Solution Manual for Business

Analytics, 4th Edition, Jeffrey D. Camm,

James J. Cochran, Michael J. Fry,
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 Descriptive Statistics

Algeria Africa 190,709

Angola Africa 100,948

c. The top-five European countries by GDP are: Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Italy, and
Spain.

3. a. The sorted list of carriers appears below.

Previous Year Current Year

On-time On-time
Carrier Percentage Percentage
Blue Box Shipping 88.4% 94.8%
Cheetah LLC 89.3% 91.8%
Smith Logistics 84.3% 88.7%
Granite State Carriers 81.8% 87.6%
Super Freight 92.1% 86.8%
Minuteman Company 91.0% 84.2%
Jones Brothers 68.9% 82.8%
Honsin Limited 74.2% 80.1%
Rapid Response 78.8% 70.9%

Blue Box Shipping is providing the best on-time service in the current year. Rapid Response is
providing the worst on-time service in the current year.

b. The output from Excel with conditional formatting appears below.

c. The output from Excel containing data bars appears below.

2-2
 Descriptive Statistics

d. The top 4 shippers based on current year on-time percentage (Blue Box Shipping, Cheetah LLC,
Smith Logistics, and Granite State Carriers) all have positive increases from the previous year and
high on-time percentages. These are good candidates for carriers to use in the future.

4. a. The relative frequency of D is 1.0 – 0.22 – 0.18 – 0.40 = 0.20.

b. If the total sample size is 200 the frequency of D is 0.20*200 = 40.

c. and d.

Class Relative Frequency Frequency % Frequency

A 0.22 44 22

B 0.18 36 18

C 0.40 80 40

D 0.20 40 20
Total 1.0 200 100

5. a. These data are categorical.

b.
Web %
site Frequency Frequency
FB 7 14
GOOG 14 28
WIKI 9 18
YAH 13 26
YT 7 14
Total 50 100

c. The most frequent most-visited-web site is google.com (GOOG); second is yahoo.com (YAH).

2-3
 Descriptive Statistics

6. a. Least = 12, Highest = 23

b.
Percent
Hours in Meetings per
Week Frequency Frequency
11–12 1 4
13–14 2 8
15–16 6 24
17–18 3 12
19–20 5 20
21–22 4 16
23–24 4 16
Total 25 100

2-4
 Descriptive Statistics

c.

7
6
5

Fequency
4
3
2
1
0
11-12 13-14 15-16 17-18 19-20 21-22 23-24
Hours per Week in Meetings

The distribution is slightly skewed to the left.

7. a.
Percent
Industry Frequency Frequency
Bank 26 13
Cable 44 22
Car 42 21
Cell 60 30
Collection 28 1
Total 200 100

b. The cellular phone providers had the highest number of complaints.

c. The percentage frequency distribution shows that the two financial industries (banks and collection
agencies) had about the same number of complaints. Also, new car dealers and cable and satellite
television companies also had about the same number of complaints.

2-5
 Descriptive Statistics

8. a. The busiest airport is Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta (ATL) with 104.2 million total passengers. The least busy

airport is Detroit Metropolitan (DTW) with 34.4 million total passengers.

b.

Total Passengers (Millions) Frequency

30–39.9 4

40–49.9 9

50–59.9 3

60–69.9 1

70–79.9 1

80–89.9 1

90–99.9 0

100–109.9 1

c.

30-39.9 40-49.9 50-59.9 60-69.9 70-79.9 80-89.9 90-99.9 100-109.9

Most of the top 20 busiest North American airports service fewer than 60 million passengers. Only four of

the 20 airports have more than 60 million passengers.

2-6
 Descriptive Statistics

9. a.
Class Frequency
12–14 2
15–17 8
18–20 11
21–23 10
24–26 9
Total 40

b.
Relative
Class Frequency Percent Frequency
12–14 0.050 5.0
15–17 0.200 20.0
18–20 0.275 27.5
21–23 0.250 25.0
24–26 0.225 22.5
Total 1.000 100.0

10.
Class Frequency Cumulative Frequency
10–19 10 10
20–29 14 24
30–39 17 41
40–49 7 48
50–59 2 50

11. a–d.
Cumulative
Relative Cumulative Relative
Class Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
0–4 4 0.20 4 0.20
5–9 8 0.40 12 0.60
10–
14 5 0.25 17 0.85
15–
19 2 0.10 19 0.95
20–
24 1 0.05 20 1.00
Total 20 1.00

e. From the cumulative relative frequency distribution, 60% of customers wait 9 minutes or less.

2-7
 Descriptive Statistics

12. a–d.

Endowment Frequency Relative Cumulative Cumulative

Amount ($ Frequency Frequency Relative

Billions) Frequency

0–1.9 10 0.17 10 0.17

2.0–3.9 24 0.40 34 0.57

4.0–5.9 7 0.12 41 0.68

6.0–7.9 5 0.08 46 0.77

8.0–9.9 3 0.05 49 0.82

10.0–11.9 4 0.07 53 0.88

12.0–13.9 1 0.02 54 0.90

14.0–15.9 1 0.02 55 0.92

16.0–17.9 0 0.00 55 0.92

18.0–19.9 0 0.00 55 0.92

20.0–21.9 0 0.00 55 0.92

22.0–23.9 1 0.02 56 0.93

24.0–25.9 1 0.02 57 0.95

26.0–27.9 2 0.03 59 0.98

28.0–29.9 0 0.00 59 0.98

30.0–31.9 0 0.00 59 0.98

32.0–33.9 0 0.00 59 0.98

34.0–35.9 0 0.00 59 0.98

2-8
 Descriptive Statistics

36.0–37.9 1 0.02 60 1.00

Total 60 1.00

e. Most universities (55) have endowments of less than $16 billion. Only five have endowments larger than

$16 billion. We see that .92, or 92%, of the universities have endowments of less than $16 billion, and

only .08, or 8%, of the universities have endowments larger than $16 billion.

f.

26.0-27.9
10.0-11.9
12.0-13.9

18.0-19.9
14.0-15.9

22.0-23.9

28.0-29.9

36.0-37.9
8.0-9.9
6.0-7.9
2.0-3.9

24.0-25.9
16.0-17.9

20.0-21.9

34.0-35.9
4.0-5.9

30.0-31.9
32.0-33.9
0-1.9

The histogram shows the distribution is skewed to the right with five university endowments in the $22

billion to $38 billion range.

g. Harvard University has the largest endowment at $36 billion. All other universities have endowments less

than $28 billion. Most (92%) have endowments less than $16 billion.

10+20+12+17+16
13. a. Mean = = 15 or use the Excel function AVERAGE.
5
To calculate the median, we arrange the data in ascending order:
10 12 16 17 20
Because we have n = 5 values which is an odd number, the median is the middle value which is 16
or use the Excel function MEDIAN.

b. Because the additional data point, 12, is lower than the mean and median computed in part a, we
expect the mean and median to decrease. Calculating the new mean and median gives us mean =
14.5 and median = 14.

14. Without Excel, to calculate the 20th percentile, we first arrange the data in ascending order:
15 20 25 25 27 28 30 34
𝑝
The location of the pth percentile is given by the formula 𝐿𝑝 = (𝑛 + 1)
100

2-9
 Descriptive Statistics

20
For our date set, 𝐿20 = (8 + 1) = 1.8. Thus, the 20th percentile is 80% of the way between the
100
value in position 1 and the value in position 2. In other words, the 20th percentile is the value in
position 1 (15) plus 0.80 time the difference between the value in position 2 (20) and position 1 (15).
Therefore, the 20th percentile is
15 + 0.80*(20 – 15) = 19.

We can repeat the steps above to calculate the 25th, 65th, and 75th percentiles. Or using Excel, we
can use the function PERCENTILE.EXC to get:
25th percentile = 21.25
65th percentile = 27.85
75th percentile = 29.5
53+55+70+58+64+57+53+69+57+68+53
15. Mean = = 59.727 or use the Excel function AVERAGE.
11
To calculate the median arrange the values in ascending order
53 53 53 55 57 57 58 64 68 69 70
Because we have n = 11, an odd number of values, the median is the middle value which is 57 or use
the Excel function MEDIAN.
The mode is the most often occurring value which is 53 because 53 appears three times in the data
set, or use the Excel function MODE.SNGL because there is only a single mode in this data set.

16. To find the mean annual growth rate, we must use the geometric mean. First we note that

( x )( x ) L ( x9 )  ( x )( x2 ) L ( x9 ) 
3,500 = 5,000  1 2 , so  1 =0.700
where x1, x2, … are the growth factors for years, 1, 2, etc. through year 9.
𝑛 9
Next, we calculate 𝑥̅𝑔 = √(𝑥1 )(𝑥2 ) ⋯ (𝑥𝑛 ) = √0.70 = 0.961144
So the mean annual growth rate is (0.961144 – 1)100% = –0.38856%

17. For the Stivers mutual fund,

( x )( x2 ) L ( x8 )  ( x )( x ) L ( x8 ) 
18,000 = 10,000  1 , so  1 2 =1.8
where x1, x2, … are the growth factors for years, 1, 2, etc. through year 8.

Next, we calculate g
x = 1
n
2( x )( x )L ( x ) = 8 1.80 = 1.07624
8

So the mean annual return for the Stivers mutual fund is (1.07624 – 1)100% = 7.624%.

For the Trippi mutual fund we have:

( x1 )( x2 ) L ( x8 )  ( x )( x ) L ( x8 ) 
10,600 = 5,000  , so  1 2 =2.12 and
xg = ( x1 )( x2 ) L ( x8 ) = 2.12 = 1.09848
n 8

So the mean annual return for the Trippi mutual fund is (1.09848 – 1)100% = 9.848%.

While the Stivers mutual fund has generated a nice annual return of 7.6%, the annual return of 9.8%
earned by the Trippi mutual fund is far superior.

2 - 10
 Descriptive Statistics

Alternatively, we can use Excel and the function GEOMEAN as shown below:

∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 1,291.5
a. Mean = = = 26.906
18. 𝑛 48

b. To calculate the median, we first sort all 48 commute times in ascending order. Because there are an
even number of values (48), the median is between the 24th and 25th largest values. The 24th largest
value is 25.8 and the 25th largest value is 26.1.
(25.8 + 26.1)/2 = 25.95
Or we can use the Excel function MEDIAN.

c. The values 23.4 and 24.8 both appear three times in the data set, so these two values are the modes
of the commute times. To find this using Excel, we must use the MODE.MULT function.

d. Standard deviation = 4.6152. In Excel, we can find this value using the function STDEV.S.
Variance = 4.61522 = 21.2998. In Excel, we can find this value using the function VAR.S.

e. The third quartile is the 75th percentile of the data. To find the 75th percentile without Excel,
𝑝
we first arrange the data in ascending order. Next we calculate 𝐿𝑝 = (𝑛 + 1) = 𝐿75 =
100
75
(48 + 1) = 36.75.
100
In other words, this value is 75% of the way between the 36th and 37th positions. However, in our
data the values in both the 36th and 37th positions are 28.5. Therefore, the 75th percentile is 28.5. Or
using Excel, we can use the function PERCENTILE.EXC.

19. a. The mean waiting time for patients with the wait-tracking system is 17.2 minutes and the median
waiting time is 13.5 minutes. The mean waiting time for patients without the wait-tracking system is
29.1 minutes and the median is 23.5 minutes.

b. The standard deviation of waiting time for patients with the wait-tracking system is 9.28 and the
variance is 86.18. The standard deviation of waiting time for patients without the wait-tracking
system is 16.60 and the variance is 275.66.

2 - 11
 Descriptive Statistics

c.

d.

e. Wait times for patients with the wait-tracking system are substantially shorter than those for
patients without the wait-tracking system. However, some patients with the wait-tracking system still
experience long waits.

20. a. The median number of hours worked for science teachers is 54.

b. The median number of hours worked for English teachers is 47.

c.

2 - 12
 Descriptive Statistics

d.

e. The boxplots show that science teachers spend more hours working per week than English teachers.
The boxplot for science teachers also shows that most science teachers work about the same amount
of hours; in other words, there is less variability in the number of hours worked for science teachers.

21. a. Recall that the mean patient wait time without wait-time tracking is 29.1 and the standard deviation
37−29.1
of wait times is 16.6. Then the z-score is calculated as follows: 𝑧 = = 0.48.
16.6

b. Recall that the mean patient wait time with wait-time tracking is 17.2 and the standard deviation of
37−17.2
wait times is 9.28. Then the z-score is calculated as follows: 𝑧 = = 2.13.
9.28
As indicated by the positive z-scores, both patients had wait times that exceeded the means of their
respective samples. Even though the patients had the same wait time, the z-score for the sixth patient

2 - 13
 Descriptive Statistics

in the sample who visited an office with a wait-tracking system is much larger because that patient is
part of a sample with a smaller mean and a smaller standard deviation.
𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅
c. To calculate the z-score for each patient waiting time, we can use the formula 𝑧 = or we can use
𝑠
the Excel function STANDARDIZE. The z-scores for all patients follow.

Without Wait-Tracking System With Wait-Tracking System

Wait Time z-Score Wait Time z-Score
24 –0.31 31 1.49
67 2.28 11 –0.67
17 –0.73 14 –0.34
20 –0.55 18 0.09
31 0.11 12 –0.56
44 0.90 37 2.13
12 –1.03 9 –0.88
23 –0.37 13 –0.45
16 –0.79 12 –0.56
37 0.48 15 –0.24

No z-score is less than –3.0 or above +3.0; therefore, the z-scores do not indicate the existence of any
outliers in either sample.

22. a. According to the empirical rule, approximately 95% of data values will be within two standard
deviations of the mean. 4.5 is two standard deviation less than the mean and 9.3 is two standard
deviations greater than the mean. Therefore, approximately 95% of individuals sleep between 4.5
and 9.3 hours per night.
8−6.9
b. 𝑧= = 0.9167
1.2

6−6.9
c. 𝑧= = −0.75
1.2

23.

a. The value 647 is one standard deviation above the mean. Approximately 68% of the scores are

between 447 and 647 with half of 68%, or 34%, of the scores between the mean of 547 and 647. Also,

because the distribution is symmetric, 50% of the scores are above the mean of 547. With 50% of the

scores above 547 and with 34% of the scores between 547 and 647, 50% – 34% = 16% of the scores are

647 or higher.

b. The value 747 is two standard deviations above the mean. Approximately 95% of the scores are

between 347 and 747 with half of 95%, or 47.5%, of the scores between the mean of 547 and 747. Also,

because the distribution is symmetric, 50% of the scores are above the mean of 547. With 50% of the

scores above 547 and 47.5% of the scores between 547 and 747, 50% – 47.5% = 2.5% of the scores are

2 - 14
 Descriptive Statistics

747 or higher.

c. Approximately 68% of the scores are between 447 and 647 with half of 68%, or 34%, of the scores are

between 447 and the mean of 547.

d. Approximately 95% of the scores are between 347 and 747 with half of 95%, or 47.5%, of the scores

between 347 and the mean of 547. Approximately 68% of the scores are between 447 and 647 with half

of 68%, or 34%, of the scores between the mean of 547 and 647. Thus, 47.5% + 34% = 81.5% of the

scores are between 347 and 647.

405−515
e. 𝑧= = −1.10
100

24. a.
70

60

50

40
y

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
x

b. There appears to be a negative linear relationship between the x and y variables.

c. Without Excel, we can use the calculations shown below to calculate the covariance:
xi yi (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ ) (𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦̅) ( xi − x )( yi − y )
4 50 –4 4 –16
6 50 –2 4 –8
11 40 3 –6 –18
3 60 –5 14 –70
16 30 8 –16 –128

𝑥̅ = 8
𝑦̅ = 46

∑(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )(𝑦𝑖 −𝑦̅) −16−8−18−70−128

𝑠𝑥𝑦 = = = −60
𝑛−1 4

Or, using Excel, we can use the COVARIANCE.S function.

The negative covariance confirms that there is a negative linear relationship between the x and y
variables in this data set.

2 - 15
 Descriptive Statistics

d. To calculate the correlation coefficient without Excel, we need the standard deviation for x and y:
𝑠𝑥 = 5.43, 𝑠𝑦 = 11.40. Then the correlation coefficient is calculated as:
𝑠𝑥𝑦 −60
𝑟𝑥𝑦 = = = −0.97
𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑦 (5.43)(11.40)
Or, we can use the Excel function CORREL.
The correlation coefficient indicates a strong negative linear association between the x and y
variables in this data set.

25. a. The scatter chart indicates that there may be a positive linear relationship between profits and
market capitalization.

b. Without Excel, we can use the calculations below to find the covariance and correlation coefficient:

xi yi ( xi − x ) ( yi − y ) ( xi − x ) 2 ( yi − y )2 ( xi − x )( yi − y )

–
313.2
1891.9 2468.57 –35259.75 6093826.70 1243249856.32 87041077.46
–
631
81458.6 2150.77 44306.95 4625801.88 1963105961.23 –95293962.27
–
706.6
10087.6 2075.17 –27064.05 4306321.16 732462715.10 56162440.18
–
–29
1175.8 2810.77 –35975.85 7900415.30 1294261667.17 101119754.14
4,018.00 55188.8 1236.23 18037.15 1528270.20 325338838.31 22298108.67
–
959
14115.2 1822.77 –23036.45 3322482.24 530677954.29 41990095.01
6,490.00 97376.2 3708.23 60224.55 13750986.48 3626996616.98 223326625.02
8,572.00 157130.5 5790.23 119978.85 33526789.60 14394924834.35 694705416.89
12,436.00 95251.9 9654.23 58100.25 93204200.49 3375639237.48 560913323.32
–
1,462.00
36461.2 1319.77 –690.45 1741786.89 476718.98 911231.51
3,461.00 53575.7 679.23 16424.05 461356.46 269749471.38 11155745.66
–
854
7082.1 1927.77 –30069.55 3716288.47 904177740.20 57967105.40
–
369.5
3461.4 2412.27 –33690.25 5819035.66 1135032836.38 81269899.40
–
399.8
12520.3 2381.97 –24631.35 5673770.32 606703323.37 58671077.30
–
278
3547.6 2503.77 –33604.05 6268852.91 1129232068.00 84136732.35
9,190.00 32382.4 6408.23 –4769.25 41065440.67 22745730.18 –30562451.36
–
599.1
8925.3 2182.67 –28226.35 4764038.47 796726743.27 61608740.10
2,465.00 9550.2 –316.77 –27601.45 100341.80 761839953.07 8743248.48
3,527.00 65917.4 745.23 28765.75 555371.12 827468465.86 21437166.03
–
602
13819.5 2179.77 –23332.15 4751387.41 544389148.36 50858664.40
2,655.00 26651.1 –126.77 –10500.55 16070.06 110261516.43 1331130.81
–
1,455.70
21865.9 1326.07 –15285.75 1758455.66 233654103.75 20269937.85
–
276
3417.8 2505.77 –33733.85 6278871.98 1137972527.00 84529189.10
–
617.5
3681.2 2164.27 –33470.45 4684054.86 1120270915.23 72439011.75
11,797.00 182109.9 9015.23 144958.25 81274412.67 21012894710.67 1306832306.01
–
567.6
12522.8 2214.17 –24628.85 4902538.79 606580172.87 54532401.62
697.8 10514.8 – –26636.85 4342921.55 709521692.00 55510332.79

2 - 16
 Descriptive Statistics

2083.97
–
634
8560.5 2147.77 –28591.15 4612906.27 817453766.09 61407146.21
–
109
1381.6 2672.77 –35770.05 7143687.40 1279496361.62 95605031.46
4,979.00 66606.5 2197.23 29454.85 4827829.60 867588283.54 64719150.12
5,142.00 53469.4 2360.23 16317.75 5570696.31 266269017.70 38513683.74
Total 368589209.4 62647162947 3954149359

∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦̅) 3954149359

𝑠𝑥𝑦 = = = 131804978.6
𝑛−1 30
∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2 368589209.4
𝑠𝑥 = √ =√ = 3505.18
𝑛−1 30

∑(𝑦 − 𝑦̅)2 62647162947

𝑠𝑦 = √ =√ = 45697.25
𝑛−1 30
𝑠𝑥𝑦 131804978.6
𝑟𝑥𝑦 = = = 0.8229
𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑦 (3505.18)(45697.25)
Or using Excel, we use the formula = COVARIANCE.S(B2:B32,C2:C32) to calculate the
covariance, which is 131804978.638. This indicates that there is a positive relationship between
profits and market capitalization.

c. In the Excel file, we use the formula =CORREL(B2:B32,C2:C32) to calculate the correlation
coefficient, which is 0.8229. This indicates that there is a strong linear relationship between profits
and market capitalization.

26. a. Without Excel, we can use the calculations below to find the correlation coefficient:
xi yi ( xi − x ) ( yi − y ) ( xi − x ) 2 ( yi − y )2 ( xi − x )( yi − y )

7.1 7.02 0.2852 0.6893 0.0813 0.4751 0.1966

5.2 5.31 –1.6148 –1.0207 2.6076 1.0419 1.6483
7.8 5.38 0.9852 –0.9507 0.9706 0.9039 –0.9367
7.8 5.40 0.9852 –0.9307 0.9706 0.8663 –0.9170
5.8 5.00 –1.0148 –1.3307 1.0298 1.7709 1.3505
5.8 4.07 –1.0148 –2.2607 1.0298 5.1109 2.2942
9.3 6.53 2.4852 0.1993 6.1761 0.0397 0.4952
5.7 5.57 –1.1148 –0.7607 1.2428 0.5787 0.8481
7.3 6.99 0.4852 0.6593 0.2354 0.4346 0.3199
7.6 11.12 0.7852 4.7893 0.6165 22.9370 3.7605
8.2 7.56 1.3852 1.2293 1.9187 1.5111 1.7028
7.1 12.11 0.2852 5.7793 0.0813 33.3998 1.6482
6.3 4.39 –0.5148 –1.9407 0.2650 3.7665 0.9991
6.6 4.78 –0.2148 –1.5507 0.0461 2.4048 0.3331
6.2 5.78 –0.6148 –0.5507 0.3780 0.3033 0.3386
6.3 6.08 –0.5148 –0.2507 0.2650 0.0629 0.1291
7.0 10.05 0.1852 3.7193 0.0343 13.8329 0.6888
6.2 4.75 –0.6148 –1.5807 0.3780 2.4987 0.9719

2 - 17
 Descriptive Statistics

5.5 7.22 –1.3148 0.8893 1.7287 0.7908 –1.1692

6.5 3.79 –0.3148 –2.5407 0.0991 6.4554 0.7999
6.0 3.62 –0.8148 –2.7107 0.6639 7.3481 2.2088
8.3 9.24 1.4852 2.9093 2.2058 8.4638 4.3208
7.5 4.40 0.6852 –1.9307 0.4695 3.7278 –1.3229
7.1 6.91 0.2852 0.5793 0.0813 0.3355 0.1652
6.8 5.57 –0.0148 –0.7607 0.0002 0.5787 0.0113
5.5 3.87 –1.3148 –2.4607 1.7287 6.0552 3.2354
7.5 8.42 0.6852 2.0893 0.4695 4.3650 1.4315
Total 25.77407 130.0594 25.5517
∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦̅) 25.5517
𝑠𝑥𝑦 = = = 0.9828
𝑛−1 26
∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2 25.77407
𝑠𝑥 = √ =√ = 0.9956
𝑛−1 26

∑(𝑦 − 𝑦̅)2 130.0594

𝑠𝑦 = √ =√ = 2.2366
𝑛−1 26
𝑠𝑥𝑦 0.9828
𝑟𝑥𝑦 = = = 0.44
𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑦 (0.9956)(2.2366)
Or we can use the Excel function CORREL.
The correlation coefficient indicates that there is a moderate positive linear relationship between
jobless rate and delinquent loans. If the jobless rate were to increase, it is likely that an increase in
the percentage of delinquent housing loans would also occur.

b.
14

12
Delinquent Loans (%)

10

0
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Jobless Rate (%)

27. a. Using the Excel function COUNTBLANK we find that there is one blank response in column C
(Texture) and one blank response in column F (Depth of Chocolate Flavor of the Cup). With
further investigation we find that the value of texture for respondent 157 is missing, and the value
of Depth of the Chocolate Flavor of the Cup for respondent 199 is missing.

b. To help us identify erroneous values, we calculate the Average, Standard Deviation, Minimum and
Maximum values for each variable.

2 - 18
 Descriptive Statistics

# Missing Values: 0 1 0 0 1
Average: 72.29 105.94 77.11 78.51 77.36
Standard Deviation: 20.21 447.89 19.14 66.15 17.69
Minimum: 8.40 13.00 19.00 0.67 11.00
Maximum: 100.00 6666.00 120.00 997.00 100.00

We can immediately spot some surprising values in Column C (Texture) and column E
(Sweetness). Further examination identifies the following: the value of Texture for respondent 68
is 6666, which is outside the range for this variable; the value of sweetness for respondent 72 is
997, which is outside the range for this variable; the value of Sweetness for respondent 85 is 0.67,
which is outside the range for this variable and is not an integer. Additional examination of the
other responses shows that the value of Taste for respondent 90 is 8.4, which is not an integer, and
the value of Creaminess of filling for respondent 197 is 120, which is outside the range for this
variable.

2 - 19
 Descriptive Statistics

28. a. Using the Excel function COUNTBLANK we find that one observation is missing in column B
and one observation missing in column C. Additional investigation shows that the missing value in
column B is for year 2016 for the Phillies and the missing value in column C is for year 2016 for
the Marlins. Review of major league baseball attendance data that are available from a reliable
source shows that the Phillies’ attendance in 2016 was 1,915,144, which is consistent with the
value of the Phillies’ attendance for the observation with the missing value of season. This
supports our suspicion that the value of season for this observation is 2016. Review of major
league baseball attendance data that are available from a reliable source shows that the Marlins’
2016 attendance was 1,712,417. (Note that we use the reference ESPN.com, at
http://www.espn.com/mlb/attendance as of May 14, 2017, as our reliable data source for
comparison.)

b. To help us identify erroneous values, we calculate the average, standard deviation, minimum and
maximum values for Season and Attendance. (Note that we use the reference ESPN.com, at
http://www.espn.com/mlb/attendance as of May 14, 2017, as our reliable data source for
comparison.)

# Missing Values: 1 1
Average: 2,004 2,651,944.64
Standard Deviation: 124 2,333,151.88
Minimum: 214 -3,365,256.00
Maximum: 2,016 26,426,820.00

We immediately identify that there is an erroneous value for Season as all values should be
between 2014 and 2016, but the minimum value is 214. We also identify that the minimum and
maximum values for Attendance appear questionable. Review of major league baseball attendance
data that are available from a reliable source shows that the Cubs’ attendance in 2014 was
2,652,113, which is consistent with the value of the Cubs’ attendance for the observation with the
missing value of season. This supports our suspicion that the value of season for this observation
is 2014.

The value for attendance for the Giants in 2016 is –3,365,256, which is unrealistic. Review of
major league baseball attendance data that are available from a reliable source shows that the
Giants’ 2016 attendance was 3,365,256.

The value for attendance for the Cubs in 2013 is 26,426,820, which is unusually large. Review of
major league baseball attendance data that are available from a reliable source shows that the
Cubs’ 2013 attendance was 2,642,682.

We can also sort the data in Excel by Team Name to help us identify attendance values that seem
outside the norm for that team. Additional analysis of individual attendance values shows the
following.

The value for attendance for the Royals in 2011 is 172,445, which is unusually small. Review of
major league baseball attendance data that are available from a reliable source shows that the
Royals’ 2011 attendance was 1,724,450.

The value for attendance for the Marlins in 2014 is 9,732,283, which is unusually large compared
to other season attendance values for the Marlins. Review of major league baseball attendance
data that are available from a reliable source shows that the Marlins’ 2014 attendance was
1,732,283.

The value for attendance for the Marlins in 2015 is 752,235, which is unusually small compared to
other season attendance values for the Marlins. Review of major league baseball attendance data
that are available from a reliable source shows that the Marlins’ 2015 attendance was 1,752,235.

2 - 20
 Descriptive Statistics

The value for attendance for the Orioles in 2014 is 22,464,473, which is unusually large. Review
of major league baseball attendance data that are available from a reliable source shows that the
Orioles’ 2014 attendance was 2,464,473.

2 - 21
 Descriptive Statistics

Chapter 2
Descriptive Statistics

Case Problem 1: Heavenly Chocolates Web Site Transactions

1. Descriptive statistics for the time spent on the web site, number of pages viewed, and amount spent are shown
below.

Time (min) Pages Viewed Amount Spent ($)

Mean 12.8 4.8 68.13
Median 11.4 4.5 62.15
Standard Deviation 6.06 2.04 32.34
Range 28.6 8 140.67
Minimum 4.3 2 17.84
Maximum 32.9 10 158.51
Sum 640.5 241 3406.41

The mean time a shopper is on the Heavenly Chocolates web site is 12.8 minutes, with a minimum time of
4.3 minutes and a maximum time of 32.9 minutes. The following histogram demonstrates that the data are
skewed to the right.
Histogram of Time (min)
14

12

10
Frequency

0
5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)

The mean number of pages viewed during a visit is 4.8 pages with a minimun of 2 pages and a maximum of
10 pages. A histogram of the number of pages viewed indicates that the data are slightly skewed to the right.

2 - 22
 Descriptive Statistics

Histogram of Pages Viewed

12

10

Frequency
6

0
2 4 6 8 10
Pages Viewed

The mean amount spent for an online shopper is $68.13 with a minimum amount spent of $17.84 and a
maximum amount spent of $158.51. The following histogram indicates that the data are skewed to the right.

Histogram of Amount

10

8
Frequency

0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Amount

2. Summary by Day of Week

Total Amount Average Amount

Day of Week Frequency Spent ($) Spent ($)
Sunday 5 218.15 43.63
Monday 9 813.38 90.38
Tuesday 7 414.86 59.27
Wednesday 6 341.82 56.97
Thursday 5 294.03 58.81
Friday 11 945.43 85.95
Saturday 7 378.74 54.11
Total 50 3406.41

2 - 23
 Descriptive Statistics

The above summary shows that Monday and Friday are the best days in terms of both the total amount spent
and the averge amount spent per transaction. Friday had the most purchases (11) and the highest value for
total amount spent ($945.43). Monday, with nine transactions, had the highest average amount spent per
transaction ($90.38). Sunday was the worst sales day of the week in terms of number of transactions (5), total
amount spent ($218.15), and average amount spent per transaction ($43.63). However, the sample size for
each day of the week are very small, with only Friday having more than 10 transactions. We would suggest a
larger sample size be taken before recommending any specific stratgegy based on the day of week statistics.

3. Summary by Type of Browser

Total Amount Average Amount

Browser Frequency Spent ($) Spent ($)
Firefox 16 1228.21 76.76
Chrome 27 1656.81 61.36
Other 7 521.39 74.48

Chrome was used by 27 of the 50 shoppers (54%). But, the average amount spent by customers who used
Chrome ($61.36) is less than the average amount spent by customers who used Firefox ($76.76) or some
other type of browser ($74.48). This result would suggest targeting special promotion offers to Firefox users
or users of other types of browsers. But, before recommending any specific strategies based upon the type of
browser, we would suggest taking a larger sample size.

4. A scatter diagram showing the relationship between time spent on the web site and the amount spent follows:

The sample correlation coefficient between these two variables is .580. The scatter diagram and the sample
correlation coefficient indicate a postive relationship between time spent on the web site and the total amount
spent. Thus, the sample data support the conclusion that customers who spend more time on the web site
spend more.

5. A scatter diagram showing the relationship between the number of pages viewed and the amount spent
follows:

2 - 24
 Descriptive Statistics

The sample correlation coefficient between these two variables is .724. The scatter diagram and the sample
correlation coefficient indicate a postive relationship between time spent on the web site and the number of
pages viewed. Thus, the sample data support the conclusion that customers who view more web site pages
spend more.

6. A scatter diagram showing the relationship between the number of pages viewed and the time spent on the
web site follows:

The sample correlation coefficient between these two variables is .596. The scatter diagram and the sample
correlation coefficient indicate a postive relationship between the number of pages viewed and the time spent
on the web site.

Summary: The analysis indicates that online shoppers who spend more time on the company’s web site
and/or view more web site pages spend more money during their visit to the web site. If Heavenly Chocolates
can develop an attractive web site such that online shoppers are willing to spend more time on the web site
and/or view more pages, there is a good possiblity that the company will experience greater sales. And,
consideration should also be given to developing marketing strategies based upon possible differences in
sales associated with the day of the week as well as differences in sales associated with the type of browser
used by the customer.

2 - 25
 Descriptive Statistics

Case Problem 2: African Elephant Populations

This case provides the student with the opportunity to use the geometric mean in conjunction with a graph
(such as the boxplot) to analyze changes over time in the populations of elephants in several African
nations.

1. Let’s calculate the proportional change for each country over the 10-year period, 1979–1989. We’ll
begin by considering the Central African Republic. We have:

19,000 = 63,000 ( x1 )( x2 )L ( x10 ) , so ( x1 )( x2 )L ( x10 ) = 0.301587 and

xg = n ( x1 )( x2 )L ( x10 ) = 10 0.301587 = 0.887036

So the mean annual change in the elephant population for the Central African Republic during this
period is (0.887036 – 1)100% = –11.3%. From 1979 to 1989, the elephant population in the Central
African Republic declined at an annual rate of 11.3%.

Repeating these calculations for each nation yields the values in the following table.

Country ( x1 )( x2 )L ( x10 ) xg Mean Annual

Change
Angola 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
Botswana 2.5500 1.0981 0.0981
Cameroon 1.3086 1.0273 0.0273
Cen African Rep 0.3016 0.8870 –0.1130
Chad 0.2067 0.8541 –0.1459
Congo 6.4815 1.2055 0.2055
Dem Rep of 0.2250 0.8614 –0.1386
Congo
Gabon 5.6716 1.1895 0.1895
Kenya 0.2923 0.8843 –0.1157
Mozambique 0.3394 0.8976 –0.1024
Somalia 0.2469 0.8695 –0.1305
Tanzania 0.2529 0.8716 –0.1284
Zambia 0.2733 0.8784 –0.1216
Zimbabwe 1.4333 1.0367 0.0367

The elephant populations in several nations (Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic
of the Congo, Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania, and Zambia) declined at an annual rate of
10% or more from 1979 to 1989. During the same period a few nations (Botswana, Congo, and
Gabon) experienced growth in their elephant populations.

2. Now let’s calculate the proportional change for each country over the 18-year period, 1989–2007.
We’ll again begin by considering the Central African Republic. We have:

3,334 = 19,000 ( x1 )( x2 )L ( x18 ) , so ( x1 )( x2 )L ( x18 ) = 0.175474 and

xg = n ( x1 )( x2 )L ( x18 ) = 18 0.175474 = 0.907845

2 - 26
 Descriptive Statistics

So the mean annual change in the elephant population for the Central African Republic during this
period is (0.907845 – 1)100% = –9.2155%. From 1979 to 1989, the elephant population in the
Central African Republic declined at an annual rate of 9.2%.

Repeating these calculations for each nation yields the values in the following table.

Country ( x1 )( x2 )L ( x18 ) xg Mean Annual

Change
Angola 0.2040 0.9155 –0.0845
Botswana 3.4409 1.0711 0.0711
Cameroon 0.7258 0.9824 –0.0176
Cen African Rep 0.1755 0.9078 –0.0922
Chad 2.0758 1.0414 0.0414
Congo 0.3157 0.9380 –0.0620
Dem Rep of 0.2790 0.9315 –0.0685
Congo
Gabon 0.9294 0.9959 –0.0041
Kenya 1.6651 1.0287 0.0287
Mozambique 1.4026 1.0190 0.0190
Somalia 0.0117 0.7809 –0.2191
Tanzania 2.0875 1.0417 0.0417
Zambia 0.7130 0.9814 –0.0186
Zimbabwe 2.3048 1.0475 0.0475

Only one country (Somalia) continues to experience average annual declines of 10% or more in its
elephant population from 1989 to 2007, while most other nations had relatively small mean annual
changes in their elephant populations.

3. Now let’s calculate the proportional change for each country over the five-year period, 2007–2012.
We’ll again begin by considering the Central African Republic. We have:

2,285 = 3,334 ( x1 )( x2 )L ( x5 ) , so ( x1 )( x2 )L ( x5 ) = 0.685363 and

xg = n
( x1 )( x2 )L ( x5 ) = 5 0.685363 = 0.927223

So the mean annual change in the elephant population for the Central African Republic during this
period is (0.927223 – 1)100 = –7.2777%. From 2007 to 2012, the elephant population in the Central
African Republic declined at an annual rate of 7.3%.

Repeating these calculations for each nation yields the values in the following table.

Country ( x1 )( x2 )L ( x5 ) xg Mean Annual

Change
Angola 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
Botswana 0.9998 1.0000 0.0000
Cameroon 0.9130 0.9820 –0.0180
Cen African Rep 0.6854 0.9272 –0.0728

2 - 27
 Descriptive Statistics

Chad 0.4668 0.8587 –0.1413

Congo 2.2298 1.1740 0.1740
Dem Rep of 0.5766 0.8957 –0.1043
Congo
Gabon 1.0936 1.0181 0.0181
Kenya 1.1462 1.0277 0.0277
Mozambique 1.0163 1.0032 0.0032
Somalia 1.0000 1.0000 0.0000
Tanzania 0.7033 0.9320 –0.0680
Zambia 0.7386 0.9412 –0.0588
Zimbabwe 1.0119 1.0024 0.0024

Two countries (Chad and Democratic Republic of the Congo) experienced average annual declines
in their elephant populations of 10% or more from 2007 to 2012, while most other nations had
relatively small mean annual changes in their elephant populations.

4. Now we compare the results of our three analyses and draw conclusions.

Mean Annual Mean Annual

Mean Annual Change Change
Country Change 1979–1989 1989–2007 2007–2012
Chad –0.1459 0.0414 –0.1413
Dem Rep of Congo –0.1386 –0.0685 –0.1043
Somalia –0.1305 –0.2191 0.0000
Tanzania –0.1284 0.0417 –0.0680
Zambia –0.1216 –0.0186 –0.0588
Kenya –0.1157 0.0287 0.0277
Cen African Rep –0.1130 –0.0922 –0.0728
Mozambique –0.1024 0.0190 0.0032
Angola 0.0000 -0.0845 0.0000
Cameroon 0.0273 –0.0176 –0.0180
Zimbabwe 0.0367 0.0475 0.0024
Botswana 0.0981 0.0711 0.0000
Gabon 0.1895 –0.0041 0.0181
Congo 0.2055 –0.0620 0.1740

2 - 28
 Descriptive Statistics

Boxplot of Elephant Population

400000

300000
Elephant Population

200000

100000

1979 1989 2007 2012

Year

From these boxplots we can see that the population of elephants declined dramatically from 1979
to 1989, generally started to come back between 1989 and 2007, and stabilized between 2007 and
2012. We can also see that the declining trend that was established between 1979 and 1989
continues for the elephant populations in some African nations.

Several nations appear to have reversed the declines in elephant populations they experienced
from 1979 to 1989, but the growth rates are still generally low (and in some countries still negative).
At 2007–2012 rates of change, it will take many decades for the elephant populations to recover to
their 1979 levels.

Solution Manual Files:

2 - 29
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
There was a gasp. Jacques Sans-culotte gave vent to a low oath
and cocked a gamin grimace at Peter.
"C'est parfait," said he; "toutes mes félicitations, milord, what you call
a fair cop, hein? And now I know him," he added, grinning at Bunter,
"the so-patient Englishman who stand behind us in the queue at St.
Lazare. But tell me, please, how you know me, that I may correct it,
next time."
"I have mentioned to you before, Charles," said Lord Peter, "the
unwisdom of falling into habits of speech. They give you away. Now,
in France, every male child is brought up to use masculine adjectives
about himself. He says: Que je suis beau! But a little girl has it
rammed home to her that she is female; she must say: Que je suis
belle! It must make it beastly hard to be a female impersonator.
When I am at a station and I hear an excited young woman say to
her companion, 'Me prends-tu pour un imbécile'—the masculine
article arouses curiosity. And that's that!" he concluded briskly. "The
rest was merely a matter of getting Bunter to take a photograph and
communicating with our friends of the Sureté and Scotland Yard."
Jacques Sans-culotte bowed again.
"Once more I congratulate milord. He is the only Englishman I have
ever met who is capable of appreciating our beautiful language. I will
pay great attention in future to the article in question."
With an awful look, the Dowager Duchess of Medway advanced
upon Lord Peter.
"Peter," she said, "do you mean to say you knew about this, and that
for the last three weeks you have allowed me to be dressed and
undressed and put to bed by a young man?"
His lordship had the grace to blush.
"Duchess," he said humbly, "on my honour I didn't know absolutely
for certain till this morning. And the police were so anxious to have
these people caught red-handed. What can I do to show my
penitence? Shall I cut the privileged beast in pieces?"
The grim old mouth relaxed a little.
"After all," said the dowager duchess, with the delightful
consciousness that she was going to shock her daughter-in-law,
"there are very few women of my age who could make the same
boast. It seems that we die as we have lived, my dear."
For indeed the Dowager Duchess of Medway had been notable in
her day.
 THE FASCINATING PROBLEM OF
UNCLE MELEAGER'S WILL
"You look a little worried, Bunter," said his lordship kindly to his
manservant. "Is there anything I can do?"
The valet's face brightened as he released his employer's grey
trousers from the press.
"Perhaps your lordship could be so good as to think," he said
hopefully, "of a word in seven letters with S in the middle, meaning
two."
"Also," suggested Lord Peter thoughtlessly.
"I beg your lordship's pardon. T-w-o. And seven letters."
"Nonsense!" said Lord Peter. "How about that bath?"
"It should be just about ready, my lord."
Lord Peter Wimsey swung his mauve silk legs lightly over the edge
of the bed and stretched appreciatively. It was a beautiful June that
year. Through the open door he saw the delicate coils of steam
wreathing across a shaft of yellow sunlight. Every step he took into
the bathroom was a conscious act of enjoyment. In a husky light
tenor he carolled a few bars of "Maman, dites-moi." Then a thought
struck him, and he turned back.
"Bunter!"
"My lord?"
"No bacon this morning. Quite the wrong smell."
"I was thinking of buttered eggs, my lord."
"Excellent. Like primroses. The Beaconsfield touch," said his
lordship approvingly.
His song died into a rapturous crooning as he settled into the
verbena-scented water. His eyes roamed vaguely over the pale blue-
and-white tiles of the bathroom walls.
Mr. Bunter had retired to the kitchen to put the coffee on the stove
when the bell rang. Surprised, he hastened back to the bedroom. It
was empty. With increased surprise, he realised that it must have
been the bathroom bell. The words "heart-attack" formed swiftly in
his mind, to be displaced by the still more alarming thought, "No
soap." He opened the door almost nervously.
"Did you ring, my lord?" he demanded of Lord Peter's head, alone
visible.
"Yes," said his lordship abruptly; "Ambsace."
"I beg your lordship's pardon?"
"Ambsace. Word of seven letters. Meaning two. With S in the middle.
Two aces. Ambsace."
Bunter's expression became beatified.
"Undoubtedly correct," he said, pulling a small sheet of paper from
his pocket, and entering the word upon it in pencil. "I am extremely
obliged to your lordship. In that case the 'indifferent cook in six letters
ending with red' must be Alfred."
Lord Peter waved a dismissive hand.

On re-entering his bedroom, Lord Peter was astonished to see his

sister Mary seated in his own particular chair and consuming his
buttered eggs. He greeted her with a friendly acerbity, demanding
why she should look him up at that unearthly hour.
"I'm riding with Freddy Arbuthnot," said her ladyship, "as you might
see by my legs, if you were really as big a Sherlock as you make
out."
"Riding," replied her brother; "I had already deduced, though I admit
that Freddy's name was not writ large, to my before-breakfast eye,
upon the knees of your breeches. But why this visit?"
"Well, because you were on the way," said Lady Mary, "and I'm
booked up all day, and I want you to come and dine at the Soviet
Club with me to-night."
"Good God, Mary, why? You know I hate the place. Cooking's
beastly, the men don't shave, and the conversation gets my goat.
Besides, last time I went there, your friend Goyles plugged me in the
shoulder. I thought you'd chucked the Soviet Club."
"It isn't me. It's Hannah Marryat."
"What, the intense young woman with the badly bobbed hair and the
brogues?"
"Well, she's never been able to afford a good hairdresser. That's just
what I want your help about."
"My dear child, I can't cut her hair for her. Bunter might. He can do
most things."
"Silly. No. But she's got—that is, she used to have—an uncle, the
very rich, curmudgeony sort, you know, who never gave anyone a
penny. Well, he's dead, and they can't find his will."
"Perhaps he didn't make one."
"Oh, yes, he did. He wrote and told her so. But the nasty old thing
hid it, and it can't be found."
"Is the will in her favour?"
"Yes."
"Who's the next-of-kin?"
"She and her mother are the only members of the family left."
"Well, then, she's only got to sit tight and she'll get the goods."
"No—because the horrid old man left two wills, and, if she can't find
the latest one, they'll prove the first one. He explained that to her
carefully."
"Oh, I see. H'm. By the way, I thought the young woman was a
Socialist."
"Oh, she is. Terrifically so. One really can't help admiring her. She
has done some wonderful work——"
"Yes, I dare say. But in that case I don't see why she need be so
keen on getting uncle's dollars."
Mary began to chuckle.
"Ah! but that's where Uncle Meleager——"
"Uncle what?"
"Meleager. That's his name. Meleager Finch."
"Oh!"
"Yes—well, that's where he's been so clever. Unless she finds the
new will, the old will comes into force and hands over every penny of
the money to the funds of the Primrose League."
Lord Peter gave a little yelp of joy.
"Good for Uncle Meleager! But, look here, Polly, I'm a Tory, if
anything. I'm certainly not a Red. Why should I help to snatch the
good gold from the Primrose Leaguers and hand it over to the Third
International? Uncle Meleager's a sport. I take to Uncle Meleager."
"Oh, but Peter, I really don't think she'll do that with it. Not at present,
anyway. They're awfully poor, and her mother ought to have some
frightfully difficult operation or something, and go and live abroad, so
it really is ever so important they should get the money. And perhaps
Hannah wouldn't be quite so Red if she'd ever had a bean of her
own. Besides, you could make it a condition of helping her that she
should go and get properly shingled at Bresil's."
"You are a very cynically-minded person," said his lordship.
"However, it would be fun to have a go at Uncle M. Was he obliging
enough to give any clues for finding the will?"
"He wrote a funny sort of letter, which we can't make head or tail of.
Come to the club to-night and she'll show it to you."
"Right-ho! Seven o'clock do? And we could go on and see a show
afterwards. Do you mind clearing out now? I'm going to get dressed."

Amid a deafening babble of voices in a low-pitched cellar, the Soviet

Club meets and dines. Ethics and sociology, the latest vortices of the
Whirligig school of verse, combine with the smoke of countless
cigarettes to produce an inspissated atmosphere, through which flat,
angular mural paintings dimly lower upon the revellers. There is
painfully little room for the elbows, or indeed for any part of one's
body. Lord Peter—his feet curled under his chair to avoid the stray
kicks of the heavy brogues opposite him—was acutely conscious of
an unbecoming attitude and an overheated feeling about the head.
He found it difficult to get any response from Hannah Marryat. Under
her heavy, ill-cut fringe her dark eyes gloomed sombrely at him. At
the same time he received a strong impression of something
enormously vital. He had a sudden fancy that if she were set free
from self-defensiveness and the importance of being earnest, she
would exhibit unexpected powers of enjoyment. He was interested,
but oppressed. Mary, to his great relief, suggested that they should
have their coffee upstairs.
They found a quiet corner with comfortable chairs.
"Well, now," said Mary encouragingly.
"Of course you understand," said Miss Marryat mournfully, "that if it
were not for the monstrous injustice of Uncle Meleager's other will,
and mother being so ill, I shouldn't take any steps. But when there is
£250,000, and the prospect of doing real good with it——"
"Naturally," said Lord Peter, "it isn't the money you care about, as the
dear old bromide says, it's the principle of the thing. Right you are!
Now supposin' we have a look at Uncle Meleager's letter."
Miss Marryat rummaged in a very large hand-bag and passed the
paper over.
This was Uncle Meleager's letter, dated from Siena twelve months
previously.
"My dear Hannah,—When I die—which I propose to do
at my own convenience and not at that of my family—
you will at last discover my monetary worth. It is, of
course, considerably less than you had hoped, and
quite fails, I assure you, adequately to represent my
actual worth in the eyes of the discerning. I made my
will yesterday, leaving the entire sum, such as it is, to
the Primrose League—a body quite as fatuous as any
other in our preposterous state, but which has the
advantage of being peculiarly obnoxious to yourself.
This will will be found in the safe in the library.
"I am not, however, unmindful of the fact that your
mother is my sister, and you and she my only surviving
relatives. I shall accordingly amuse myself by drawing
up to-day a second will, superseding the other and
leaving the money to you.
"I have always held that woman is a frivolous animal. A
woman who pretends to be serious is wasting her time
and spoiling her appearance. I consider that you have
wasted your time to a really shocking extent.
Accordingly, I intend to conceal this will, and that in
such a manner that you will certainly never find it
unless by the exercise of a sustained frivolity.
"I hope you will contrive to be frivolous enough to
become the heiress of your affectionate

"Uncle Meleager."
"Couldn't we use that letter as proof of the testator's intention, and
fight the will?" asked Mary anxiously.
"'Fraid not," said Lord Peter. "You see, there's no evidence here that
the will was ever actually drawn up. Though I suppose we could find
the witnesses."
"We've tried," said Miss Marryat, "but, as you see, Uncle Meleager
was travelling abroad at the time, and he probably got some obscure
people in some obscure Italian town to witness it for him. We
advertised, but got no answer."
"H'm. Uncle Meleager doesn't seem to have left things to chance.
And, anyhow, wills are queer things, and so are the probate and
divorce wallahs. Obviously the thing to do is to find the other will. Did
the clues he speaks of turn up among his papers?"
"We hunted through everything. And, of course, we had the whole
house searched from top to bottom for the will. But it was quite
useless."
"You've not destroyed anything, of course. Who were the executors
of the Primrose League will?"
"Mother and Mr. Sands, Uncle Meleager's solicitor. The will left
mother a silver tea-pot for her trouble."
"I like Uncle Meleager more and more. Anyhow, he did the sporting
thing. I'm beginnin' to enjoy this case like anything. Where did Uncle
Meleager hang out?"
"It's an old house down at Dorking. It's rather quaint. Somebody had
a fancy to build a little Roman villa sort of thing there, with a
verandah behind, with columns and a pond in the front hall, and
statues. It's very decent there just now, though it's awfully cold in the
winter, with all those stone floors and stone stairs and the skylight
over the hall! Mother said perhaps you would be very kind and come
down and have a look at it."
"I'd simply love to. Can we start to-morrow? I promise you we'll be
frivolous enough to please even Uncle Meleager, if you'll do your bit,
Miss Marryat. Won't we, Mary?"
"Rather! And, I say, hadn't we better be moving if we're going to the
Pallambra?"
"I never go to music halls," said Miss Marryat ungraciously.
"Oh, but you must come to-night," said his lordship persuasively. "It's
so frivolous. Just think how it would please Uncle Meleager."

Accordingly, the next day found the party, including the

indispensable Mr. Bunter, assembled at Uncle Meleager's house.
Pending the settlement of the will question, there had seemed every
reason why Mr. Finch's executrix and next-of-kin should live in the
house, thus providing every facility for what Lord Peter called the
"Treasure hunt." After being introduced to Mrs. Marryat, who was an
invalid and remained in her room, Lady Mary and her brother were
shown over the house by Miss Marryat, who explained to them how
carefully the search had been conducted. Every paper had been
examined, every book in the library scrutinised page by page, the
walls and chimneys tapped for hiding-places, the boards taken up,
and so forth, but with no result.
"Y'know," said his lordship, "I'm sure you've been going the wrong
way to work. My idea is, old Uncle Meleager was a man of his word.
If he said frivolous, he meant really frivolous. Something beastly silly.
I wonder what it was."
He was still wondering when he went up to dress. Bunter was putting
studs in his shirt. Lord Peter gazed thoughtfully at him, and then
enquired:
"Are any of Mr. Finch's old staff still here?"
"Yes, my lord. The cook and the housekeeper. Wonderful old
gentleman they say he was, too. Eighty-three, but as up to date as
you please. Had his wireless in his bedroom, and enjoyed the Savoy
bands every night of his life. Followed his politics, and was always
ready with the details of the latest big law-cases. If a young lady
came to see him, he'd like to see she had her hair shingled and the
latest style in fashions. They say he took up cross-words as soon as
they came in, and was remarkably quick at solving them, my lord,
and inventing them. Took a £10 prize in the Daily Yell for one, and
was wonderfully pleased to get it, they say, my lord, rich as he was."
"Indeed."
"Yes, my lord. He was a great man for acrostics before that, I
understood them to say, but, when cross-words came in, he threw
away his acrostics and said he liked the new game better.
Wonderfully adaptable, if I may say so, he seems to have been for
an old gentleman."
"Was he, by Jove?" said his lordship absently, and then, with sudden
energy:
"Bunter, I'd like to double your salary, but I suppose you'd take it as
an insult."
The conversation bore fruit at dinner.
"What," enquired his lordship, "happened to Uncle Meleager's cross-
words?"
"Cross-words?" said Hannah Marryat, knitting her heavy brows. "Oh,
those puzzle things! Poor old man, he went mad over them. He had
every newspaper sent him, and in his last illness he'd be trying to fill
the wretched things in. It was worse than his acrostics and his jig-
saw puzzles. Poor old creature, he must have been senile, I'm
afraid. Of course, we looked through them, but there wasn't anything
there. We put them all in the attic."
"The attic for me," said Lord Peter.
"And for me," said Mary. "I don't believe there was anything senile
about Uncle Meleager."
The evening was warm, and they had dined in the little viridarium at
the back of the house, with its tall vases and hanging baskets of
flowers and little marble statues.
"Is there an attic here?" said Peter. "It seems such a—well, such an
un-attic thing to have in a house like this."
"It's just a horrid, poky little hole over the porch," said Miss Marryat,
rising and leading the way. "Don't tumble into the pond, will you? It's
a great nuisance having it there, especially at night. I always tell
them to leave a light on."
Lord Peter glanced into the miniature impluvium, with its tiling of red,
white and black marble.
"That's not a very classic design," he observed.
"No. Uncle Meleager used to complain about it and say he must
have it altered. There was a proper one once, I believe, but it got
damaged, and the man before Uncle Meleager had it replaced by
some local idiot. He built three bay windows out of the dining-room at
the same time, which made it very much lighter and pleasanter, of
course, but it looks awful. Now, this tiling is all right; uncle put that in
himself."
She pointed to a mosaic dog at the threshold, with the motto, "Cave
canem," and Lord Peter recognised it as a copy of a Pompeian
original.
A narrow stair brought them to the "attic," where the Wimseys flung
themselves with enthusiasm upon a huge heap of dusty old
newspapers and manuscripts. The latter seemed the likelier field, so
they started with them. They consisted of a quantity of cross-words
in manuscript—presumably the children of Uncle Meleager's own
brain. The square, the list of definitions, and the solution were in
every case neatly pinned together. Some (early efforts, no doubt)
were childishly simple, but others were difficult, with allusive or
punning clues; some of the ordinary newspaper type, others in the
form of rhymed distichs. They scrutinised the solutions closely, and
searched the definitions for acrostics or hidden words,
unsuccessfully for a long time.
"This one's a funny one," said Mary, "nothing seems to fit. Oh! it's
two pinned together. No, it isn't—yes, it is—it's only been pinned up
wrong. Peter, have you seen the puzzle belonging to these clues
anywhere?"
"What one's that?"
"Well, it's numbered rather funnily, with Roman and Arabic numerals,
and it starts off with a thing that hasn't got any numbers at all:
 "Truth, poor girl, was nobody's daughter;
She took off her clothes and jumped into the water."

"Frivolous old wretch!" said Miss Marryat.

"Friv—here, gimme that!" cried Lord Peter. "Look here, I say, Miss
Marryat, you oughtn't to have overlooked this."
"I thought it just belonged to that other square."
"Not it. It's different. I believe it's our thing. Listen:

"Your expectation to be rich

Here will reach its highest pitch.

That's one for you, Miss Marryat. Mary, hunt about. We must find the
square that belongs to this."
But, though they turned everything upside-down, they could find no
square with Roman and Arabic numerals.
"Hang it all!" said Peter, "it must be made to fit one of these others.
Look! I know what he's done. He's just taken a fifteen-letter square,
and numbered it with Roman figures one way and Arabic the other. I
bet it fits into that one it was pinned up with."
But the one it was pinned up with turned out to have only thirteen
squares.
"Dash it all," said his lordship, "we'll have to carry the whole lot
down, and work away at it till we find the one it does fit."
He snatched up a great bundle of newspapers, and led the way out.
The others followed, each with an armful. The search had taken
some time, and the atrium was in semi-darkness.
"Where shall I take them?" asked Lord Peter, calling back over his
shoulder.
"Hi!" cried Mary; and, "Look where you're going!" cried her friend.
They were too late. A splash and a flounder proclaimed that Lord
Peter had walked, like Johnny Head-in-Air over the edge of the
impluvium, papers and all.
"You ass!" said Mary.
His lordship scrambled out, spluttering, and Hannah Marryat
suddenly burst out into the first laugh Peter had ever heard her give.

"Truth, they say, was nobody's daughter;

She took off her clothes and fell into the water,"

she proclaimed.
"Well, I couldn't take my clothes off with you here, could I?" grumbled
Lord Peter. "We'll have to fish out the papers. I'm afraid they've got a
bit damp."
Miss Marryat turned on the lights, and they started to clear the basin.
"Truth, poor girl——" began Lord Peter, and suddenly, with a little
shriek, began to dance on the marble edge of the impluvium.
"One, two, three, four, five, six——"
"Quite, quite demented," said Mary. "How shall I break it to mother?"
"Thirteen, fourteen, fifteen!" cried his lordship, and sat down,
suddenly and damply, exhausted by his own excitement.
"Feeling better?" asked his sister acidly.
"I'm well. I'm all right. Everything's all right. I love Uncle Meleager.
Fifteen squares each way. Look at it. Look at it. The truth's in the
water. Didn't he say so. Oh, frabjous day! Calloo! callay! I chortle.
Mary, what became of those definitions?"
"They're in your pocket, all damp," said Mary.
Lord Peter snatched them out hurriedly.
"It's all right, they haven't run," he said. "Oh, darling Uncle Meleager.
Can you drain the impluvium, Miss Marryat, and find a bit of
charcoal. Then I'll get some dry clothes on and we'll get down to it.
Don't you see? There's your missing cross-word square—on the
floor of the impluvium!"
It took, however, some time to get the basin emptied, and it was not
till next morning that the party, armed with sticks of charcoal,
squatted down in the empty impluvium to fill in Uncle Meleager's
cross-word on the marble tiles. Their first difficulty was to decide
whether the red squares counted as stops or had to be filled in, but,
after a few definitions had been solved, the construction of the
puzzle grew apace. The investigators grew steadily hotter and more
thickly covered with charcoal, while the attentive Mr. Bunter hurried
to and fro between the atrium and the library, and the dictionaries
piled upon the edge of the impluvium.
Here was Uncle Meleager's cross-word square:

"Truth, poor girl, was nobody's daughter;

She took off her clothes and jumped into the water."

Across.

I.1. Foolish or wise, yet one remains alone,

'Twixt Strength and Justice on a heavenly throne.

XI.1. O to what ears the chink of gold was sweet;

The greed for treasure brought him but defeat.

"That's a hint to us," said Lord Peter.

I.2. One drop of vinegar to two of oil

Dresses this curly head sprung from the soil.

X.2. Nothing itself, it needs but little more

To be that nothingness the Preacher saw.

I.3. Dusty though my fellows be,

We are a kingly company.

IV.3. Have your own will, though here, I hold,

The new is not a patch upon the old.

XIV.3. Any loud cry would do as well,

Or so the poet's verses tell.

I.4. This is the most unkindest cut of all,

Except your skill be mathematical.

X.4. Little and hid from mortal sight,

I darkly work to make all light.

I.5. The need for this (like that it's cut off short)
The building of a tower to humans taught.
XI.5. "More than a mind discloses and more than men
believe"
(A definition by a man whom Pussyfoot doth grieve).

II.6. Backward observe her turn her way,

The way of wisdom, wise men say.

VII.6. Grew long ago by river's edge

Where grows to-day the common sedge.

XII.6. One of three by which, they say,

You'll know the Cornishmen alway.

VI.7. Blow upon blow; five more the vanquished Roman

shows;
And if the foot slip one, on crippled feet one goes.

I.8. By this Jew's work the whole we find,

In a glass clearly, darkly in the mind.

IX.8. Little by little see it grow

Till cut off short by hammer-blow.

VI.9. Watch him go, heel and toe,

Across the wide Karroo!

II.10. In expectation to be rich

Here you reach the highest pitch.

VII.10. Of this, concerning nothing, much—

Too often do we hear of such!

XII.10. O'er land and sea, passing on deadly wings,

Pain to the strong, to weaklings death it brings.

I.11. Requests like these, however long they be,

Stop just too soon for common courtesy.

XI.11. Cæsar, the living dead salute thee here,

 Facing for thy delight tooth, claw, and spear.

I.12. One word had served, but he in ranting vein

"Lend me your ears" must mouth o'er Cæsar slain.

X.12. Helical circumvolution

Adumbrates correct solution.

I.13. One that works for Irish men

Both by word and deed and pen.

"That's an easy one," said Miss Marryat.

IV.13. Seven out of twelve this number makes complete

As the sun journeys on from seat to seat.

XIV.13. My brothers play with planets; Cicero,

Master of words, my master is below.

I.14. Free of her jesses let the falcon fly,

With sight undimmed into the azure sky.

X.14. And so you dine with Borgia? Let me lend

You this as a precaution, my poor friend.

I.15. Friendship carried to excess

Got him in a horrid mess.

XI.15. Smooth and elastic and, I guess,

The dearest treasure you possess.

Down.

1.I. If step by step the Steppes you wander through

Many of those in this, of these in those you'll view.

"Bunter," said Lord Peter, "bring me a whisky-and-soda!"

11.I. If me without my head you do,

 Then generously my head renew,
Or put it to my hinder end—
Your cheer it shall nor mar nor mend.

1.II. Quietly, quietly, 'twixt edge and edge,

Do this unto the thin end of the wedge.

10.II. "Something that hath a reference to my state?"

Just as you like, it shall be written straight.

1.III. When all is read, then give the world its due,
And never need the world read this of you.

"That's a comfort," said Lady Mary. "It shows we're on the right
lines."

4.III. Sing Nunc Dimittis and Magnificat—

But look a little farther back than that.

14.III. Here in brief epitome

Attribute of royalty.

1.IV. Lo! at a glance

The Spanish gipsy and her dance.

10.IV. Bring me skin and a needle or a stick—

A needle does it slowly, a stick does it quick.

1.V. It was a brazen business when

King Phalaris made these for men.

11.V. This king (of whom not much is known),

By Heaven's mercy was o'erthrown.

2.VI. "Bid [Greek:'on kai mê 'on] farewell?" Nay, in this

The sterner Roman stands by that which is.

7.VI. This the termination is

Of many minds' activities.
 12.VI. I mingle on Norwegian shore,
With ebbing water's backward roar.

6.VII. I stand, a ladder to renown,

Set 'twixt the stars and Milan town.

1.VIII. Highest and lowliest both to me lay claim,

The little hyssop and the king of fame.

"That makes that point about the squares clear," said Mary.
"I think it's even more significant," said her brother.

9.VIII. This sensible old man refused to tread

The path to Hades in a youngster's stead.

6.IX. Long since, at Nature's call, they let it drop,

Thoughtlessly thoughtful for our next year's crop.

2.X. To smallest words great speakers greatness give;

Here Rome propounded her alternative.

7.X. We heap up many with toil and trouble,

And find that the whole of our gain is a bubble.

12.X. Add it among the hidden things—

A fishy tale to light it brings.

1.XI. "Lions," said a Gallic critic, "are not these."

Benevolent souls—they'd make your heart's blood freeze.

11.XI. An epithet for husky fellows,

That stand, all robed in greens and yellows.

1.XII. Whole without holes behold me here,

My meaning should be wholly clear.

10.XII. Running all around, never setting foot to floor,

If there isn't one in this room, there may be one next door.