General English E Book English

1 General English ZONE TECH
CH
TE
E
N
ZO
2 E - Book ZONE TECH
CHAPTER - 1
(NOUN)
Noun
A Noun is a name of Person, Thing, Place and Abstract. In other word

"Everything is Noun."
CH
Noun :
fig.
1. Countable Noun
(a) Proper Noun
It refers to an individual person, place or thing.

TE
Ram, Mohan, Geeta, India, Jaipur, the Tajmahal, the Ganga, Monday,
March, Mount Everest, America, Diwali
(b) Common Noun
It refers to a class or race of person, place, thing or animal.

boy, chair, child, city, man, men, woman, women
E
(c) Collective Noun

N
It refers to a group of person, thing or animal.

army, family, flock, batch, jury, team, teams, class, classes
ZO
2. Uncountable Noun
(a) Abstract Noun
It refers to the thing which we cannot touch or see, we can only feel.
truth, poverty, love, sad, life, greed, idea, smartness, height,
education, length, honesty, bravery, wisdom, happiness, knowledge,
speed
(b) Material Noun
Material Noun
It refers to the matter of which things are made.
milk, ghee, sugar, wood, air, clay, water, rubber, barley, gold, sand,
iron, silver, petrol, copper, tea
THE NOUN : Number
1. noun x, s, ch, sh, ss, z "es" Plural

Noun
Singular Plural
Tax Taxes
CH
Stitch Stitches
Church Churches
Fizz Fizzes
Topaz Topazes
2. noun "ch" pronunciation "k/ " "S"
plural TE
Singular Plural
Stomach Stomachs
Monarch Monarchs
Conch Conchs
3. noun "Y" "Y" consonant "Y"
E
"ies" plural
Singular Plural
Baby Babies
N
Ability Abilities
City Cities
Daisy Daisies
ZO
Duty Duties
Lorry Lorries
4. noun "Y" "Y" vowel (A, E, I, O, U)
noun "S" plural
Singular Plural
Day Days
Boy Boys
Valley Valleys
Bay Bays
Key Keys
Storey Storeys
5. noun "O" noun "es" plural
Singular Plural
Potato Potatoes
Hero Heroes
Momento Momentoes
Zero Zeroes
Echo Echoes
Veto Vetoes
Exception
noun "O" "S" plural
CH
Singular Plural
Photo Photos
Piano Pianos
Dynamo Dynamos
Ratio Ratios
Solo Solos
Inferno
• Following nouns
Buffalo
s/es
TE
Infernos
Buffalos or Buffaloes
Tornado Tornados or Tornadoes
Mosquito Mosquitos or Mosquitoes
Halo Halos or Haloes
Gazebo Gazebos or Gazeboes
E
6. noun (ee, oo, io, oe, eo, yo) (consonant)

noun "S" plural
N
Singular Plural
Bamboo Bamboos
Studio Studios
Tree Trees
ZO
Cuckoo Cuckoos
Woe Woes
Stereo Stereos
7. noun "f" "fe" "f" "fe" "ves" plural
Singular Plural
Thief Thieves
Loaf Loaves
Shelf Shelves
Wolf Wolves
Leaf Leaves
Calf Calves
Exception
noun "f" "fe" "s" plural
Singular Plural
Cliff Cliffs
Proof Proofs
Surf Surfs
Roof Roofs
Safe Safes
Cafe Cafes
8. noun vowels plural
CH
Singular Plural
Man Men
Goose Geese
Tooth Teeth
Foot Feet
Woman Women
Loose Lice
TE
9. noun "en"/"ne" plural
Singular Plural
Ox Oxen
Cow Kine (Cows)
Brother Brothers
Child Children
10. Compound noun Root word (main word) "s" plural
E
Singular Plural
Court Martial Courts Martial
N
Chief Minister Chief Ministers

Maid Servant Maid Servants
Boy friend Boy friends
Pick Pocket Pick Pockets
ZO
11. compound noun preposition preposition word

plural
Singular Plural
Brother-in-Law Brothers-in-Law
Passer by Passers by
Looker-on Lookers-on
12. Man woman compound noun plural
Singular Plural
Man Servant Men Servants
Woman doctor Women doctors
Woman Teacher Women Teachers
• Man-haters, Women-lovers
Exception
Post Man Post Men
Milk Man Milk Men
13. letter, abbreviation, figure last apostrophes ('s) plural
Singular Plural
A A's
M.A. M.A.'s
RAS RAS's
BDO BDO's
CH
MLA MLA's
Use of Other language Noun
1. Latin words "um" singular "um" "a"
Plural
Singular Plural
Datum Data
Pendulum
Bacterium
Momentum
TE
Pendula
Bacteria
Momenta
Ovum Ova
Exception
Singular Plural
Asylum Asylums
E
Museum Museums
Forum Forums
Premium Premiums
N
2. words "us" "us" "i" plural
Singular Plural
ZO
Radius Radii
Focus Foci
Fungus Fungi
Syllabus Syllabi
3. Greek words "is" plural "is" "es"
Singular Plural
Axis Axes
Ellipsis Ellipses
Thesis Theses
Narcosis Narcoses
Analysis Analyses
4. nouns plural "S" change
Word Word + S
Abuse Abuses
Advice Advices
Fruit Fruits
Pain Pains
Damage Damages
Arm Arms
Land Lands
Physic Physics
CH
Custom Customs
THE NOUN : Rules
1. noun plural singular : singular

verb
News, Innings, Summons, Crossroads, Headquarters, Draughts
TE
Subject:- Mathematics, Statistics, Economics, Civics.
Games:- Innings, Athletics, Billiards, Darts.
Disease:- Mumps, Rickets, Rabies, Measles, Genetics.
Note:-
Mathematics, Economics, Civics, Politics, Statistics, Ethics, Physics
Possessive Adjective (my, our, your, his, her, its, their) the
E
verb plural
Example:-
N
1. News are/is good now a days.

2. Only one innings/inning has been played.
3. The court shall send you a summons/summonses.
4. Measles are/is a communicable disease.
ZO
• Summons plural summonses

2. noun singular/plural
singular/plural
Deer Agenda Hundred Aircraft

Dozen Team Million Score
Billion Counsel Wages Sheep
Mean Thousand Apparatus
Fish (Fishes)
CH
Example:-
1. A deer is in the garden. ( )
2. Counsel of his parents is useful for his life. ( )
3. The team are fighting like children. ( )
4. Indian and American aircraft are providing better facility. ( )
Note:-
TE
dozen, score, hundred, thousand, pair number
singular
Example:-
1. He bought a of dozen chairs. ( )
2. He bought two dozens chairs. ( )
E
3. She is purchasing two pair socks. ( )
4. He will give me five thousand rupees. ( )
dozens of eggs, hundreds of people,
N
"of"
Example:
1. Thousands of people were present there. ( )
ZO
2. He purchased dozens of chairs. ( )

3. : five rupees, ten kilometers, five miles
noun "S"
Example:-
1. Ten rupees are not a big amount for me. ( )
2. I have a ten rupee note. ( )
3. She has five-five hundred rupees note. ( )
4. I have ten twenty rupee notes. ( )
4. noun singular plural :
plural verb
Cattle, poultry, people, police, gentry, peasantry, children, infantry, cavalry,
tenant, folk, mankind.
Example:-
1. Cattle are/is in the farm.
2. Infantry has to/have to march on the ground.
3. Police catches/catch the thief.
4. Peasantry are/is growing crops in field.
5. noun collective noun singular verb
Singular:- When all members are unanimous

singular verb
CH
Unanimous, unamimously, in a single voice, without voting, without any
dispute, united.
Plural:- When all members are not unanimous
plural verb
Majority, division, divided.
Example:-
1. The Jury is unanimous on this issue.
TE
2. Public are following their leaders.
3. Parliament is unanimous on the issue of Lokpal bill.
4. The government are responding quickly on their policy.
6. Each of, one of, either of, neither of, a lot of, a few of, few of, anyone of,
everyone of, a number of, all of, any of plural noun/pronoun
verb singular
E
Example:-
1. Each of the dogs. ( )
2. A few of Book. ( )
N
3. A lot of things. ( )
4. Neither of the girls is watching T.V. ( )
7. plural noun / singular :
ZO
singular verb
Example:-
1. Philippines is a good country.
2. Rajasthan Royals is the great book of kings.
8. nouns singular plural
article 'A' 'An'
Furniture, information, poetry, scenery, machinery, soap, research, postage,
hair, wastage, paper, glass, etc.
Example:-
1. His hair is brown. ( )
2. The luggage of my brother are too heavy. ( )
3. I had bread in breakfast. ( )
9. same noun preposition nouns singular
verb singular
Village after village Day by day
City after city Row upon row
Example:-
1. Town after town was destroyed.
2. Door to door marketing is the best way to sell new products.
3. Villages/village after village were/was swept away in the recent flood in
the town.
10. More than one singular noun singular verb
CH
More than one  (sin gular) noun  (sin gular) verb
Example:-
1. More than one men/one man is doing exercise in the garden.
2. More than one children have/child has done their/his homework.
3. More than one boy is taking participate in the games from this college.
11. noun the adjective plural verb
the + noun
TE
The rich, the poor, the old, the foolish, the young, the weak, the honest, the
injured, the unemployed, the sick, the aged.
Example:-
1. The rich are always live a happy life.
2. The poor are leading the wrost life while the riches/rich laugh at them.
3. The honest are respected.
E
Possessive Case:- Apostrophe ('s)/of

noun or pronoun
N
possession possessive case

genitive case
1. Apostrophe
(i)
ZO
Shyam's house
Mohan's book
A cow's leg
'S "of"
Example:
House of shyam
Book of Mohan
Leg of a cow
(ii) of
Example:
Cap of pen
Leg of table
Page of book
2. Singular time/space/weight/money/value words 's
Time words
A month's leave
A moment's day
A week's holiday
A year's absence
Plural time words (')
Example:
CH
Three day's leave
Three hours' work
Five minutes' break
Space words
A needle's point Point of needle
A bat's width Width of a bat
A meter's length
Weight words
TE
Length of a meter
A ton's weight
A kilogram's weight
A pound's weight
plural
Two tons' weight
E
Five kilograms' weight

Three pounds' weight
Money/value
N
words
A dollar's worth/value
A rupee's worth/value
plural
ZO
Five dollars' worth/value

Ten rupees' worth/value
3. natural things 's personified
The sun's ray

The river's bank
At death's door
4. noun dignified 'S/of
Example:
Court's decree was enrolled.
The truth's faith
The Law's delays
5. noun apostrophe ('s) noun
'S
Example:
Ram's and Mohan's house is here. ( )
Ram's wife's life. ( )
Brother of Mohan's wife. ( )
Note:-
nouns noun noun 's
's noun
CH
Ram's and Mohan's houses are here. ( )
6. nouns "one of" possessive ('s)
of
Example:
One of my friend's wifes was killed in a accident. ( )
One of my friend's wife was killed in a accident. ( )
(apostrophe)
noun
TE
The wife of one of my friends was killed in an accident. ( )
7. "S" ('s)
Example:
Birds's Nest ( ) Girl's college ( )
Birds' Nest ( ) Girls' college ( )
8. Possessive case apostrophe s (')
E
His, her, yours, ours, theirs

Example:
N
Her book ( )
Her's book ( )
Yours obediently ( )
Your's obediently ( )
ZO
9. Indefinite reciprocal pronouns 'S

Indefinite Pronoun: Someone, somebody, anybody, everyone.
Reciprocal Pronoun: One another, each other.
Example:
Everybody's business is no body's business.
She has stolen someone's pen.
Each other's school is open now.
10. indefinite pronoun else 'S else
Example:
I can rely on your words, not somebody else's.
Anybody else's book.
He likes nobody else's advice.
11. Everything, something, anything, nothing ('S) of
non living thing
Example:
The beauty of everything. ( )
Existence of nothing. ( )
Nothing's existence. ( )
12. Compound noun 's
Example:
Father-in-law's car is very big.
CH
Brother-in-law's wife is educated and beautiful.
13. Following common phrases, 's
Lion's share/For mercy's sake/out of heaven's way/at arm's length/at stone's
throw.
14. noun apposition 's apposition
noun
Example: TE
Mohan, my brother's friend is in the Income Tax Department.
You should not go with Ram, his brother's friend.
E
N
ZO
CHAPTER - 2
(PRONOUN)
A wrod which is used at a place of a noun is called.

"Pronoun"
1. Personal Pronoun :-
(positive sentence/good sense) Personal pronoun
CH
(sequence) Second Person, Third person, First Person (II, III, I) 2, 3,
1
Example :-
You, he and I are going to the party.
2 3 1
You, and he went to college.
2
person
3
(bad sense/-V)
TE first person, second person, third
Exapmple :-
I, You and he have stolen the money.
1 2 3
I and You are guilty.
E
1 2
- Let objective case Pronoun use Let transitive verb
Example :-
N
Let them speak. ()

Let they speak. (×)
- Preposition objective case Pronoun use
ZO
Example :-
I shall go after him.()
I shall go after he. (×)
- it is/was/will be subjective case use objective case
Examplt :-
It is me/I who am to blame always.
2. Possessive Pronoun :-
Passive Possessive
Person Subject Objective
Pronoun Adjective
I (Singular) Me Mine My noun
We (Plural) Us Noun Our noun
I
Ours
Noun
You You Yours Your noun
(Singular) You Noun Your noun
CH
II
You Yours
(Plural) Noun
He Him His His Noun
She Her Noun Her Noun
It It Hers Its Noun
III (Singular) Them Noun Their
They
(Plural)
TE Its Noun
Theirs
Noun
Noun
- Preposition of Possessive Pronoun use Possessive Adjective

use
E
Example :-
This is an old house of yours. ()
This is an old house of yours house. (×)
N
3. Reflexive Pronoun
I - Myself He - Himself
We - Ourselves She - Herself
One - Oneself It - Itself
ZO
You- Youself (Singular) They - Themselves

Yourselves (Plural)
- Following verbs Reflexive Pronoun use
Objective Pronous use
Pride Cheat Hurt Acquaint Devote Distance

Enjoy Satisfy Resign Apply
Absent Busy Avail
Introduce Address Exert
She introduced herself to the chief minister.

They enjoyed themselves at the party.
He resigned herself from the cabinet.
Reflexive Pronoun use sentence subject
Example :-
Myself is Shashank Kumawat (SK). (×)
I am Shashank Kumawat (SK). ( )
- Everyone, Someone, Anyone, No One, Anybody, Everybody, Somebody,
Nobody common gender Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun "himself"
use
female "herself" use
Example:-
Everyone enjoyed himself in the college.
CH
Everyone enjoyed himself/herself in girls college.
4. Reciprocal Pronoun :-
Each other, One another
- Each other use
- One another use
Example :-
TE
The two boys play one another / each other.
We all play one another/each other.
5. Distributive Pronoun :-
Each
Either
Neither
Any
E
None
- Each, Either, Neither/ of noun plural verb singular
N
Example:-
Each of the students is doing his work.
Either of the two students is doing his work.
6. Interrogative Pronoun:-
ZO
- use questions
Who, Which, What
- Who use subject
Example :-
Q. Who are having lunch in school?
Ans. They/The childern are having lunch in school.
Which use subject/object (choice) (selection)
Example:-
Which is your car ? (Subject)
Who/which of these sisters is the most beautiful?
-What use Profession
What is your father?
7. Demonstrative Pronoun :-
This, That, These, Those
- Same class nouns noun repetition
singular that of use plural those of use
Example:-
The weather of India is better than China. (×)
The weather of India is better than that of China ( )
Our soldiers were better trained than enemies (×)
CH
Our soldiers were better trained than those of enemies ( )
8. Indefinite Pronoun :-
Everybody, Somebody, anybody, every one, someone, anyone, everything,
something,anything
- Some Pronoun (Someone, somebody, something) use Affirmative
sentence
- Any
Example:-
TE
Pronoun (anyone, anybody, anythig) use Negative sentence
He has bought any apple. ( )

He has bought some apple. ()
She has not bought some apple (×)
She has not bought any apple ()
E
9. Relative Pronoun :-
Who, Which, That use sentence subject
Example:-
N
He is my father who is a teacher.

I read a book which is good.
This is a horse which is white.
ZO
The book that is on the table is mine

Whom, Which, That use sentence object
Example:-
The girl whom I met today was my friend.
I read a book which I got from my frien.
The house that I purchased for my parents.
- Sentence and Human and animal relative pronoun
that use
Example :-
The girl and hes cat that I saw yesterday were walking on the road.
Superlative degree, all, the same, everything, nothing, the only, any, none,
nobody, much, little, the few, the little that use
Example:-
She is the most intelligent girl that I know. ()
She is the most intelligent girl whom I know. (×)
All the students that I saw were playing games on the ground. ( )
All the students whom I saw were playing game (×)
He was the same man who met me yesterday. (×)
He was the same man that met me yesterday. ( )
CH
TE
E
N
ZO
CHAPTER - 3
(ADJECTIVE)
An Adjective is a word that qualifies a noun or a pronoun.

Example.
1. This is big. (What is big?)
2. Madhu is strong (Who is strong?)
CH
3. Kavya is happy girl.
Use Of Adjectives
1) Father-(distance) ( )
Further- (additional) ( )
Example TE
Mumbai is farther/ further from Rajasthan than Gujarat.
Further/farther discussion will be held in the principal's office.
(2) Little - not much/ (it is negative)
A little - some quantity/ (it is positive)
The little- not much but all that (it denotes quantity)
uncountable noun use
E
Example :
His exam was not good so it is little hope of his success.
There is a little ink in the pen.
N
I spent the little money that I had.

A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
(3) Few not much/

ZO
A few some quantity/

The few not much but all that/
Example:
It being a teacher of English I have few books of Mathematics.
The show will be cancelled as few people come to watch it.
She went to a doctor and she was advised to rest for few days.
I had the few books that I got from my friend.
(4) Eelder Person (Blood relation/family relation)
Older person (a part of blood relation)/thing
- elder "To" older "than" use
Example:-
Mohan is elder to Sohan.
My cousin is elder/older to my friend.
(5) Economical - (cheap)
Economic -
Example
Emerging actresses use economical/economic nail paint.
The economical/economic condition of country is growing day by day.
(6) Utmost - Important ( )

Outermost - ( )
Example:-
CH
I work for utmost/outermost position in this organization.
The outermost/utmost part of his house destroyed in recent flood.
(7) Alternate- one after the other regularly ( )

Alternative - instead of/ options ( )
Example
TE
John has to work on alternate/alternative sunday
Solar energy is any alternative/alternate energy.
(8) Industrial - connected with industrial( )

Industirous - working hard/workaholic ( )
Example
E
Sitapura is an industrial/industious area in Jaipur.
Mahes is an industrial/industrious student.
Additional Points:
N
Following verbs :- Seenm Tastem Appear, Smell, Feel, Look Adverb

Adjective use
As the matter of facts, It seems fresh/freshly.
ZO
After having long periods she feels badly/bad.

Mangoes tasted sweetly/sweet.
They appeared promptly/prompt when they were called.
She looks carefully/careful.
Emphasizing Adjective ( )
- Noun use
Very, own
Example:-
I saw them with my very eyes.
I saw them with my own eyes.
That was the very boy who had gone to his house.
That was the own boy who had gone to his house.
Degree of Adjective
Adjective 3 Degrees
1) Positive Degree:-
use person/thing
Example:-
CH
Chanchal is educated.
Shrishti is thin.
* as ….. as
Rajeev is as honest as Anshul.
Bhuvnesh is as fast as priyanka.
- Nouns qualities following rules:
TE
Not + as + Adjective + as or not + so + Adjective + as
He is not as good as Kankr.
Madayar is not so good as Aanker.
2) Comparative Degree :-
use
“Than” use
E
Example:-
He is better player than I.
N
Tea is hotter than coffee.

The population(1)/of Uttar Pradesh is more than(2)/the population of
Rajasthan(3)/No Error(4).
ZO
- more + positive degree use
Example:-
Sunil is more thin than tall.
The weather is more cloudy/ clouder than good.
- Comparative Degree “than” “of” the two/noun the use
degree selection
Example:-
This is the longer of the two mountains. ()
Of the (1)/ two beautiful paintings,(2)/that was the best one(3)/No Error(4).
- other” use
other any/ all use any singular noun all
other plural noun use
Example :-
Kalidas is greater than other dramatist. (X)
Kalidas is greater than any other dramatist.( )
CH
Mukesh is better player than any player in his team (x)
Mukesh is better player than any other player in his team. ( )
This tea is hotter than other drinks (x)
This tea is hotter than any other drink.( )
3) Superlative Degree
- use TE Superlative Degree
“The” use Superlative Degree Possessive Adjective
The use of use
Example:-
The TajMahal is the most beautiful building of India.
He is my best friend.
E
Madhu is the cleverest of all the 5 sisters.
Additional Points of Degree

N
(1) Latin Adjectives than/ More/most use

”to” use / Senior, Junior, Superior, anterior, posterior,prior, Inferior
ZO
Example:-
Mohan is senior than/ to me.
He is prior than/ to his friend.
Naveen is Junior to Bhuvnesh by 5 years.
Anshul is junior teacher to Jagdish.
(2) word degree comparative superlative

Unique, perfect, universal, complete, extreme, full, whole, golden, chief,
excellent, supreme, parallel, rectangular, triangular, spherical, circular, round
Example:-
Sachin is the most perfect player of Indian team.
As we all known that Kishor Kumar was the unique singer of India.
This is the most golden opportunity to be achieved within the year.
CH
(3) Prefer “To” use comparison nouns
Infinitives (to + verb1st) prefer “Rather than” use |
Example:-
Youngsters prefer bikes to cars.
He prefers to walk rather than/to exercise.
(4) and”
respectively (
*Superlative degree “and”
)
TE
positive/comparative/ superlative degree
degrees use
Adjective the
use
use
“and”
and
adjective the use
Example:-
She is intelligent and good girl. (Positive)
E
She is more intelligent and better girl than Sita. (comparative)

She is the most intelligent and the best girl in the school. (superlative)
N
ZO
CHAPTER - 4
(ADVERB)
An Adverb is a word which modifies a word like verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

Rules
1) Adverb ‘as’ verbs
CH
regard, describe, define, treat, view, know
Example:-
I regard him as my brother.
Science has been defined the study of inventions.
2) Adverb ‘as’ verbs
elect, think, consider, call, appoint, make,
Example:-
TE
She is considered as the best student of my class.
4. 2. The teacher called him as stupid.
The principal appointed him as lecturer.
He thinks him as a smart.
3) “Only” use word modifiy
E
Example:-
Only he gave me food( )
N
He Only gave me food( )

He gave only me food ( )
He gave me only food ( )
ZO
He gave me food only ( )
USE OF ADVERBS
(i) Too:- . more than enough

use
Too dull, too weak, too bad, too ugly

Example:-
He is too dull student in class.
She is too weak.
He is too bad.
The picture is too ugly.
* Subject + verb + too + Adjective + to + v Ist (good/bad)
quality
Example:-
He was too weak to walk.
The tea is too hot to have.
The shirt is too dirty to wear.
(ii) Too much:- Too much Too, adverb much, Adjective
much Noun use
Example:-
I have too much pain in my leg.
CH
He has too much doubt about his career.
(iii) Much Too:- Much Too much Too adverb much Too
Adjective use
Example:-
It is much too painful.
He has much too doubtful.
(iv) Only Too:- use very
adjective
TE use
(good/bad Qualities) use
Example:-
Mohan is only too handsome and laborious.
Sita is only too beautiful and rude girl in the college.
(v) None too:- use, not very (good/bad qualities)
E
use adjective use

Example:-
Mohan is none too handsome and laborious.
N
Sita is none too beautiful and rude girl.
(vi) Very:- use positive Degree (good) show

ZO
use
Example:-
Sita is very beautiful and rude girl.
Maya is very intelligent girl.
Maya is very intelligent girl than Madhu.
(vii) Much:- use comparative Degree Adjective
Example:-
He is much more educated than Rama.
Tea is much hotter than coffee.
She is much more beautiful than her mother.
(viii) Shortly:- .
Example:-
She gave answers of these questions shortly.
(ix) Early:-. use
Example:-
He gets up early.
(x) Soon:- In a short time future tense
Example:-
She will come soon.
They will start the work soon.
* Past tense soon
Example:-
CH
He called the person and he soon appeared.
(xi) Hard and hardly:-

* Hard use adverb/adjective
Example:-
The ball is hard.
He is hard to me.
The cricketers played hard in match.
TE
* Hardly use main verb
Example:-
I hardly get up at 5 O’clock.
E
(xii) Late and Lately:-

Example:-
N
I usually get up late.

I watch T.V. Late at night.
No, I haven’t done the work lately.
I have not completed my work lately.
ZO
Have you done the work lately?

(xiii) At present and presently:-
* At Present use present tense
Example:-
At present I am doing job.
At present he is not taking class.
* Presently /shortly use future tense
Example:-
I shall start my class shortly /presently.
He will be coming shortly /presently.
The shopping mall will be opening shortly / presently.
(xiv) Ago:- use past simple tense use present

tense
Example:-
I got this gift two years ago.
I left my bus 5 minutes ago.
* For perfect tense we can use before at the place of ago.
CH
I have (1)/ seen (2)/ him two years ago/before (2)/ No error (4).
* Ago back use

Example:-
I got this gift 2 years back.
I left my bus 5 minutes back.
(xv)
*
Still and yet
Still:-
TE Still use affirmative Interrogative
sentence
Example:-
She is still working.
Is she still working?
E
* Yet use negative Interrogative

sentence
N
Example:-
I have not started this work yet.
Has he started this work yet?
ZO
(xvi) Else but/than other but/than
Example:-
It is nothing else but/than foolishness to invest in this company.
None other but/than Sachin score runs on the turning wicket of the Wankhede.
(xvii) Seldom or never-

Seldom if ever-
Example:-
I seldom or ever/never get late for work.
Ram seldom if ever/never borrows anything from others.
Inversion
What is inversion?
Verb subject Inversion
Why do we need Inversion?

Inversion use sentence word (emphasis)
1) Seldom, never, hardly, scarcely, no sooner (All words are negative)

sentence auxiliary verb/helping verb use subject
main verb
CH
Example:-
Seldom he takes money from his father. (x)
Seldom takes he money from his father. ( )
Never she worked on PC.(x)

Never worked she on PC. ( ) TE
Hardly he had reached at home,/when the rain started. (x)
Hardly had he reached at home,/when the rain started. ( )
Scarcely he came in the match. (x)

Scarcely came he in the match. ()
E
No sooner he had entered the temple than the prayer started. (x)
No sooner had he entered the temple than the prayer started. ( )
N
2) Only adverbial expression inversion use
Only in this way, only yesterday

ZO
Example:-
Only in this way the traffic can be reduced. (x)
Only in this way can the traffic be reduced. ( )
Only yesterday I watched movie. (x)

Only yesterday did I watch movie. ( )
Only last month I prepared the exams. (x)

Only last month did I prepare the exams. ( )
Only then I can tell him. (x)

Only then can I tell him. ( )
3) Negative adverbial inversion use
Under no circumstances
Example:-
Under no circumstances can we accept cheques.
In no way can he be held responsibility.
4) Adverbial expression of place inversion use
Round the corner, At the door step
CH
Example:-
Round the corner came the postman.
At the door step was a bunch of flowers.
TE
E
N
ZO
CHAPTER - 5
(PREPOSITION)
Preposition is a word, which is used before a noun, pronoun or a gerund to

show its relation with other parts of the sentence.
CH
Rules of Preposition
(1) Preposition SF use, object Double Objects
Preposition use object
Example:-
Ram works for me.
Relative Pronoun
TE
They found a big car in this showroom.
She is going to school and coaching.(Double objects)
(2) Sentence Preposition use sentence last
Note:- Relative Pronoun sense preposition use sentence last

E
Example:-
She has a car, which she drives in.
N
They are going the place that they said to.

I am talking about the book, which I purchased for.
(3) Interrogative words Preposition use sentence last
ZO
Example:-
Where are you coming from?
From where are you coming?
Which college does he usually go in?
In Which college does he usually go?
(4) followingVerbs preposition use
answer, accept, attack, reach, ridicule, resemble, control, demand, tell, order,
describe, discuss, ensure, board, join, affect, enter, stress, investigate, consider,
precede, succeed, comprise, pass, appose, visit, confuse, disbelieve, take, demand
etc.
Example:-
I did not answer you. ()
I did not answer to you. (X)
He stressed the importance of punctuality. ( )
He gave me stress on the importance of punctuality. ()
I am entering the room with my friends. (
I am getting enter into the room with my friends. ( )
We are discussingon this matter.
CH
I disbelieve him on this matter. ()
(5) Following phrases preposition use

Last week, next week, last month, next month, last year, next year, next day,
last Sunday, next Sunday, the next morning, last night, the following day, every
TE
night, every week, that summer, the day after tomorrow, the day before
yesterday, yesterday evening, Today, yesterday, tomorrow.
Example:-
he came here on last month.
They reached there in yesterday evening.
E
Sita and Ram are getting married in last week.

She will arrive in this morning.
N
I will get up early in the next morning.

I saw a thief at last night.
ZO
(6) In spite of/ Despite ( )

Example:-
He will come at the party despite/ in spite of is official work.
Mr. Kumawat takes responsibility in spite of/ despite his busy schedule.
Usages of Some Preposition

1) Beside / besides
- Beside use at the side of sense
Example:-
He came and sat beside me.
Go and sit beside him.
My house is beside the temple.
*Beside by/as well as use
Example:-
He is sitting by/as well as me.
- Besides use in addition to sense
Example:-
Besides a car he has a bike.
CH
The shop is open every day besides Sunday.
2) Between / Among
- Between “ ”
* Between “and” Pair use
Example:- TE
Divide these mangoes between Ram and Shyam.
- reciprocal relation between use
Example:-
There is treaty between the three countries.
E
Now it is a co-operation between the five organizations.

- Difference word between use
N
Example:-
What is the difference between Ram, Shyam and Mohan?
There is only one difference between Ram and Shyam.
ZO
- among use
Example:-
Divide these mangoes among the boys.
Manoj is sitting among the five girls.
3) At/ In
- At use (Small place of an area)
Example:--
They are living at Tonk Phatak.
- words At use
at school, at home, at bus stop, at railway station, at airport, at platform, at the
top, at bottom, at the party, at college, at university, at page 32
Example:-
He is at the party.
Let’s see at the Page no. 33.
- words At use
CH
at night, at midnight, at noon, at afternoon, at dawn, at dusk, at sunrise, at
daybreak, at twilight
Example:-
I went there at night.
They come to meet me at noon.
- At
Example:-
use
TE
Petrol sells at 97 /- a liter.
Car is running at 180 kilometers an hour.
The bike runs at full speed.
- “At” is used before the name of festivals.
E
At Diwali, At Holi, At Christmas

- In use (Big places)
N
Example:-
We live in Jaipur.
ZO
My brother lives in J&K.

- In use
In the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon
- In use
In a week In summer season In 1990

In this month In this season In 2001
In July In winter In the Year of 1943
In December In this century

Example:-
He comes here in a month.
Mangoes come in summer season.
- in use
In a car, In a Jeep, In a taxi, In his car, In Jeep, In taxi
Example:-
She goes her college in a car.
They go to the office in a taxi.
CH
- In use
Example:-
They are in University.
Right now, I am in the train.
4) In/ into
- In use
TE into use motion
- Into use
Example:-
Government imported wheat in/into the country.
E
The spacecraft is moving in/into the space.

The boy jumped into the river.
N
Translate this chapter into English.
5)From/to
ZO
- From use separation sense

Example:-
I am coming from Jaipur.
The apple was fallen from tree.
- Time sense from use
Example:-
Your class will start from 10 am.
I started to earn from the age of 18.
* Cause ( ) “ ” from use
Example:-
I am suffering from fever.
He is suffering from colic.
- To use destination
Example:-
I go to college daily.
CH
He is going to market.
- sense lunch, breakfast, dinner, coffee, tea, to

use
Example:-
He was invited to coffee.
They called us to dinner.
TE
- Comparison to use
Example:-
He is junior to me.
They are senior to all students.
E
6) Since /For
N
- Since use “point of time”

Example:-
ZO
Her mother has been watching T.V. Since morning.

- For use period of time
Example:-
They have been playing for two hours.
7) Over/ Above
- Over use ( ) sense
Example:-
Hey! Put the cloth over the table.
- Over use Perpendicular
position
Example:-
The fan is over my head.
The picture is over the window.
The plane is over the city.
- More than sense over use
CH
Example:-
Mr. Verma is over fifty.
- Over use Edge Edge sense

Example:-
There is a bridge over the river. TE
Over Across use
Example:-
There is a bridge across the river.
- Above use higher than over sense
E
perpendicular/vertical Divergence ( )position

Example:-
N
The aero plane is flying above the roof.

The birds are above us.
The kites fly above the clouds.
ZO
- Above use Level

Example:-
Mount Everest is 8848.86 meters above sea level.
He earns above twenty thousand a month.
8) Under / Below
- Under use vertical relation
Example:-
The ball is under the table.
He was sitting under the roof.
- Below use level

Example:-
His income is below 20 thousand a month.
This work is below his dignity.
9) On
On use
Example:-
CH
This book is on the table.
He is carrying bags on his head.
- On use transportation means article/possessive

adjective use
TE
On a cycle, on a bike, on a bus, on the plane
Example:-
He comes on a car.
I was coming on a scooter.
- (day)/ (date) On use
Example:-
E
I will meet him on Monday.

She came here on 3rd January.
N
10) Through
- From one side to the other through use
ZO
Example:-
They are going through the forest.
The train is going through the tunnel.
- By mean of ( ) sense through use
Example:-
I knew this news through the newspaper.
You should go through this book.
11) Round/ Around
- Round/ Around use (circle), (curve)
Example:-
The earth moves round the sun.
Children are sitting round the table to take their dinner.
- Around use (in a lot of place) (to and fro)
Example:-
They are sitting around the park.
CH
Don’t walk around here.
12) Of
- Of use
(i) Possession TE
Example:-
Leg of chair.
Cap of pen.
E
(ii) Origin/Sources
Example:-
N
He comes of a rich family.

This chair is made of iron.
(iii) To show exact age.
ZO
Example:-
He is of 29 years.
(iv)shame/ / / / (die of)

Example:-
She died of cancer.
She died of grief.
She died of illness.
She died of thirst /starvation.
(v) over eating/food poisoning/ (die from)

Example
He died from wound.
He died from food Poisoning.
13) onto
Example:-
An apple fall onto his head.
CH
14) Upon
- Upon use
Example:-
The dog sprang upon the plunder.
15) Across
- On the opposite side ( )
TE
Example:-
My school is across the road.
They live across the river.
E
- edge edge (from one side to the other) sense

Example:-
N
The bridge is being built across the river.

ZO
16)Along
- Along use
Example:-
This way goes along the highway.
You should park your conveyance along the road.
- Along with use sense

Example:-
Suman goes to school along with her friends.
17) Behind
-- Behind use sense
Example:-
Today the sun is behind the clouds.
The thief is behind the curtains .
CH
TE
E
N
ZO

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1 General English ZONE TECH

A Noun is a name of Person, Thing, Place and Abstract. In other word

It refers to an individual person, place or thing.

It refers to a class or race of person, place, thing or animal.

(c) Collective Noun

It refers to a group of person, thing or animal.

THE NOUN : Number

1. noun x, s, ch, sh, ss, z "es" Plural

6. noun (ee, oo, io, oe, eo, yo) (consonant)

Chief Minister Chief Ministers

11. compound noun preposition preposition word

2. words "us" "us" "i" plural

THE NOUN : Rules

1. noun plural singular : singular

1. News are/is good now a days.

• Summons plural summonses

Deer Agenda Hundred Aircraft

2. He purchased dozens of chairs. ( )

Singular:- When all members are unanimous

Possessive Case:- Apostrophe ('s)/of

possession possessive case

Five kilograms' weight

Five dollars' worth/value

The sun's ray

His, her, yours, ours, theirs

9. Indefinite reciprocal pronouns 'S

A wrod which is used at a place of a noun is called.

Let them speak. ()

- Preposition of Possessive Pronoun use Possessive Adjective

You- Youself (Singular) They - Themselves

Pride Cheat Hurt Acquaint Devote Distance

She introduced herself to the chief minister.

He has bought any apple. ( )

He is my father who is a teacher.

The book that is on the table is mine

An Adjective is a word that qualifies a noun or a pronoun.

I spent the little money that I had.

(3) Few not much/

A few some quantity/

(6) Utmost - Important ( )

(7) Alternate- one after the other regularly ( )

(8) Industrial - connected with industrial( )

Following verbs :- Seenm Tastem Appear, Smell, Feel, Look Adverb

After having long periods she feels badly/bad.

Tea is hotter than coffee.

- more + positive degree use

Additional Points of Degree

(1) Latin Adjectives than/ More/most use

(2) word degree comparative superlative

She is more intelligent and better girl than Sita. (comparative)

An Adverb is a word which modifies a word like verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

1) Adverb ‘as’ verbs

He Only gave me food( )

He gave me food only ( )

(i) Too:- . more than enough

Too dull, too weak, too bad, too ugly

use adjective use

Sita is none too beautiful and rude girl.

(vi) Very:- use positive Degree (good) show

(xi) Hard and hardly:-

(xii) Late and Lately:-

I usually get up late.

Have you done the work lately?

* At Present use present tense