Ignatius of Loyola

Saint

Ignatius of Loyola

SJ

Ignatius of Loyola (c. 16th-century portrait)

Priest, founder

Born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola

23 October 1491

Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, Crown of Castile

Died 31 July 1556 (aged 64)

Rome, Papal States

• Catholic Church
Venerated in
• Anglican Communion[1]

Beatified 27 July 1609, Rome, Papal States, by Pope Paul V

 Canonized 12 March 1622, Rome, Papal States, by Pope Gregory

XV

Feast 31 July

Attributes • Sacerdotal vestments

• cassock

• ferraiolo

• biretta

• holding a book with Ad maiorem Dei

gloriam inscription

• trampling on a heretic

• IHS Christogram

• crucifix

• rosary

Patronage Society of Jesus; soldiers; spiritual

retreats; Biscay; Gipuzkoa;[2] Ateneo De Manila

University, the Archdiocese of Baltimore, Maryland,

the Diocese of Antwerp, Belgium; Belo Horizonte,

Brazil; Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Rome, Italy;

accidents and injuries.

Influences • Francis of Assisi

• Ludolph of Saxony

• Thomas à Kempis

Major Spiritual Exercises

works

Signature

Ignatius of Loyola SJ (/ɪɡˈneɪʃəs/ ig-NAY-shəss; Basque: Ignazio

Loiolakoa; Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola; Latin: Ignatius de Loyola; born Íñigo López de
Oñaz y Loyola; c. 23 October 1491[3] – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of
Loyola, was a Spanish Basque Catholic priest and theologian, who, with six
companions, founded the religious order of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and became
its first Superior General, in Paris in 1541.[4]
Ignatius envisioned the purpose of the Society of Jesus to be missionary
work and teaching. In addition to the vows of chastity, obedience and poverty of other
religious orders in the church, Loyola instituted a fourth vow for Jesuits of obedience to
the Pope, to engage in projects ordained by the pontiff.[5] Jesuits were instrumental in
leading the Counter-Reformation.[6]
As a former soldier, Ignatius paid particular attention to the spiritual formation of his
recruits and recorded his method in the Spiritual Exercises (1548). In time, the method
has become known as Ignatian spirituality. He was beatified in 1609 and
was canonized as a saint on 12 March 1622. His feast day is celebrated on 31 July. He
is the patron saint of the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa and Biscay as well as of the
Society of Jesus. He was declared the patron saint of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius
XI in 1922.
Early life[edit]
Ignatius of Loyola was born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola in the castle at Loyola, in
the municipality of Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, in the Basque region of Spain.[7] His parents, Don
Beltrán Ibáñez de Oñaz y Loyola and Doña María (or Marina) Sáenz de Licona y Balda,
who were of the minor nobility,[8] from the clan of Loyola, were involved in the Basque
war of the bands. Their manor house was demolished on the orders of the King of
Castile in 1456 for their depredations in Gipuzkoa, with Iñigo's paternal grandfather
being expelled to Andalusia by Henry IV.[9] Íñigo was the youngest of their thirteen
children. Their eldest son, Juan Pérez, had soldiered in forces commanded by Gonzalo
Fernández de Córdoba, but died fighting in the Italian Wars (1494–1559).[10]

The Sanctuary of Loyola, in Azpeitia, built atop the

birthplace of the saint.
He was baptized "Íñigo" on honour of Íñigo of Oña, Abbot of Oña; the name also is a
medieval Basque diminutive for "My little one".[7][11] It is not clear when he began using
the Latin name "Ignatius" instead of his baptismal name "Íñigo".[12] Historian Gabriel
María Verd says that Íñigo did not intend to change his name, but rather adopted a
name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, for use in France and Italy
where it was better understood.[13] Íñigo adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to
the Basque village of Loyola where he was born.[14]
Soon after the birth of Íñigo, his mother died. Maternal care fell to María de Garín, the
wife of the local blacksmith.[15] In 1498, his second eldest brother, Martin, heir to the
estate, took his new wife to live in the castle, and she became mistress of the
household. Later, the seven-year-old boy Íñigo returned to Casa Loyola. Anticipating his
possible ecclesiastic career, Don Beltrán had Íñigo tonsured.[10]
Military career[edit]

Ignatius in his armour, in a 16th-century paintingSaint

Ignatius of Loyola's Vision of Christ and God the Father at La Storta by Domenichino[16]
Instead, Íñigo became a page in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar,
treasurer (contador mayor) of the kingdom of Castile. During his time in the household
of Don Velázquez, Íñigo took up dancing, fencing, gambling, the pursuit of the young
ladies, and duelling.[10] Íñigo was keen on military exercises and was driven by a desire
for fame. He patterned his life after the stories of El Cid, the knights of Camelot, The
Song of Roland and other tales of romantic chivalry.[17]
He joined the army at seventeen, and according to one biographer, he strutted about
"with his cape flying open to reveal his tight-fitting hose and boots; a sword and dagger
at his waist".[18][page needed] According to another he was "a fancy dresser, an expert dancer, a
womanizer, sensitive to insult, and a rough punkish swordsman who used his privileged
status to escape prosecution for violent crimes committed with his priest brother at
carnival time."[19]
In 1509, aged 18, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera.
His diplomacy and leadership qualities earned him the title "servant of the court", and
made him very useful to the Duke.[20] Under the Duke's leadership, Íñigo participated in
many battles without injury. However at the Battle of Pamplona on 20 May 1521 he was
gravely injured when a French-Navarrese expedition force stormed the fortress of
Pamplona, and a cannonball ricocheting off a nearby wall fractured his right leg.[21] Íñigo
was returned to his father's castle in Loyola, where, in an era before anesthetics, he
underwent several surgical operations to repair the leg, with his bones set and
rebroken. In the end, the operations left his right leg shorter than the other. He would
limp for the rest of his life, with his military career over.[19]
Religious conversion and visions[edit]

Manresa, Chapel in the Cave of Saint Ignatius where

Ignatius practiced asceticism and conceived his Spiritual Exercises

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While recovering from surgery, Íñigo underwent a spiritual conversion and discerned a
call to the religious life. In order to divert the weary hours of convalescence, he asked
for the romances of chivalry, his favourite reading, but there were none in the castle,
and instead, his beloved sister-in-law, Magdalena de Araoz brought him the lives of
Christ and of the saints.[7][22]
The religious work which most particularly struck him was the De Vita Christi of Ludolph
of Saxony.[23] This book would influence his whole life, inspiring him to devote himself to
God and follow the example of Francis of Assisi and other great monks. It also inspired
his method of meditation, since Ludolph proposes that the reader place himself mentally
at the scene of the Gospel story, visualising the crib at the Nativity, etc. This type of
meditation, known as Simple Contemplation, was the basis for the method that Ignatius
outlined in his Spiritual Exercises.[24][25][26]
Aside from dreaming about imitating the saints in his readings, Íñigo was still wandering
off in his mind about what "he would do in service to his king and in honour of the royal
lady he was in love with". Cautiously he came to realize the after-effects of both kinds of
his dreams. He experienced desolation and dissatisfaction when the romantic heroism
dream was over, but, the saintly dream ended with much joy and peace. It was the first
time he learned about discernment.[19]
After he had recovered sufficiently to walk again, Íñigo resolved to begin a pilgrimage to
the Holy Land to "kiss the earth where our Lord had walked",[19] and to do
stricter penances.[27] He thought that his plan was confirmed by a vision of the Virgin
Mary and the infant Jesus he experienced one night, which resulted in much
consolation to him.[27] In March 1522, he visited the Benedictine monastery of Santa
Maria de Montserrat. There, he carefully examined his past sins, confessed, gave his
fine clothes to the poor he met, wore a "garment of sack-cloth", then hung his sword
and dagger at the Virgin's altar during an overnight vigil at the shrine.[7]
From Montserrat he walked on to the nearby town of Manresa (Catalonia), where he
lived for about a year, begging for his keep, and then eventually doing chores at a local
hospital in exchange for food and lodging. For several months he spent much of his
time praying in a cave nearby where he practised rigorous asceticism, praying for seven
hours a day, and formulating the fundamentals of his Spiritual Exercises.[28][29]
Íñigo also experienced a series of visions in full daylight while at the hospital. These
repeated visions appeared as "a form in the air near him and this form gave him much
consolation because it was exceedingly beautiful ... it somehow seemed to have the
shape of a serpent and had many things that shone like eyes, but were not eyes. He
received much delight and consolation from gazing upon this object ... but when the
object vanished he became disconsolate".[30] He came to interpret this vision as
diabolical in nature.[31]
Period of studies[edit]
In September 1523, Íñigo made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with the aim of settling
there. He remained there from 3 to 23 September but was sent back to Europe by
the Franciscans.[32]
He returned to Barcelona and at the age of 33 attended a free public grammar school in
preparation for university entrance. He went on to the University of Alcalá, [33] where he
studied theology and Latin from 1526 to 1527.[34]
There he encountered a number of devout women who had been called before
the Inquisition. These women were considered alumbrados – a group linked in their zeal
and spirituality to Franciscan reforms, but they had incurred mounting suspicion from
the administrators of the Inquisition. Once when Íñigo was preaching on the street, three
of these devout women began to experience ecstatic states. "One fell senseless,
another sometimes rolled about on the ground, another had been seen in the grip of
convulsions or shuddering and sweating in anguish." The suspicious activity took place
while Íñigo had preached without a degree in theology. As a result, he was singled out
for interrogation by the Inquisition but was later released.[35]
Following these risky activities, Íñigo (by this time, he had changed his name to
Ignatius, probably to make it more acceptable to other Europeans) [13] adopted the
surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where he was
born.[14] moved to France to study at the University of Paris. He attended first the
ascetic Collège de Montaigu, moving on to the Collège Sainte-Barbe to study for a
master's degree.[36]
He arrived in France at a time of anti-Protestant turmoil which had forced John Calvin to
flee France. Very soon after, Ignatius had gathered around him six companions, all of
them fellow students at the university.[37] They were the Spaniards Alfonso
Salmeron, Diego Laynez, and Nicholas Bobadilla, with the Portuguese Simão
Rodrigues, the Basque, Francis Xavier, and Peter Faber, a Savoyard, the latter two
becoming his first companions,[19] and his closest associates in the foundation of the
future Jesuit order.[38]
"On the morning of the 15th of August, 1534, in the chapel of church of Saint Peter, at
Montmartre, Loyola and his six companions, of whom only one was a priest, met and
took upon themselves the solemn vows of their lifelong work."[39]
Ignatius gained a Magisterium from the University of Paris at the age of forty-three in
1535. In later life, he would often be called "Master Ignatius" because of this.[39]
Foundation of the Jesuit order[edit]
In 1539, with Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, Ignatius formed the Society of Jesus,
which was approved in 1540 by Pope Paul III. He was chosen as the first Superior
General of the order and invested with the title of "Father General" by the Jesuits.[14]
Ignatius sent his companions on missions across Europe to create schools, colleges,
and seminaries. Juan de Vega, then ambassador of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in
Rome, met Ignatius there and having formed a good impression of the Jesuits, invited
them to travel with him to his new appointment as Viceroy of Sicily. As a result, a Jesuit
college was opened in Messina, which proved a success, so that its rules and methods
were later copied in subsequent colleges.[40] In a letter to Francis Xavier before his
departure to India in 1541, Ignatius famously used the Latin phrase "Ite, inflammate
omnia", meaning, "Go, set the world on fire", a phrase used in the Jesuit order to this
day.[41]
With the assistance of his secretary, Juan Alfonso de Polanco, Ignatius wrote the Jesuit
Constitutions, which were adopted in 1553. They created a centralised organisation of
the order,[42][43] and stressed absolute self-denial and obedience to the Pope and to
superiors in the Church hierarchy. This was summarised in the motto perinde ac
cadaver – "as if a dead body",[44] meaning that a Jesuit should be as empty of ego as is a
corpse.[45] However the overarching Jesuit principle became: Ad maiorem Dei
gloriam ("for the greater glory of God").[citation needed]

Ignatius as Superior General

•
 Statue of Saint Ignatius in the Church of the Gesù, Rome

Death and canonization[edit]

Ignatius died in Rome on 31 July 1556, probably of the "Roman Fever", a severe variant
of malaria which was endemic in Rome throughout medieval history. An autopsy
revealed that he also had kidney and bladder stones, a probable cause of the
abdominal pains he suffered from in later life.[46][page needed]
The anatomist Matteo Colombo was present at the necropsy of St. Ignatius. He
describes the results in his De re anatomica libre XV:
I have taken out innumerable stones with my own hands, with various colors found in
the kidneys, in the lungs, in the liver, and in the portal vein. For I saw stones in the
ureters, in the bladder, in the colon, in the hemorrhoidal veins as well as in the
umbilicus. Also in the gall bladder I found stones of various shapes and colors.
— Matthew Colombo, De re anatomica libre XV[47]
From the facts presented, the exact cause of death cannot be established. The stones
mentioned in the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and gall bladder appear to
indicate nephrolithiasis and cholelithiasis. The so-called stones in the veins appear to
be thrombosed haemorrhoids. Those mentioned in the colon, liver, and lungs suggest
the possibility of a malignant gastro-intestinal growth with metastases to the liver and
lungs. Because of the inadequacy of the protocols of the sixteenth century, the exact
final anatomical diagnosis on the autopsy of Ignatius cannot be established beyond
doubt.[47]
His body was dressed in his priestly robes, placed in a wooden coffin and buried in the
crypt of the Maria della Strada Church on 1 August 1556. In 1568 the church was
demolished and replaced with the Church of the Gesù. Ignatius' remains were reinterred
in the new church in a new coffin.[48]
Ignatius was beatified by Pope Paul V on 27 July 1609, and canonized by Pope
Gregory XV on 12 March 1622.[49] His feast day is celebrated annually on 31 July, the
day he died. He is venerated as the patron saint of Catholic soldiers, the Military
Ordinariate of the Philippines, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore,[50] in his
native Basque Country, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Antwerp, Belo Horizonte, Junín,
and Rome.
Legacy[edit]
Numerous institutions across the world are named for him, including many educational
institutions and Ateneo University institutions in the Philippines.
In 1852, Loyola University Maryland was the first university in the United States to bear
his name.
In 1949 he was the subject of a Spanish biographical film Loyola, the Soldier
Saint starring Rafael Durán in the role of Ignatius.[citation needed]
In 2016, he was the subject of a Filipino film, Ignacio de Loyola, in which he was
portrayed by Andreas Muñoz.[51]
Ignatius of Loyola is honoured in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on
31 July.[52][53]
The Saint Ignatius de Loyola Catholic Church, built in 1905 in El Paso, Texas, is named
for him.
Genealogy[edit]

Original shield of Oñaz-Loyola.

Shield of Oñaz-Loyola[edit]
The Shield of Oñaz-Loyola is a symbol of the Ignatius family's Oñaz lineage, and is
used by many Jesuit institutions around the world. As the official colours of the Loyola
family are maroon and gold,[54] the Oñaz shield consists of seven maroon bars going
diagonally from the upper left to the lower right on a gold field. The bands were granted
by the King of Spain to each of the Oñaz brothers, in recognition of their bravery in
battle. The Loyola shield features a pair of rampant grey wolves flanking each side of a
cooking pot. The wolf was a symbol of nobility, while the entire design represented the
family's generosity towards their military followers. According to legend, wolves had
enough to feast on after the soldiers had eaten. Both shields were combined as a result
of the intermarriage of the two families in 1261.[55][56] Former coat of arms of the Argentine
city, Junín, Buenos Aires used until 1941 bore Loyola shield under the Sun of May and
surrounded by laurel wreath.
Lineage[edit]
Villoslada [es; eu] established the following detailed genealogy of Ignatius of Loyola: [3]
hideLineage

García López de Oñaz

Lope de Oñaz

Inés, dame of
López García de Oñaz
Loyola (~1261)

Inés de Oñaz y Loyola

Juan Pérez
(~end of the 13th century)
 Juan Pérez

5 other brothers
Gil López de Oñaz (see – battle
of Beotibar)

Ochanda
Beltrán Yáñez Martínez de
(el Ibáñez) de Loyola Leete from
Azpeitia

Lope García Sancha Ibáñez

de Lazcano de Loyola

Sancha Pérez de Iraeta Maria

Juan Pérez de Loyola Elvira Emilia Juanecha
(+1473) Beltranche

Don Beltrán Yáñez

Doña Marina Sáenz
(vel Ibáñez)
(vel Sánchez) de
de Oñaz y Loyola
Licona
(~ 1507)

Juaniza
Pero López
Sancha Ibáñez Ochoa Pérez (vel Maria Beltr
Magdalena de Araoz de Oñaz
de Loyola de Loyola Joaneiza) de Loyola
y Loyola
de Loyola

Juan Beltrán Hernando de Magdalena de Petronila de Iñigo Lópe

Beltrán de Loyola
de Loyola Loyola Loyola Loyola de Loyola

Notes:

Martín García Óñez de Loyola, soldier and Governor of Chile killed by Mapuches at
the Battle of Curalaba, is likely Ignatius's nephew.[57]
Gallery[edit]
 •

Tomb of Saint Ignatius, c. 1675

Apotheosis of Saint Ignatius

Portrait by Pieter Paul Rubens

 •

Visions of Ignatius, 1617–18, Peter Paul Rubens

• Virgin Mary with Infant Jesus and Her Fifteen Mysteries. Bottom centre: Ignatius of Loyola (left)
and Francis Xavier (right)

The journeys of Ignatius of Loyola at different times

A page from Spiritual Exercises

Bibliography[edit]
 • The Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius, TAN Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-89555-
153-5
• Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, London, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-
1-78336-012-3
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1964). The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius. Anthony
Mottola. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-02436-5.
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1900). Joseph O'Conner (ed.). The Autobiography of
St. Ignatius. New York: Benziger Brothers. OCLC 1360267. For information
on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in A Pilgrim's Journey: The
Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyola pp. 11–12.
• Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1992). John Olin (ed.). The Autobiography of St.
Ignatius Loyola, with Related Documents. New York: Fordham University
Press. ISBN 0-8232-1480-X.
See also[edit]

• Saints portal

• Ignatian Spirituality
• List of Jesuits
• Marie-Madeleine d'Houët foundress of the Sisters, Faithful Companions of
Jesus
• Martín Ignacio de Loyola
• The Cave of Saint Ignatius, a sanctuary built where Ignatius of Loyola
reflected for 11 months in a grotto, in Manresa.
• Isabella Roser and Isabel de Josa, wealthy Catalan women who were
Loyola's benefactors from the 1520s onwards.
References[edit]
1. ^ Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4.
2. ^ "Patron Saint".
3. ^ Jump up to:a b García Villoslada, Ricardo (1986). San Ignacio de Loyola: Nueva biografía (in
Spanish). La Editorial Católica. ISBN 84-220-1267-7. We deduce that, (...), Iñigo de Loyola
should have been born before 23 October 1491.
4. ^ Idígoras Tellechea, José Ignacio (1994). "When was he born? His nurse's account". Ignatius
of Loyola: The Pilgrim Saint. Chicago: Loyola University Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-8294-0779-0.
5. ^ Ignatius of Loyola (1970). The Constitutions of the Society of Jesus. Translated by Ganss,
George E. Institute of Jesuit Sources. p. 249 [No. 529]. ISBN 9780912422206. The entire
meaning of this fourth vow of obedience to the pope was and is in regard to the missions ...
this obedience is treated: in everything which the sovereign pontiff commands.
6. ^ Nugent, Donald (1974). Ecumenism in the Age of the Reformation: The Colloquy of Poissy.
Harvard University Press. p. 189. ISBN 0-674-23725-0.
7. ^ Jump up to:a b c d John Hungerford Pollen (1913). "St. Ignatius Loyola". In Herbermann,
Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 28
June 2008.
8. ^ Purcell, Mary (1965). The First Jesuit. US: Image Books edition. p. 22.
9. ^ Orella, Jose Luis (2013). "Territorio y Sociedad en la Gipuzkoa Medieval: Los Parientes
Mayores" [Territory and Society in Medieval Gipuzkoa: The Elders] (PDF). Lurralde:
Investigación y espacio (in Spanish). 36: 100–101. ISSN 0211-5891.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b c Brodrick SJ, James. Saint Ignatius Loyola: The Pilgrim Years, New York.
Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1956, p. 28
11. ^ "Nombres: Eneko". Euskaltzaindia (The Royal Academy of the Basque Language). Archived
from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2009. Article in Spanish
12. ^ Verd, Gabriel María (1976). "El "Íñigo" de San Ignacio de Loyola". Archivum Historicum
Societatis Iesu (in Spanish). 45. Roma: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu: 95–
128. ISSN 0037-8887.
13. ^ Jump up to:a b Verd, Gabriel María (1991). "De Iñigo a Ignacio. El cambio de nombre en San
Ignacio de Loyola". Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu (in Spanish). 60. Roma: Institutum
Historicum Societatis Iesu: 113–160. ISSN 0037-8887. That St. Ignatius of Loyola's name
was changed is a known fact, but it cannot be said that it is widely known in the
historiography of the saint – neither the characteristics of the names Iñigo and Ignacio nor the
reasons for the change. It is first necessary to make clear the meaning of the names; they are
distinct, despite the persistently held opinion in onomastic (dictionaries) and popular thought.
In Spain Ignacio and Iñigo are at times used interchangeably just as if they were Jacobo and
Jaime. Regarding the name Iñigo, it is fitting to give some essential notions to eliminate
ambiguities and help understand what follows. This name first appears on the Ascoli brome
(dated November 18, 90 BC), in a list of Spanish knights belonging to a Turma salluitana or
Saragossan. It speaks of Elandus Enneces f[ilius], and according to Menéndez Pidal, the final
«s» is the «z» of Spanish patronymics and could be nothing other than Elando Iñiguez. It is
an ancestral Hispanic name. Ignacio, on the other hand, is a Latin name. In classical Latin,
there is Egnatius with an initial E. It appears only twice with an initial I (Ignatius) in the sixty
volumes of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. This late Latin and Greek form prevailed. In
the classical period, Egnatius was used as a nomen (gentilitial name) and not as a
praenomen (first name) or cognomen (surname), except in very rare cases. (...) The most
important conclusion, perhaps unexpected, but not unknown, is that St. Ignatius did not
change his name. That is to say, he did not intend to change it. What he did was to adopt for
France and Italy a name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, and which was
more acceptable among foreigners.... If he had remained in Spain, he would have, without
doubt, remained Iñigo.
14. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Saint Ignatius of Loyola: Biography, Patron Saint Of, Feast Day, &
Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
15. ^ Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint; W.W. Meissner S.J. M.D. [de], Yale University
Press, 1992. p. 9.
16. ^ "Saint Ignatius of Loyola's Vision of Christ and God the Father at La Storta". lacma.org. Los
Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA). 30 November 2016.
17. ^ Ironically, the Song of Roland has Roland slain by Moors, when historically his death was at
the hands of Basques like Íñigo himself.
18. ^ Richard Cohen (2003). By the Sword: A History of Gladiators, Musketeers, Samurai,
Swashbucklers, and Olympic Champions. Modern Library Paperbacks.
19. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e George Traub; Debra Mooney. "Biography of St. Ignatius Loyola (1491–
1556): The Founder of the Jesuits". Xavier University. Archived from the original on 28
August 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
20. ^ In Spanish the title was "Gentilhombre", but this should not be understood as synonymous
with the English term gentleman, which denotes a man of good family. See Thomas
Rochford, title=St. Ignatius Loyola: the pilgrim and man of prayer who founded the Society of
Jesus "St. Ignatius Loyola: the pilgrim and man of prayer who founded the Society of Jesus",
accessed 15 November 2007.]
21. ^ Mariani, Antonio. "The Life of St. Ignatius Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits". Thomas
Richardson. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
22. ^ Dyckman, Katherine Marie; Garvin, Mary; Liebert, Elizabeth (2001). The Spiritual Exercises
Reclaimed: Uncovering Liberating Possibilities for Women. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist
Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780809140435.
23. ^ De Vita Christi is a commentary on the Gospels, using extracts from the works of over
sixty Church Fathers, and particularly quoting from St Gregory the Great, St Basil, St
Augustine and the Venerable Bede. This work took Ludolph forty years to complete.
24. ^ Sr Mary Immaculate Bodenstedt, "The Vita Christi of Ludolphus the Carthusian", a
Dissertation, Washington: Catholic University of America Press 1944 British Library
Catalogue No. Ac2692.y/29.(16).
25. ^ "The Vita Christi" by Charles Abbot Conway Analecta Cartusiana 34
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Series VI) July–December 1872, pp. 337–370
27. ^ Jump up to:a b Margo J. Heydt; Sarah J. Melcher (May 2008). "Mary, the Hidden Catalyst:
Reflections from an Ignatian Pilgrimage to Spain and Rome". Xavier University. Archived
from the original on 30 August 2017.
28. ^ Sabau, Antoaneta (2008). Translation and identity in the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of
Loyola. CEU Medieval Studies Department. Budapest: Central European University.
29. ^ "The Cave an artistic heritage". The Cave. Place of pilgrimage and worship. Retrieved 4
August 2014.
30. ^ Jean Lacouture, Jesuits, A Multibiography, Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995, p. 18.
31. ^ Demski, Eric (2014). Living by the Sword. Bloomington, Indiana: Trafford Publishing.
p. 289. ISBN 978-1-490-73607-5.
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Michael de Villanueva ("Servetus")
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Further reading[edit]
• Bartoli, Daniello (1855). History of the Life and Institute of St. Ignatius de
Loyola: Founder of the Society of Jesus. New York: Edward Dunigan and
Brother.
• Caraman, Philip (1990). Ignatius Loyola: A Biography of the Founder of the
Jesuits'. San Francisco: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0062501301.
• August Derleth, St. Ignatius and the Company of Jesus, Vision Books,
1956. LCCN 56-7278
• Foss, Michael (1969). The Founding of the Jesuits, 1540. Turning Points in
History Series. London: Hamilton. ISBN 0-241-01513-8.
• García Villoslada, Ricardo (1986). San Ignacio de Loyola: Nueva biografía (in
Spanish). La Editorial Católica. ISBN 84-220-1267-7.
• Meissner, William (1992). Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint. New
Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06079-3.
• O'Malley, John W. (1993). The First Jesuits. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press. ISBN 0-674-30312-1.
• Life of St. Ignatius of Loyola, TAN Books, 1997. ISBN 978-0-89555-345-4.
• St. Ignatius of Loyola, TAN Books, 2008. ISBN 978-0-89555-624-0.
External links[edit]
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• 3D model of the St Ignatius sculpture of Santa Clara University (California),

on Arskan SiloData
• Works by Ignatius of Loyola at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Ignatius of Loyola at Internet Archive
• Works by Ignatius of Loyola at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• "St. Ignatius of Loyola, Confessor", Butler's Lives of the Saints
• The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius Archived 19 June 2012 at the Wayback
Machine Translation by Elder Mullan
• Letters of Saint Ignatius of Loyola
• "Contemplation to Attain Love", by Ignatius of Loyola
• Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica
• Colonnade Statue St Peter's Square

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