L21 Trigonometric Functions

Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions
Mathematics 100
Institute of Mathematics
Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 1/9

Outline
1 Review of Derivative of Trigonometric Functions
2 Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions

Recall: Derivative of Trigonometric Functions
Recall the derivative of trigonometric functions.
Theorem
d
1 (sin x) = cos x
dx
d
2 (cos x) = − sin x
dx
d
3 (tan x) = sec2 x
dx
d
4 (csc x) = − csc x cot x
dx
d
5 (sec x) = sec x tan x
dx
d
6 (cot x) = − csc2 x
dx

Recall the derivative of trigonometric functions. From these, we obtain
the following integrals.
Theorem Theorem
Z
d
1 (sin x) = cos x 1 cos x dx = sin x + c
dx
d
2 (cos x) = − sin x
dx
d
3 (tan x) = sec2 x
dx
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx

Theorem Theorem
Z
d
dx
d
Z
2 (cos x) = − sin x 2 sin x dx = − cos x + c
dx
d
3 (tan x) = sec2 x
dx
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx

Theorem Theorem
Z
d
dx
d
Z
dx
d
Z
3 (tan x) = sec2 x 3 sec2 x dx = tan x + c
dx
d
dx
d
dx
d
dx

Theorem Theorem
Z
d
dx
d
Z
dx
d
Z
dx
d Z
4 (csc x) = − csc x cot x 4 csc x cot x dx = − csc x +c
dx
d
dx
d
dx

Theorem Theorem
Z
d
dx
d
Z
dx
d
Z
dx
d Z
dx
d Z
5 (sec x) = sec x tan x 5 sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
dx
d
dx

Theorem Theorem
Z
d
dx
d
Z
dx
d
Z
dx
d Z
dx
d Z
5 (sec x) = sec x tan x 5 sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
dx
d
(cot x) = − csc2 x
Z
6
dx 6 csc2 x dx = − cot x + c

In general, if u is a differentiable function of x, we have:
Theorem
Z Z
1 cos u du = sin u + c 4 csc u cot u du = − csc u + c
Z Z
2 sin u du = − cos u + c 5 sec u tan u du = sec u + c
Z Z
3 sec2 u du = tan u + c 6 csc2 u du = − cot u + c

Example
Z
2
Evaluate sec2 x + dx.
sec x

Example
Z
2
sec x
Solution:
Z
2
sec2 x + dx =
sec x

Example
Z
2
sec x
Solution:
Z Z Z
2 2
sec2 x + dx = sec2 x dx + dx
sec x sec x

Example
Z
2
sec x
Solution:
Z Z Z
2 2
sec x sec x
Z Z
2
= sec x dx + 2 cos x dx

Example
Z
2
sec x
Solution:
Z Z Z
2 2
sec x sec x
Z Z
2
= tan x

Example
Z
2
sec x
Solution:
Z Z Z
2 2
sec x sec x
Z Z
2
= tan x + 2 sin x + c

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 3x dx.

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 3x dx.
Solution: Constant multiple rule does not apply!

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 3x dx.
Solution: Constant multiple rule does not apply! That is,

Z
sin 3x dx 6= 3(− cos x) + c

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 3x dx.

Z
By substitution rule, let u = 3x

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 3x dx.

Z
By substitution rule, let u = 3x ⇒ du = 3 dx

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 3x dx.

Z
du
By substitution rule, let u = 3x ⇒ du = 3 dx ⇒ dx = .
3

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 3x dx.

Z
du
By substitution rule, let u = 3x ⇒ du = 3 dx ⇒ dx = . Hence,
3
Z
sin 3x dx =

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 3x dx.

Z
du
3
Z Z
du
sin 3x dx = sin u
3

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 3x dx.

Z
du
3
Z Z
du
sin 3x dx = sin u
3
Z
1
= sin u du
3

Example
Z
Evaluate sin 3x dx.

Z
du
3
Z Z
du
sin 3x dx = sin u
3
Z
1
= sin u du
3
1
= − cos u + c
3
Example
Z
Evaluate sin 3x dx.

Z
du
3
Z Z
du
sin 3x dx = sin u
3
Z
1
= sin u du
3
1 1
= − cos u + c = − cos 3x + c
3 3
Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3

Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3
Solution: Let u = 1 − cot 3x.

Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3
Solution: Let u = 1 − cot 3x. Then du = 3 csc2 3x dx

Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3
du
Solution: Let u = 1 − cot 3x. Then du = 3 csc2 3x dx ⇒ dx = .
3 csc2 3x

Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3
du
3 csc2 3x
Hence,
cot 3x csc2 3x cot 3x csc2 3x
Z Z
du
dx =
(1 − cot 3x)3 u3 3 csc2 3x

Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3
du
3 csc2 3x
Hence,
Z Z
du
dx =
(1 − cot 3x)3 u3 3 csc2 3x
Z
1 cot 3x
= du
3 u3

Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3
du
3 csc2 3x
Hence,
Z Z
du
dx =
(1 − cot 3x)3 u3 3 csc2 3x
Z
1 cot 3x
= du (Note: cot 3x = 1 − u)
3 u3

Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3
du
3 csc2 3x
Hence,
Z Z
du
dx =
(1 − cot 3x)3 u3 3 csc2 3x
Z
1 cot 3x
3 u3
Z
1 1−u
= du
3 u3

Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3
du
3 csc2 3x
Hence,
Z Z
du
dx =
(1 − cot 3x)3 u3 3 csc2 3x
Z
1 cot 3x
3 u3
Z
1−u
Z
1 1
= du = (u −3 − u −2 ) du
3 u3 3

Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3
du
3 csc2 3x
Hence,
Z Z
du
dx =
(1 − cot 3x)3 u3 3 csc2 3x
Z
1 cot 3x
3 u3
Z
1−u
Z
1 1
= du = (u −3 − u −2 ) du
3 u3 3
1
=
3

Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3
du
3 csc2 3x
Hence,
Z Z
du
dx =
(1 − cot 3x)3 u3 3 csc2 3x
Z
1 cot 3x
3 u3
Z
1−u
Z
1 1
= du = (u −3 − u −2 ) du
3 u3 3
1 u −2

=
3 −2

Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3
du
3 csc2 3x
Hence,
Z Z
du
dx =
(1 − cot 3x)3 u3 3 csc2 3x
Z
1 cot 3x
3 u3
Z
1−u
Z
1 1
= du = (u −3 − u −2 ) du
3 u3 3
1 u −2 u −1

= −
3 −2 −1

Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3
du
3 csc2 3x
Hence,
Z Z
du
dx =
(1 − cot 3x)3 u3 3 csc2 3x
Z
1 cot 3x
3 u3
Z
1−u
Z
1 1
= du = (u −3 − u −2 ) du
3 u3 3
1 u −2 u −1

= − +c
3 −2 −1

Example
cot 3x csc2 3x
Z
Evaluate dx.
(1 − cot 3x)3
du
3 csc2 3x
Hence,
Z Z
du
dx =
(1 − cot 3x)3 u3 3 csc2 3x
Z
1 cot 3x
3 u3
Z
1−u
Z
1 1
= du = (u −3 − u −2 ) du
3 u3 3
1 u −2 u −1

= − +c
3 −2 −1
−1 1
= + + c.
6(1 − cot 3x)2 3(1 − cot 3x)
Example
Z π
6 1 + sin x
Evaluate dx.
0 cos2 x

Example
Z π
6 1 + sin x
Evaluate dx.
0 cos2 x
Solution:
Simplifying the integrand, we have
Z π Z π
6 1 + sin x 6 1 sin x
dx = + dx
0 cos2 x 0 cos2 x cos2 x

Example
Z π
6 1 + sin x
Evaluate dx.
0 cos2 x
Solution:
Z π Z π
6 1 + sin x 6 1 sin x
dx = + dx
Z π
6
= (sec2 x
0

Example
Z π
6 1 + sin x
Evaluate dx.
0 cos2 x
Solution:
Z π Z π
6 1 + sin x 6 1 sin x
dx = + dx
Z π
6
= (sec2 x + tan x sec x) dx
0

Example
Z π
6 1 + sin x
Evaluate dx.
0 cos2 x
Solution:
Z π Z π
6 1 + sin x 6 1 sin x
dx = + dx
Z π
6
0
= tan x

Example
Z π
6 1 + sin x
Evaluate dx.
0 cos2 x
Solution:
Z π Z π
6 1 + sin x 6 1 sin x
dx = + dx
Z π
6
0
= tan x + sec x

Example
Z π
6 1 + sin x
Evaluate dx.
0 cos2 x
Solution:
Z π Z π
6 1 + sin x 6 1 sin x
dx = + dx
Z π
6
0
x= π6
= tan x + sec x
x=0

Example
Z π
6 1 + sin x
Evaluate dx.
0 cos2 x
Solution:
Z π Z π
6 1 + sin x 6 1 sin x
dx = + dx
Z π
6
0
x= π6
= tan x + sec x
x=0
√
3
=
3
Example
Z π
6 1 + sin x
Evaluate dx.
0 cos2 x
Solution:
Z π Z π
6 1 + sin x 6 1 sin x
dx = + dx
Z π
6
0
x= π6
= tan x + sec x
x=0
√ √ !
3 2 3
= +
3 3
Example
Z π
6 1 + sin x
Evaluate dx.
0 cos2 x
Solution:
Z π Z π
6 1 + sin x 6 1 sin x
dx = + dx
Z π
6
0
x= π6
= tan x + sec x
x=0
√ √ !
3 2 3
= + − (0
3 3
Example
Z π
6 1 + sin x
Evaluate dx.
0 cos2 x
Solution:
Z π Z π
6 1 + sin x 6 1 sin x
dx = + dx
Z π
6
0
x= π6
= tan x + sec x
x=0
√ √ !
3 2 3
= + − (0 + 1)
3 3
Example
Z π
6 1 + sin x
Evaluate dx.
0 cos2 x
Solution:
Z π Z π
6 1 + sin x 6 1 sin x
dx = + dx
Z π
6
0
x= π6
= tan x + sec x
x=0
√ √ !
3 2 3 √
= + − (0 + 1) = 3 − 1
3 3
Exercises
Evaluate the following integrals:

Z
a. sin 2x sec2 x dx
Z
dx
b.
1 − cos x
Z π2 √ √
9 (tan x sec x)2
c. √ dx
0 x

L21 Trigonometric Functions

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L21 Trigonometric Functions

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Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 1/9

1 Review of Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

2 Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 2/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 3/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 3/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 3/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 3/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 3/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 3/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 3/9

In general, if u is a differentiable function of x, we have:

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 4/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 5/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 5/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 5/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 5/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 5/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 5/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 6/9

Solution: Constant multiple rule does not apply!

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 6/9

Solution: Constant multiple rule does not apply! That is,

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 6/9

Solution: Constant multiple rule does not apply! That is,

By substitution rule, let u = 3x

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 6/9

Solution: Constant multiple rule does not apply! That is,

By substitution rule, let u = 3x ⇒ du = 3 dx

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 6/9

Solution: Constant multiple rule does not apply! That is,

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 6/9

Solution: Constant multiple rule does not apply! That is,

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 6/9

Solution: Constant multiple rule does not apply! That is,

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 6/9

Solution: Constant multiple rule does not apply! That is,

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 6/9

Solution: Constant multiple rule does not apply! That is,

Solution: Constant multiple rule does not apply! That is,

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 7/9

Solution: Let u = 1 − cot 3x.

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 7/9

Solution: Let u = 1 − cot 3x. Then du = 3 csc2 3x dx

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 7/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 7/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 7/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 7/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 7/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 7/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 7/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 7/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 7/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 7/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 7/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 8/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 8/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 8/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 8/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 8/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 8/9

Math 100 (Institute of Mathematics) Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions 8/9