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English Notes CTET 2019 1
English Notes CTET 2019 1
NOUN
Kinds of Noun:
1. Proper Noun: a proper noun is the name of some particular person or place.
Ex- Ram, Shyam, Delhi.
2. Common Noun: A Common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same kind
or class.
Ex- boy, girl, teacher etc.
4.Abstract Noun: a noun denoting an idea, quality, or state rather than a concrete object.
Ex- strength, innocence, fear, judgment. Etc.
5. Material Noun: Material noun is the name given to the material, substance or things made up of The
alloy.
Ex- cotton, gold, silver etc.
NOUN: Gender
1. Masculine Gender
A noun that denotes male animal is said to be of the Masculine Gender.
Ex- Man, boy, Tiger, Sun etc.
2. Plural Noun: A noun that denotes more than one person or thing, is said to be in the plural Number.
Ex- Pens, Boys, Cows etc
NOUN: CASES
The case of a noun tells us about the position of that noun or pronoun in a sentence.
In English, there are five cases.
Nominative case: a noun is said to be in the nominative case if it is the subject of a verb.
Ex- Ram is an intelligent boy.
Objective case: Nouns or Pronouns are said to be in objective case if they are the direct object of verbs or
the objects of the preposition.
Dative case: A noun is said to be in Dative case if it is the indirect object of the verb.
Rohan brought me a flower. (‘Me’ is in dative case)
Possessive case: A noun is said to be in the possessive case if it denotes possession or ownership.
Ex- This is your pencil. (‘your’ is in possessive case)
Vocative case : A noun or pronoun is said to be in vocative case if it is used to call ( or to get attention of
a person or persons)
Ex- Mr. Mallya, people are waiting for you in the hall. (Mr. Mallya is in vocative case)
NOUN in Apposition
when one noun follows another to describe it, the noun which follows is said to be in apposition to the
noun which comes before it.
Ex- Ram, our captain, made fifty runs.
Kabir, the great reformer, was a weaver.
☞2. Some nouns are singular in meaning, but they are used as plural nouns and always take a
plural verb.
Cattle, gentry, vermin, peasantry, artillery, people, clergy, company, police.
(A) The cattle is grazing in the ground. (correct use- are)
(B) Police has controlled the situation. ( correct use- have)
☞3. Some nouns are always used in a plural form and always take a plural verb.
Trousers, scissors, spectacles, stockings, shorts, measles, goods, alms, premises, thanks, tidings,
annals, chattels, etc.
(A) Where is my trousers? (correct use- are)
(B) Where are my trousers? Correct
(A) Spectacles is a costly item. ( correct use- are)
☞4. There are some nouns that indicate length, measure, money, weight or number. When they
are preceded by a numeral, they remain unchanged in form.
Foot, meter, pair, score, dozen, head, year, hundred, thousand, million.
(A) It is a five – years degree course. (correct use- year)
(A) I have seven dozens of shoes. (correct use- dozen)
☞5. Collective nouns such as jury, public, team, committee, government, audience, orchestra,
company, etc. are used both as singular and Plural. It depends on the usage.
(A) The jury was divided in their opinion. (correct use- were)
(A) The team have not arrived yet. (correct use- has)
☞6. Some nouns have one meaning in the singular and another
in the plural:
a. Advice = counsel,
advices = information
b. Air = atmosphere,
airs = proud
c. Authority = command,
authorities = persons in power
d. Good = wise,
goods = property
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e. Iron = metal,
irons = fetters, chains
f. Force = strength
forces = army
g. Content = satisfaction,
contents = things contained
h. Respect = regards,
respects = compliments
i. Work = job
works = compositions, factories.
☞7. People are often confused or they commit mistakes in the use of certain nouns.
(A) Lecturership is wrong: lectureship is correct.
(B) Freeship is wrong; free – studentship is correct.
(C) Boarding is wrong; boarding house is correct.
(D) Family members is wrong; members of the family is correct.
(E) English teacher is wrong; the teacher of English is correct.
(F) Cousin – brother or sister is wrong; only cousin is correct.
(G) Wages means punishments when used in the singular.
Ex- The wages of sin is death.
(H) It also means charges for the labour when used in the plural sense.
Ex- The wages of daily workers have been raised.
☞8. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person, number and gender.
Ex- Every student must bring his luggage.
All students must do their home work.
Each of the boys must carry his own bag.
☞9. While using ‘everybody’ ‘everyone’, ‘anybody’, and ‘each’ the pronoun of the masculine or the
feminine gender is used according to the context.
I shall be happy to help each of the boys in this practice.
But when the sex is not mentioned, we use the pronoun of the masculine gender.
Anyone can qualify this exam if he tries.
Each of the six boys in the class has finished their tasks. (Incorrect)
Each of the six boys in the class has finished his task. (Correct)
☞11. Enjoy, apply, resign, acquit, drive, exert, avail, pride, absent, etc., when used as transitive
verbs, always take a reflexive pronoun after them. When ‘self’ is added to ‘my’, ‘your’, ‘him’, ‘her’,
and ‘it’, and ‘selves’ to our and them – they are known as reflexive pronouns.
He absented from the meeting.
He absented himself from the meeting.
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☞12. ‘Who’ denotes the subject and ‘whom’ is used for the object?
who : It’s the subject of a verb—e.g., Who gave you that book?
It’s a predicate nominative (a noun in the predicate that renames or refers to the sentence’s subject)—
e.g., This is who I am.
Whom is an objective pronoun, which is a pronoun that receives the action of a verb. It also has
two main uses:
It is the object of a verb—e.g., Whom should I call?
It is the object of a preposition—e.g., From whom did you get this information?
☞13. When two or more singular nouns are connected by ‘either or’; ‘neither nor’, ; and ‘or’, the
pronoun used is singular.
Either Rohan or Sohan will give their bike. (Incorrect)
Either Rohan or sohan will give his book. (Correct)
☞14. When a singular and a plural noun are joined by ‘or’, ‘nor’, the pronoun must be plural.
Either the student or his teachers failed in his duty. (Incorrect)
Either the student or his teachers failed in their duty. (Correct)
☞15. ‘Whose’ is used for living persons and ‘which’ for lifeless objects.
Which novel did you select?
Whose photograph is lying there?
☞16. ‘Each other’ is used when there are two subjects or objects and ‘one another’ when there are
more than two.
Ram and Sita loved each other.
Those five students, who are sitting there, love one another.
☞19. ‘Some’ is used in affirmative sentences to express quantity or degree. ‘Any’ is uses in
negative or interrogative sentences.
I shall buy some apples.
I shall not buy any apples.
Have you bought any apples?
But ‘some’ may be correctly used in interrogative sentences which are, in fact, requests.
Will you please give me some water?
☞20. The use of ‘few’, ‘a few’’ and ‘the few’ should be used with care. They denote ‘number’.
‘Few’ means ‘not many’, ‘almost nothing’. A ‘few’ is positive and means ‘some at least’. ‘The few’ means
‘whatever there is’.
A few men are free from fault. (Incorrect)
Few men are free from fault. (Correct)
(Here the sense is negative and thus ‘a few’ is wrong.)
Few teams will qualify for the world cup. (Incorrect)
A few boys will pass in the examination. (Correct)
Here the sense is positive and thus ‘few’ is incorrect.
I have already read a few books that are in the library. (Incorrect)
I have already read the few books that are in the library. (Correct)
Here the sense is ‘whatever there is’. ’everything that is in the library’
☞25. when a comparison is made by using a comparative followed by ‘than’, the word ‘other’ must
exclude the thing compared form the class of things with which it is compared.
He is better than any man. (Incorrect)
He is better than any other man. (Correct)
‘Any man’ includes the man himself and thus the sentences will be awkward.
☞26. In some cases, the comparison is subtle and must be given proper attention.
Ex- The climate of Delhi is better than Mumbai. (Incorrect)
Here the comparison should be between the climate of Delhi and the climate of Mumbai.
The climate of Delhi is better than the climate of Mumbai. (Correct)
Or
The climate of Ranchi is better than that of Gaya. (Correct)
(Here, ‘That of’ means ‘the climate of’)
If the traits are in plural, it will be ‘those of’.
The products of Reliance are better than those of Suzuki.
The scenery of Kashmir is better than Shimla. (Incorrect)
The scenery of Kashmir is better than that of shimla. (Correct)
☞28. If the subject is ‘the number of’ the singular verb is used. And when the expression (‘a
+number+of) is used, plural verb is used.
The number of students are very small. Incorrect
The number of students is very small. Correct
A number of girls has passed in the examination. (Incorrect)
A number of girls have passed in the examination. (correct)
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☞29. When ‘as well as’, ‘along with’, together with’, ‘no less than’, ‘in addition to’ and ‘not’ and
‘with’ join two subjects, the verb will be used according to the first subject.
Ram, as well as his five friends, are going. (Incorrect)
Ram, as well as his five friends, is going. (Correct)
The teacher, along with the students, were dancing. (Incorrect)
The teacher, along with the students, was going. Correct
9. Every Cloud Has A Silver Lining – Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead to better days.
11. Buy A Lemon - To purchase a vehicle that constantly gives problems or stops running after you
drive it.
12. Back Seat Driver - People who criticize from the sidelines,
much like someone giving unwanted advice from the back seat
of a vehicle to the driver.