Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Solution Manual For Olds' Maternal-Newborn Nursing & Women's Health Across The Lifespan, 9/E 9th Edition: 0133073777
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Rationale 4: Acute emergencies are addressed by emergency departments, and are not delayed by those practicing
self-care.
Global Rationale:
Question 2
Type: MCMA
In order to combat the impersonal nature of technology that sometimes interferes with family-
focused care, the nurse should take which actions?
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
4. Suggest that doulas not be allowed to interfere with the childbirth process.
Rationale 1: Natural childbirth, if the patient is able, is the safest method for the baby.
Rationale 2: It is appropriate for nurses, in conjunction with doctors and hospitals, to provide childbirth classes for
the expectant families.
Rationale 3: By working with other staff and doctors, the nurse is able to implement change as needed within the
birthing unit.
Rationale 4: Doulas are encouraged to be part of the birthing process as the patient wishes. They are mainly there as
a coach.
Rationale 5: Patients are going home sooner all the time, so there needs to be more follow-up in the home.
Global Rationale:
Question 3
Type: MCSA
The nurse is telling a new patient how technology used in maternal–newborn care has changed
the way the nurse cares for her patients. An example of this is:
3. Having the father present as the coach and cut the umbilical cord.
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale 1: Elective inductions, requested cesareans, epidural anesthesia, and fetal monitoring are all recent
technologies that have affected the care in labor and delivery areas.
Rationale 3: Fathers’ being present during labor and coaching their partners represents nontechnological care during
childbirth.
Global Rationale:
Question 4
Type: MCSA
A nurse is examining different nursing roles. Which example best illustrates an advanced
practice nursing role?
2. A registered nurse who is the circulating nurse at surgical deliveries (cesarean sections)
4. A clinical nurse specialist with whom other nurses consult for her expertise in caring for high-risk infants
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale 1: A registered nurse who is the manager of a large obstetrical unit is a professional nurse who has
graduated from an accredited program in nursing and completed the licensure examination.
Rationale 2: A registered nurse who is a circulating nurse at surgical deliveries (cesarean sections) is a professional
nurse who has graduated from an accredited program in nursing and completed the licensure examination.
Rationale 3: A clinical nurse specialist working as a staff nurse on a mother–baby unit might have the qualifications
for an advanced practice nursing staff but is not working in that capacity.
Rationale 4: A clinical nurse specialist with whom other nurses consult for expertise in caring for high-risk infants
is working in an advanced practice nursing role. This nurse has specialized knowledge and competence in a specific
clinical area, and is master's-prepared.
Global Rationale:
Question 5
Type: MCSA
A nursing student investigating potential career goals is strongly considering becoming a nurse
practitioner (NP). The major focus of the NP is on:
1. Leadership.
4. Tertiary prevention.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 1: Leadership might be a quality of the NP, but it is not the major focus.
Rationale 2: Physical and psychosocial clinical assessment is the major focus of the nurse practitioner (NP).
Rationale 3: NPs cannot provide independent care of the high-risk pregnant patient, but must work under a
physician's supervision.
Global Rationale:
Question 6
Type: MCMA
The nurse manager is consulting with a certified nurse–midwife about a patient. The role of the
CNM is to:
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
1. Be prepared to manage independently the care of women at low risk for complications during pregnancy and
birth.
2. Give primary care for high-risk patients who are in hospital settings.
Rationale 1: A CNM is prepared to manage independently the care of women at low risk for complications during
pregnancy and birth and the care of healthy newborns.
Rationale 2: CNMs cannot give primary care for high-risk patients who are in hospital settings. The physician
provides the primary care.
Rationale 3: A CNM is prepared to manage independently the care of women at low risk for complications during
pregnancy and birth and the care of healthy newborns.
Rationale 4: The CNM does not need to obtain a physician consultation for any technical procedures at delivery.
Global Rationale:
Question 7
Type: MCSA
The registered nurse who has completed a master's degree program and passed a national
certification exam has clinic appointments with patients who are pregnant or seeking well-
woman care. The role of this nurse would be considered:
1. Professional nurse.
4. Nurse practitioner.
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale 1: A professional nurse is one who has completed an accredited basic educational program and has passed
the NCLEX-RN® exam.
Rationale 2: A certified registered nurse (RNC) has shown expertise in the field and has taken a national
certification exam.
Rationale 3: A clinical nurse specialist has completed a master's degree program, has specialized knowledge and
competence in a specific clinical area, and often is employed in the hospital on specialized units.
Rationale 4: A nurse practitioner has completed either a master's or doctoral degree in nursing and passed a
certification exam, and functions as an advanced practice nurse. Ambulatory care settings and the community are
common sites for nurse practitioners to provide patient care.
Global Rationale:
Question 8
Type: MCMA
Several student nurses are discussing advanced practice, and know that the term advanced practice nurse includes
nurses who are:
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct and no incorrect choices are selected.
1. Nurse practitioners.
2. Certified nurse-midwives.
5. Professional nurses.
Rationale 1: A nurse practitioner must have additional education and experience to hold advanced practice status.
Rationale 2: A certified nurse-midwife must have additional education and experience to hold advanced practice
status.
Rationale 3: A clinical nurse specialist must have additional education and experience to hold advanced practice
status.
Rationale 4: Although certified registered nurses have more education and experience, they take a certification
exam rather than a licensure exam.
Rationale 5: The professional nurse has graduated from a basic nursing education program and successfully
completed the NCLEX exam, and is not considered an advanced practice nurse.
Global Rationale:
Question 9
Type: MCSA
While a child is being admitting to the hospital, the parent receives information about the
pediatric unit's goals, including the statement that the unit practices family-centered care. The
parent asks why that is important. The nurse responds that in the family-centered care paradigm,
the:
2. Child's physician is the key person in ensuring the health of a child is maintained.
3. Family serves as the constant influence and continuing support in the child's life.
4. Father is the leader in each home; thus, all communications should include him.
Correct Answer: 3
Rationale 1: Culturally competent care recognizes that both matriarchal and patriarchal households exist.
Rationale 2: The physician is not present during the day-to-day routines in a child's life.
Rationale 3: The foundation for the development of trusting relationships and partnerships with families is the
recognition that the family is the principal caregiver, knows the unique nature of each individual child best, plays the
vital role of meeting the child's needs, and is responsible for ensuring each child's health.
Rationale 4: Culturally competent care recognizes that both matriarchal and patriarchal households exist.
Global Rationale:
Question 10
Type: MCSA
Despite the availability of Children's Health Insurance Programs (CHIPs), the nurse in a
pediatric clinic knows that many eligible children are not enrolled. The nursing intervention that
can best help eligible children become enrolled is:
3. Advocacy for the child by encouraging the family to investigate its CHIP eligibility.
4. Education of the family about the need for keeping regular well-child visit appointments.
Correct Answer: 3
Rationale 1: Financial assessment is more commonly the function of a social worker. The social worker is part of
the interdisciplinary team working with patients, and her expertise is helping patients get into the appropriate
programs.
Rationale 2: The case management activity mentioned will not provide a source of funding.
Rationale 3: In the role of an advocate, a nurse will advance the interests of another by suggesting the family
investigate its CHIP eligibility.
Rationale 4: The education of the family will not provide a source of funding.
Global Rationale:
Question 11
Type: MCSA
For prenatal care, the patient is attending a clinic held in a church basement. The patient's care is
provided by registered nurses and a certified nurse-midwife. This type of prenatal care is an
example of:
1. Secondary care.
2. Tertiary care.
3. Community care.
Correct Answer: 3
Rationale 1: Secondary care is specialized care; an example is checking the hemoglobin A1C of a diabetic patient at
an endocrine clinic.
Rationale 2: Tertiary care is very specialized, and includes trauma units and neonatal intensive care units.
Rationale 3: Prenatal care is primary care. Community care is often provided at clinics in neighborhoods to
facilitate patients’ access to primary care, including prenatal care and prevention of illness.
Rationale 4: Community care decreases costs while improving patient outcomes, and is not unnecessarily
expensive.
Global Rationale:
Question 12
Type: MCSA
The nurse at an elementary school is performing TB screenings on all of the students. Permission
slips were returned for all but the children of one family. When the nurse phones to obtain
permission, the parent states in clearly understandable English that permission cannot be given
because the grandmother is out of town for 2 more weeks. Which cultural element is contributing
to the dilemma that faces the nurse?
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale 1: The situation the nurse faces is not being caused by permissible contact with strangers.
Rationale 2: The situation the nurse faces is not caused by beliefs about the concepts of health and illness.
Rationale 3: The situation the nurse faces is not caused by religion and social beliefs.
Rationale 4: The presence and influence of the extended family is contributing to the situation the nurse faces. In
many cultures, a family elder is a primary decision maker when it comes to health care. In this case, the parent
cannot grant permission to the nurse until the parent consults the grandmother.
Global Rationale:
Cognitive Level: Analyzing
Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Question 13
Type: MCMA
The nurse working in a community clinic is aware that differences in beliefs between families
and healthcare providers are common in which areas?
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct and no incorrect choices are selected.
1. Help-seeking behaviors
5. Educational level
Rationale 1: Specific differences in beliefs between families and healthcare providers are common in help-seeking
behaviors.
Rationale 2: Specific differences in beliefs between families and healthcare providers are common in pregnancy and
childbirth practices.
Rationale 3: Specific differences in beliefs between families and healthcare providers are common in identifying
causes of diseases or illnesses.
Rationale 4: Community is defined nearly the same between families and members of the healthcare system.
Rationale 5: Educational level is not an area of difference in beliefs, but will influence value systems.
Global Rationale:
Question 14
Type: MCMA
The maternal–child nurse stresses to the recently graduated nurse that primary care focuses on:
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct and no incorrect choices are selected.
1. Health promotion.
2. Illness prevention.
3. Hospital care.
5. Curing disease.
Rationale 1: Healthcare providers can help foster self-care by focusing on health promotion education during every
patient encounter.
Rationale 4: Primary care does not necessarily focus on skilled nursing care.
Global Rationale:
Question 15
Type: MCSA
A maternity patient is in need of surgery. The healthcare member who is legally responsible for
obtaining informed consent for an invasive procedure is:
1. The nurse.
2. The physician.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 2: Informed consent is a legal preauthorization for an invasive procedure. It is the physician's legal
responsibility to obtain this because it involves an explanation about the medical condition, a detailed description of
treatment plans, the expected benefits and risks related to the proposed treatment plan, alternative treatment options,
the patient's questions, and the guardian's right to refuse treatment.
Rationale 3: Unit secretaries are not responsible for obtaining informed consent.
Rationale 4: It is not within a social worker’s scope of practice to obtain informed consent.
Global Rationale:
Question 16
Type: MCSA
A nurse who tells family members the sex of a newborn baby without first consulting the parents
would have committed:
1. A breach of privacy.
2. Negligence.
3. Malpractice.
4. A breach of ethics.
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale 1: A breach of privacy would have been committed in this situation, because informing other family
members of the gender without the parents’ consent violates the parents’ right to privacy. The right to privacy is the
right of a person to keep his person and property free from public scrutiny (or even from other family members).
Global Rationale:
Question 17
Type: MCSA
The nursing instructor explains to the class that according to the 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade,
abortion is legal if induced:
4. Can be done any time if mother, doctor, and hospital all agree.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 1: This statement is not true, as the fetus is viable many weeks before the 30th week.
Rationale 3: Abortion cannot be used for the sole purpose of providing tissue for therapeutic research.
Rationale 4: This is not true. Legal abortion can be done only up until the time of viability.
Global Rationale:
Question 18
Type: MCSA
The nurse reviewing charts for quality improvement notes that a patient experienced a
complication during labor. The nurse is uncertain whether the labor nurse took the appropriate
action during the situation. What is the best method for the nurse to take to determine what the
appropriate action should have been?
1. Call the nurse manager of the labor and delivery unit and ask what the nurse should have done.
2. Ask the departmental chair of the obstetrical physicians what the best nursing action should have been.
3. Examine other charts to find cases of the same complication, and determine how it was handled in those
situations.
4. Look in the policy and procedure book, and examine the practice guidelines published by a professional nursing
organization.
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale 1: The nurse should find the standards, and not rely on another person to determine appropriateness of
care.
Rationale 2: Physician care and nursing care are very different; physicians might not be up to date on nursing
standards of care or nursing policies and procedures.
Rationale 3: What nursing action was undertaken in a different situation might not be based on the policies and
procedures or other standards of care. The quality improvement nurse will obtain the most accurate information by
examining the policies, procedures, and standards of care.
Rationale 4: Agency policies, procedures, and protocols contain guidelines for nursing action in specific situations.
Professional organizations such as the Association of Women's Health, Obstetrical, and Neonatal Nurses
(AWHONN) also publish standards of practice that should guide nursing care.
Global Rationale:
Question 19
Type: MCSA
The nurse is reviewing care of patients on a mother–baby unit. Which situation should be
reported to the supervisor?
2. An infant was placed in the wrong crib after examination by the physician.
3. The patient who delivered by cesarean birth yesterday received oral narcotics.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 1: Breastfeeding every 2 hours and voiding 4 times is within normal limits for a 2-day-old infant. There is
no negligence in this situation.
Rationale 2: Placing an infant in the wrong crib is negligence. Negligence is omitting information or committing an
act that a reasonable person would not omit or commit under the same circumstances.
Rationale 3: Receiving oral narcotics at this point in the patient's stay is within normal limits. There is no
negligence in this situation.
Rationale 4: If the patient is feeling well and able to care for her infant, it is normal to be discharged at this time.
The mother and baby both must be within normal limits to be discharged.
Global Rationale:
Question 20
Type: MCSA
The nurse manager is planning a presentation on ethical issues in caring for childbearing
families. Which example should the nurse manager include to illustrate maternal–fetal conflict?
1. A patient chooses an abortion after her fetus is diagnosed with a genetic anomaly.
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale 2: Achieving pregnancy through the use of therapeutic insemination is a form of reproductive assistance,
and is not considered a maternal–fetal conflict.
Rationale 4: Maternal–fetal conflict is a special ethical situation where the rights of the fetus and the rights of the
mother are considered separately. Coercion by court order to undergo operative delivery is one example of a
maternal–fetal conflict that infringes on the autonomy of the mother.
Global Rationale:
Question 21
Type: MCMA
The maternal–newborn nurse reviewing charts recognizes that negligence occurs when there is:
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct and no incorrect choices are selected.
Rationale 1: The physician must be notified when there is a change in patient status. Failure to do so is negligence.
Rationale 4: Giving medication according to the six rights does not constitute negligence.
Rationale 5: Nursing care that meets the standards of care is not negligence.
Global Rationale:
Question 22
Type: MCMA
The maternal–newborn nurse recognizes that cord-blood banking has ethical issues related to
which of the following questions?
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct and no incorrect choices are selected.
Rationale 1: Who owns the blood is an ethical question related to cord-blood banking.
Rationale 2: How informed consent is obtained is an ethical question related to cord-blood banking.
Rationale 5: Which external forces are at work to restrict or force a therapy relates to maternal–fetal conflicts.
Global Rationale:
Question 23
Type: MCMA
The recently graduated nurse recognizes that standards provide information and guidelines for:
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct and no incorrect choices are selected.
Rationale 1: Standards of care provide information and guidelines for nurses in their practice.
Rationale 2: Standards of care provide information and guidelines for development of policies and protocols in
healthcare settings.
Rationale 3: Standards of care provide for quality nursing care, and do not address basic nursing care.
Rationale 4: Standards of care are not used for writing the nurse practice act.
Rationale 5: Who can and cannot consent to treatment is a legal issue, and is not a standard of care.
Global Rationale:
Question 24
Type: MCSA
The nurse is reviewing the files of the expectant families scheduled to be seen in the clinic today.
Which family might find cord-blood banking to be especially useful?
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale 1: A family with a history of leukemia might find cord-blood banking useful because cord blood, like
bone marrow and embryonic tissue, contains regenerative stem cells, which can replace diseased cells in the affected
individual.
Rationale 2: A family with a history of infertility would not be helped by cord-blood banking.
Rationale 3: A family that wishes to select the sex of a future child would not be helped by cord-blood banking.
Rationale 4: A family that wishes to avoid a future intrauterine surgery would not be helped by cord-blood banking.
Global Rationale:
Question 25
Type: MCMA
Therapeutic insemination has legal concerns for the donor of the sperm. To eliminate legal
issues, the clinic nurse will have the donor:
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct and no incorrect choices are selected.
Rationale 1: When the recipient is single, the donor must waive all parental rights.
Rationale 2: The donor must provide accurate health information, especially in regard to genetic traits or diseases.
Rationale 3: The donor would waive parental rights, and thus would not adopt the child.
Rationale 4: The donor does not provide a family tree; the legal requriement is to disclose any genetic traits or
diseases.
Rationale 5: Husbands often are requested to sign a form to agree to the insemination and to assume parental
responsibility for the child.
Global Rationale:
Question 26
Type: MCSA
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 1: Cancer due to pesticide use is not a large cause of death in this age group.
Rationale 2: Unintentional injuries cause death in infants more often than cancer, heart disease, and pneumonia.
Rationale 3: Heart disease is not a large cause of death in this age group.
Global Rationale:
Cognitive Level: Applying
Client Need: Safe Effective Care Environment
Question 27
Type: MCSA
The nurse researcher will use descriptive statistics for a research project that has been assigned.
A characteristic of descriptive statistics is that:
4. They are the starting point for the formation of a research question.
Correct Answer: 4
Rationale 4: Descriptive statistics are the starting point for the formation of a research question.
Global Rationale:
The student nurse working for a nurse researcher recognizes that the researcher will use
descriptive statistics to:
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct and no incorrect choices are selected.
Global Rationale:
Question 29
Type: MCSA
The nurse is preparing a report on the number of births by three service providers at the facility
(certified nurse-midwives, family practitioners, and obstetricians). This is an example of:
1. Inferential statistics.
2. Descriptive statistics.
3. Evidence-based practice.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 1: Inferential statistics allow the investigator to draw conclusions from data to either support or refute
causation.
Rationale 3: Evidence-based practice is the use of conclusions of research to improve nursing care.
Rationale 4: Secondary use of data is analyzing data in a different way than the original data analysis was
undertaken, or looking at different variables from a data set.
Global Rationale:
Question 30
Type: MCSA
The nurse is explaining the difference between descriptive statistics and inferential statistics to a
group of student nurses. To illustrate descriptive statistics, the nurses uses as an example:
3. A causal relationship between the number of sexual partners and sexually transmitted diseases.
4. The total number of spontaneous abortions in drug-abusing women as compared with non–drug-abusing women.
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 2: The infant mortality rate in the state of Oklahoma is a descriptive statistic, because it describes or
summarizes a set of data.
Rationale 3: A causal relationship between the number of sexual partners and sexually transmitted diseases is an
inferential statistic.
Rationale 4: The total number of spontaneous abortions in drug-abusing women is an inferential statistic.
Global Rationale:
The nurse manager is examining the descriptive statistics of increasing teen pregnancy rates in
the community. Which inferential statistical research question would the nurse manager find
most useful in investigating the reasons for increased frequency of teen pregnancy?
2. What are the ages of the parents of pregnant teens in the community?
Correct Answer: 1
Rationale 1: Understanding which providers pregnant teens are most likely to seek out for prenatal care can lead to
further investigation on why prenatal care with that provider is more acceptable to teens, which in turn can lead to
greater understanding of the issue of teen pregnancy.
Rationale 2: A question about the age of parents of pregnant teens might prove useful in seeking causes of teen
pregnancy, but it is not the most useful question in understanding the increased frequency of teen pregnancy.
Rationale 3: Whether pregnant teens drink caffeinated beverages gives no further insight into the issues of teen
pregnancy.
Rationale 4: Understanding the recreational activities of pregnant teens would not lead to an understanding of the
issues surrounding increasing teen pregnancy rates.
Global Rationale:
Based on research comparing home and hospital births, the nurse understands that questions
remain to be answered about outcomes, such as:
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct and no incorrect choices are selected.
3. Do mortality and morbidity rates differ for home versus hospital births?
Rationale 1: Questions remain to be answered about the characteristics of women who choose home birth that
influence outcomes, such as nutritional choices .
Rationale 2: Questions remain to be answered about the characteristics of women who choose home birth that
influence outcomes, such as the amount of exercise they do.
Rationale 3: Questions remain to be answered about the characteristics of women who choose home birth that
influence outcomes, such as whether mortality and morbidity rates differ for home births and hospital births
Rationale 4: The question of whether nulliparas are more likely to require transport than multiparas, most
commonly due to failure to progress, was answered in a Canadian study. Multiparous women tend to have fewer
problems during home births than do nulliparas.
Rationale 5: When the provider is experienced, and establishes a trusting relationship with the mother, planned
home birth can be a viable alternative for the mother with a low-risk pregnancy.
Global Rationale:
Question 33
Type: MCMA
The nurse is serving on a panel to evaluate the hospital staff’s reliance on evidence-based
practice in their decision-making processes. Which practices characterize the basic competencies
related to evidence-based practice?
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
Rationale 1: Recognizing which clinical practices are supported by sound evidence is a basic competency related to
evidence-based practice.
Rationale 2: Including clinical practice supported by intuitive evidence is not a basic competency related to
evidence-based practice.
Rationale 3: Using data in clinical work to evaluate outcomes of care is one of the basic competencies related to
evidence-based practice.
Rationale 4: Including quality-improvement measures is a form of evidence that can be useful in making clinical
practice decisions, but it is not a basic competency related to evidence-based practice.
Rationale 5: Appraising and integrating scientific bases into practice is one of the characteristics of the basic
competencies related to evidence-based practice.
Global Rationale:
Question 34
Type: MCMA
As a clinician, the nurse must meet what basic competencies related to evidence-based practice?
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected.
2. Recognize that superiors, such as charge nurses, are the ones who know which clinical practices are supported by
sound evidence.
Rationale 1: Knowing what is sound evidence is a function of nursing related to evidence-based practice.
Rationale 2: This is not true, because all nurses have to be responsible for knowing which clinical practices are
supported by sound evidence.
Rationale 3: The nurse should always be practicing with the data that have proven to be sound.
Rationale 5: The nurse should be able to identify which practices have no sound evidence to support their use.
Global Rationale:
Question 35
Type: MCMA
The nursing instructor is preparing clinical pathways to use in class because they provide:
Note: Credit will be given only if all correct and no incorrect choices are selected.
Rationale 1: Clinical pathways identify essential nursing activities for patient care.
Rationale 3: Clinical pathways allow the nurse to evaluate patient responses against the norm.
Rationale 4: The nursing process is research-based, but is not a part of the clinical pathway.
Global Rationale:
* * * * * *
Lowell describes the rough humor of the frontier, with the free and easy
manners which characterize
A LL the world loves a lover,” but all the world does not love a saint.
Our hearts do not leap up when we behold a halo on the title-page,
and so the lives of the heroes of the Church are frequently neglected.
When the saint has been duly canonized, that is generally the end of him
in popular esteem. But sometimes the ecclesiastical and secular
judgments coincide and the saint is invested with human interest.
So it has been with St. Francis of Assisi,—given the highest honors in his
church, he has captivated the imagination of the world. Protestants vie
with Catholics in doing him honor. At no time has his name been more
familiar or his legend more often repeated than in our own day. He has
been recanonized.
This renewal of interest in the Franciscan legend is all the more
interesting because it carries us into a region so remote from that in which
we habitually dwell.
“Now it came to pass that as Francis, the servant of the Lord, was singing
the praises of the Lord with joy and gladness, certain robbers fell upon
him and fiercely questioned him who he was. And he answered, ‘I am the
herald of the King of Heaven.’ And the robbers fell upon him with blows
and cast him into a ditch, saying, ‘Lie there, thou herald of nothing!’ When
they had departed Francis arose and went through the forest, singing with
a loud voice the praises of the Creator.”
These words take us into another world than ours. To enter that world we
must not only lay aside our easily besetting sins, but our easily besetting
virtues as well. We must cast aside all the prudential virtues, we must rid
our minds of all prejudice in favor of scientific charity and rationalistic
schemes of philanthropy, and we must disclaim personal responsibility for
the progress of modern civilization. With such impedimenta the pilgrim of
thought might possibly get as far back as the sixteenth century, but it
would be impossible for him to penetrate into the thirteenth. He who
would do so must first drink deep of Lethe. He must put out of mind those
persons and events which have been the distinctive influences of the
modern world. He must forget Luther, and wash his soul clean of every
trace of Calvin; every echo of the raillery of Voltaire must have died away,
and his mind must have been kept unspotted from the world of Newton
and of Darwin.
Above all, if he would enter into the social dreams of the thirteenth
century, he must forget that he ever heard of such a science as political
economy. He must renounce the old Adam and all his works,—I mean
Adam Smith.
But on the other side of Lethe there are pure fountains, and dark forests
where robbers lurk, and where saints are singing the high praises of God,
and beyond are the “regions dim of rapture” where they are lost from the
eyes of their disciples.
And it may not be in vain to turn aside from the consideration of the
engrossing questions of our day, to enter into that dim world and look out
upon it through the eyes of its truest saints. They were eyes blind to many
things we see clearly, but they saw some things which we do not always
see; at any rate they were eyes—
With all his saintly austerities St. Francis was always a gentleman. Even
the most admiring biographers cannot hide his humanness. The Lives of
the Saints do not contain many such incidents as that in the chapter in
“The Mirror of Perfection” entitled “How he comforted a Sick Friar by
eating Grapes with Him.” It was a little thing to do, but I am sure that St.
Dominic would never have thought of it. The friar had been overdoing the
mortification of the flesh, and had fallen ill. “Blessed Francis said to
himself: ‘If that friar would eat ripe grapes in the morning I believe he
would be cured!’ And as he thought so he did. Rising early in the morning,
he called the friar secretly, and took him to a vineyard near the place, and
choosing a vine that had good grapes fit for eating, he sat down by the
vine with the friar and began to eat grapes, that the friar should not be
ashamed of eating alone.... And all the days of his life this friar
remembered the pity and compassion shown him by the blessed Father,
and would relate what had happened to the other friars.”
It was an age of miracles, but St. Francis never allowed them to clutter up
his little world. They must keep their place. When Brother Peter died in
great sanctity, he was immediately worshiped as a saint. Great crowds
came to his tomb, and many miracles were wrought. This was well, but
there must be a measure in all things. So one day St. Francis went to the
door of the tomb, and his most persuasive voice said, “Brother Peter, in
your lifetime you gave perfect obedience. Know that your brethren are
disturbed by the crowds that come to your tomb. I command you, by holy
obedience, that you work no more miracles.” And from that day Brother
Peter abstained from any interference with the order of nature.
A true son of the Church, yet because of the unworldliness of his nature
Francis from the first transcended the sphere of ecclesiasticism, and lived
in the freedom of the spirit. In an age when ritualism was triumphant he
chose an unsacerdotal ministry. At a time when the highest piety was
supposed to manifest itself in the building and adornment of churches, he
insisted on the higher grace of charity. When a case of need was
presented to him, he said: “Sell the ornaments on the altar of the Blessed
Virgin. Be assured that she would be more pleased to have her altar
without adornment than to see the gospel of her Son any longer set at
naught.”
Pope Innocent had many who came with ambitious plans. There were
always monks who desired to be abbots, and priests who desired to be
bishops. But one day Brother Francis came desiring that he and certain
poor brethren might be allowed to live according to the rule of the gospel.
They were not content to be poor after the conventional fashion of the
great monastic institutions, where corporate wealth was married to
individual poverty. Their poverty should be real. Almost everything had
been organized around a treasury. They would like to organize brotherly
kindness, patience, humility, and love according to their own laws.
And the request was made so simply that Pope Innocent could do nothing
but grant it, though it made his own ambitions stand out in startling
contrast.
* * * * * *
The life of St. Francis was very mediæval, which was but another way of
saying that its idealism was not balanced by the scientific temper. Men in
those days delighted in paradoxes, and were contented with no half
measures. His experience was different from ours. He did not confront the
poverty of the slums of our great cities. It was the poverty of Umbria. It
was a poverty that was acquainted with hunger and which wore coarse
garments, but it had the freedom of the fields and the open roads. We
have problems to solve with which he was unacquainted.
Yet there is something in his daring paradox which attracts us. Beneath all
its extravagance there is a vitality in the joyous worship of My Lady
Poverty. For what is worship? It is, literally, worth-ship. It is the recognition
of intrinsic values. It is just here that the modern man is beginning to be
distrustful of himself. He has been marvelously successful in obtaining his
desires, but has he desired the best things? In the height of his
achievement he cannot help asking, “After all, is it worth what it has
cost?”
Things turn out differently from what had been expected. A life devoted to
personal gain is likely to be disappointing. A whole community which has
no other means of estimating worth than the increase in wealth is still
more disappointing. It has no proper means of government. A plutocracy
is but another name for moral anarchy. Special interests become
intolerably domineering and override the common good. In a society
where everything is measured by money, where is the limitation to
despotism? What is to prevent the rich man from buying up his neighbors
and using all their talents to serve his own narrow purposes? He is able to
pay for the best food and drink and shelter. Why may he not bend to his
will the best human ability?
The answer comes from the iconoclasts, who strike boldly at the idols of
the market-place. They have something that is not for sale, and they can
afford to laugh at the highest bidders. They are not asking favors. They
are likely to be inexperienced in the ways of the world, but the world fears
them as it fears all forces which it cannot understand. They cannot be
cajoled or threatened, for they have learned that it is possible to be happy
and poor.
My Lady Poverty has still her worshipers. She has long been honored by
the devotion of true artists. The man of science gravely acknowledges
her, and confesses without shame that he is too busy to make money.
There are statesmen who are the despair of the party managers because
when the question comes, “What can we do for you?” they answer
“Nothing.” Every now and then there occurs that disconcerting
phenomenon which we call genius. It upsets all calculations and refuses
to respond to the law of supply and demand. The second best may be
bought, but the very best is given away. Now and then, too, out of our
conventional gentilities there comes an ideal gentleman. He would adorn
the most exclusive circles, were it not that he has a passion for the best
society, and he has learned that the best society is never exclusive. He
takes the part of the uttermost man, and finds his joy in the
companionship of those who are aspiring and struggling. And there is the
increasing number of the nature-lovers who enter into the religious
feelings which St. Francis voiced in “The Song of the Creatures.” They
love one who could worship out of doors, and speak familiarly of Master
Sun and Brother Wind and Sister Water. As they sit around their
campfires they join heartily in the praise of Brother Fire. “He is jocund,
robust, and strong and bright.”
They love to read again the story of how St. Francis and Brother Masseo
stopped at noon under a tree where there was a broad smooth stone to
serve as a table for their simple meal. Close by was a spring of cold
water.
“What a treasure we have here!” cried Francis in delight.
“Father,” answered Brother Masseo, “how can you talk so when we have
no tablecloth or knife or cup!”
Brother Masseo voices the opinion of the majority, but there are
increasing numbers of true Franciscans. St. Francis is the patron saint of
those who believe in Nature as well as in Grace. In spite of all his
austerities he is endeared to us because he represented the
bohemianism of piety.
AS HE SEES HIMSELF