clearly positioned
c. created to achieve a specific objective
d. undertaken to accomplish the objective within budget constraints
e. All of these answers are correct.
ANS: E PTS: 1

48. Fundamental decisions in the brand-level marcom decision process are ____, and implementation
decisions are ____.
a. tactical; strategic
b. strategic; tactical
c. long-term; short-term
 d. short-term; long-term
e. practical; conceptual
ANS: B PTS: 1

49. Over the past two decades, the trend has moved toward greater expenditures on ____.
a. advertising
b. public relations
c. personal selling
d. promotions
e. point-of-purchase displays
ANS: D PTS: 1

50. The decision regarding how to allocate resources between the marcom elements has been described as
an “ill-structured” problem. What does this mean?
a. There is no solution to the problem.
b. It is difficult to define the problem.
c. There is no way of determining the mathematical optimum allocation among marcom
elements.
d. There are solutions, but they are not acceptable.
e. There is no way to measure whether the solution chosen was the correct one.
ANS: C PTS: 1

51. For a given level of expenditure, there is no way of determining the mathematical optimum allocation
between advertising and promotion because ____.
a. advertising and promotions are somewhat interchangeable
b. advertising and promotions produce a synergistic effect
c. advertising is appropriate for early stages of the product life cycle, and promotion is more
appropriate during later stages
d. they are somewhat interchangeable and produce a synergistic effect
e. None of these answers are correct.
ANS: D PTS: 1

52. Allison is trying to determine how much to allocate for advertising and how much to allocate for
promotions during the next year. Which implementation decision is Allison making?
a. mixing elements
b. creating messages
c. selecting media
d. establishing momentum
e. targeting
ANS: A PTS: 1

53. A satisfactory mixture of advertising and promotion expenditures can be formulated by considering the
different purposes of each. A key strategic consideration is whether ____.
a. short- or long-term goals are more important
b. the budget would allow for the relatively larger expense of advertising
c. the organization has the expertise in its current staff to develop successful promotions
d. the majority of the target market is price sensitive
e. use of sales promotion is necessary given current economic conditions
ANS: A PTS: 1
54. The term media applies to which marcom tool?
a. advertising
b. public relations
c. promotions
d. personal selling
e. All of these answers are correct.
ANS: E PTS: 1

55. The word ____ refers to an object’s force or speed of movement.

a. drive
b. push
c. momentum
d. force
e. pull
ANS: C PTS: 1

56. Harvey is a brand manager for a national brand of soft drinks. He is making the implementation
decisions in the marcom decision process, and he wants a marcom tool that is most capable of directly
affecting consumer behavior. Which tool should he use?
a. advertising
b. sales promotion
c. publicity
d. events
e. point-of-purchase display
ANS: B PTS: 1

57. Which of the following is an example of a communication outcome?

a. increase sales to grocery stores by 10 percent
b. increase total sales by 15 percent
c. maintain existing sales levels in Japan
d. increase brand awareness by 15 percent
e. increase sales in Mexico by 15 percent
ANS: D PTS: 1

58. Which of the following is NOT a communications outcome measure?

a. purchase intentions
b. brand awareness
c. message comprehension
d. attitude toward the brand
e. All of these are measures of communication outcomes.
ANS: E PTS: 1

59. Program evaluation is accomplished by ____.

a. developing a budget that is based on marcom objectives and includes an optimum balance
of advertising and promotion
b. measuring the results of marcom efforts against the objectives that were established
c. collecting data on consumers’ demographics and lifestyles
d. constructing a database of information on the target market, economic conditions, and
competitors’ marcom strategies
e. comparing budgeted marcom expenditures against share-of-voice
 ANS: B PTS: 1

60. One important factor that has led more firms to perform research and acquire data to determine
whether implemented marcom decisions have accomplished the objectives they were expected to
achieve is ____.
a. increasing demand for accountability
b. rapidly changing consumer tastes and preferences
c. changing economic conditions
d. increasing marcom expenses
e. less reliance on outside agencies to perform the marcom function
ANS: A PTS: 1

ESSAY

1. Compare and contrast the terms promotion and marketing communications, and list the primary tools
of marketing communications.

ANS:
The “4P” characterization of marketing has led to widespread use of the term promotion for describing
communications with prospects and customers. However, the term marketing communications is
preferred by most marketing practitioners as well as many educators and is the term used to refer to the
collection of advertising, sales promotion, public relations, event marketing, and other communication
devices; comparatively, the text uses the term promotions as a shorthand reference to sales promotions.
The primary tools of marketing communications include media advertising (e.g., TV, radio, magazines,
newspapers), direct response and interactive advertising (e.g., direct mail, telephone solicitation, online
advertising), place advertising (e.g., billboards and bulletins, posters, transit ads, cinema ads), store
signage and point-of-purchase advertising (e.g., external store signs, in-store shelf signs, shopping cart
ads, in-store radio and TV), trade- and consumer-oriented promotions (e.g., trade deals and buying
allowances, display and advertising allowances, trade shows, cooperative advertising, samples,
coupons, premiums, refunds/rebates, contests/sweepstakes, promotional games, bonus packs, price-off
deals), and event marketing and sponsorships (e.g., sponsorship of sporting events, arts, fairs, festivals,
and causes).

PTS: 1

2. Describe the basic philosophy underlying integrated marketing communications (IMC), and discuss
reasons why firms have not practiced IMC all along and why there is a reluctance to change.

ANS:
The philosophy underlying IMC is the careful coordination of a brand’s sundry marketing
communications elements. The reasons firms have not practiced IMC all along include: (1)
organizations have handled advertising, sales promotions, point-of-purchase displays, and other
communication tools as virtually separate practices because different units within organizations have
specialized in separate aspects of marketing communications and (2) outside suppliers (i.e., advertising
agencies, PR agencies, and sales promotion agencies) also have tended to specialize in single facets of
marketing communications rather than possess expertise across the board.
 There has been a reluctance to change from this single-function, specialist model due to managerial
parochialism (e.g., advertising people sometimes view the world exclusively from an advertising
perspective and are blind to other communication traditions) and for fear that change might lead to
budget cutbacks in their areas of control and reductions in their authority and power. Agencies also
have resisted change due to reluctance to broaden their function beyond the one aspect of marketing
communications in which they have developed expertise and built their reputations.

PTS: 1

3. Explain what the payoff is from using integrated marketing communications.

ANS:
The payoff is that by closely integrating multiple communications tools and media, brand managers
achieve synergy. That is, multiple methods in combination with one another yield more positive
communication results than do the tools used individually.

PTS: 1

4. Explain the five key features that undergird the philosophy and practice of integrated marketing
communications.

ANS:
The five key IMC features are:
1. The customer represents the starting point for all marketing communications
activities. The IMC approach avoids an “inside-out” approach (from company to
customer) in identifying communication vehicles and instead starts with the customer
(“outside-in”) to determine those communication methods that will best serve the
customers’ information needs and motivate them to purchase the brand. The point of
this feature is that brand managers and their agencies should not restrict themselves to
only one set of communication media.
2. Brand managers and their agencies should be amenable to using various
marketing communication tools. That is, carefully select those tools that are most
appropriate for the communications objective at hand. Practitioners of IMC need to be
receptive to using all forms of touch points, or contacts, as potential message delivery
channels. The key feature of this IMC element is that it reflects a willingness on the
part of brand communicators to use any communication outlets that are appropriate for
reaching the target audience.
3. Multiple messages must speak with a single voice. Inherent in the philosophy and
practice of IMC is the demand that a brand’s assorted communication elements must all
strive to present the same message and convey that message consistently across diverse
message channels, or points of contact. Coordination of messages and media is
absolutely critical to achieving a strong and unified brand image and moving
consumers to action. In general, the single-voice principle involves selecting a specific
positioning statement for a brand.
4. Build relationships rather than engage in flings. A relationship is an enduring link
between a brand and its customers. Successful relationships between customers and
brands lead to repeat purchasing and perhaps even loyalty toward a brand. One way to
build brand/customer relationships is the use of frequency, loyalty, or ambassador
programs. Relationships also are nurtured by creating brand experiences that make
positive and lasting impressions, such as special events.
5. Don’t lose focus of the ultimate objective: affect behavior! Marketing
communications must do more that just influence brand awareness or enhance
consumer attitudes toward the brand. The objective, in other words, is to move people
to action.
 PTS: 1

5. Discuss the changes in marketing communication practices that have been particularly prominent.

ANS:
1. Reduced dependence on mass media advertising. Many brand managers and their
agencies have reduced the role of TV advertising, partially due to the fact that it is not as
effective or cost efficient as it once was due to audience fragmentation and the
availability of many alternative entertainment options. Moreover, other advertising and
non-advertising communication tools often are superior to TV in achieving brand
managers’ objectives.
2. Increased reliance on highly targeted communication methods. Pinpointed
communications are often less expensive and more effective than mass media
advertising. Targeting messages is especially feasible today with the large, up-to-date
databases of customers that are maintained by many organizations.
3. Heightened demands on suppliers. Now it is increasingly important for suppliers to
offer multiple services, which explains why some major advertising agencies have
expanded their offerings beyond just advertising services to include sales promotion
assistance, public relations, direct marketing, and event marketing support.
4. Increased efforts to assess communications’ return on investment. Systematic
efforts are demanded to determine whether communication programs yield a reasonable
return on their investment. The investment in marketing communications must be
assessed in terms of the profit-to-investment ratio to determine whether changes are
needed or whether other forms of investment might be more profitable.

PTS: 1

6. Debra is the brand manager for Tide laundry detergent, marketed by Procter & Gamble, and she is
making the brand-level fundamental decisions in the marcom decision process. Discuss what she will
be considering.

ANS:
The fundamental decisions in the brand-level marcom decision process include:
1. Targeting. Targeting allows marketing communicators to deliver messages more
precisely and to prevent wasted coverage to people falling outside the intended
audience. Selection of target segments is a critical step toward effective and efficient
marketing communications. Companies identify potential target markets in terms of
demographic characteristics, lifestyles, product usage patterns, and geographic
considerations. Meaningful market segments generally represent consumers who share a
combination of characteristics and demonstrate similar behavior.
2. Positioning. A brand’s position represents the key feature, benefit, or image that it
stands for in the target audience’s collective mind. Debra must decide on Tide’s
positioning statement, which is the central idea that encapsulates the brand’s meaning
and distinctiveness vis-a-vis competitive brands in the laundry detergent category.
3. Setting Objectives. Marketing communicators’ decisions are grounded in the
underlying goals, or objectives, to be accomplished for a brand.
4. Budgeting. Financial resources are budgeted to specific marcom elements to accomplish
desired objectives. Different budgeting methods include top-down budgeting (TD),
bottom-up budgeting (BU), or a combination of the two (BUTD or TDBU).

PTS: 1
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
[1444] Seward (04) p. 31.
[1445] Hollick and Jeffrey (09) p. 24.
[1446] Raciborski (94) A. Pl. xx. figs. 1, 2; Zeiller (002) p. 98.
[1447] v. 5950.
[1448] Fontaine (89) Pls. xvii. xviii.
[1449] Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 141.
[1450] Schimper (69) A. p. 472.
[1451] Kurr (45) Pl. ii. fig. 1.
[1452] Seward (04) p. 30.
[1453] Saporta (73) A.
[1454] Schenk (67) A.
[1455] Salfeld (07) p. 192.
[1456] Seward (04) p. 34, fig. 2, Pl. iv.
[1457] Salfeld (09).
[1458] Schenk (76) Pl. xxvi. fig. 7.
[1459] Salfeld (09) p. 34.
[1460] Zigno (56) A.
[1461] Solms-Laubach (91) A. p. 114.
[1462] Nathorst (78).
[1463] Saporta (73) A. p. 352.
[1464] Nathorst (78) p. 122.
[1465] Zeiller (03) p. 52.
[1466] Leckenby (64) A. Pl. x. fig. 1; Seward (04) p. 36.
[1467] Schenk (87).
[1468] Zeiller (03) Pls. vi.–viii.
[1469] Zigno (56) A. Pls. xii. xiii.
[1470] Seward (00) p. 170.
[1471] Brongniart (28) A. p. 49.
[1472] Seward (00) p. 171.
[1473] Saporta (73) A. p. 368.
[1474] Krasser (95).
[1475] Saporta (73) A. Pl. xlvii.
[1476] Brongniart (28) A. p. 60.
[1477] Kidston (012) p. 196.
[1478] Potonié (93) A. Pl. xv.
[1479] Kidston (89) p. 409.
[1480] Zeiller (06) Pls. xix.–xxii.; (002) p. 100, fig. 73.
[1481] Weiss, C. E. (70).
[1482] Zeiller (06) p. 90.
[1483] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 131; Weiss (70).
[1484] Weiss (69) p. 37.
[1485] Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. A.
[1486] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 219.
[1487] Stur (84).
[1488] Grand’Eury (77) A. Pl. xiii.
[1489] Grand’Eury (08).
[1490] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. xxiv.
[1491] Weiss, C. E. (69); Goeppert (64) A.; Potonié (93) A, (04);
Lesquereux (80) A., p. 124; White (99) p. 125.
[1492] Seward (08) p. 97, Pl. viii.
[1493] Brongniart, in Murchison, Verneuil, and Keyserling (45) Pl. A.
[1494] Weiss, C. E. (70) p. 871.
[1495] Brongniart (49) A. p. 24.
[1496] Grand’Eury (06).
[1497] Weiss (69) Pls. vi. vii.
[1498] Potonié (93) A. Pl. i. figs. 1, 2.
[1499] Weber and Sterzel (96) p. 99.
[1500] Zeiller (90) p. 84.
[1501] Zeiller (983).
[1502] For figures of this and other species, see Potonié (07).
[1503] For synonymy, see Zeiller (90) p. 87 and Potonié (07) p. 2.
[1504] Schuster (08) Pl. viii. fig. 7.
[1505] Weiss, C. E. (70).
[1506] Schlotheim (20) A. p. 406.
[1507] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. Pl. XIX.
[1508] White (052) p. 388.
[1509] Forbes (53) p. 43.
[1510] Baily (59) p. 75.
[1511] Schimper (69) A. p. 473.
[1512] Dawson (71) A. p. 48; (82).
[1513] Kidston (912) p. 30, Pl. iii.; (06) p. 434.
[1514] Baily (75) Pl. xxviii.
[1515] Carruthers (722) Pl. ii.
[1516] Dawson (71) A.
[1517] Smith and White (05) p. 39.
[1518] Lesquereux (80) A.
[1519] Crépin (74).
[1520] Nathorst (02).
[1521] Schmalhausen (94).
[1522] Nathorst (04).
[1523] Krasser (00) Pl. i. figs. 3–7.
[1524] Zeiller (032) p. 27.
[1525] Stur (75) A. Pls. viii. xii. xvi.
[1526] Kidston (882).
[1527] Grand’Eury (08).
[1528] Brongniart (22) A.
[1529] Kidston (052).
[1530] Renault (76).
[1531] Grand’Eury (08).
[1532] White (99) p. 128.
[1533] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 122.
[1534] Zeiller (90) Pl. xi. fig. 6.
[1535] Potonié (99) p. 113.
[1536] Renault (82) A. Vol. iii.; Zeiller (90) p. 139.
[1537] Grand’Eury (77) A. p. 105.
[1538] Brongniart (22) A. Pl. ii. fig. 6. For synonymy, see Kidston (03) p.
773; Zeiller (88) A. p. 261.
[1539] For synonymy, see Kidston (88) p. 354.
[1540] Scheuchzer (1723) A. p. 129, Pl. x. fig. 3.
[1541] Lhywd (1760) A. Pl. v. fig. 190.
[1542] Lesquereux (79) A. Pl. viii.
[1543] Fontaine and White (80) p. 47.
[1544] Bunbury (47) Pl. xxi.
[1545] Kidston (94) p. 357; (03) p. 806.
[1546] White (99) p. 132.
[1547] Zeiller (88) A. p. 251.
[1548] See Vol. i. p. 45.
[1549] Zalessky (07) Pl. xxiv. fig. 5.
[1550] Zeiller (88) A. p. 251.
[1551] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 251, Pl. xxxii.
[1552] Brongniart (28) A. p. 51.
[1553] Lindley and Hutton (33) A. p. 28.
[1554] Lesquereux (66) A.
[1555] Roehl (69).
[1556] Seward (88).
[1557] Potonié (99) p. 153 (note).
[1558] Gutbier (35).
[1559] Presl, in Sternberg (38) A.
[1560] Grand’Eury (04).
[1561] Zeiller (90) Pl. xi. fig. 9.
[1562] Zeiller (99) p. 46.
[1563] Bunbury (47) A. p. 427.
[1564] Lyell (45) A. Vol. ii. p. 202.
[1565] Lesquereux (80) A. p. 146.
[1566] Sternberg (26) A.
[1567] Grand’Eury (04).
[1568] Grand’Eury (90) A.
[1569] Zeiller (90) Pl. ix. fig. 6, A.
[1570] Stur (83).
[1571] Scott (07) p. 206; Scott and Maslen (06) p. 112.
[1572] Grand’Eury (04).
[1573] For synonymy, see Kidston (03) p. 772: Zeiller (88) A.
[1574] Scheuchzer (1723) A. Pl. i. fig. 4.
[1575] Kidston (94) p. 245.
[1576] For synonymy, see Kidston (94) p. 596; (03) p. 806; White (99) p.
117.
[1577] Grand’Eury (04).
[1578] Kidston (94) p. 245.
[1579] Brongniart (28) A. p. 59.
[1580] page 494.
[1581] Kidston (94) p. 596.
[1582] Grand’Eury (05).
[1583] Potonié (922); (93) p. 54.
[1584] For synonymy, see Kidston (88) p. 366.
[1585] Zeiller (90) p. 45; Potonié (93) A. p. 57.
[1586] Germar (44) Pls. xxxv. xxxvi.
[1587] Kidston (88) p. 366.
[1588] Stur (83).
[1589] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 196.
[1590] Potonié (93) A. p. 48.
[1591] Zeiller (002) p. 88.
[1592] page 397.
[1593] Renault and Zeiller (88) A. p. 178, Pls. v.–viii. Ante, p. 419.
[1594] Potonié (02).
[1595] Schimper (69) A. p. 688.
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