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Privitera, Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences, 3e
SAGE Publishing, 2020
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define science and the scientific method.
REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Science as a Method of Knowing
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Which of the following is not a means of acquiring knowledge through science?

A. acquire knowledge through observation
B. acquire knowledge through tenacity and intuition
C. acquire knowledge through theoretical explanation
D. acquire knowledge through evaluation and interpretation
Ans: B
REF: Cognitive Domain: Application
Difficulty Level: Hard
5. Science is a broad term that comes from the Latin scientia, meaning what?
A. to state (a theory or idea)
B. knowledge
C. to observe
D. interpretation
Ans: B
6. The ______ refers to a set of systematic techniques used to acquire, modify, and
integrate knowledge concerning observable and measurable phenomena.
A. hypothesis
B. population
C. scientific method
D. operational definition
Ans: C
Answer Location: The Scientific Method
7. The scientific method refers to a set of systematic techniques used to acquire,

modify, and integrate knowledge concerning ______.
A. observable and measurable phenomena
B. populations, but not samples
C. statistics, but not parameters
D. any phenomena
Ans: A
8. Another name for the scientific method is the ______.

A. sampling method
B. systematic method
C. research method
D. preferred method
Ans: C
9. Science is ______ way of knowing about the world.

A. one
B. the only
C. the best
D. the worst
Ans: A
10. Which of the following is not one of the six general steps to apply the scientific
method?
A. identify a problem
B. select an authority figure
C. conduct the study
D. develop a research plan
Ans: B
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Describe six steps for engaging in the scientific method.
11. Which of the following lists the general steps for engaging in the scientific method in
the correct order?
A. identify a problem, conduct the study, develop a research plan, analyze, and
evaluate the data, generate more new ideas, and communicate the results
B. identify a problem, conduct the study, develop a research plan, analyze, and
evaluate the data, communicate the results, and generate more new ideas
C. identify a problem, develop a research plan, conduct the study, analyze, and
D. develop a research plan, conduct the study, identify a problem, analyze, and
Ans: C
REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Difficulty Level: Medium
12. The first step in the scientific process is to identify a problem, which entails all of the
following EXCEPT ______.
A. performing a literature review
B. determining an area of interest
C. developing a research hypothesis
D. conducting the study
Ans: D
Answer Location: Step 1: Identify a Problem
13. A researcher reads an article that reports a significant result. While reading this
article, the researcher identifies a hypothesis to explain the findings reported in that
article. Which step of the scientific method is described in this example?
A. analyze and evaluate data
B. conduct the study
C. communicate the results
D. identify a problem
Ans: D
14. Based on results reported in published articles, a researcher states that men will be
less likely than women to read nutrition labels when making decisions about purchasing
foods. What is this statement called?
A. intuition
B. hypothesis
C. research plan
D. literature review
Ans: B
Answer Location: Identify New Ideas in Your Area of Research
15. A researcher conducts a literature review. After completing this review, she states
that texting during class can improve student learning. This statement is referred to as
______.
A. intuition
B. a hypothesis
C. a research plan
D. a literature review
Ans: B
Answer Location: Develop a Research Hypothesis
16. A research hypothesis must be ______ when subjected to the scientific method.
A. intuitive
B. logical
C. testable
D. accurate
Ans: C
17. A(n) ______ is a testable claim or statement concerning the relationship between
variables that can be observed.
A. variable
B. statistic
C. operational definition
D. research hypothesis
Ans: D
18. A(n) ______ is a description of some observable event in terms of the specific
process or manner by which it was observed or measured.
A. variable
B. statistic
C. operational definition
D. research hypothesis
Ans: C

Answer Location: Define the Variables Being Tested
19. A researcher measures attraction among dating college students. Which of the
following is an appropriate operational definition for attraction?
A. The appeal of a persons’ physical appearance.
B. The duration of a conversation (in min) between two people.
C. The closeness or love felt for another person.
D. Anecdotal responses from people.
Ans: B
20. A researcher measures recall of an entrance exam taken 2 weeks prior. Which of
the following is an appropriate operational definition for anxiety?
A. The number of questions answered correctly on a similar test.
B. The ability to bring a thought or experience back to mind or memory.
C. The accuracy of the mind or memory.
D. The number of questions answered correctly on a different test.
Ans: A
21. Which of the following is an example of a variable?

A. the value of pie
B. the human life span
C. the number of years in one decade
D. the number of meters in 1 mile
Ans: B
22. The scientific method can be used to study only phenomena that can be ______.
A. observed and measured
B. studied in a laboratory
C. readily understood
D. made into origami
Ans: A

23. How can scientists ensure that the variables they investigate can be observed and
measured?
A. Scientists state the dictionary definition of an investigated variable.
B. Scientists use their trained intuition before investigating a variable.
C. Scientists state an operational definition of an investigated variable.
D. Scientists do nothing; it is not necessary to observe and measure variables.
Ans: C
24. A(n) ______ is a set of all individuals, items, or data of interest. This is the group
about which scientists will generalize.
A. variable
B. statistic
C. population
D. sample
Ans: C
Answer Location: Identify Participants or Subjects and Determine How to Sample Them
25. Suppose that a researcher is interested in a group of 10 million people who paid to
see a movie playing in theaters. In this example, the 10 million moviegoers would be
______.
A. a sample of moviegoers who paid to see the movie in a theater
B. a population of moviegoers who paid to see the movie in a theater
C. an independent variable
D. a dependent variable
Ans: B
26. Researchers measure data in a ______ to learn more about individuals in the larger
______ of interest.
A. sample; population
B. statistic; inference
C. population; sample
D. inference; statistic
Ans: A
27. Researchers rarely have access to entire populations. How do researchers resolve
this limitation?
A. They do not need to resolve this; it is not a limitation at all.
B. They record data from an entire population of people to make inferences concerning
characteristics in a sample.
C. They record data from as many persons in a population as possible to draw
conclusions concerning only those individuals.
D. They record data from a sample of people in the larger population in order to make
inferences concerning characteristics in that larger population.
Ans: D
REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Identify Participants or Subjects and Determine How to Sample them
28. A(n) ______ is a set of selected individuals, items, or data taken from a population
of interest.
A. statistic
B. criterion
C. population
D. sample
Ans: D
29. A professor teaches a class of 42 students. If only 34 students show up to take the
first exam, then how would we characterize this group who took the first exam?
A. This group constitutes the population of all students in the class.
B. This group is likely to be absent for the second exam.
C. This group constitutes a sample of all students in the class.
D. This group is not registered for the class.
Ans: C
30. As part of the scientific process, if we are conducting the study, then this means that
we are ______.
A. executing the research plan
B. at the last step in the scientific process
C. trying to decide on a research plan
D. not engaged in the scientific method
Ans: A
Answer Location: Step 3: Conduct the Study
31. Using the scientific method, we typically analyze and evaluate data in order to
______.
A. avoid the need to conduct a study
B. avoid using statistical techniques
C. determine whether or not to measure data
D. determine whether the pattern of data shows support for a research hypothesis
Ans: D
Answer Location: Analyze and Evaluate the Data as They Relate to the Research
Hypothesis
32. ______ are measurements or observations that are typically numeric.

A. Operations
B. Data
C. Samples
D. Hypotheses
Ans: B
Answer Location: Analyze and Evaluate the Data as They Relate to the Research
Hypothesis
33. Which of the following is one term used to describe a single measurement, value, or
observation?
A. datum
B. proportion
C. sample
D. population
Ans: A
Answer Location: Summarize Data and Report the Research Results

34. A researcher measures the following four exam scores: 90, 95, 80, and 100. An
individual grade is called a ______, whereas all grades are called ______.
A. sample; population
B. score; data
C. score; average
D. population; sample
Ans: B
Answer Location: Summarize Data and Report the Research Results
35. Which of the following is one method of communicating research to others?

A. poster
B. e-mail to colleague
C. in a paper assigned by your professor
D. Research should not be communicated to others.
Ans: A
Answer Location: Method of Communication
36. In psychology and across many other disciplines in the behavioral sciences, which
style of communication is most often used?
A. APA
B. SFN
C. APS
D. USMC
Ans: A
Answer Location: Style of Communication
37. In psychology, we typically use the style of communication identified by the APA.
What does APA stand for?
A. American Psychological Association
B. American Psychonomic Affiliation
C. Abridged Psychological Association
D. Affiliated Psychologists of America
Ans: A

Answer Location: Style of Communication
38. Tenacity is a method of knowing based largely on ______.

A. educated guesses
B. scientific rigor
C. habit or superstition
D. constant pressure
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Describe five nonscientific methods of acquiring
knowledge.
Answer Location: Tenacity
39. ______ is a method of knowing based largely on habit or superstition.

A. Intuition
B. Science
C. Empiricism
D. Tenacity
Ans: D
knowledge.
40. A coworker tells an employee to close up at exactly midnight because that’s when
the store always closes. Which method of knowing is illustrated in this example?
A. intuition
B. tenacity
C. empiricism
D. science
Ans: B
knowledge.
41. Intuition is a method of knowing based largely on ______.

A. an individual’s hunch or feeling that something is correct
B. scientific rigor
D. one’s experiences or observations
Ans: A
knowledge.
Answer Location: Intuition
42. ______ is a method of knowing based largely on an individual’s hunch or feeling

that something is correct.
A. Intuition
B. Science
C. Empiricism
D. Tenacity
Ans: A
knowledge.
43. A fan stays for the last 5 min of a game because he has a hunch that his team is
ready to make a comeback. Which method of knowing is illustrated in this example?
A. authority
B. tenacity
C. empiricism
D. intuition
Ans: D
knowledge.
44. Authority is a method of knowing accepted as fact because ______.

A. an individual has a hunch or feeling that something is correct
B. scientific rigor was applied to find the answer
C. it was stated by an expert or respected source in a particular subject area
D. one’s experiences or observations confirm the fact
Ans: C
knowledge.
Answer Location: Authority
45. ______ is a method of knowing accepted as fact because it was stated by an expert
or respected source in a particular subject area.
A. Intuition
B. Authority
C. Empiricism
D. Tenacity
Ans: B
knowledge.
46. You believe that if you don’t read your textbook you will fail your research methods
class because your professor said so. Which method of knowing is illustrated in this
example?
A. intuition
B. authority
C. empiricism
D. rationalism
Ans: B
knowledge.
47. Rationalism is a method of knowing ______.

A. that requires the use of reasoning and logic
B. that applies scientific rigor
C. because it was stated by an expert in a particular subject area
D. based on one’s experiences or observations
Ans: A
knowledge.
Answer Location: Rationalism
48. ______ is a method of knowing that requires the use of reasoning and logic.
A. Empiricism
B. Authority
C. Rationalism
D. Tenacity
Ans: C

knowledge.
49. Your friend states that you work too much because you don’t spend enough time
with her. Which method of knowing is illustrated in this example?
A. tenacity
B. authority
C. empiricism
D. rationalism
Ans: D
knowledge.
50. Empiricism is a method of knowing based on ______.

A. an individual’s hunch or feeling that something is correct.
B. scientific rigor
D. one’s experiences or observations
Ans: D
knowledge.
Answer Location: Empiricism
51. ______ is a method of knowing based on one’s experiences or observations.

A. Authority
B. Empiricism
C. Rationalism
D. Tenacity
Ans: B
knowledge.
52. An audience member knows that a magic trick is an illusion because he saw how
the trick was done. Which method of knowing is illustrated in this example?
A. tenacity
B. authority
C. empiricism
D. rationalism
Ans: C
knowledge.
53. Which of the following is a method of acquiring knowledge according to the

textbook?
A. superstition
B. coincidence
C. empiricism and rationalism
D. expertise
Ans: D
knowledge.
Answer Location: Methods of Knowing
54. What are the four goals of science?

A. describe, explain, control, and complete
B. establish, control, predict, and describe
C. describe, explain, predict, and control
D. tenacity, authority, rationalism, and prediction
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify the four goals of science.
Answer Location: The Goals of Science
55. Which one of the four goals of science is specifically met when we define the
variables that we will observe and measure?
A. describe
B. explain
C. predict
D. control
Ans: A
Answer Location: Describe
56. Which one of the four goals of science is specifically met when we can identify the
conditions or causes for the behaviors or events we study?
A. describe
B. explain
C. predict
D. control
Ans: B
Answer Location: Explain
57. Which one of the four goals of science is specifically met when we can identify when
a behavior or event will occur again in the future?
A. describe
B. explain
C. predict
D. control
Ans: C
Answer Location: Predict
58. Which one of the four goals of science is specifically met when we can isolate the
conditions necessary to make a behavior occur or not occur?
A. describe
B. explain
C. predict
D. control
Ans: D
Answer Location: Control
59. Basic research uses the scientific method to answer questions that address ______.
A. very simple questions
B. theoretical issues about fundamental processes and underlying mechanisms related
to the behaviors and events being studied
C. questions concerning practical problems with potential practical solutions
D. questions about individuals who are at a basic level of understanding or competency
Ans: B
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Distinguish between basic and applied research, and
between quantitative and qualitative research.
Answer Location: Basic and Applied Research

60. ______ uses the scientific method to answer questions that address theoretical
issues about fundamental processes and underlying mechanisms related to the
behaviors and events being studied.
A. Nonempirical research
B. Basic research
C. Applied research
D. Nontheoretical research
Ans: B
61. A researcher conducts a study to test a prediction made by a theory of learning with
the intention of addressing issues related to that theory. What type of research did this
researcher conduct?
A. basic research
B. applied research
C. qualitative research
D. quantitative research
Ans: A
62. Applied research uses the scientific method to answer questions ______.
A. about how to purchase apps
B. about theoretical issues for fundamental processes and underlying mechanisms
related to the behaviors and events being studied
C. concerning practical problems with potential practical solutions
D. that are directly related to the predictions made by theories
Ans: C
63. ______ uses the scientific method to answer questions concerning practical
problems with potential practical solutions.
A. Nonempirical research
B. Basic research
C. Applied research
D. Impractical research
Ans: C
64. A researcher identifies that a certain community has a high rate of obesity. He
conducts a study to determine if people would increase their overall activity in that
community if a park were built there. What type of research did this researcher conduct?
A. basic research
B. applied research
C. qualitative research
D. quantitative research
Ans: B
65. Quantitative research uses the scientific method to ______.

A. record observations as numeric data
B. make nonnumeric observations, from which conclusions are drawn without the use of
statistical analysis
C. conduct studies that can be completed without the use of statistical analysis
D. make guesses about scientific phenomena
Ans: A
Answer Location: Qualitative and Quantitative Research
66. ______ uses the scientific method to record observations as numeric data.
A. Quantitative research
B. Qualitative research
C. Basic research
D. Applied research
Ans: A

67. Qualitative research uses the scientific method to ______.

A. record observations as numeric data
B. make nonnumeric observations, from which conclusions are drawn without the use of
statistical analysis
C. conduct studies that can be completed without the use of statistical analysis
D. make nonnumeric observations and conduct studies without the use of statistical
analysis
Ans: D
68. ______ uses the scientific method to make nonnumeric observations, from which
conclusions are drawn without the use of statistical analysis.
A. Quantitative research
B. Qualitative research
C. Basic research
D. Applied research
Ans: B
69. A researcher measures studying as the number of minutes spent reading books and
writing notes per week. What type of research is described in this example?
A. quantitative research
B. qualitative research
C. basic research
D. applied research
Ans: A
70. A researcher measures studying by describing in words where a person generally

likes to study and with whom they prefer to study with. What type of research is
described in this example?
A. quantitative research
B. qualitative research
C. basic research
D. applied research
Ans: B
71. Pseudoscience is sometimes confused with which of the following other terms often
inappropriately used as a synonym?
A. experimental
B. observational
C. nonscientific
D. quantitative
Ans: C
KEY: Learning Objective: 1.7: Delineate science from pseudoscience.
Answer Location: Distinguishing Science From Pseudoscience
72. What are two criteria to define pseudoscience that delineates it as a narrower
concept?
A. IT is scientific, and it is part of a system or set of beliefs that correctly create the
impression that the knowledge gained represents the “final say” on its subject matter.
B. IT is scientific, but it has certain drawbacks that make it appear as if it is not scientific
when in truth it is a scientific methods of knowing.
C. IT is not scientific, and it uses the scientific methods to establish best practices in
terms of new knowledge creation.
D. IT is not scientific, and it is part of a system or set of beliefs that try to deceptively
create the impression that the knowledge gained represents the most reliable
knowledge on its subject matter.
Ans: D
73. Which of the following is a term used to describe a set of procedures that are not
scientific and is part of a system or set of beliefs that try to deceptively create the
impression that the knowledge gained represents the “final say” or most reliable
knowledge on its subject matter?
A. experimental
B. scientific method
C. pseudoscience
D. methodological
Ans: C
74. Pseudoscience is ______.

A. not scientific
B. reliable
C. descriptive
D. valid
Ans: A
75. Which of the following scenarios is an example of pseudoscience?

A. A psychologist performs a study and unknowingly analyzes the data incorrectly, then
reports erroneous conclusions that are incorrect because of his or her mistake.
B. A psychologist makes a series of impromptu observations, then constructs an
explanation for the observations made as if his or her conclusions were scientific.
C. A psychologist reports that he or she has a personal belief and faith in God and
believes that such faith is important.
D. A psychologist performs a study and analyzes the data incorrectly, then reports
erroneous conclusions that are incorrect because of his or her poor analysis.
Ans: B
True/False
1. The word science comes from the Latin scientia, meaning to measure.
Ans: F
2. A scientific observation can be direct or indirect.

Ans: T
3. Science makes use of the scientific method to acquire knowledge.

Ans: T
4. The first step in the research process begins when data are analyzed statistically.
Ans: F
5. The scientific process to test a research idea is typically completed within only a few
days.
Ans: F
6. A research hypothesis is a specific, testable claim or prediction about what you

expect to observe given a set of circumstances.
Ans: T
7. An operational definition is a description of some observable event in terms of how it

would be described in a dictionary.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Step 2: Develop a Research Plan
8. Defining athleticism as the time in seconds it takes to complete an obstacle course is

an example of an operational definition.
Ans: T
9. A variable that is tested using the scientific method must be directly or indirectly
observable and measurable.
Ans: T
10. A population can be any group of interest.

Ans: T
11. A sample is a set of all individuals, items, or data of interest about which scientists
will generalize.
Ans: F
12. Researchers should always make considerations for how to treat participants in a
research study.
Ans: T
13. Researchers analyze data to determine whether the pattern of data observed in a
study shows support for the research hypothesis.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Step 4: Analyze and Evaluate the Data
14. Data are typically nonnumeric measurements or observations.

Ans: F
Answer Location: Step 4: Analyze and Evaluate the Data
15. Data are rarely presented in figures or graphs in a research report.

Ans: F
Answer Location: Step 5: Communicate the Results
16. Guidelines for communicating results to others are identified by the American
Psychological Association.
Ans: T
17. While data in a research study are often reported in a manuscript, data in a research
study are rarely reported as a poster or oral presentation.
Ans: F
18. To generate more new ideas, you can refine or expand an original hypothesis,
reformulate a new hypothesis, or start over.
Ans: T
19. The use of slogans and beliefs in superstitions are examples of empirical
knowledge.
Ans: F
knowledge.
20. The belief that if you do not read your textbook you will fail your research methods
class because your professor said so is an example of tenacity as a way of knowing.
Ans: F
knowledge.
21. Authority is a method of knowing accepted as fact because it was stated by an

expert or respected source.
Ans: T
knowledge.
22. An example of intuition is a student who studies for a quiz because she has a hunch
that the professor will give a pop quiz in the next class.
Ans: T
knowledge.
23. Gamblers using their instincts to choose how to bet is an example of rationalism as
a way of knowing.
Ans: F
knowledge.
24. Knowledge about nutrition from a Food and Drug Administration nutrition label is an
example of empiricism as a way of knowing.
Ans: F
knowledge.
25. Many factors bias our perception of the behaviors and events we observe.
Ans: T
knowledge.
26. Tenacity, intuition, authority, rationalism, and empiricism are called the nonscientific
methods of knowing.
Ans: T
knowledge.
Answer Location: Other Methods of Knowing
27. The four goals of science are to describe, explain, predict, and prove.
Ans: F
28. To describe behaviors and events means to define them in terms of how they are
observed and measured.
Ans: T
29. To explain a behavior means to demonstrate what causes the behavior to occur.
Ans: T
30. Predicting behavior and controlling behavior are both the same goal in science.
Ans: F
Answer Location: Predict
31. Controlling the conditions necessary to make a behavior occur and not occur is
sufficient to meet the goal of control in science.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Control
32. Applied research is used to address theoretical questions regarding the

mechanisms and processes of behavior.
Ans: F
33. Applied research is used to address questions that can lead to immediate solutions
to practical problems.
Ans: T
34. A study that analyzes the mean difference in time spent to complete a cognitive task
between groups is an example of quantitative research.
Ans: T
35. Qualitative research uses the scientific method to make nonnumeric observations,
from which conclusions are drawn without the use of statistical analysis.
Ans: T
36. Quantitative and qualitative research cannot be effectively used to study the same
behaviors.
Ans: F
37. Quantitative, but not qualitative research, is regarded as being scientific.

Ans: F
38. Generally speaking, pseudoscience is “nonscience posing as science.”

Ans: T
39. All nonscience is pseudoscience.

Ans: F
40. Even if the “bad” science is intentional or fraudulent, “bad” science is rarely called
pseudoscience.
Ans: T
Essay
1. What term expresses a set of systematic techniques used to acquire, modify, and
integrate knowledge concerning observable and measurable phenomena?
Ans: Scientific method.

2. Science is the acquisition of knowledge through ______.

Ans: observation, evaluation, interpretation, and theoretical explanation
3. In which step of the scientific process is it important to identify participants or subjects

and determine how to sample them?
Ans: In Step 2, which is to develop a research plan.
Answer Location: Develop a Research Plan
4. The scientific process is linear. Restate this sentence so that is it correctly stated, and
explain why this is NOT true.
Ans: The scientific process is cyclic, not linear, meaning that even when a study
answers a question, this usually leads to more questions and more testing. Thus,
completing the six steps of the scientific process typically leads back to Step 1, and we
begin again.
5. A researcher selects 10 students from his class of 18 students to participate in a

class exercise. Identify the population and sample identified in this example.
Ans: The population is the entire class of 18 students; the sample is the 10 students
selected to participate in the class exercise.
6. A researcher defines learning as the time it takes to complete a rudimentary task.

What type of definition did the researcher state?
Ans: An operational definition.
7. Name three typical ways that researchers share the results of their research.
Ans: Researchers typically share the results of their research orally (in a talk), written (in
a manuscript), or presented as a poster (at a conference or other professional setting).
8. The adage “seeing is believing” reflects what type of nonscientific way of knowing?
Ans: Empiricism.
knowledge.
9. What type of nonscientific way of knowing is sometimes used synonymously with

instincts?
Ans: Intuition.
knowledge.
10. Authority is a method of knowing accepted as fact because ______.

Ans: it was stated by an expert or respected source in a particular subject area
knowledge.
11. What goal of science is met by answering the following question: What is the
behavior or event?
Ans: Describe.
12. What goal of science is met by answering the following question: What are the
causes of the behavior or event?
Ans: Explain.

13. The four goals of science serve to direct scientists toward ______.
Ans: a comprehensive knowledge of the behaviors and events they observe
14. State the four goals of science.

Ans: Describe, explain, predict, and control.
15. Which type of research (basic or applied) is used to answer fundamental questions
that address theoretical issues? What type of questions does the other type of research
answer?
Ans: Basic research is used to answer fundamental questions that address theoretical
issues. Applied research answer questions concerning practical problems with potential
practical solutions.
16. Implementing different instructional strategies, character development, parental

involvement, and classroom management in an educational setting are examples for
what type of research (basic or applied)?
Ans: Applied research.
17. Which type of research (quantitative or qualitative) is most often applied in science?
Why?
Ans: Quantitative research, because the data are numeric allowing for a more objective
analysis of the observations made in a study.

18. What is the type of research that is entirely descriptive or does not include the
measurement of numeric data?
Ans: Qualitative research.
between quantitative and qualitative research..
19. Identify the two key criteria to define pseudoscience that delineates it as a narrower
concept?
Ans: Pseudoscience (1) is not scientific and (2) is part of a system or set of beliefs that
try to deceptively create the impression that the knowledge gained represents the “final
say” or most reliable knowledge on its subject matter.
20. State a key feature of pseudoscience that Gardner (1957) referred to as

“nonscience posing as science.”
Ans: A key feature of pseudoscience is intent to deceive.
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that made a song in her heart despite all the trials—so much of a song that
occasionally it flowed into words, and Dorothy's untrained voice was sweet
and clear. She rarely used it over her work, but on this Monday twice she sang
clear and loud,—
"Mine is an unchanging love;

Higher than the heights above."
Mrs. Morgan heard it—heard the tune; caught no words—wanted to hear

none. The spirit of song was not in her heart that morning. All she said was,—
"Don't, for pity's sake, go to singing over the dish-pan. I always thought that
was a miserable, shiftless habit. There is a time for all things."
And Dorothy, wondering much when was her time to sing, hushed her voice
and finished the melody in her heart. So it seemed to her, when the day was
done, that really it had been an unusually hard one. Many steps added to the
usual routine. A dish broken; a leaking pail sending water all over the clean
floor; John's muddy feet tracking through the kitchen just after the mopping
was done; John's hands—traces of them on the clean towel; and then, by
reason of trying to do two things at once at the mother's bidding, she actually
allowed the starch to scorch. So that, in truth, when she sat down in the
wooden-seated chair of her own room for a moment's breathing space, before
it was time to set the table for tea, she looked back over the day with a little
wondering sigh. What had she done this day for the glory of God? How could
he possibly get any glory out of her honest efforts to do her whole duty that
day? True, she had resisted the temptation to slam the door hard, to set down
the tea-kettle with a bang, to say, in an undertone, "I don't care whether it is
clean or dirty," when her attention was called to some undone task. Yet what
had been the result? Mother certainly had never been so hard to please.
"She has found more to blame to-day than she ever did in the days when I
only half tried," said poor Dorothy to herself.
So where was there any glory for the Master to be found in the day? Even
then came the mother's voice calling,—
"Well, are we to have any supper to-night? or must I get it, with all the rest?"
Then Dorothy went down, and I am afraid that she set the cups and saucers
on the table with more force than was needed. Life looked full of pin-pricks
that hurt for the time being as much, or at least she thought they did, as
though they had been made with lancets.
What was the trouble with Mother Morgan?
I do want you to understand her. She did not understand herself, to be sure;
but that is no reason why you should not show more discrimination. It had
been an unusually trying day to her. Apart from the pressure of domestic
cares, which she, in common with many other housekeepers, made always
twice as heavy as they should be, her nerves, or her heart, or her conscience,
or all these combined, had been stirred within her by the words of prayer in
the twilight of the Sabbath. Memory took her back to an old hillside farmhouse,
surrounded by fields less rich and fruitful than those near which she dwelt; to
an old arm-chair, in which an old man sat night and morning, by his side
another chair, in which an old woman sat night and morning; and together
they read out of the same Bible, together they knelt and prayed, and this cold-
faced mother had heard herself prayed for many a time, not only by that old
man, but by the gray-haired woman. And they were her father and her mother,
both sleeping now, side by side, under the snow; and being dead, yet
speaking—speaking loudly to her on that very Monday. As she looked at
Dorothy she felt as though she were wronging her of a birthright. Dorothy had
never heard her mother pray as she had heard her old mother many a time.
Dorothy's mother had never said to her,—
"Dorothy, I want you to be a servant of God more than I want anything else."
That was what leer mother had said to her when she was Dorothy's age, and
many a time afterward; and she was not a servant of God yet, and her
conscience reproached her; and her child had never heard such words, and
her heart reproached her. As truly as I write it, she pitied Dorothy. Yet, can you
understand that this very feeling actually made her voice sharper and her
words more impatient when she spoke to her? The human heart unchanged is
a very strange and contradictory thing.
But I want to tell you what Dorothy Morgan does not know.
Her mother did discover the immaculate condition of the pudding-kettle, and
said aloud—
"I declare, for once this is clean!"

CHAPTER XX.
CLOUDS.
I HAVE been tempted to linger over these first weeks connected with Louise
Morgan's home-coming in order that you might get a clear view of the
surroundings and a true idea of the family life. Now, however, I shall have to
take you away into the spring. The long, cold, busy winter, with its cares and
opportunities, had passed away, and the buds and blossoms, foretelling of the
coming summer, had begun to appear on every hand.
Many changes, subtle and sweet and strong, had been going on in the
Morgan household. Dorothy had held steadily on her course; the first lesson in
her Christian experience being ever present with her, that in the very smallest
matters of life her light might shine for Christ. She was learning the important
lesson to be "faithful over a few things." Little realized she the importance of
this faithfulness. Not an idea had she of the number of times in which the
mother had regarded her curiously, as she looked in vain for careless ways or
forgotten duties, and admitted to herself that "something had come over
Dorothy, and she only hoped it would last." Oh yes, it would last. Dorothy
believed that. She had anchored her soul after the first hours of unrest on the
sure promise of His "sufficient grace," and had no idea of doubting him. Not
much outside work had she been able to take up. Yet, little by little, came
changes. Carey Martyn was full of schemes.
"See here, let us do thus and so," was a favourite phrase of his, and he was
growing more and more fond of saying it to Dorothy.
The bright curtains in the parlour had not been taken down again; the old-
fashioned sofa still held its place in the coziest corner; and now that the sun
was getting around the corner, peeping in at the pleasantest window, the room
took a still more cheery look, and Dorothy had fallen into the habit of touching
a match to the carefully laid fire almost every evening just after tea, and one
by one the different members of the family dropped in.
The long-neglected old-fashioned brass knocker often sounded during these
days. People who had never called on the Morgans, chiefly because of the
fear that they would be coldly received, began to discover that Mrs. Lewis
Morgan was a very pleasant woman, very glad to see her friends; and the
mother was not so disagreeable as they had supposed; and, "really, that shy,
silent Dorothy had improved wonderfully."
Thus it was when the spring opened, only a few months since the new-
comer's first entrance; and nothing very remarkable, so far as outward eyes
could see, had transpired, and yet in a hundred little ways things were
different.
But on this particular May morning when I bring you into the family circle the
prevailing atmosphere was gloom.
In the first place it rained—a soft, sweet spring rain, when the buds swell, and
leaves almost seem to increase in size while you watch, and the spring
flowers nod at one another, and the world, though in tears, seems to the
happy heart to be keeping holiday. Yet, as Louise Morgan stood at her window
and watched the dripping eaves, and listened to the patter on the roof, and
saw the low gray clouds sail by, a rainy day seemed to her a dreary thing.
The truth was, the Morgan family were in trouble. During these passing
months Louise and her husband, reinforced by Dorothy, and afterward by
Carey Martyn, had carried John Morgan about on their hearts as special
subject of constant prayer. Louise had been often eager, persistent, steadfast
for a soul before; yet it seemed to her that the desire had never been so
intense as in this instance; and as she looked over the past, it seemed to her
that she had never had so little encouragement. From the time when she took
that walk home with him in the moonlight, and tried to speak earnest words,
John Morgan had seemed to withdraw more utterly into himself. He carefully
avoided Louise; he refused, positively, all invitations to attend church on the
Sabbath. He plainly informed Lewis that he was wasting words in trying to talk
religion at him, and might consider himself honourably excused from any such
attempts; and to Dorothy, who, with tearful eyes and trembling lips, said simply
to him one night in the darkness, "O John, won't you give yourself to Jesus?"
he unceremoniously and roughly answered, "Shut up."
In every respect John had seemed, during the last few months, to travel
rapidly backward. The corner grocery now saw him more frequently than ever
before; indeed, almost every evening, late into the night, was passed there.
The smell of tobacco and of liquor lingered more constantly now about his
clothing, and pervaded the atmosphere of his room. In vain did Louise
struggle to keep that room pure. Gradually it had changed its outward
appearance. Christmas and Now Year, and then John's birthday, had been
helpful anniversaries to her plans. The bed was spread in spotless white; the
twisted-leg stand had its scratched and pointless top concealed under a white
and delicately crocheted tidy; a little rocker occupied the corner by the
window, with a bright-coloured tidy fastened securely to its back. The space
between the hall door and the clothes-press was occupied by a neat toilet-
stand, with all the convenient accessories of the toilet carefully disposed on it;
the walls were hung with two or three choice engravings and an illuminated
text; and on the white-covered stand there daily blossomed, in a small pure
vase, a rose, or a bunch of lilies of the valley, or a spray of delicate wild flower
—some sweet-breathed treasure from the woods or garden, which struggled
with the tobacco-scented air—placed there by Louise's tasteful fingers.
Once she ventured on a gift in the shape of a nicely-bound Bible, containing

John's name and her own on the fly-leaf, and she made a place for it on the
white-covered stand; but found that the very next morning it had been placed
on the highest shelf in the clothes-press along with a pile of old agricultural
papers that reposed there from one house-cleaning to another. All of these
patient little efforts had been greeted hitherto with nothing but frowns or
sneers or total indifference.
John Morgan seemed to have deliberately determined to ruin his prospects for
this life and the next, and to forbid any one to hold him back. Yet they did not
give him up, these four. The more hopeless the case seemed to grow, the
more steadily did they try to hold their grasp on the arm of power.
But on this rainy morning of which I write, not one of the four but had been
plunged into more or less anxiety and gloom. Apparently, not only had all their
efforts failed, but the subject of them had resolved to remove himself from all
further influence or molestation from them. The threat that he had often and
often made, to leave his home and go where he pleased, he had now
determined to put into execution. A week before he had suddenly and fiercely
announced his decision, and no amount of persuasion had effected the least
change. He was indifferent alike to his father's advice or threats.
"You needn't give me a copper if you haven't a mind to," he had said sullenly
during one of the stormy talks. "I'll risk but that I can take care of myself. I can
beg or can drown myself, if I feel like it. Anyhow, I'm going, and there's no kind
of use in talking."
"But where are you going?" pleaded the mother.

One less indifferent than John could not have failed to notice that her face was
pale and her voice husky with pent-up feeling.
"Just exactly where I like, and nowhere else. If I knew where that was I might
tell you, but I don't. I never did as I pleased an hour since I was born, and I
mean to do it now."
What was the use of talking to one in such a mood? Yet they talked, and
argued, and threatened, and used sharp words, and bitter words, and words
that were calculated to leave life-long scars on hearts; and the talks were
frequently renewed, and lasted away into the midnight; and at last John had
declared that he would not stand this sort of thing another hour, and he would
not take any money—not a copper of it, even if it was offered; and he would
not take his clothes along—not a rag.
"You can sell them to the first rag-man that comes along, and build another
barn with their value, for all I care," he said to his father, in a pitiful attempt at
sarcasm.
And then, without another word or a glance at his mother or a pretence at

good-bye, he strode out of the room, closing the door after him with a bang.
That was the evening before, just at supper-time, and though his mother did
that night what she had never done before in her life—put some of the supper
down, carefully covered to keep warm for John—he came not. The next
morning's milking was done without him, and as the long rainy day waned it
became evident to each heart that John was gone.
Now I have not told you the worst of this. For the past week the mother's heart
had been wrung with such anxiety that she had humbled herself in a manner
that she, a few days before, would not have imagined possible. She had
followed Louise one morning up to her room, coming with slow and doubtful
tread, closing the door after her, and looking behind her in a half-frightened
way, as if to be sure that there were no other listeners to her humiliation than
this one, and had said to Louise, catching her breath while she spoke,—
"You know how I feel about John. I have heard you talk about praying over
everything; if you believe that it does any good, why don't you pray to have
him kept at home?"
"Mother," said Louise, coming close to her, taking the hard old hand in hers, "I
do pray for him, every hour in the day, almost every minute it seems to me,
and I believe it will do good; I believe He will hear our prayer. But there is no
one who could pray for John as his mother could. I do so desire to have his
mother's prayers infold him like a garment. Won't you pray for him?"
"I'm not a praying woman," said Mrs. Morgan, trying to keep her voice steady.
"Still, if I believed in it as you do, I would pray now if I never did again."
Then she turned and went swiftly away. She had actually humbled her proud
heart to ask her daughter-in-law to pray for John! She could not get away from
the feeling that Louise's prayers would be likely to avail if any would. More
than that—but this at the time was known only to her own heart, and to the
One who reads the heart—in the silence and darkness of her own room, after
Nellie was asleep, and before Farmer Morgan had drawn the last bolt
preparatory to coming to his bed, she had got down on her knees and had
offered what, in her ignorance, she thought was prayer. "O God," she said, "if
thou hearest human beings in their need, hear me, and keep John from going
away." There was no submission in her heart to the divine will, no reference to
the name which is the only name by which we can approach God, no
realization of anything save John's peril and a blind reaching out after some
hand that had power. Yet it was a nearer approach to prayer than that mother
had made for fifty years!
Neither could she help a feeling, which she told herself was probably
superstition, that something somehow would prevent John from carrying out
his designs. Yet the days went by, and no unseen arm stretched out its hand
of power to arrest John. Instead, the rainy day wore on with the feeling settling
down hopelessly on the mother's heart that her son had gone from her with
hard words on his lips, and with the echo of hard words from her sounding in
his heart. For, so strange a thing is this human heart, Mrs. Morgan had
actually never seemed more hard or cold to her son than she did during the
week that her heart was torn with anxiety for him.
But I have not told you the worst of this. The days moved on, and it became
evident to all that John had carried out his threat and was gone. Then the
mother's grief and dismay found vent in hard and cruel words. She turned in
bitterness from Louise, yes, and from Dorothy, indeed from every one. To
Louise she said plainly it was not strange that John had wanted to get away;
she had given him no peace since she had been there; always tormenting him
to go to church or to prayer-meeting, or to do something that he did not want
to do. For her part, she did not see but he was quite as good as those who
were always running off to meeting. He could not even have any peace in his
own room; it must be cluttered up with rubbish that any man hated—vases to
tip over, and tidies to torment him!
And she flung the tidies on a chair in Louise's room, and folded and packed
away the cover which she said she had been "fooled into buying," and
restored every corner of that little hall chamber to its original dreariness. And,
worse than all, she declared that she hoped and trusted she would hear no
more cant about prayers in that house. She had not been able to see for many
a year that the kind of praying that was being done in these days
accomplished any good.
To Dorothy she declared that if she had had the spirit of a mouse she might
have exerted herself, as other girls did, to make a pleasant spot for her
brother; that she had never tried to please him in anything, not even the
mending of his mittens when he wanted them; she would rather dawdle over
the fire roasting apples with Carey Martyn than give any thought to her own
brother.
Now all this was bitterness itself to poor Dorothy, whose own heart reproached
her for having been so many years indifferent to her brother's welfare, but who
had honestly tried with all the force of her heart to be pleasant and helpful to
John ever since she had been doing anything from a right motive.
Neither did Mrs. Morgan spare her husband. She would not have let a boy like
that go off without a penny in his pocket, she said,—no, not if she had to sell
all the stock to get him ready money. He had as good a right to money as
Lewis ever had, and he had been tied down to the five barns all his life. No
wonder he ran away. He showed some spirit, and she was glad he had.
Do you suppose Farmer Morgan endured this in silence? Not he. And sharp
words grow sharper, and bitter feelings ran high, until the once quiet kitchen
was transformed into a Babel of angry words, and poor Louise could only go
away and weep.
But I have not told you the worst of this: actually the worst was in this Christian
woman's own sore heart. The awful question, "Why?" had crept in and was
tormenting her soul. She had been sincere in her prayers; she had been
honest in her desires; she had been unwavering in her petitions. Why had
God permitted this disastrous thing to come? Had she not tried—oh had she
not tried with sincere desire ever since she came into this home to live Christ
in it? Why, then, had she been allowed to so utterly fail? Would it not be to
God's glory to save John Morgan's soul? Was it not evident that through him
the mother might possibly be reached? Was it not perfectly evident that John,
at home, under her influence and Lewis's and Dorothy's, would be in less
danger than away among strangers, wandering whither he would? Was it not
perfectly evident that this conclusion to their prayers had caused Mrs. Morgan
to lose faith in prayer—to grow harder and harder in her feelings toward God
and toward Christians? Why was all this allowed?
She had prayed in faith—or, at least, she had supposed she had; she had felt
almost sure that God would answer her prayer. She had said to Dorothy, only
the night before John went away—said it with steady voice and a smile in her
eye—"I don't believe John will go away; I don't think God will let him go."
And Dorothy, half-startled, had answered: "O Louise, I don't mean to be

irreverent, but I don't understand. How can God keep him from going, if he will
go?"
And Louise, smiling outright now, so sure was she of her trust, had answered:
"I don't know, dear; he has infinite resources; I only know that I believe he will
do it."
Now what had become of her faith? It grieves my heart to have to confess to
you that this young servant of Christ, who had felt his "sufficient grace" in her
own experience again and again, allowed Satan to stand at her elbow and
push before her that persistent and faithless "Why?"
It was that word in all its changes which was crowding into her heart, on that
May morning, as she looked out at the dripping eaves and the leaden clouds.
CHAPTER XXI.
HEDGED IN.
As for John, perhaps he was quite as much astonished at the turn of events
as was any of the family. It is true he had been threatening for many weeks to
turn his back on the old homestead, but it is doubtful if he had really, during
that time, a well-defined intention of doing any such thing.
No plans as to where he should go or what he should do had taken shape;

only a vague unrest, and a more or less settled determination to some time
get away from it all.
Therefore, as he turned his back on the familiar barns and long-stretching

fields, and went out from them in the darkness of that May evening, not one of
the family was more in fog as to what he would do next than was John
himself. Instinctively he turned his steps to the village, spending the evening in
his old haunt, showing only by a more reckless manner than usual that there
had been any change in his life. In fact he realized no change; he never
turned toward the family road leading homeward as he came out from that
corner grocery at a later hour than usual; but he stopped abruptly before he
reached the top of the hill, considered a moment, then turned and retraced his
steps, and presently struck out boldly on the road leading cityward. The great
city, only sixty miles away, was of course the first point for an enterprising
young man about to start out in life for himself.
About midnight he reached the station where the express train stopped. By
the station lamps he discovered that the eastern-bound train would be due in
five minutes. He drew from his pocket the handful of silver and copper that
constituted his available means, slowly counted them, lounged into the
station, and inquired the price of a ticket to the city, then smiled grimly to
himself to discover that after purchasing one he should have just fivepence
left. "I guess I can live on that for a week or so," he muttered; "father could. If I
can't I can starve. I'm going to the city anyhow." And the ticket was bought.
Presently came the train, and our reckless young traveller sauntered into it,
selected the best seat he could find, settled himself comfortably, and went to
sleep, apparently indifferent to the fact that his mother was at that moment
shedding bitter tears for him. No, he was not indifferent; would not have been,
at least, had he known the fact. Nothing in all his young life's experience
would have amazed him more. He did not understand his mother, which is not
strange, perhaps, when one considers that she had spent years in learning
how to hide her heart away from the sight of those she loved best. John
Morgan actually did not believe that he had ever caused his mother to shed
one tear; he did not believe that she loved him. What did he know about
mother love, save as she revealed it to him?
It is not my purpose to take you wandering with John Morgan. Even if we had
time for it, the experience would be anything but pleasant. He went into many
places where you would not like to follow; he did many things that were better
left undone, and are much better left untold. Yet I will be just to poor, silly,
wicked John. He held back, or rather was held back by a force which he did
not in the least understand, from many a place that otherwise he would have
entered. There were depths of sin and folly into which he had abundant
chance to sink, and from which nothing in his own depraved heart kept him
from sinking, and yet into which he did not sink. He would have smiled in
superior scorn over the thought that the incense of prayer, which had been
rising day and night concerning him during the passing weeks, had anything
to do with the unseen force that held him when he would have plunged
headlong. Still he was held. He is not the first one who has been saved from
self-shipwreck by a power outside of himself, unrecognized and unthanked.
Still it must be confessed that John Morgan took long enough strides in the
road to shipwreck, and did what he could for his own overthrow, goaded
meantime by an exasperating and ever-increasing sense of failure. Here was
he at last, his own master, able to work, if he could find anything to do, or to
let it alone, just as he pleased; no one to direct, or, as he had always phrased
it, to "order." No one to complain, no one to question—a life of freedom at last.
Was it not for this he had pined? It was humiliating to discover that it did not
satisfy him. He could not, even for an hour, cheat himself into believing that he
was happy in the life that he had chosen. A very vagabond of a life he led. He
tried working and lounging and starving, and the time hung heavily. It was
more than humiliating, it was exasperating; but the fact remained that he could
no more get away from the memory of that clean, sweet-smelling, sweetly
kept room, in which he had lately passed his nights, than he could get away
from his own miserable self. Nay, the very smell of the wild-wood violets which
had nodded on him from the tiny vase that last morning at home, and which
he had affected to despise, seemed to follow and haunt him. How perfectly
absurd it was in him here, in the very centre of this great centre of life, to
actually long for a whiff of those wild violets! He sneered at himself, and swore
at himself, and longed for them all the same.
So passed the days, each one bearing him steadily downward, and yet each
one holding him back from the downward depths into which he might have
plunged. And the summer heats came in all their fierceness and wilted him
with their city-polluted breath; he had been used all his life to the free, pure air
of the country. At times it was hard for him to believe that this crowded, ill-
smelling city could belong to the same earth on which the wide-stretching
harvest-fields lay and smiled. And the summer waned, and the rich, rare
October days, so beautiful in the country, so barren of all interest to the
homeless in a great city, came to him, and John Morgan had actually become
a tramp! The work which he had at first despised and hated he now could not
find; and if he would not carry his early threat into execution and literally
starve, he must tramp and beg. Now starving had lost its charms somewhere
among the parchings of those summer months; he had so nearly tried that
way as to shudder over it; to ask for a bite at the back door of country-looking
houses was more to his mind.
One never-to-be-forgotten October day he shook himself out from the shelter
of a wrecked car, near which he had passed the night, and resolved upon a
breakfast of some sort. I wish I could give you a picture of him. His own
mother would not have recognized him. His clothing in the old days had been
none of the finest, but whatever passed through Mother Morgan's hands was
clean, and carefully mended. Now this bundle of rags and dirt would have
been in danger of being spurned from her door without a second glance.
"There is no excuse for filth!" she was wont to say grimly. Her son John had
heard her say it many a time. He thought of it this morning as he shook
himself; yet how could he help the filth? He had no clothes, he had no place in
which to wash, he had nothing with which to brush, and very little left to brush!
True, he had brought himself into this very position, but of that he did not
choose to think; and besides, everybody knows it is easier to get into certain
positions than to get out of them. I wish I could tell you how he felt. He did not
understand his own mood. He was not repentant, not in the least; if anything,
he was more bitter and defiant than ever. But he was disappointed: assuming
control of one's own actions was by no means so comfortable or desirable a
lot as he had imagined. There were days in which he believed that to have
milked the gentle cows, and cared for the fine horses, would have been a
positive relief. It was not work that John had shirked. Yet he had no idea of
going home; his proud spirit and defiant nature would not let him even suggest
that thought to himself.
On this particular morning he had resolved to try again for work. He managed
to get on the last car of an outgoing goods train, and was thus whirled a few
miles into the country. At the first station he jumped off, and began his search
for work. He found a farmer who was compassionate, and gave him wood to
carry into the already well-stocked shed by way of earning his breakfast.
Presently the farmer came to the door and called:
"We are about ready for breakfast now. You can come in while we have
prayers and then have breakfast."
"I don't want prayers," said John, stopping short midway between the door
and the wood-pile, his arms full. "I asked for something to eat, not for praying."
"I know that, and you shall have the something to eat; but a little praying won't
hurt you. Why, man, you can afford to be thankful that you have found a
chance to eat again!"
"No, I can't," said John fiercely. "If I can't have the breakfast without the
praying, I'll go without the breakfast."
"Very well," said the sturdy farmer, "I'm bound you shall then. I declare, if a
fellow has got so far that he can't even listen to a word of prayer, he doesn't
deserve to eat."
"Then I'll starve," said John in anger, and he threw the wood on the floor and
strode away.
"Oh, I don't know about that, father," said a motherly voice, and a motherly
face looking out after angry John. "Seems to me I'd have given him some
breakfast if he didn't want to come to prayers. Maybe he was ashamed to, he
looks so much like a rag-bag."
"Why didn't he say so then!" said the disturbed farmer. "Who expected him to
fly off in a passion at the mention of a prayer? He's a hard case, I'm afraid."
That was true enough; and yet the incident was not so much against John as
it sounds. Poor John! he was angry at his own heart for remembering, with a
certain lingering touch of tenderness, that prayer in the kitchen at home in the
Sabbath evening twilight; he wanted no experience that would call it up more
plainly. Breakfastless, and supperless last night, John Morgan! There had
always been plenty to eat in his father's house. What a bitterness it was to
think that, now he was independent, he was actually a dependent on the
chance charities of the world!
He tramped on; he was growing hungrier; he felt that he really could not work
now until he had a chance to eat; it was actual pauperism this time. A neat-
looking house, a neat kitchen door; he knocked at it and asked for a bit of
bread. A trim old lady answered it,—
"Yes, to be sure. Come in. And so you're hungry? Poor fellow! It must be hard
to be hungry. No home, I suppose?"
John shook his head.
"Poor fellow! You look young too. Is your mother dead, did you say?"
All the while she bustled about, getting a savoury breakfast ready for him—a
cup of steaming coffee, and a bit of meat, and generous slices of bread and
butter—bread that looked and butter that smelled like his mother's. And this
was a farmhouse, and a neat, clean kitchen, and a yellow painted floor.
At that last question a strange feeling came over John Morgan. Was his
mother dead? "No," he almost said. He would not have liked to nod his head
to that. And yet, here he was among the October days, and it had been early
May when he left her. How many funeral processions he had passed on the
streets since, and he had had no word from his mother. Down in the pasture
meadow one day his father had said to him, "Don't plough that bit up; I've
never made up my mind to it. In spite of me, it looks as if it was meant for a
kind of family burying-ground." There was a great tree there and a grassy
hillside, and a small clear stream purled along very near. How did he know but
a grave had been dug on that hillside since he went away? His heart gave a
few sudden thuds, and then for a minute almost seemed to stop beating.
Could it be possible that John Morgan really loved his mother! He was eating
his breakfast now—a good breakfast it was, and the trim old lady talked on.
"Well, there are a good many homeless people in the world. It must be hard;
but then, you know, the Master himself gave up his home, and had not where
to lay his head—did it for our sakes too. Wasn't that strange? Seems to me I
couldn't give up my home. But he made a home by it for every one of us. I
hope you've looked after the title to yours, young man."
No answer from John. The old lady sighed, and said to herself, as she trotted
away for a biscuit for him,—
"He doesn't understand, poor fellow. I suppose he never has had any good
thoughts put into his mind. Dear me! I wish I could do something for him
besides feeding his poor, perishing body."
But John did understand perfectly. What was the matter with all the people this
morning? Why were they so persistently forcing that subject at him? He had
been wandering almost six months, and had never met so many
straightforward words concerning it in all the months as he had this morning.
Is not it possible, John Morgan, that God's watching Spirit knows when to
reach even your heart? The little old lady trotted back, a plate of biscuits in
one hand and a little card in the other.
"Put these biscuits in your pocket; maybe they'll come good when you are
hungry again. And here is a little card; you can read, I suppose?"
The faintest suspicion of a smile gleamed in John Morgan's eyes as he

nodded assent.
"Well, then, you read it once in a while just to please me. Those are true
words on it; and Jesus is here yet trying to save, just the same as he always
was. He wants to save you, young man, and you had better let him do it now.
If I were you I wouldn't wait another day."
As he tramped down the street, his inner man so wonderfully refreshed by the
good coffee and bread and butter, he could not help looking at the card,
which, also, after that breakfast, he could not help taking, although he wanted
to put it into the cheery fire. It was a simple enough card, and printed on it in
plain letters were these words, "It is a faithful saying, and worthy of all
acceptation, that Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners." Then
underneath, "I am the bread of life. He that believeth on me shall never
hunger." Still lower on the card, in ornamented letters, the words, "The Master
is come, and calleth for thee." Then a hand pointing to an italicized line, "I that
speak unto thee am he."
"Queer mess that," said John, and he thrust the card into his pocket and
strode toward the village depot. He meant to board the next train and get a
little farther into the country, and continue his search for work. The train
arrived, and he succeeded in slipping into it. But it was hardly fairly under way
when he discovered that he had miscalculated, and was being borne back
toward the great city, instead of farther into the country.
"I don't care," he said. "I don't know what I want of the country. On the whole, I
may as well try my chances in the city. I'll go up Greenwich Street and try my
luck in the warehouses. I can roll boxes about now since I've had another
breakfast."
But the train presently switched off and ran into another station, into another
part of the city, wherein John was as total a stranger as though he had just
dropped from the clouds.
"Where on earth am I?" he said bewildered, swinging himself down from the
top of the car and looking around. "Just my luck. I'm nowhere. East, west,
north, south,—which way shall I go? I'll go north. Which is north? Or no, I
won't; it's coming winter. I guess I'll go south, and walk as long as it looks
interesting, and see where I'll bring up. What difference does it make which
way I go?"
All the difference in the world, John Morgan. It is a link in the chain which is
narrowing around you. It is one of the apparently trivial movements which will
have its silent, unnoticed, unthought-of part in helping you to decide which
way you will go during all your future, and at what station you will finally land.
CHAPTER XXII.
CORDS UNSEEN.
THE morning service was just over in the great church on Lexington Avenue.
A large company of men and women lingered in the broad aisles, shaking
hands with each other, saying a word here and there in subdued happy tones.
A looker-on, who was familiar with religious meetings, and who yet had not
been present at this one, would have known by the atmosphere lingering in
the church that the worshippers had been having a happy time. They were
loath to leave; they gathered in little knots, at convenient standing-places, and
discussed the events of the hour and the prospects of the evening. Large
numbers of the ladies had packages of white cards in their hands—not unlike
calling-cards in size and texture, and quite as carefully written on as ever
calling-cards were. The handwriting was peculiar—delicate, gracefully
rounded letters, skilful flourishes. Somebody had considered the work
important, and had bestowed time and skill.
"Estelle dear, won't you go forward and get some of the cards? I see very few
here who will go up Fairmount Street, and you may be able to reach some
who will be otherwise neglected."
So spoke one of the lingerers, a fair-faced woman, with silver-tinted hair, to a

very graceful young woman, who was evidently her daughter, and who
evidently lingered, not so much from personal interest in the scene as
because her mother did. She turned full, wondering, and yet deprecating eyes
on her mother at the question.
"O mamma! I cannot offer those cards to people. I am not one of the workers,
you know; it isn't expected of me. You have some, and that will be sufficient
for our family."
"I am not going up Fairmount Street," the mother answered quietly. "I have
only enough cards to meet my own opportunities, daughter. If Louise were
here, dear, can't you think how she would scatter those little white
messengers?"
"Louise is good, mamma, and I am not, you know; you mustn't expect me to
be Louise. I can no more take her place in that way than I can in a hundred
others."
"Oh yes, you can, my child; it doesn't require any special skill to hand a card
of invitation to a passer-by, or even to speak a word of encouragement to the
half persuaded."
"But, mamma, how would it look for me to invite people to the meetings? I am
not one of the church members. It wouldn't be very consistent, I think."
The mother's eyes were sorrowful and questioning as they rested on the face
of her fair young daughter. She seemed not to know just what would be well to
answer to this. At last she said,—
"Estelle dear, even though you refuse Christ yourself, don't you wish that
many others might come to him? Poor, sad hearts who have not your
opportunities, nor know the way as you do—shouldn't they have their chance
to choose, and aren't you willing to extend the invitation?"
The young girl's cheeks flushed a deeper pink, and her eyes drooped, but she
answered steadily,—
"Certainly I am, mamma."
Then she went forward and received from the pastor a package of the
beautiful cards, turning them over curiously in her hand, wondering much how
it would seem to pass them out to people, and whether the cards would be
accepted or refused.
Simple little cards they were; nothing pretentious or formidable about them;
just an announcement of daily religious services, giving the hours of meetings
and the name of the preacher; then, on the reverse side, in the most exquisite
penmanship, this simple quotation, "The Master is come, and calleth for thee."
Estelle read it, and the glow on her cheeks did not lessen. There was certainly
something very solemn in the suggestion. Estelle could hardly help giving a
moment's attention to the inquiry whether the Master really were calling for
her. Could she have brought her heart to the point of believing that such was
the case, it would have been well with Estelle, for she could not have said the
Master nay. The sin in her case was that she would not study the subject long
enough to be able to believe that she was personally included in the call.
Nevertheless she went her way up Fairmount Street on her unusual errand, a
little touch of vexation in her face over the thought that Louise would have
done all this so well, and would so have delighted in it, while she must
bunglingly try to supply her place. It was about this time that John Morgan
turned into Fairmount Street, much wondering where he was and what he
could be expected to do next.
"Will you have a card, please?" And a vision of loveliness fell on his
astonished gaze, and a delicately-gloved hand was stretched forth with the
fair bit of pasteboard. "It is just an invitation to the meetings; we hope you will
come." And still the card was outstretched, and still John stood and stared.
What was there about that face and voice that seemed familiar to him as one
whom he had met in a dream or in the far-away unreality of some other
existence? It bewildered him to the extent that he forgot either to decline or
accept the card, but stood looking and wondering. Estelle felt the importance
of saying something further to this silent starer. "They have very good singing,
and great crowds come every evening. I think you will like it. Will you take the
card?"
Thus petitioned, John, roused from his bewilderment, put forth his hand for the
proffered card, because for the moment he could not decide what else to do.
Then Estelle, her mission accomplished and her embarrassment great, flitted
away from him around the corner. "What a strange-acting fellow!" was her
comment. "How he did stare! One would suppose he had never seen a lady
before. Dear me! He looks as though he needed a friend. Somehow I can't
help feeling sorry for him. I really hope he will go to the meeting; but of course
he won't." And Estelle Barrows actually realized that for such a dreary,
friendless-looking person as he the love of Christ would be a great
transformation. She did not mean that she, Estelle Barrows, in her beauty and
purity, surrounded by the safeguards of her high position, had no need of
Christ; neither did she realize that this was the logical conclusion of her
reasoning.
"What in the name of common sense has got into all the people to-day? They
are running wild on cards." This was John Morgan's comment. He was
ashamed and vexed to think he had so forgotten his sullenness and
indifference as to stare at the fair young face. He read the card carefully, more
to get away from his present thoughts than from any interest in it; but the
verse on the reverse side held his attention for a few minutes, from the fact
that the words were the very same as those on the card given him by the old
lady who had supplied his breakfast. It struck him as a strange coincidence.
Presently he thrust the bit of pasteboard into his pocket, and dismissed the
incident from his mind.
Not again did it recur to him until he was passing, during that same evening, a
brightly-lighted building, from whence there issued sounds of music.
Something in the strains recalled, he knew not how or why, the incident of the
morning and the card of invitation. "I wonder if this is the place?" he queried.
"It would be rather queer if I had blundered on the very building, without the
least notion of doing any such thing." He paused before the door, listening to
the roll of the organ as it sounded on the quiet air. "That organ doesn't squeak,
anyhow," he said grimly, recalling the organ scene in the old church at home,
and Louise's pleasure in its improved condition after he had taken hold of it.
Thoughts of her suggested the card again, and he brought it forth from his
pocket, and by the light of a friendly lamp compared the name on the card
with the name on the building before him. Yes, they agreed; chance or
Providence, according as you are accustomed to view these matters, had led
him to the very spot. Still he had no intention of going in. "Pretty-looking object
I am to go to church," he said, surveying himself critically, something between
a smile and a sneer on his face. "I would create a sensation, I fancy. I wonder
if the bit of silk and lace that gave me the card is in there? And I wonder if she
expects to see me? And I wonder where I have seen her before, and why her
face haunts me?"
The organ had been silent for some minutes; now it rolled forth its notes
again, and voices, that to John seemed of unearthly sweetness, rang out on
the quiet:—
"Come home! Come home! You are weary at heart;

And the way has been long,
And so lonely and wild!
Oh, prodigal child, come home! Oh, come home!"
Was John Morgan homesick? He would have scorned the thought. Yet at the
sound of these tender words a strange choking sensation came over him, and
something very like a mist filled his eyes. He felt, rather than realized, how
long and lonely and wild the way had been; still he had no intention of going
in. He would step nearer and listen to that music; those voices were unlike
anything he had ever heard before. He drew nearer under the light of the hall
lamp. He could see into the church. The doors stood invitingly open; the aisles
even were full. Some were standing, not well-dressed people all of them, by
any means; but some were so roughly clad that even he would not attract
attention by the contrast. A young man, well-dressed, with an open hymn-
book in his hand, stood by the door, almost in the hall. He turned suddenly,
and his eyes rested on John; he beckoned him forward, then stepped toward
him.
"Come right in, my friend; we can find standing-room for you, and the sermon
is just about to commence."
"I'm not dressed for such places," said John, imagining that he spoke firmly.
"Oh, never mind the dress; that is not of the least consequence; there are
plenty of men in here in their rough working-clothes. Come right in."
"Come home, come home," sang out the wonderful voices. And John Morgan,
still with no intention of going in, yet impelled by a force which he no more
understood than he understood his own soul, stepped forward and followed
the young man into the crowded church. The singing ceased, and the minister
arose and immediately announced his text, "Friend, how camest thou in hither,
not having on a wedding garment?"
The sentence was spoken so like a personal question that John looked about
him, startled. Could it be possible that the man was addressing him—actually
referring to his uncouth dress? This only for an instant; then he discovered
that no one was paying the least attention to him, and that his dress, rough
enough, was not worse than that of some by whom he was surrounded. But
the preacher's manner was so new and strange, so unlike anything that John
Morgan had ever met before, that, despite his own half-formed determination
to get out of this, he stayed, and looked, and listened.
If I could I would tell you about that sermon; but sermons on paper, reported
by a second party, are so very different from the words that come burning hot
from the heart of the preacher, that on second thought I have deemed it
unwise to make the attempt.
To John Morgan the entire service was like a revelation of mysteries. That
which had seemed to him bewildering and contradictory, and finally actually
exasperating in the plan of salvation, was made as clear as the sunlight, and
one by one his own daring subterfuges were swept from him, so that before
the sermon closed he felt that he indeed stood unclothed and speechless
before the King. What next? Where should he go now? Whither flee? Was he
not sufficiently wretched before? Had he need to feel these truths in order to
make his condition less endurable?
The sermon closed, the few words of solemn prayer followed, and the choir
took up the service. Strangely clear, at least to John's ears, were the voices

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Test Bank for Research Methods for the

Behavioral Sciences, 3rd Edition,

Solution Manual for Research Methods for the Behavioral

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition

Solution Manual for Research Methods for the Behavioral

Test Bank for Essential Statistics for the Behavioral

Methods in Behavioral Research 12th Edition Cozby Test

Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences

Test Bank for Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences,

Test Bank for Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences,

4. Which of the following is not a means of acquiring knowledge through science?

7. The scientific method refers to a set of systematic techniques used to acquire,

8. Another name for the scientific method is the ______.

9. Science is ______ way of knowing about the world.

Difficulty Level: Hard

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

21. Which of the following is an example of a variable?

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

32. ______ are measurements or observations that are typically numeric.

Answer Location: Summarize Data and Report the Research Results

35. Which of the following is one method of communicating research to others?

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

38. Tenacity is a method of knowing based largely on ______.

39. ______ is a method of knowing based largely on habit or superstition.

41. Intuition is a method of knowing based largely on ______.

42. ______ is a method of knowing based largely on an individual’s hunch or feeling

44. Authority is a method of knowing accepted as fact because ______.

47. Rationalism is a method of knowing ______.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Describe five nonscientific methods of acquiring

50. Empiricism is a method of knowing based on ______.

51. ______ is a method of knowing based on one’s experiences or observations.

53. Which of the following is a method of acquiring knowledge according to the

54. What are the four goals of science?

Answer Location: Basic and Applied Research

65. Quantitative research uses the scientific method to ______.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

67. Qualitative research uses the scientific method to ______.

70. A researcher measures studying by describing in words where a person generally

74. Pseudoscience is ______.

75. Which of the following scenarios is an example of pseudoscience?

2. A scientific observation can be direct or indirect.

3. Science makes use of the scientific method to acquire knowledge.

6. A research hypothesis is a specific, testable claim or prediction about what you

7. An operational definition is a description of some observable event in terms of how it

8. Defining athleticism as the time in seconds it takes to complete an obstacle course is

10. A population can be any group of interest.

14. Data are typically nonnumeric measurements or observations.

15. Data are rarely presented in figures or graphs in a research report.

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Authority is a method of knowing accepted as fact because it was stated by an

32. Applied research is used to address theoretical questions regarding the

37. Quantitative, but not qualitative research, is regarded as being scientific.

38. Generally speaking, pseudoscience is “nonscience posing as science.”

39. All nonscience is pseudoscience.

Answer Location: The Scientific Method

2. Science is the acquisition of knowledge through ______.

3. In which step of the scientific process is it important to identify participants or subjects

5. A researcher selects 10 students from his class of 18 students to participate in a

6. A researcher defines learning as the time it takes to complete a rudimentary task.

9. What type of nonscientific way of knowing is sometimes used synonymously with

10. Authority is a method of knowing accepted as fact because ______.

Answer Location: Explain

14. State the four goals of science.