Hi,

I have always dreamed about an English pamphlet which contains useful

collocations, words, and phrases from different sources, such as Collocation
books, IELTS assistant app, and vocabulary books. Thus, I decided to gather
useful Vocabularies and related information from every source that I have
read for my IELTS exam until now.

Please share this to anyone who thrives to success in their IELTS exam.

A.Nouri
March 2024
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Table of Content
Lesson 1 – Family & Family ties
Lesson 2 – Relationships
Lesson 3 – Appearance
Lesson 4 – Character & Behavior
Lesson 5 – Feelings
Lesson 6 – Houses and Apartments
Lesson 7 – Eating
Lesson 8 – Movies / Books
Lesson 10 – Sports
Lesson 11 – Health & Sickness
Lesson 12 – Computers
Lesson 13 – Study
Lesson 14 – Academic English
Lesson 15 – Work
Lesson 16 – Business
Lesson 17 – Money
Lesson 19 – Weather
Lesson 20 – City
Lesson 21 – Countryside
Lesson 22 – Crime
Lesson 23 – Law/Justice
Lesson 24 – War & Peace
Lesson 25 – Global Problems
Lesson 26 – Time
Lesson 27 – Music & Sound
Lesson 28 – Size
Lesson 29 – Light
Lesson 30 – Color

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Lesson 31 – Texture
Lesson 32 – Smell
Lesson 33 – Taste
Lesson 34 – Statistics
Lesson 35 – Movement & Speed
Lesson 36 – Changes
Lesson 37 – Language
- Speaking
Lesson 38 – Starting / Finishing
Lesson 39 – Success & Failure
Lesson 40 – Cause & Effect
Lesson 41 – Memories
Lesson 42 – Agreeing & Disagreeing
Lesson 43 – Beliefs & Doubts
Lesson 44 – Deciding & Choosing
Lesson 45 – Claiming & Denying
Lesson 46 – Liking & Disliking
Lesson 47 – Praising & Criticizing
Lesson 48 – Metaphor
Lesson 49 _ Friends
Lesson 50 _ Helping
Lesson 51 _ clothing
Lesson 52_ gift
Lesson53_Hometown
Lesson54_Park or garden
Lesson55_Parties & celebrations
Lesson56_ideas and opinions
Lesson57_Adventure
Lesson58_Art & Design
Lesson59_Information

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Lesson60_Animals
Lesson61_innovation
Lesson62_Concentration
Lesson63_Social media

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Lesson 1 – Family & Family ties
Immediate family = nuclear family
Extended family = joint family
Family tree = Genealogical chart
Family members
Distant relatives ≠ near relatives
Loving family = Close-knit-family
Carefree childhood
Dysfunctional family
Troubled childhood ≠ Carefree childhood
Bitter divorce = Messy divorce
Broken home
Custody of the children
Grant joined custody ≠ award sole custody
Mutual divorce = mutual separation
Gets pregnant
Single mother
Have an abortion
Give the baby up for the adoption
Due date
Gives birth

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Adopted child
Adoptive parents
Birth mother
- Family is the most basic unit of any society.
- Family is the source of identity, inspiration, live, affection, comfort,
security, strength, …
- Family provides guidance and protection for its members.
- Family plays a key role in the behavioral and emotional development
of children.
- Family plays an important role in the development of adult
achievements.
- The role of the family is to nurture relationships, transfer the values
and initiates the young into culture.

Blood relative
Family rituals
Only child
One parent family = single parent family
Kinsfolk = relatives
- Family gatherings play an important role in nurturing family
relationships.
- Family togetherness helps family members solve their problems
more easily.
- Family ties build common interest and strengthen family
relationships.

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 - Family togetherness develops interpersonal skill.
Suggestion for family ties:
- Eating meals together whenever possible
- helping family members with housework
- attending their sports events or activity and giving them feedback
family ties
family gathering – family ceremonies – family reunion
bring up the children
turbulent upbringing
childcare
adolescence
formative years
birth rate
dependants
juvenile
authoritarian parents ≠ lenient parents
separate lives
well-adjusted kid
responsible parents
overprotective parents
cognitive processes of young children
running wild
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siblings
foster family

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Lesson 2 – Relationships
Make friends
Have Casual acquaintances
Good friends = close friends
Love at the first sight
Fall in love
Have strong chemistry
Soul mate
Have feelings for another person
The feeling is not mutual
She is not my type
Unrequited love = love that is not returned
Childhood sweetheart = high school sweetheart
Mutual friend
Make a commitment
The man proposes to the woman
Happily married
Sometimes husband or wife has an affair = have sex with a different
person
They are cheating on their husband/wife

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Lesson 3 – Appearance
Absolutely gorgeous
She has Long, sleek, jet-black hair (sleek = smooth and straight, jet-black =
perfectly black)
Pale blue eyes (pale = light color)
Radiant complexion
Hourglass figure (when a woman has large breasts and hips, but a small
waist)
Slender waist = thin waist
She has round face with an upturned nose
She actually bears a striking resemblance (looks extremely similar) to a
famous singer.
Hideously ugly
He has curly, shoulder-length hair that looks rather unkempt
Unkempt hair = messy hair
He has square face and a ruddy complexion (reddish skin)
His deep-set eyes (eyes that are far back in the face) are almost hidden
under his bushy eyebrows.
He sports a thick mustache and shaggy beard
Facial hair
He has an athletic build (body with a lot of muscles) with broad shoulders
and muscular arm

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If he would only trim his beard and comb his hair, I suppose he could be
considered attractive.

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Lesson 4 – Character & Behavior
When I was teenager I was painfully shy and I had vivid imagination
(creative and colorful imagination)
My best friend has more outgoing personality (she liked to be more
sociable and friendly)
She has a good sense of humor.
Unfortunately, she was also brutally honest, and sometimes her
comments hurt my feelings.
Although I was fiercely loyal to her, she showed her true colors (revealed
her true personality)
She played a prank which humiliated me in front of the class.
She had low self-esteem. (she considered herself inferior)
I have come out of my shell (become less shy) since those days.
I have thicker skin (I am less sensitive to criticism) and It does not bother
me when people speak their minds (say exactly what they think, without
considering the effects of the words on others).
My biggest flaw is that I have tendency to be arrogant – some say I have a
superiority complex. (consider myself superior to others)

Talkative person:
an excessive talker
to talk incessantly
to speak continually
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to talk one’s ears off (to talk so much)
This person never stops yammering about
all his jibber jabber really annoys me
I try to be polite and pretend to be interested, but I don’t like to engage in
idle talk
I have a headache after talking to him
I feel annoyed because this person never lets me get a word in edgeways.
having a conversation with this person is like pulling teeth.
this person is my favourite road buddy as their jibber-jabber keeps me
awake.
There are people who can talk your ears off if you let them.
So each conversation with him is like pulling teeth, especially when I need
to discuss some important work issues.

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Lesson 5 – Feelings
I experienced a roller coaster of emotions when my son was born.
During my wife’s pregnancy, I was ridiculously excited about the prospect
of becoming a dad.
increasingly anxious
my wife was visibly disappointed (it was obvious that she was
disappointed) that I was not by her side.
She did not say anything. She is not one to show her feelings.
She prefers to bottle up her emotions (keep her emotions hidden inside
her)
I was terribly sorry that I lost my temper.
my wife became deeply depressed and I too was an emotional wreck.
I have been pleasantly surprised at the all help we have gotten from our
friend and neighbors.
I am just immensely grateful that my wife and son are healthy and
sometimes I am overwhelmed with emotions.

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Lesson 6 – Houses and Apartments
instead of staying in a hotel, I looked for a short-term rental.
I ended up sharing a two-bedroom apartment.
It was actually cheaper than renting a studio apartment. (an apartment
with only one big room)
The apartment was on the top floor of a five-story building.
A balcony overlooking the ocean.
From the top roof, we also had a nice view of the city skyline.
The apartment recently had been remodeled/renovated.
it was fully furnished, so it already had furniture and appliances.
We loved the spacious living room, but unfortunately the bedrooms were
cramped.
It was nice to spend a month there, but by the end of the trip I started to
feel homesick.
I would really like to have a place of my own so that I am not throwing
away money on rent every month.
but there is a real shortage of affordable housing in my city.
Even if I stay away from the upscale neighborhoods, I would still have to
take out a mortgage and it will take me more than 30 years to pay it off.
I am going to start saving up for a down payment (an initial payment on a
big purchase).
Someday, when I do move into a new place, I will be sure to throw a
housewarming party.
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→Housing shortage is the result of:
- overpopulation
- internal and external migration
- lack of balance between supply and demand in housing market.
- shortage in existing houses

→suggestion to protect low-income families:

- supportive housing schemes including affordable rental houses
- scheme designed to provide grants and subsidized loans to assist
people in meeting their house needs.
- introducing “mass construction programs” in order to provide low
income families with affordable housing.

→Effects of poor housing:

- health related problems such as respiratory diseases and rheumatic
diseases.

Accommodation = place of residence: A place to live or stay in

Low interest loan
Housing benefit: money given to the poor as housing assistance
Building regulations: rules to be followed when building houses
Mass construction: Building in large quantities
Financial aid = financial assistance

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to look homey
to add homey touches
living space
to live in digs (inexpensive rented accommodation for single adults)

to live in an ugly cookie-cutter house (standard house)

to do up a property (to repair an old house)
a one-room flat
a two storey flat
a studio apartment (a small apartment which combines a bedroom, living
room and kitchen)
rented accommodation
a high-rise building
a detached house
a cottage
in the heart of the city
in the city center
in the downtown area
in the suburbs = on the outskirts of the city
minimalist-style (belonging or relating to a style of art, design and theater)
reflects my personality
gives the sense of stepping into a safe, personal refuge
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suitable for sleeping, working and entertainment
cosy
spacious
fully-furnished

a piece of furniture
a sofa, a bed
a wardrobe, a chest of drawers
a bedside table
shelves
curtains
a TV stand
a wall-mounted flat-screen TV

Can you describe the place where you live?

For the past 23 years, I have lived in a house with my family. Our humble
house locates in a small quiet street, so coming home to me is like all the
craziness happened outside is left behind. I have my room with walls
painted violet, which is kind of peaceful color.

What do you like about your flat?

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What I particularly like is that it reflects my personality. Due to the fact
that I am both a gentle and introvert person, I painted almost all walls of
our rooms with faint colors such as bright violet.
Also it gives me the sense of stepping into a safe zone, personal refuge.

What can you see from the windows where you live?
The only thing I see is …
concrete jungle
a busy street
typical urban landscape
rows of high-rise building
running cats, people and trees
As I live in a house, I have a very nice view of the river and forest from the
window.
It is especially beautiful at dawn and at dusk.

Do you prefer living in a house or a flat?

I would rather live in …
I would go for living in …
although living in a flat usually involves less costs, there may be noisy
neighbors all around.
no opportunity to have a garden, a flower bed or swimming pool.

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living in a house will give you an opportunity to have more space, and
usually away from hustle and bustle.
while living in a house, you can do what you want without disturbing other
people.
houses are usually located in suburban areas, so it takes time to get to the
city center.
living in a house will usually be accompanied by more renovation and
repair costs.
Also, you are responsible for all repairs and maintenance.
When you live in a flat, even if you speak loudly, your neighbors start
complaining.
When you live in the house, you can listen to music, laugh, dance and if
you do it with consideration, no one will even notice anything.

What would you like to change in your flat?

have it refurbished
breathe more life into it by…
add warmth
put some photos in frames
install a large shower instead of a bathtub
There is not enough room to swing a cat (very little space)
it is tight on space
There is not enough room to keep my belongings

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put/throw some pillows on the sofa
it doesn’t get enough natural light
it looks more like an office than a home.
my kitchen is tight on space.

a person you know who moved into new accommodation:

This person changed a place of living because he was not satisfied with his
living condition in a rented flat.
a rental fee was too high
the location was inconvenient
decided to start living separately from parents
got married and moved to her husband’s flat
got annoyed with his or her flatmate and found another apartment to rent
had too noisy neighbors
stunning panoramic view of the city
just a couple of weeks ago a good friend of mine popped in and shared a
great piece of news with me.
He told me that his biggest dream had come true and he finally purchased
a two-bedroom house.
He has recently become a CEO at a software engineering corporation and
his salary increased dramatically.
So he and his wife decided to relocate their house to the one which has
been refurbished recently.
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They used to rent some lodging but were never satisfied with their living
conditions there.
He and his wife had been saving money for a long time until they managed
to purchase a decent apartment in the heart of the city.
Although they were shown dozens of various apartments by numerous
estate agents they could not make up their mind and find the best option
for themselves.
They were almost in despair and ready to give up when they ran across a
‘fore-sale’ sign in the street.
Now my friend and his wife enjoy living in a cosy fully-furnished apartment
with all necessary modern conveniences.
it not only motivated me to work harder towards my goals, whether that
be financial or personal but also I feel a renewed sense of energy and
purpose.
I am excited to see where my own hard work and dedication can take me.

What kind of people tend to live by themselves?

to live by yourself…
to live independently….
living alone is a life style which can be influenced by many factors
people who choose to live by themselves are those who:
- enjoy privacy and independence
- value having their own space and the ability to make their own
decisions without interference from others.

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 - have experience a significant life change such as divorce or the death
of a partner.
- have introverted personalities who feel recharged by being alone and
having a peaceful environment for them is really important
- individuals who have jobs that require frequent travel or long hours
may find it easier to manage their schedules and responsibilities
without the added burden of roommates or family members

Besides cooking, are there any other skills that people need to learn if they
live on their own?
- budgeting (pay their bills on time, plan for unexpected expenses, set
aside money for savings)
- fixing basic home repairs such as changing light bulbs, fixing a leaky
faucet
- cleaning

Is it positive for young people to live by themselves?

learn how to manage their own life
learn how to set priorities in life
to become mature and self-sufficient
to learn to take responsibility
to get rid of the pressure of having constant family duties to fulfil

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Lesson 7 – Eating
My mother radically changed her eating habits a few years ago.
In the past, she ate a lot of junk food and was so overweight.
Sometimes she would try to go on a diet, but it would never last.
Now she understands how unhealthy processed foods are.
processed food = junk food = fast food
They are full of food additives which contribute to gain weight and heart
problems.
Nowadays, she eats a balanced diet including a lot of nourishing meals.
She does not buy organic foods because she thinks the prices are
outrageous, but she stocks up on fresh produce.
She also learned to eat in moderation and watch her portion size.
I often stop by her house when I am in the mood for home-cooked meal.
The other day she made a hearty stew with lots of flavors and ingredients.
That was full of beans and vegetables.
My brother, who has healthy appetite (the capacity to eat a lot), has a
second helping (second portion), but I found the stew so filling that I could
barely finish my bowl.

My mother recently told me that she would like to try some international
cuisine.
I was surprised to hear that, because a few year ago she had a bad
experience after getting food poisoning at a Japanese restaurant.
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I told her to eat light meals during the day so that she does not spoil her
appetite for dinner.
Apples contain several essential vitamins.
A healthy, nutritious meal.
I have been vegetarian since I was 13.
Bread, potatoes and rice are good source of carbohydrates.
Children who lack sufficient protein in their diet are often ill.
There are many foods that claim to reduce cholesterol levels
The crop failure caused widespread famine in the region.
The report highlighted the problems caused by childhood obesity.
24 per cent of children in the school found to be malnourished.
milk has calcium, one of the most important minerals for maintaining
strong bones.
you should trim the fat of meat before you cook it.
Dietary fiber helps protect us from disease.
Sally was 50 pounds overweight.
fresh vegetables are much nicer than frozen ones.
There are over 150 calories in a small packet of crisps.
A lot of people are allergic to nuts.
Many people do not trust genetically modified foods.
I refused to eat eggs from battery chickens.
The harvest has been very bad this year.

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If the drought continues, there will be serious food shortage.
There has been an increase in case of salmonella, listeria, E.coli and other
types of food poisoning.
A sensible eating plan helps you
- enhance your overall health
- increase your energy level
- improve your immune system
- reduce the risk of health problems; high blood pressure, diabetes and
cardiovascular diseases.
A good diet includes a variety of foods from the basic food groups. It
should provide enough calories to ensure desirable weight and also should
contain all the necessary daily nutrients.
Food pyramid:
- is a basic guide which give information about food and nutrition.
- It helps us follow a healthy balanced diet
- each group is equally important and plays a unique role in health.
crash diet: a diet plan for losing weight in a very short time.
GM food: genetically modifies foods
calorific: containing lots of calories
Dietician: an expert on nutrition and diet.

Obesity is the result of many complex factors such as :

- overeating
- poor diet

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 - bad eating habits
- unhealthy life style
- lack of exercise
- inadequate physical activities
- Genetic factors

Effects of obesity
- shorter life span
- health problem: increased risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, high
cholesterol,
- negative impact on social contacts, feeling of embarrassment

How to prevent obesity

- following balance diet
- choosing healthier cooking methods like steaming and boiling
- cutting down on carbohydrates and sugars
- prescribed medications
Sluggish: inactive, lacking energy
sedentary lifestyle / sluggish lifestyle
Body mass index (BMI)

Are tea and coffee popular in your country?

tea drinkers
coffee drinkers

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non-alcoholic beverages
loaded with nutrients and antioxidants
energizing
caffeine
They are a large part of our modern culture
They are the most popular non-alcoholic beverages in my country.
mostly young people consume a surprising amount of both tea and coffee.
almost everyone is obsessed with coffee

Do you prefer to drink tea or coffee?

I am addicted to coffee
I am a regular coffee drinker
I am a coffee addict
I just can’t survive without coffee
I can’t imagine my morning without a cup of coffee
There is nothing better than a hot milky coffee in the morning.
drinking coffee in the morning can energize your body and ensure your
good feeling.
tea has the same effect as coffee, but does not cause dependence.
they boost my energy during midday slumps when I feel tired and
exhausted.
they help boost the immune system

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they are both tasty and energizing
they enhance my physical performance

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Lesson 8 – Movies / Books
My brother is a huge fan of movies.
When he sees a movie trailer, he counts down the days until the movie
comes out.
He always goes to the movie theater on opening night.
He also loves to analyze the film critic’s reviews and tries to guess which
movie will be nominated for an award.
One of his movie stars will be starring in an upcoming film about the
Vietnam War.
It is based on a true history, and they are shooting the film on-site.
This particular actor had been talking about retiring, but when he was
offered the leading role in a film that is sure to be a box-office hit he could
not turn it down.
I, on the other hand, prefer books. I am currently engrossed in a book by
Steig Larson.
I cannot wait to see how things turn out for the main character.
I already have a huge collection of books, and I also borrow books from
the library.
One book I took out last week deals with modern feminism and
motherhood.
It is a bit of a controversial topic, but it is an interesting and enjoyable
read.
I am not sure I will have time to finish it before I have to return the book
to the library.
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Maybe I will renew it for another week.
large-format quality newspapers = broadsheets
small-format quality newspapers = tabloids
people who write for newspapers or periodicals = journalists
The amount of space or time given to an event in newspapers or television
= coverage
political, social and economic events that are happening now = current
affairs
Radio or television programs = broadcasts
To enter a password and start to access a computer system = log in
People who write articles or make broadcasts about events in the news =
reporter
Today we will discuss the freedom of the press.
media tycoon:
investigative journalism
gutter press: newspapers that print shocking stories about the personal
lives of people

TV pros:
- TV can be a positive influence
- Television is a powerful tool to educate viewers around the world
- provide people with inspiration, ideas and knowledge, serve
particular interest of individuals and groups

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 - Watching television is the fast way to find out about the latest news
from all over the world and regarded as the main source of
information for most people.

TV cons:
- always has been a subject of criticism
- stop family members to communicating with each other
- Children spend too many hours passively watching TV
- excessive TV watching (TV addiction) can lead to poor academic
performance
- result in physical complications such as obesity
- makes children lose important social skills
- Passive TV watching damages sleep patterns
- Sometime TV is deliberately used to misinform people

T-commerce = Television commerce

Game show /Talk show /Chat show/

Do you like to watch films?

genres
action movies
horror movies
comedies
dramas

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historical films
a plot
a scene
I like to watch movies because they give me thrilling experience.
let me escape from reality
inspire me to be a better person
take me to places quite different from my routine surroundings
allow me experience the situations, I would not normally experience
they steal too much time from me
whenever I have a couple of spare hours I prefer to read a book instead of
watching a movie.

What kinds of movies do you like best?

I like action films because of high energy, spectacular rhythm and pacing.
they possess rescues, battles, fights between heroes and bad guys as the
age-old struggle between good and evil is always interesting.

How often do you go to a cinema to watch a movie?

every time when there is a new release
once a week approximately
every weekend
Why?

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to watch a movie on the big screen
to focus on the movie and not get distracted
because I am a movie freak
My friend called me a movie freak but I just enjoy watching films on the
big screen and getting pulled into the sound and color in wat that can’t be
felt at home.

What was the first film that you watched?

Unfortunately, I can’t recall it as it was so long ago
it was a fairy tale movie ‘Beauty and the Beast’ if I am not mistaken.
this must have been some Walt Disney animated film like ‘Alice in
Wonderland’.

Do you like to watch movies alone or with your friends?

I like to watch movie with my friends as I like to discuss them afterwards
it is a good way to spend time together
common experience brings more fun

Do you prefer foreign films or films made in your country?

show me the different view of the world
are of a better quality

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I would prefer watching foreign films because of the fact that they give me
an insight about different cultures, opinions and cultural places in other
countries.

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Lesson 9 – Music
My older brother Alex is very musically gifted.
He can play any tune from memory, without looking at sheet music.
He spends all his free time strumming a guitar, composing music and
writing song lyrics.
Alex and his friends formed a band that has attracted a sizable following in
our city.
They started out playing gigs in bars and clubs, and they used the money
they earned to record their debut album.
A remixed track from that CD then became a massive hit on the local radio
station thanks to its catchy tune and upbeat tempo.
Their second album will be released at the end of the year.
They will record it live at their next show.
Alex dreams of going on tour.
He is just waiting for his big break to get his foot in the door of the music
industry.
A career in music is not for me. I am completely tone-deaf and I always
sing off-key.
Orchestral music = instrumental music
solo album
cult following = a very dedicated group of fans
Music pros:
- increase cognitive faculty and activate your brain
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 - to clear your mind
- to release physical tension
- to fill you with positive energy
- Music can be relaxing, peaceful, restful and inspiring

Music cons:
- numerous studies indicate that certain types of music can stimulate
negative emotions such as violence, aggression, criminal behaviors
and even suicidal tendencies.
- Some music can attract isolated and depressed youth and feed their
feelings with despair and hostility.
- certain types of music can damage the hearing mechanism and
nervous system.

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Lesson 10 – Sports
- we typically use play for team sports you play soccer, play basketball,
play tennis, play baseball, and play golf

- The verb do is used for more individual sports – you can do yoga, do
gymnastics, do martial arts and do aerobics.
do exercise
lift weights
- The verb go is used with most activities which end in –ing :
go swimming, go biking, go surfing, go rock climbing, go bowling and
go fishing.

- with the team sports, we can use the word game or match:
a soccer game, a basketball game, a tennis match
win the game != lose the game
tie the game
home game != away game
tournament
When one team is winning in the middle of the game we say that team
has the lead.
However, the other team can make a comeback and take the lead.
Athletes can enter a competition and try to win first place.
Some athletes try to enhance their performance with illegal substances
such as steroids.
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if they fail a drug test, they will be disqualified from participating. (taking
performance-enhancing drugs)
If the athlete is performing well, they may achieve a personal best.
if they perform better than anyone ever has in the past, they could even
break the world record or set a new world record.
if they get injured, however, they might have to withdraw from the
competition.

to be involved in an activity with other people: take part in

someone who watches a public activity or event: spectator
money given to an organization to help pay for something: sponsorship
a man who plays sport: sportsman
stadium
opposition
arena
professional
people said you are grossly overpaid.
your team has reached the final
In a 100 meter race, you beat your personal best.
you have failed a dope test.
your team has been relegated.
Your country’s national football team qualifies for the World cup.

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You feel that your team has no team spirit.
There are a lot of hooligans at a match you attend.
In a cycling race, you outdistance the other competitors.
People say you are always committing professional fouls.
When you walk on to the pitch to play a game, the spectators start
jeering, booing and shouting abuse.
The spectators cheer when you walk on to the pitch.
You outplay your opponents in a game of squash.
A newspaper article accuses you of match fixing.

physical effects of exercising:

- to have a healthy life
- to promote physical fitness
- stay fit and in shape
- to strengthen bones and muscles
- to boost blood circulation
- to improve immune system
- reduce the risk of heart attacks

Mental effect of exercising:

- to build self-confidence
- to enhance mental and emotional well-being
- to clear your mind and keep your mind focused
- to think more positively

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 - to give you a sense of accomplishment
- to relieve stress
- to control anxiety

Effects of mental sports like chess:

- memory development
- logical thinking abilities
- intellectual skills
- creativity skills
- analytical thinking skills
Effects of team sport:
- promotes teamwork, interpersonal skills, coordinate skills, social
interaction skills, leadership abilities, loyalty and sense of duty.
- most sports that involve teamwork teach us how to achieve a
common goal and accept responsibility.

agility: the ability to move quickly and easily

Effect of big sporting events: (Olympic Games, the football World cup)
- promote tourism
- provide fair and equal opportunities for all participants to compete
- encouraging interactions among cultures
- deepening understanding and friendship among nations
- bringing people of diverse nations together
- provide many job opportunities

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contestant
medalist
fixture

Good sportsmanship:
- playing fair
- following the rules of the game
- respecting the judgment of referees and officials
- treating opponents with respect
- avoid blaming teammates for mistakes or poor team performance
- avoid trash talking and humiliating
fair play
credibility
transparency
virtue
integrity
respectability

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Lesson 11 – Health & Sickness
There are a number of lifestyle changes you can make to improve your
overall health and increase your life expectancy.
you can quit smoking, reduce stress, eat a balanced diet, get plenty of
sleep, and exercise regularly.
It is also important to get vaccination/immunization to prevent diseases.
No matter how healthy you are, it is still good idea to have health
insurance.
If you are in a car accident, you might suffer/sustain serious injuries.
Of course, if you are wearing your seatbelt, you are more likely to have
only minor injuries.
If you have broken/ fractured a bone, the doctor will put your leg in a cast.
If you have a cut, the doctor will give you stitches.
If you have a burn, the doctor will give you an ointment to prevent
infection.
If you have minor ailment like headache, you can take some aspirin to
relieve the pain.
If you suffer from a chronic condition like allergies, asthma, back pain or
depression, there are both over-the counter and prescription medications
that can help alleviate the symptoms.
When someone has a minor respiratory infection, we say they have a cold.
Do not get too close to that person, because you could catch a cold too.
you can “catch” other types of contagious diseases as well such as
sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs).
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If someone is diagnosed with a more serious illness such as cancer or
AIDS, they will need more extensive treatment.

Adults who have diabetes need to make some lifestyle changes, such as
cutting down on sugar.
After a serious of exams, Diana was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.
He suffers from chronic back pain thanks to years of poor posture.
He takes some very strong prescription medications to treat his bipolar
disorder.
If you pull a muscle, ice can help relieve the pain and reduce swelling.
Japan has the highest life expectancy in the world, at 83 years.
My daughter has a bad cold, so she is staying home from school today.
My son needs to get some vaccinations before travelling to a tropical
country.
She did not have health insurance, so she had to pay for the surgery
herself.
The best way to lose weight is to eat a balanced diet and get lots of
exercise.
The patient in room 4 is terminally ill and should be made as comfortable
as possible.
They walked away from the accident with minor injuries – just some cuts
and bruises.

-Mrs. Brady has suffered from terrible rheumatism for years.

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-More women than men are affected by arthritis.
-Air conditioning units are often responsible for spreading infections
around an office.
-Cardiovascular disease is becoming more common in Britain.
-Too much exposure to the sun can cause skin cancer.
-It is important not to consume too much food with a high cholesterol
content.
-Too many people these days live a sedentary lifestyle.
-People in position of responsibility often have stress-related illnesses.
-premature babies are vulnerable to illnesses.
-Healthcare professionals say that hospitals around the country are
suffering from serious underfunding.
-The AIDS virus is incurable.
-The country is currently experiencing its worst flu epidemic for over 30
years.
-illnesses which affect the circulation of blood are particularly common
with people who are overweight.
-Pains or stiffness in the joints or muscles can be very difficult to live with.
-antibiotics
-The painful inflammation of joints may require surgery.
conventional medicine! = traditional medicine
-AIDS can be transmitted through using contaminated and shared blood
products and sexual contact with infected partner.

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suggestions to prevent AIDS:
- educating people on how the disease is spread
- promoting moral values
- making testing services and anti-HIV drugs available
- setting up HIV prevention workshops and counselling sessions
designed to increase people awareness

Epidemic / Blood transfusion / Cure / viral: caused by virus / hygienic

46 | P a g e
Lesson 12 – Computers
First I showed her how to start up and shut down the computer.
Then, I helped her get online or access the internet so that she can check
her e-mail.
She quickly learned how to write and send messages, reply to an e-mail
and forward an e-mail, but it was a little hard for her to remember how to
attach a file to an outgoing message.
We tried to log into her bank account online, but the bank’s website was
down.
There was a notice on the home page that they were doing some
scheduled maintenance on the system.
This afternoon, I will teach her how to use a search engine.
I think she will really enjoy surfing/browsing the web and using social
media.
people used to burn a CD (put files from a computer onto a CD)
She is a little bit afraid of pressing the wrong key and accidentally deleting
an important file, but I told her that we can always recover the file from
recycling bin.
I also explained that if the computer freezes or locks up, she can simply
restart/reboot the computer.
It is also a good idea for her to back up her files so that she does not lose
her data if the computer crashes.
I installed a program that periodically runs scans for viruses and spywares
to ensure that her computer has not been infected.
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The company is carrying out scientific study to find a cure for AIDS. =
research
The planning and production of the new computer system will take some
time. = development
Modern innovations are changing everyone’s lives.
Some elements change their chemical composition when mixed with
water.
The scientists have created a new machine to automate the process.
Ron is terrified of modern technology.

Computer games
pros
- educational benefits: help children develop problem-solving skill,
eye-brain-hand coordination, motor skills
- analytical skills: drawing conclusions, seeking alternatives, making
predictions.
- increase cognitive skills:
- They are designed to increase creativity, mental power, initiative.
- teach an reinforce academic subjects
cons
- encourage violent tendencies such as aggression, antisocial
behaviors, recklessness
- decrease interaction and social skills.
- can cause psychological and mental problems
- lack of activity, poor posture, poor eyesight
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 - take up much of children’s leisure time .

AI/ Combat games: fighting games/

Computerization
pros
- speed, accuracy, adaptability, compatibility, high memory capabilities
and ability to perform complex tasks.
- performing mathematical, logical and statistical operations
- computers play an important role in storing, presenting and
processing data, designing and modeling simulated operations.

cons
- we are becoming increasingly dependent on computers
- downsizing of industries → dismissal of workers, higher
unemployment rates.
- The privacy of humans can be invaded by the vast computer data
networks.

microcomputers/ computer literate: able to use computers

supercomputers

49 | P a g e
Lesson 13 – Study
Most children begin their studies at 5 or 6 years old in pre-school,
followed by kindergarten.
After that comes primary/elementary school, which consists of first grade
through fifth grade.
Then there is middle school- sixth grade through eighth grade- and high
school, which is ninth grade through twelfth grade.
After high school, you apply to colleges/universities to see which ones will
accept you.
you submit your application and then wait for the results.
If you got good grades in high school, you might get/be awarded a
scholarship to help pay the tuition fees.
In college, you will take classes/courses on various subjects.
You should always take notes as the teacher is giving the lecture.
Some teachers may ask the students to make presentation or do research
and write an essay, an assignment, a report or a paper.
After you hand in your work, the teacher will grade the assignment and
give you feedback.
To evaluate your progress, you will take test/exams.
If you get the minimum number of points, you have passed the test.
if you do not get the minimum number of points, you have failed the test.
if the course proves to be too difficult, or if you do not like it, you can
withdraw from or drop the course.

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Most college students choose a major.
I majored in biology.
I was a biology major.
My daughter is majoring in philosophy.
When you graduate from college, you will get a diploma.
Afterwards, you can say you have a degree in the area of your
concentration.
You can have a bachelor’s degree, master’s degree, or doctorate (Ph.D.).
I have a bachelor’s degree in chemistry.
I have master’s degree in linguistics.
I have Ph.D. in theology.

Distance learning
pros
- learning can be personalized and customized to meet the learner’s
needs.
- Online learning is a great way to study at personal speed and
intensity without waiting for the slower pace of the average
classroom.
- you do not keep up with the pace of the group
- educational materials are available and can be easily downloaded.
- There are usually more flexible deadlines.
- flexibility to study in any locations.
- no time spent commuting to classes.

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 - lower tuition fees.

cons
- Online learning usually provides a lower quality of education
compared with “on-campus education”.
- no campus atmosphere
- no research or lab facilities
- time involved to learn how to use the system
- lag time between students’ input and teachers’ feedback
- more miscommunication and misinterpretation

E-learning
tertiary education
distance education
self-paced learning
virtual classroom
Alumni

Would you like to be a teacher?

methods of evaluation
a valuable source of advice
sensitive to students’ motivation

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quality of teaching
to accept the criticism
to stimulate
It is very rewarding profession
to make a difference changing somebody’s life positively
to affect the future by sharing my knowledge with the next generation
to positively impact the future of our world
to live with a deep sense of purpose
to experience personal growth
to give and receive unconditional love
I like interpersonal interactions
although it is very hard and stressful job, …
earning the respect of students is hard work.
in my country, teachers do not earn much money
it takes a lot of energy and patience

Do you think you could be a teacher?

patient/creative/dedicated/resilient/flexible
an excellent communicator
have great organisational skills
able to deal with conflicts
good at motivating others
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hate explaining something to others more than once
not very sociable
I am not confident enough for being a teacher

Do you have a favorite teacher?

My most favorite teacher taught me mathematics
Thanks to him I fell in love with exploring different mathematical concepts
which deeply affect my knowledge background.

was patient
was caring
was friendly
was passionate about teaching and working with children
had thorough knowledge of her subject
had a nice personality
inspired me a lot
always kept material interesting for students
established clear objectives for each lesson and worked to meet them
during each class
had really good classroom management skills
encouraged me to think about the solution in different manners
aroused my interest in the subject

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had high expectations of me and encouraged me to always work at my
best level
made a great impact on my learning
was not enthusiast about teaching
lacked content knowledge
couldn’t control the students in the classroom and as a result couldn’t
teach us effectively
didn’t challenge students

How did this teacher help you?

Well, except for fostering my mind to understand difficult mathematical
definitions, she helped me …
taught me the importance of thinking before attempting to solve anything
taught me to convert complicated questions into simple ones by breaking
them into small parts and then analyzing them
taught me to work hard and made me believe that I am special and
mattered
taught me the importance to make the most of each opportunity
taught me not to be afraid to make mistakes as they provide valuable
learning opportunities

55 | P a g e
Lesson 14 – Academic English
Before you begin writing a paper, it is good idea to make an outline (a list
of points in an organized order) of the main points you plan to present.
The next step is to gather evidence to support your claims, since your
work will not be credible if you propose a theory/challenge a theory/
refute a theory without some proof.
If your paper is going to touch on several issues then you will need to be
specially organized.
You can draw a distinction between topics that are different, or draw
parallels between examples that are similar.
Another way to organize your ideas is to show how they fall into different
categories.
you can write a first draft in which you go into detail on the topic. Then
you revise the paper until finishing with the final draft.
Let’s say you are carrying out a study on market trends in developing
countries.
You can analyze the key factors that are influencing the economy, showing
how local politics play a role in shaping the country’s financial future.
Including some specific items that are perfect examples and clear
illustrations of your idea will help prove your points.
At the end of your paper, you should briefly summarize the material you
presented and draw conclusions based on your research. The end of the
article is also a good place to raise question.

56 | P a g e
Lesson 15 – Work
If you have just graduated from college and you have never had a job, you
can start your career by doing an internship to gain experience.
Depending on the company, the internship could lead to an opportunity to
get an entry-level job at the same company.
Although you might be earning minimum wage, if you do excellent work
and are a good team player you could get a promotion or get a raise.
Just do not slack of, otherwise you will be fired/dismissed.
It is normal to be there when you have a heavy workload and need to
work overtime.
But if you have a very demanding job and you are stressed out all the
time, then it might be time to quit your job and look for another one.
Now that you have experience, you will be able to get a job with a more
competitive salary and generous benefits.
If you cannot find a well-paid and rewarding job in your field, it might be
time for a career change.
The typical way of applying for a job is to read the job ads in the
newspaper or online, the send your resume to the company with a cover
letter.
The company will then interview the candidates it feels are most qualified,
based on the job description.
Some job seekers need to take a menial job in order to earn a living while
they are between jobs.

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But if you are persistent, a great job offer should come your way sooner or
later – maybe even for your dream job.

feature of a good job

- financially rewarding (high-paid/high-earned)
- a reasonable level of salary is ensured
- an ideal job provides you with a sense of accomplishment
- emotionally fulfilling
- a good job provides meaningful and challenging learning experience

Qualities of a good employee

- a good employee is creative, well-educated, well-trained,
well-informed, energetic, highly responsible, efficient, punctual.
- flexible enough to carry out tasks outside of job description,
- respect the chain of commands
- has sense of loyalty

Qualities of good employer

- A good employer is understanding, reliable, open-minded, tolerant,
responsive, considerate, encouraging and supportive.
- A good boss treats all of his or her subordinates fairly
- A good manager always tries to promote rights, providing decent
benefits package and insurance coverage.
- A good employer tries to provide a friendly working atmosphere.

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Promotion criteria
- Career promotion of employees should be based on their education,
competency, productivity, technical skills, innovation, analytical
ability, enthusiasm, interpersonal abilities

career goal/ job performance/ transferable skill/

job hopping: to change jobs frequently.

Unemployment causes
- high expectation of job seekers
- low level of education
- lack of job experience
- personal laziness
- unavailability of suitable jobs
- excessive unemployment benefits
- overpopulation

Effects of unemployment
- lower self-esteem
- substantial loss of life satisfaction
- financial problems
- divorce and ruined families
- increasing participation in illegal activities
- psychological disorders such as hopelessness, depression
- poverty

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 - higher crime rate
- internal and external migration of labours
- Economic effects: slowdown in economic growth, and recession

Suggestion to address unemployment

- to increase economic growth
- to improve job skills through education
- offering training programs for unskilled and low skilled workers
- to open the market to national and private investments

Tech unemployment: replacement of workers by machines

The company you work for is well known for its job security.
you are suddenly made redundant.
you are given an increment.
you work unsociable hours.
you have a steady job.
you had adverse working condition.
you suddenly find yourself unemployed.
you need time off work because of repetitive strain injury.
the office where you work has sick building syndrome.
You receive regular perks as part of your job.
somebody calls you a workaholic.
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your company gives you plenty of incentives.
your boss announces that there is going to be some downsizing of the
workforce.
you have a lot of job satisfaction.
your company has generous incentive schemes.
you receive a commission for the work you have done.
you receive support from a union.
you are under stress.
you are forced to resign.
you receive a cut in your salary.
your company gives you a sickness benefit.
you find your job very demanding.
your boss tells you that you have potential.
your boss tells you that you lack initiative and motivation.
everyone at works ignores you.
She is a semi-skilled blue-collar worker in a manufacturing industry.
She is a self-employed and works full-time. She likes to describe herself as
freelance.
She is responsible for hiring and firing.
She calculates the wages, salaries, pension contributions and medical
insurance contributions of all the staff.
She is a full-time white-collar worker in a service industry.

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She is unskilled part-time employee.

IDIOMs about work:

- to be between jobs (to be unemployed)
- to work one’s finger to the bone (to work very hard)
- to go the extra mile (to go beyond what is necessary)
- to learn the ropes (to learn how to do a particular job or task)
- to miss the boat (to lose an opportunity to do something by being
slow to act)

Why people do volunteer work?

volunteering helps to explore new fields.
volunteering boosts career options.
what is primary importance in my view, volunteering gives energy and
sense of fulfillment.
volunteering offers an impressive networking opportunity.
volunteering brings a lot of benefits to volunteers.

high paid positions

friendly coworkers
a friendly boss
today’s young people expect to have a varied and interesting career

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money is not the most powerful motivation for young people in today’s
world.
an interesting job is the one that lets people utilize their talents and skills
It seems that they are not ready to do something boring eight hours a day,
five days a week that will make them count the minutes, waiting for the
working day to end.
IT and software engineers
Managing role
medical professionals

Professionals in these spheres are highly sought after by top companies

and are offered really high salaries.

63 | P a g e
Lesson 16 – Business
If you do not want to work for someone else, you can go into business for
yourself.
you can set up a company in an industry that interests you
it is always good to do market research, to determine if there is a need for
your product or service.
If there is a tough competition and your start up is not able to gain market
share, then your business runs the risk of going bankrupt.
But if the amount of money coming into the company from sales is greater
than the amount spent on expenses, then you are making a profit.
As your business grows, you can hire/take on staff/employees.
Another possibility is to make deal with other companies to do business
together.
In this case, representatives from both companies will sign a contract that
establishes each party’s rights and responsibilities.
Whenever you are planning to launch a new product, it is essential to
provide excellent customer service.
Otherwise, your customer will take their business elsewhere.
They will start buying from a rival company instead of from yours.
It is not easy to run a business, but with a combination of luck, and hard
work, your business just might take off (become popular/successful).
One way to describe a period of time of major growth and success is to
say that “business is booming”.
We have limited supply of computer base units. (demand for)
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Last year, our company made a huge profit. (loss)
our gross profits are up by almost 150 per cent on last year. (net)
Banks across the country are reporting a sharp drop in borrowing.
(lending)
The company will debit your bank account with $528 each month. (credit)
The wholesale market has experienced a downturn since the recession
began. (retail)
The government is encouraging short-term investors to put their money
into the public sector. (private sector)
private enterprises are under a lot of financial pressure. (state-owned
industries)
skilled workers are demanding a 15 per cent pay rise. (Unskilled labors)
If this situation continues, we will have to lay of members of staff. (take
on)
Blue-collar workers across the country are demanding improved working
condition. (white collar)
He works for a company which imports camera equipment. (export)
A lot of people have benefited from the recent boom in the electrical
industry. (recession)
The management refuses to compromise on the quality of their product.
(employee/ staff/ worker)
Overall revenue us down by almost 15 per cent. (expenditure)

The bank of England has raised interest rate.

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Secondary industries rely on the ready supply of raw materials.
Last year’s gross national product was close to $25 billion.
The factory doubled its output in the last six months.
Coal mining is an important primary industry.
automation
service industries have become more important in the last decade.
The government is trying to reduce the balance of payment deficit.
The company announced a two-million-dollar deficit.
The state has a monopoly of the tobacco trade.
Workers in nationalized industries are to get a 3 per cent rise.
The figures for unemployment are rising.
Money raised by taxation pays for all government services.
Oil is a key industry which is essential to the country’s economy.
The government is trying to keep inflation down below 3 per cent.
She pays income tax at the lowest rate.
I received an annual salary of $30,000.

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Lesson 17 – Money
you need to earn money or make money.
Another way to obtain money is to inherit money – receive money from a
family member or friend after that person dies.
If the person was very rich, you could inherit a fortune. (fortune is a lot of
money)
you can take your money to the bank and take make a deposit.
Later, you can make a withdrawal.
Everyone likes to spend money.
But it is important not to waste/squander your money.
If money is tight (meaning you have very little money), you should make a
budget. (a plan for how much to spend on things every month)
Then you need to stick to the budget.
Otherwise, you might be broke by the end of the month.
A person who is financially savvy will always save money.
It is always good idea to have an emergency fund of at least 3-6 months of
living expenses.
You can invest money in the stock market.
You could make a nice profit, but there is also the risk of losing money if
the economy goes downhill.
If you have not saved up money or set aside money for the purchase, you
can borrow money from the bank which is also called taking out a loan.

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The disadvantage of this is that you will need to pay the money back in
installment plus interest.
When you travel, you will need to change/exchange money to be able to
buy things with the local currency.
Make sure to change money only at official locations like banks and travel
agencies.
Otherwise, you could be tricked into receiving counterfeit bills.
Finally, you can consider donating money to a good cause, such as
preserving the environment or researching cures for diseases.
Non-profit organizations are always trying to raise money for their various
projects.

make profit & make loss

extravagant & frugal/economical
a current account & a deposit account
a loan & a mortgage
to deposit money & to withdraw money
a wage & a salary
broke & bankrupt
shares, stocks & dividends
to credit & to debit
a bank & building society
a discount & a refund
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bargain, overpriced & exorbitant
worthless & priceless
save money & invest money
inflation & deflation
income & expenditure
to lend & to borrow

The potential global market for them is enormous.

I always put my money in a building society and not in a bank. The interest
they pay me is much higher.
I cannot afford to buy new car right now. I do not have enough money.
Maybe I should consider getting one on credit.
I always spend a lot of money when I go on holiday. Then I get home to
find out I have run up a huge overdraft at the bank.
I came into a lot of money recently when my uncle died. It is the first time
I have inherited something.
Look at this cheque that came in the post this morning. It seems to be
some kind of tax rebate.
I have been spending too much recently. Of course, it is always so difficult
to economize.
In my country, there are a lot of poor people and only few rich ones. There
is a very uneven distribution of wealth.
I lost my job last month. Fortunately I receive unemployment benefit.

69 | P a g e
I retire next month. I am really looking forward to spend my pension.
prices are rising quickly everywhere. The cost of living seems to go up
everyday.
The January sales start tomorrow. Shops all over the country are making
huge reductions on just about everything.

Why is it hard for some people to save money?

to put money aside
One of the most obvious reasons why people may find it difficult to save
money is low income. if people simply don’t earn enough money to cover
all their expenses. There will be very little money left over at the end of
the month to put towards saving.
Lack of financial literacy which means that many people do not know how
to manage their finances effectively.
They may not understand how to create a budget, track their expenses, or
save money. Without this knowledge, it is easy to overspend and end up
with little money left at the end of the month.
impulse spending: they see something they want and they buy it without
really considering the long-term implication.
What is the best way to save the money?
planning your spending and limiting overspending
setting saving goals
deciding on your priorities

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I am more than sure that it is very important to know where your money is
going.

Should children have pocket money?

is a great way to teach them how to manage their money
to help them feel more independent and empowered
By having their own money, children can learn how to budget and save for
things they want, which is a valuable life skill that will benefit them in the
long run.

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Lesson 18 – Travel
Last week I had the worst business trip I have ever taken.
Normally a travel agency take care of booking my flights and making my
hotel reservation.
But this time I decided make the travel arrangements myself.
First of all, the plane was overbooked so I was bumped to a later flight.
When they gave me my new boarding pass (the ticket), they did not ask
me if I would prefer a window seat or aisle seat. I was stuck in the middle.
It was a very bumpy flight. (a flight with a lot of turbulence)
Then I missed my connecting flight and had a ten-hour layover in Chicago.
Unfortunately, my checked luggage had already gone through to my final
destination, so all I had was my carry-on bag.
I checked into a hotel near the airport just so I could take a nap.
When I finally arrived in Los Angeles, it turns out that I had made a
mistake with my hotel reservation, and instead of booking a room in a
five-star hotel, I had booked three nights at a seedy hotel. (a hotel that is
not safe and comfortable) in the red-light district (an area of the city
where there are many sex shops, strip clubs)
So I was stuck sleeping on an uncomfortable mattress in a dingy room. (a
dirty and dark room)
While my colleagues enjoyed the luxury hotel.
When I arrived I discovered that the airline had lost my luggage.
All in all it was a miserable experience.

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A travel agency is not the same as tour operator.
A package tour is a holiday in which the price includes flights, transfers to
and from the airport and accommodation.
An all-inclusive holiday is a holiday in which the price includes flights,
transfer, accommodation, food and drink.
When passengers embark, they get on an aeroplane or ship.
When passengers disembark, they get off an aeroplane or ship.
The first thing you do when you go to an airport is go to the check-in desk.
The first thing you do when you arrive at your hotel is check in.
The opposite of package tourist in independent traveler.
Mass tourism can have a negative impact on the environment.
Ecotourism is tourism which does not have a negative effect on the
environment.
trip / excursion / journey / voyage
It is always necessary to have a visa when you visit a different country.
A flight from Iran to the China could be described as a long-haul flight.
Flying business class is more expensive than flying economic class.
cultural tourism
sustainable tourism
The peak season is the time of the year when many people are taking their
holiday.
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An armchair traveler is someone who finds out what a place or location is
like by watching travel programs on television, looking at internet
websites about travel or reading books about travel.
A tourist trap is a place that is visited by many tourists and is therefore
crowded and expensive.
At the beginning of the war, thousands of refugees fled over the border to
the next country.
Since the war began, almost a million people have been forced to move to
another part of the country. These internally displaced persons are now
without food and shelter.
The government is encouraging immigration because of the shortage of
workers in key industries.
Moving from a large European city to the small village in the Himalayas
was culture shock.
Thousands of British expatriates live in the Gulf State, where many of
them have high-powered jobs.
He was departed from the country when his visa expired.
After the court case he found himself persona non grata in the business
community.
After the economy collapsed in the east, thousands of economic migrants
headed west in the hope of finding a good job.
People who are caught trying to enter the country illegally are usually held
in a detention center before being repatriated.
border controls were tightened in order to reduce the number of people
illegally entering the country.
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pros of Tourism
- promotes international understanding
- cooperative among nations
- tourism industry considered as significant source of revenue
- play a key role in economic growth by providing opportunities
- increasing foreign exchange earnings
- enhancing higher standard of living for local communities

Cons of tourism
- can cause environmental destruction
- enormous damage to ecosystem and
- cultural degradation (debase the host culture
- relying heavily on tourism and using up natural resources to support
tourism industry can deprive local population from their natural
rights to use these resources.

Emigrate means to leave one's country to live in another.

Immigrate is to come into another country to live permanently.

migration can be the result of a number of push factors such as:

- natural disasters

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 - periodic or chronic food crisis
- high population density
- poverty
- political unrest

some pull factors:

- higher living standards in other countries
- better labor market conditions
- better income opportunities

Pros of migration:
- make the culture of the host country richer
- creates greater social diversity that can bring increased
understanding between people of different countries.

Cons of migration:
- cultural disputes
- economic problem
- income inequality
- overcrowding
- spread of disease
- housing shortage
- damage job market.

migrant: person who travels to another country

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emigrant: someone who leaves his country to settle in another one.

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Lesson 19 – Weather
Do you want to know if it will be sunny or rainy next weekend? Then you
should check the weather forecast.
If the forecast says that sun will be shining brightly, with clear skies (no
cloud in the sky) and high temperatures, then it is good day to go the
beach and bask in the sunshine/ soak up the sunshine. (the expression
means to enjoy the sun’s heat and light)
However, if the forecast says it will be oppressively hot, scorching hot, or
swelteringly hot, then you might want to stay inside and turn on the air
conditioning.
Another common phrase is hot and humid.
The weather forecast might say it will be partly cloudy. Another way to say
this is that there are scattered clouds.
If there are heavy clouds, then you will not be able to see the sun at all.
If there are storm clouds, then it will probably rain very soon. One way to
express this is to say “it looks like rain”.
We can have light rain or heavy rain or torrential rain.
If the rain continuous without stopping, then we call it continuous rain or
constant rain.
But if it is the type of rain that start and stops various times throughout
the day, it is called intermittent rain or scattered showers.
When it stops raining, you can say the rain let up.
Rain is usually accompanied by wind, which can be slight/light or
high/strong winds.
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If the wind is especially strong and violent, you can say fierce winds or
gale-force winds. (gale = hurricane)
When the wind is increasing in intensity, we can say the wind is picking up.
When it is decreasing in intensity, we say the wind is dying down.
Sometimes we describe the wind with an adjective that emphasizes the
cold – such as an icy wind or a biting wind.
a sudden instance of wind can be called a blast of wind or a gust of wind.
Light snow can be also called snow flurries.
When snow is being blown down around in the wind, we can describe it as
driving snow or swirling snow.
It can be wonderful to walk through fresh, powdery, newly-fallen snow
but not so nice to drive on it.
We clear the snow or plough the snow with vehicles to remove it from
roads.
You can also do this manually – that is called shoveling the snow.
At the end of the winter, when temperature rise, the snow melts.
Sometimes the weather is unusual for a particular time of the year. For
example, you might have a day that is unseasonably warm, and in the
summer, you might have a day that is unseasonably cool.
When the temperature reaches an extreme, we call that a record high or
record low.

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Acid rain
acid rain causes extensive damage to:
- vegetation
- water resources
- natural ecosystem and living organisms

aquatic ecosystems are seriously threatened by acidic water.

acid rain can cause many health problems such as skin disorders.
acid rain endangers the wildlife. It can even make animals species extinct.
acid rain damages agricultural products and often make heavy losses.

measures to prevent acid rain:

- use environmentally-friendly and renewable source of energy.
- imposing vehicle emission standards to control pollutants.
- introducing more efficient laws to deal with this environmental issue.
- encouraging industries to move to suburbs by providing enough
incentives and other financial assistance.

contaminant
ocean acidification
degradation

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Air pollution
can cause many health problems such as:
- respiratory diseases
- eye irritation
- premature newborn babies

Air pollution can destroy the ozone layer that protects us from harmful
rays of the sun.
air pollution contributes to global warming.
acid rain has many ecological effect such as aquatic environment, forests,
soil and public health.

How to minimize air pollution:

- promoting environmental education
- using air pollution monitoring systems
- implementing energy efficient programs
- introducing vehicle emission standards
- expanding environmentally-friendly means of transportation
- expanding public transport facilities
- using zero emission vehicle and cleaner fuels

carbon footprint

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greenhouse gas
pollutant
zero emission vehicles
Climate
climate plays as a key role in
- people’s daily routine
- work pattern
- leisure activities
- sleeping habits
- life style
- life expectancy
- eating and drinking habits

climate effects the

- natural resources
- soil formation
- livestock
- migration patterns
- building styles and materials

Here are some alternative ways of saying weather was good. You can say
the weather was beautiful, lovely, ideal, superb or perfect.
To say the weather was bad, you can say the weather was lousy,
miserable, nasty, dreadful or terrible.
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gloomy/dismal weather = weather that is dark, rather rainy, and
depressing.

muggy/ sultry weather = weather that is very hot and humid or wet.
mild/ calm weather = weather that is nice and not extreme.
harsh/severe/wild weather = weather that is extreme and violent.

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Lesson 20 – City
When my parents retired last year, they traded the towering skyscraper
and noise pollution of Los Angeles for the peace and quiet of small coastal
city in southern France.
They said they were tired of living in a high-rise building right next to an
industrial zone.
Now they live in a cozy little house on the outskirts of the city.
Life in their new town is a quite different from the hectic pace pf L.A.,
where the bustling streets (busy streets filled with people) are strewn with
litter (filled with litter) and you can count on spending hours in traffic
jams.
Instead, the narrow cobblestone streets of the city center are lined with
eighteenth-century buildings that are now home to quaint shops
(charming and old-fashioned shops) and gourmet restaurants specializing
in the local cuisine.
The best day to visit is Saturday, when there is an open-air market (an
outdoor market) in the main square.
You can buy souvenirs from the street vendors (people selling things on
the street) and have lunch at one of the trendy cafes in the area.
There is virtually no street crime here, in contrast to inner-city areas of
L.A.
Is there anything that my parents miss about Los Angeles?
Well, they do miss the cultural diversity.
But they are past the age where being in a place with a pulsating nightlife
is important to them.
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London is a truly cosmopolitan city. It is a melting pot for people from all
parts of the world.
A modern metropolis needs a good integrated transport system.
Unfortunately, this is something that most large capital cities lack.
London suffers a lot of from traffic congestion. It is specially bad during
rush hour, when thousands of commuters try to enter or leave the city.
Poverty in the inner-city areas can breed crime. Drug abuse is also a big
problem.
Cities around the world have seen a huge population explosion. Nowadays
there are more city dwellers than ever before.
Birmingham has plenty of amenities. Shops, libraries, hospitals and
entertainment complexes are just a few of them.
A lot of people visit Paris for its cultural events. Chief among these are
concerts and exhibitions.
Cities in poorer countries often lack basic infrastructures. Without them,
they are unable to function properly as cities.
The pressure of modern city life can be difficult to deal with. Stress-related
illnesses are very common in cities namely New York.
The cost of living in some places can be very high. Prices in London are
particularly exorbitant.
A lot of people appreciate the anonymity of living in a large city. They like
to feel that they can do something without everybody knowing about it.
I love the urban lifestyle I lead. In particular, I enjoy the atmosphere that is
unique to the city.

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In Singapore, private cars are banned from the central business district at
peak periods. Most people use buses and the underground to get to the
banks and offices where they work.
Urban sprawl is prevalent in most cities. Everywhere you go there are
building sites, pedestrian precincts, blocks of flats and housing estates
spreading into the countryside.
I enjoy a rural lifestyle. Do you? I always find there is nothing to do in the
countryside.
There is not much pollution in you live outside a town. All those pesticides
and chemical fertilizers that farmers use nowadays cannot be good for the
environment.
There is a lot of productive land in this area. Well I cannot see much
evidence of cultivation.
In recent years, there has been a lot of migration from the towns to the
cities. With such terrible prospects within towns, depopulation is
inevitable.
The government promised to leave the green belt alone. Really? So why
are we seeing so much construction in the countryside around London?
There has been a huge reduction in the amount of arable land over the
last 20 years. That is probably because we import more food from abroad.
My uncle’s farm convers almost 800 hectares. How much is that in acres?
What are the main crops grown in this area? Mostly wheat, oats and
barley.

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City life
pros
- gives us an opportunity to become familiar with different cultures,
customs and traditions.
- recreational facilities, cultural places and shopping opportunities are
some of the advantages of city life.
- higher standards living
- better health care systems
- better sanitation services
- more educational facilities
- more job opportunities

cons
- Air pollution is a major problem
- most large cities suffer from overcrowding and are heavily populated
- overcrowding can lead to many problems
- increased traffic jams
- higher rate of crimes
- city life is usually fast-paced, hectic, stressful and mechanical

Boom town : a town undergoing sudden and rapid growth

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Lesson 21 – Countryside
If you are living in an urban area and looking for a little change of scenery,
why not take a weekend trip to the surrounding countryside?
You can walk through the wildlife preserve (special area where animals are
protected), where a winding footpath (a road you can walk on) will lead
you through varied landscapes including dense forests, vast meadows, and
gentle, rolling hills.
More adventurous visitors will enjoy exploring the rocky landscape of
Yosemite National Park with its towering cliffs (very tall cliffs) and
magnificent waterfalls.
You can take a hiking trail that goes up the steepest face of the tallest
mountain in the park. (the side of the mountain is called a face and steep
means It is very vertical)
The trail starts at the foot of the mountain (the base of the mountain) and
the ascent takes about four hours.
You can stop to have lunch on the banks of a clear, bubbling mountain
stream.
From the summit, there is a spectacular panoramic view (meaning you can
see in all directions) of the area.
To the east, you can see the jagged, snow-covered peaks of a distant
mountain ranges.
you can gaze at the lush green countryside (an area with lots of healthy
vegetation) to the south, and when looking west, you can see the slow-
moving, shallow river that flows lazily towards the ocean.

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The coastline in just a three-hour drive from the mountains, with miles of
sun-drenched, sandy beaches.
You can stay overnight at a family-run hotel in the picturesque fishing
village (beautiful, good for taking pictures), where every room has an
unobstructed view (there are no obstacle blocking the view) of the sea.
The beaches tend to get crowded in the summer, so one option is to take
a boat trip across the bay and explore the secluded beaches (beaches that
are hidden) on the island. It is well worth the trip.

Country life:
Pros
- gives us opportunity to enjoy views of areas
- get peace and quiet far from urban stress
- get away from the hustle and bustle city life
- the cost of living is one of the positive points of living in the country.
- people tend to be friendlier that city-dwellers and usually there is a
stronger sense of unity among them
- crime rate is usually lower in rural areas

Cons
- living in country means a certain amount of isolation
- shortage or lack of educational facilities
- shortage of medical, recreational and cultural facilities
- low level of income is one of the negative aspects of living in the
country.

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Lesson 22 – Crime
When a person breaks the law, we say they have committed a crime.
Especially horrible crimes – like a savage rape or a brutal murder can be
described as barbaric, horrible, or vicious crime.
If someone tries to commit a crime but does not succeed, we use the
word attempted – for example, an attempted murder, attempted
kidnapping, or attempted beak-in.
If someone accuses another person of a crime, but it is not yet proven,
then we use the word alleged – for example alleged assault, alleged
harassment, or alleged rape.
After the victim reports the crime to the police, the police will begin to
investigate the crime.
They will visit the crime scene and gather forensic evidence (collect details
like bullets, fingerprints, or blood samples that can show what happened).
If witnesses come forward, the police will interview them to hear a first-
hand account (a story told by a person who saw the event) of what
happened.
They also consider possible motives for the crime.
Police can arrest suspect who they believe have committed a crime but
suspect can prove their innocence by providing a solid alibi – that means a
confirmed explanation of where they were at the time of the crime.
If it is never discovered who committed the crime, then the case remains
an unsolved crime.
The statistics about the number of crimes in particular area is called the
crime rate.
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When there is a big increase in the crime rate, we can call this a crime
wave.
A first-time offender is someone who has broken the law for the first time,
whereas someone who has broken the law in the past has a criminal
record.
A criminal who is famous like a serial killer or a person who is heavily
involved in organized crime can be called a notorious criminal.
a cold-blooded killer/murderer = a person who does not have feeling or
emotion.
a crazed/psychopathic killer = a killer who is insane or mentally
unbalanced
domestic violence = when there is violence inside a home, for example, a
husband beating his wife
drug trafficking = the purchase, sale, and transport of illegal drugs
identity thefts = when a criminal steals an innocent person’s identifying
information and uses it in an illegal way
sexual harassment = when one person makes undesired sexual advances
towards another person
petty crime = a minor crime
armed robbery = when criminals steal something, while using weapons

A person appointed to make legal decisions in a court of law. (judge)

A group of 12 citizens who are sworn to decide whether someone is guilty
or innocent on the basis of evidence given in the court. (jury)

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A person who sees something happen or is present when something
happens. (witness)
A person who appears in a court of law accused of doing something illegal.
(defendant)
A person who is attacked or who is in an accident. (victim)
A qualified lawyer who gives advice to members of the public and acts for
them in legal matters. (solicitor)
A person who commits an offence against the law. (offender)
A lawyer who can present a case in court. (barrister)
An expression used to describe someone who obeys the law. (law-abiding)
To do something that is illegal. (break the law)

Jim asked the officer for a solicitor to help him.

At the same time, the police arranged for a barrister to prosecute him.
When the trial began and he appeared in court for the first time, he
pleaded his innocence.
His barrister also said he was innocent and asked the court to acquit him.
While he was in prison, he applied for parole.
As a result, the judge sentenced him to two years in prison.
He was released after 18 months.
However, there were several witnesses, and the evidence against him was
overwhelming.
Having all the proof they needed, the jury returned a guilty verdict.
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Unfortunately, prison failed to rehabilitate him and after his release he
continued with his misdeeds.
Jim promised to reform and the pensioner withdraw his call for more
severe retribution.
With this in mind, instead of passing a custodial sentence, he fined him a
lot of money and ordered him to do community service.
He was re-arrested and returned to court.
His new victim, a pensioner, thought that the judge was being too lenient
on Jim and called for the reinstatement of corporal punishment and
capital punishment.
At his second trial the judge agreed that prison was not a deterrent for
Jim.
some people might commit a crime by accident and a sentence in prison
may ruin their whole further life.
police use face recognition, and motion and sensor technology to tackle
certain crimes.
Lack of Rehabilitation: Many prison systems around the world prioritize punishment and containment over
rehabilitation. Inadequate access to educational and vocational programs, mental health services, and drug addiction
treatment can leave individuals ill-equipped to reintegrate into society upon release. When prisoners are not given the
opportunity to address the root causes of their criminal behavior, they are more likely to reoffend.

Socioeconomic Factors: Individuals who enter the criminal justice system often face socioeconomic disadvantages, such
as low income, limited education, and limited access to employment opportunities. These factors can persist after
release, making it difficult for them to find stable employment, housing, and social support, which can contribute to
recidivism.

Crime
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crime is mainly attributed to:
- personality disorders and deficiencies
- poor parenting
- dysfunctional families
- parental conflicts
- family breakdown
- lack of decent housing
- poor education
- prolonged unemployment
- financial problems
- relaxation of criminal laws
- lack of law enforcement

Suggestions to reduce crime:

Cultural measures:
- programs intended to strengthen family values and re-educate
offenders
- promoting ethical values in the society
Economic measures:
- providing job opportunities
- raising public welfare
- increasing income level
Crime deterrent measures:
- adopting stricter laws and punishments-oriented approaches
- prisons should serve these 4 functions: isolation, punishment,
rehabilitation, and deterrence.
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Social factors:
- eliminate any kind of discrimination
- provide equal opportunities for all people

Far be it from me to tell you whether they should be sent to jail or not.

Bribery
causes and contributing factors:
bribery is rooted in
- lack of accountability
- inefficient administrative systems
- lack of transparency in financial affairs
- mismanagement

Financial corruption is committed due to:

- lack of well-defined or rigid laws
- incomplete regulations
- laxity of administrative laws
- slow judicial process
- decline in personal ethical sensitivity
Bribery Effects:
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 - bribery is against organizational code of ethics
- bribery is the abuse of power and authority
- corruption and bribery hinder sustainable development and
economic growth
- corruption intensifies discrimination, inequality, dishonest behaviors

Suggestions to prevent bribery:

- promoting moral values
- defining efficient administrative systems
- cutting red tape
- introducing stricter laws and imposing heavy penalties
- bribe takers and bribe givers should be treated severely

a criminal = a wrongdoer = a lawbreaker

crime writer
Violent crime (rape, murder, kidnapping, car-jacking)
cybercrime
petty crime (vandalism, shoplifting, trespassing)
trespassing (going on private property)
burglary (steal from the house)
arson (burn a building)
kleptomania (addiction to stealing) is some sort of illness.
genocide (killing people on a massive scale due to their ethnicity, race)
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smuggling (taking illegally across the border) / drug smuggling
phishing is some kind of cybercrime.
white collar crime: fraud, bribery, embezzlement.
to commit a criminal act
to have criminal record
juvenile delinquents
Minors = young people / teens
young offenders
prison will not act as a deterrent
Community service will deter juvenile delinquents.
ensure the safety of out citizens

punishments:
to go to prison/jail = to serve a prison sentence
She served a life sentence in prison.
to do community service
punishment is a deterrent against crime = a discouragement

question1) How can technology help tackle crime?

The police can use technology to get digital fingerprints, and analyze them
in a database, and so this helps them identify criminals.
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plays crucial role

question2) Is the crime rate nowadays lower than in the past?

It is not black and white = it is hard to say = it is not easy to say

recidivist
recidivism

IDIOMS
to turn to a career of crime
“He fell in (make friends in negative way) with some bad boys, and turned
to a career of crime”
to be caught red handed = to be caught in the act
“He was caught red handed stealing money from the cash till.”
to do time = spend time in prison
“He is doing time after he was caught for drunk driving.”
to go straight = follow the rules and obey the law
“After 2 years behind bars, he has decided to go straight”
to keep your nose clean = to go straight

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to blow the whistle on someone = to tell the police that someone is
committing a crime.

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Lesson 23 – Law/Justice
The government is responsible for passing laws (approving new laws to be
put into practice), and the courts and legal system are in charge of
upholding and enforcing the law (applying the law to the population).
When a person is charged with a crime, he or she must appear in court to
stand trial (be judged guilty or innocent).
Both the prosecution and the defense will present their case before the
judge and jury. After consideration, the judge or jury will reach a verdict
(arrive at a destination).
If there is irrefutable, overwhelming, or concrete evidence, this means
that it is very obvious that the person committed the crime, and it is
possible that the jury will unanimous (meaning they all agree) in their
decision.
However, if the evidence is circumstantial or inconclusive, then the
decision will be more difficult – it is possible to have a hung jury, which
cannot agree on the verdict.
Less serious crimes will receive a light sentence. For example, the offender
may have to pay the fine or do community service.
For more serious crimes, the person will probably go to prison, and
especially heinous crimes can result in a harsh sentence such as life in
prison (life imprisonment) or, in some places, the death penalty.
After the decision is made, the lawyers can choose to appeal the verdict
(try to change the decision), and the case may turn into a prolonged legal
battle as the courts decide whether to uphold or overturn the original
verdict.

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“uphold” meaning to continue with the original decision
“overturn” meaning to change the decision
As a convicted criminal is serving time (spending time in prison), he or she
should remember the possibility of being released from prison early for
good behavior, as long as they are not deemed a threat to society.
A criminal who is released early is said to be on parole, meaning that he or
she must comply with certain conditions after getting out of jail such as
getting a job and refraining from drug/alcohol use.

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Lesson 24 – War & Peace
When a war begins, we can say that war has broken out or violence has
erupted in the region. When one country officially enters into a state of
war, then they have declared war on the enemy country.
Sometimes, one country performs a pre-emptive strike (an early attack)
against another.
For example, if it suspects that the other country is stockpiling weapons
(creating collection of weapon) that will be used for a future attack.
The other country may view this as an unprovoked attack (an unfair attack
without a reason), and tensions may rise until the area is on the brink of
war (meaning that war is very probable).
Sending in the military is often called deploying troops.
The soldiers may be stationed/posted in a certain area to protect it, or
they may launch an offensive in which they storm/invade enemy territory.
When the soldiers begin firing their guns, we say that they opened fire.
Unfortunately, the horrors of war affect everyone, as innocent people are
always caught in the crossfire (in the middle of the violence without
participating in it).
Both sides are sure to suffer civilian casualties and there will be collateral
damage to the countries’ infrastructures.
War also results in many refugees displaced by the violence.
they may resettle in another area or flee to another country.
If a particular battle was an important turning point in the war, then it is
called a decisive battle.
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Sometimes another country intervenes and helps the two sides negotiate
a truce/ ceasefire.
If successful, this can restore peace, but it may be a fragile/uneasy peace.
More work will still be needed to bring stability to the area and establish a
lasting peace.
Often, peacekeeping forces remain in the region to try to avert war (avoid
war).

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Lesson 25 – Global Problems
One critical issue is preserving and protecting the environment.
The burning of fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases that deplete the
ozone layer and result in global warming and climate change.
Some scientists believe that we have already done irreparable damage to
the planet, and now we are suffering the consequences of rising sea levels
and increasingly frequent natural disasters such as earthquakes,
hurricanes, and tornados.
A number of animal species have gone extinct, and many more are
endangered.
To reserve this trend, we must invest in clean energy with renewable
resources and utilize manufacturing methods that are not harmful to the
environment.
There are still many regions of the world where children die of
hunger/starvation.
Unfortunately, extreme poverty is common in the rural areas of
developing countries, where the population often suffers from food
shortage and lack of access to clean water.
In the cities, homeless people sleep on the streets if there is not enough
room in local homeless shelters.
There are also many families on the margin of the society (outside the
dominant society and culture) who are living below the poverty line and
struggle to make ends meet every month.

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Although many governments create welfare programs to alleviate poverty,
the widening gap between rich and poor suggests that poverty may not
never be completely eradicated.
Poverty and underdevelopment contribute to a host of additional
problems as well.
For example, many people die of preventable diseases because they have
no access the safe and effective vaccines that exist.
A number of large corporation use child labor in the manufacturing of
their product, as poor families may feel they have no other option for
survival.
In addition, young women from disadvantaged background are prime
targets for human trafficking and sexual exploration.

Thousands of buildings were flattened in the San Francisco earthquake of

1906.
The hurricane damaged properties all along the coast.
A tornado struck the southern coast with tremendous force.
The typhoon caused immense damage in the regions along the coast.
The volcano has been dormant for years, but last month it showed signs of
new life.
Several explosions were heard during the night as the army occupied the
city.
The American civil war of 1861 – 1865 was fought between the south and
the north.

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There has been a huge accident on the motorway.
Torrential rain has brought several problems.
The storm caused widespread devastation along the coast.
The floods were caused by heavy rain.
Relief workers are bringing food to drought-stricken areas.
Famine is widespread in parts of Africa, with millions suffering from
malnutrition.
The authorities are taking steps to prevent an epidemic of cholera.
The plague was spread from rats to fleas and then on to humans.

Global warming
global warming is due to
- the increase of gases which trap the heat of the sun
- natural changes in climatic patterns
- excessive use of fossil fuels
- emission of pollutants and deforestation

Effects of global warming:

- global warming is the cause of a number natural disasters such as
floods, draughts, blizzards and earthquakes.
- rising sea levels
- reshaping shorelines
- melting polar ices

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Suggestions to reduce global warming:
- imposing and enforcing tougher laws to reduce air pollution
- developing energy efficiency programs to limit carbon emission
- curbing greenhouse gas emission
- developing environmentally-friendly alternatives of carbon-based
fuels
- tree planning programs
- promoting initiatives intended to heighten people’s awareness about
global warming

The carbon cycle, Carbon footprint, eco-friendly

Suggestions to minimize or deal with the effects of natural disasters:

- Delivering relief supplies and vital first aid to victims such as medical
care, mass shelters
- presence of trained emergency services and international rescue
crews
- increasing anti-earthquake construction standards
- ensuring high standards of building and building codes
- buildings should be well-structured and resistant enough to
withstand earthquakes
- public awareness-raising programs

Precaution, calamity, aftershock,

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Water pollution
causes:
- domestic wastes
- polluted agriculture runoff
- industrial emission
- washout of poisonous chemicals from dumps
- inadequate sewage treatment
Effects:
- endangers human life and natural ecosystems
- destroy water quality and causes great loss in agriculture
- threat underwater life
- life-threatening health problems such as cholera

suggestion to address this issue:

- anti-pollution programs
- sea dumping should be strictly prohibited
- designing efficient waste disposal systems to prevent water
pollutions
- increasing public awareness

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Lesson 26 – Time
Are you always in a rush, or do you take your time?
Do you spend your time efficiently or do you waste time and procrastinate
important tasks, then stay up working ungodly hours?
It has taken me ages, but I have finally adopted some time-management
habits:
- Plan things well in advance and do not underestimate the amount of
time things will take, otherwise you will end up being slave to your
grueling schedule.
- Take care of time-consuming tasks on a day when you have no
pressing commitments.
- Establish a timeline for major projects, so that you do not leave
things to the last minute and risk running out of time.
- Then, stick to the schedule and try to get ahead if possible.
- There is nothing worse than falling behind on a project with a strict
deadline.
- Leave home and work a little earlier than normal to avoid rush hour.
(the time when there is a lot of traffic because everyone is going to
work or coming home from work)
- Sleep for eight solid hours every night; you will wake up with more
energy.
If you are working from dawn till dusk (from the early morning to the late
evening) and you have little or no spare/free time, it could mean that you
are overworked, and you should cut back on your hours (reduce your
working hours) to free up some time.

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Lesson 27 – Music & Sound
a music lover
soundtracks
a melody
lyrics
a tune
rhythm
in tune/ out of tune
a band
a choir
an orchestra
a composer
a performer
an artist
drums
a guitar
a noise free place
music pieces
to play musical instruments
an audience
to release a music album

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musical training
musical training helps develop language and reasoning.
practicing with musical instruments can improve hand-eye coordination.
an enjoyable subject like music can keep kids interested and engaged in
school.

Have you ever learnt to play a musical instrument?

I tried playing several musical instruments when I was a kid such as the
piano, the guitar and the drums, but I eventually select to pursue my
musical dreams with the piano and I can still play several classical music
pieces.

Is music an important subject at school in your country?

yes, nowadays there are some specific majors in high schools in which
students focus on music and its fundamentals.
music is considered as important subject in my country due to the fact
that musical training helps develop language and reasoning and can
improve hand-eye coordination.

I woke up to the lovely sound of my wife playing the piano.

I could hear the soft sound of their voices in the other room.
The fighting cats made horrible screeching sounds.
I cannot hear you. There is a lot of background noise. Could you call me
back?
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My car is making an annoying buzzing noise whenever I turn on the A/C.
If a noise or a sound is very strong, we can describe it as a loud
sound/noise.
And if it is really intense, then we can describe it as a deafening
sound/noise.
On the other hand, if we can barely hear it, then it is a faint or soft
sound/noise.
There is also a muffled sound when it seems that something is blocking
the sound.
Noise that does not stop is called constant/incessant noise. You will hear
this type of noise if your house is close to the highway.
For example, you will hear the roar of traffic day and night.
If you work in a factory, then you might hear the hum of machinery all day
long.
If you live next door to college students, you will probably hear music
blaring as they party every night.
Nature is full of noises, too. Such as birds chirping and dog barking.
If you sit near the ocean, you can listen to the wave crashing.
When you are in a remote, deserted area, you might hear the wind
whistling through the trees.
If there is a storm, you will hear the rumble of thunder, or be scared by a
sudden thunderclap.
You can emphasize the totality of the silence by saying that it was
absolutely, completely, or perfectly silent.

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When it begins to be silent, you can say that silence descended or fell, and
then when a noise interrupts the silence, it breaks or shatters the silence.
The kids were oddly, strangely, uncharacteristically quiet.
His joke about sex was followed by an awkward/uncomfortable silence.
After yelling at her brother, she lapsed into a stony/sullen silence. (the
silence is due to an anger)
There was a shocked/stunned silence after the president announced his
resignation. (the silence is due to extreme surprise)
The city becomes ominously/eerily quiet midnight. (The quiet is
frightening and possibly dangerous)
Noisy places give me stress, and I can’t concentrate on my work.
There are so many kinds of noises in our area. Traffic horns, noises from
construction sites, and loud speakers.
Sometimes I want to move to a small village away from the big and
bustling cities.
excessive noise can disturb other people, and people should be mindful of
their neighbors and surroundings.
You have every right to complain to the authorities if people are being
very noisy.
noise pollution has become an inevitable part of our life.
whether we like it or not, we have to tolerate it. we can’t escape it.
There is a law against using loudspeakers after 10 PM but people do not
abide by the law in the name of religion.

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They do not realize that some people might be suffering from excessive
noise.
I closed all windows of my house to reduce that sound, but it did not make
any difference.
I am not against any religious event, but I am definitely against using loud
speakers in mid night.
Noise pollution has a negative effect on our mental health as well as
physical health.
Once in a while, I like to attend parties and functions where DJ is playing
loud music and I can dance and enjoy with my friends and relatives
As the sources of noise are increasing, so definitely we are suffering from
more and more noise these days.

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Lesson 28 – Size
She lives in a big house = She lives in a large house
We tend to use large with drink sizes: a large coffee, a large soda as well
as with clothing sizes: small, medium, and large.
Large is usually used with words referring to statistics and measurements,
such as quantity, number, amount, increase, and proportion.
A large number of students enrolled in the course.
The factory began large-scale/small-scale production of automotive parts.
There are a number of collocations in which we must use “big”. These
include situations and events, for example: a big accomplishment, a big
decision, a big disappointment, a big failure, a big improvement, a big
mistake, and a big surprise.
a tall building, tall trees, and a tall man/woman.
An airplane is flying 10,000 feet high, or that an apple is on a low branch
of a tree.
High/low prices
High/low levels
High/low quality
High/low rate
High/low degree
She lives in a small house.
She lives in a cute little house.
They have three small children.
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We adopted a small dog.
We adopted a poor little dog that had been abandoned in the park.
I made a little money from a temporary job.
I slept very little last night
There is little salt in this food.

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Lesson 29 – Light
We use the expression “the sun is shining” to talk about the sun emitting
light.
If the light is so strong that it is difficult to see, we can describe it as
blinding sunlight.
If the light is not very strong, then it is weak sunlight.
When the sun sets, everything grows dark.
If there is a full moon, then there will still be some lights.
But if there is a crescent moon or a new moon, then it will be pitch
dark/black and you will be able to see the stars twinkling in the night sky.
To describe the strength of a light, you can use the words “bright” and
“dim”.
A fluorescent light bulb emits bright light, and the faint glow of a flickering
candle is dim light.
When light shines on an object, it makes the object cast a shadow.
An area that protected from the sunlight is often called “the shade”.
If you do not want to get sunburned, it is a good idea to sit in the shade.
We use the word “lighting” to refer to a system of artificial lights,
especially inside a house or building.
A place can have bright/strong lighting or the opposite – soft/subdued
lighting.
Along the highways and roads, we have street lights.

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If it is nighttime and the power goes out (or there is a power outage – a
lack of electrical power), then the city will be plunged into darkness.
You can describe the darkness as complete/total darkness to emphasize
that it is 100% dark. People will have to use flashlights or light candles to
be able to see until the next morning when the sun rises/comes up.

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Lesson 30 – Color
light brown
dark brown
If a color is very intense, you can describe it as bright – bright red
If the color is not very intense, you can describe it as pale – a pale green
bold/vivid colors are very intense.
pastel colors are light or pale
The flowers are yellow with a tinge of pink in the middle.
Some colors look good together, in this case, we can say that the color
match.
Other colors look terrible together, in this case, we can say that the colors
clash.
When the color of person’s clothes looks good with that person’s skin
tone, you can say “that color suits you” or “that color looks good on you”.
paint a house
paint your nails
dye your hair blonde and dye a shirt blue.

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Lesson 31 – Texture
Dry hair/ Oily or greasy hair
Dry skin/ Oily skin
A smooth / rough surface
calm water/ rough water
Hard/ soft object
Tender/ tough meat – meat that is tender is easy to cut and chew, and
meat that is tough is difficult to cut and chew.
A knife or pencil can be sharp – meaning it can cut.
A knife is dull – meaning it has lost its ability to cut.
Potatoes soften when you cook them in boiling water.
Snow hardens if the temperature decreases and the snow begins turning
into ice.
A person’s voice softens when they begin speaking in more friendly tone,
and their voice hardens when they begin speaking in less friendly tone.
sauces, soups, puddings, and chocolate can be creamy.
Crackers, chips, bacons, and other hard foods can be crunchy or crispy.
Caramels and other types of candy can be chewy.
When you overcooked meat, it becomes tough and chewy.
Hamburgers, French fries, and chicken wings can be greasy.

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Lesson 32 – Smell
Aroma, scent, and fragrance all describe a good smell.
Wonderful aroma of a cake that has just been taken out of the oven.
The fresh scent of flowers
The sweet fragrance of a woman’s perfume
The word smell is neutral; you can have the lovely smell of the fresh-baked
bread.
The horrible smell of rotting food.
It smells delicious / It smells nasty.
The words stench, stink, and odor all describe bad smells
There is the foul odor of a dead animal
revolting stench of sewage
The unpleasant smell of a person who does not take showers or use
deodorant is called body odor.
To describe the strength of smells, you can say they are light/faint smells
or strong smells.
When a smell is extremely strong, you can say it is an overpowering smell.
A smell that you recognize can be called a familiar smell.
A smell that is unique and easy to identify can be called a distinctive smell
or unmistakable smell.
Smells can “waft” – that means float through the air.
the mouth-watering scent of chocolate chip cookies wafted across the
room.
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The acrid smell of smoke filled the hallway.
if a smell stays in a place for a long time, we can use the verb linger.
The spicy aroma of her cooking lingered in the kitchen for hours.
earthy/fishy/fruity/metallic smell: smells like soil/dirt, fish, fruit, or metal.
rancid/putrid smell: a disgusting smell of things and mold
a pervasive smell: a smell that tends to fill the space and remain there
a pungent smell: a smell that is sharp and strong. it almost hurts your nose

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Lesson 33 – Taste
food tastes good/bad
food tastes divine/heavenly
food tasted gross/disgusting
It “tastes funny” – that means it tasted unusual, with a negative
connotation. For example, this milk tastes funny, it might be past its
expiration date.
It is very common to say that something tastes like something else.
I had frog’s legs once – they tasted like chicken.
We can say something has a nutty, fruity, cheesy, minty, or salty flavor
This wine has a fruity taste/flavor.
a bitter flavor, a sour taste, a sweet taste
If a food has a lot of flavor, then it can be described as strong or rich – the
strong flavor of garlic, the rich flavor of chocolate
When the level of flavor is low, it is a mild flavor or a subtle flavor. (Both
have positive connotation)
This cheese has a nice, mild flavor.
The subtle flavor of ginger adds a nice touch to this marinade.
bland taste/flavor is a way to describe food with little flavor, with a
negative connotation.
These crackers have such a bland flavor that it feels like I am snacking on
cardboard.

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Lesson 34 – Statistics
We use “number” with countable nouns, and “amount with uncountable
nouns”.
A large number of people
A massive amount of damage
A significant number of countries
A considerable amount of money
A tiny number of computers
A miniscule amount of alcohol
Number and statistics can increase or decrease, rise or fall.
the sudden improvement in the economy has resulted in a dramatic drop
in unemployment and a sharp rise in consumer spending.
When a number goes up or down slowly, then we can talk about a gradual
increase in population or slow decline in the number of violent crimes.
If number does not change, then it remains steady or remains constant.
We use the word “widespread” to describe something that is happening
frequently in many places.
There being widespread dissatisfaction with the government.
A new book winning widespread acclaim in the literary world.
A hurricane can cause widespread damage.
a presidential candidate can have widespread support among voters of a
certain demographic.

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Lesson 35 – Movement & Speed
A fast car, a fast train, a fast runner, work fast, drive fast, learn fast.
A quick lunch, a quick glance, a quick shower, a quick decision
a rapid increase/decline, a rapid change, rapid growth, rapid progress
A speedy recovery from the surgery
A speedy resolution to the problem
The swift action of the police enabled criminal to be caught immediately.
We received a swift response to our request for information.
The word prompt means “fast and punctual”
You can give a prompt reply to an e-mail, and receive prompt delivery of a
product you ordered.
The word “hasty” means fast and in a rush.
He made a hasty exit from the party when she saw his ex-girlfriend walk
in.
You might come to a hasty conclusion before considering all the evidence,
and make hasty decision that you will regret later.
When you are driving, you need to pay attention to the speed limit.
If you are driving at breakneck speed (extremely fast), then you might
need to slow down.
If you get caught in a speed trap (where the police measure the velocity of
passing cars), you might have to pay a speeding ticket (penalty for driving
too fast).

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Of course, you might need to put on a burst of speed (sudden increase in
speed) to pass a car that is moving at a snail’s pace.
If major construction is being done on the road, then traffic might slow to
a crawl and eventually come to a standstill. (stop completely)
To talk about changes in speed, we can say gaining speed or speeding up
or loosing speed or slowing down.
To talk about eating or walking in a slow and relaxed way, you can use the
word “leisurely” – after a leisurely breakfast, we took a leisurely stroll
through the park.

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Lesson 36 – Changes
make adjustments
make modifications
make alterations
(informal: make tweaks)
We made a few tweaks to the website
To talk about bigger changes, we can use the verbs “transform” and
”revolutionize”.
The internet has revolutionized the way people communicate.
The city transformed the vacant lot into a playground.
change your clothes
When you remove a baby’s dirty diaper and out on a clean one, you
change the baby’s diaper.
When you reverse a decision or opinion, then you change your mind.
When you introduce a different topic of conversation, then you change
the subject.
When you change your religion, then we often use the verb “convert”.
I converter to Christianity.
My brother wants to convert to Islam.
Bananas turn black if you put them in the refrigerator.
Our living room couch turns into a bed.
My sister became angry when she found out I had broken her computer.
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It is becoming apparent/clear that the treatment is not working.
The band’s music became popular among teenagers.
It is becoming more difficult to separate one’s personal and professional
life.
My brother became an actor.
I am getting excited about my upcoming trip to Spain.
It is getting more expensive to rent a place in this neighborhood.
Will it ever get easier for me to understand movies in English?
go bald: lose your hair
go blind: lose your ability to see
go deaf: lose your ability to hear
go crazy/insane: lose your mental control

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Lesson 37 – Language
making small talk
To strike up a conversation (start a conversation), you can make
comments about the weather or the local surroundings.
Stay away from delicate subjects (sensitive subjects) like religion and
politics.
you do not want to get into a lengthy discussion or have an argument.
If there is a lull in the conversation, ask the other person a question about
themselves.
If you tell a story, do not go on and on (talk too much) – remember that
you are having a brief chat; you are not making a speech.
Be careful about cracking jokes – you might end up having to apologize
profusely (apologize many times) if the person is offended.
Having good communication skills can really improve your relationships.
People appreciate it when you get straight to the point rather than
dropping hints.
Of course, nobody trusts a person who tells lies or stretches the truth
(exaggerate and distorts the facts).
If you always tell the truth, then people know they can count on you when
you give your word.
It is important to watch your tone of voice and avoid making sarcastic
remarks or disparaging comments (very negative and destructive
comments).
If you must make a complaint, ty to give construction criticism.
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If you need to ask a favor of someone, always do it politely.

Describe a foreigner who speaks your native language very well.

He probably learned it by talking to native people and being around the
culture.
it was just how kids learn their first language, just by being immersed in it.
He might have watched Iranian TV shows, movie, or read books to
improve his language skills.
He practiced Persian with his Iranian wife. this gradually improve his
conversational abilities.
He had to speak Persian very well to integrate to the society to not only be
able to do his daily affairs such as shopping but also can write professional
essays in the university.
To connect with the locals on a deeper level
to appreciate the culture from the inside
to establish meaningful relationships

to learn a language
a foreign language
to have a good command of a foreign language
to learn to speak another language
to attain fluency in a foreign language

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Is it popular to learn English in your country?
Why are so many people learning English?
it is the most commonly spoken language in the world
it is the language of science, aviation, computers and tourism
it makes it easier to travel
this help people to increase their chance to get a good job in a
multinational company
if people can speak it, they don’t need to rely on translations and subtitles
to enjoy their favourite books or films
it opens a lot of opportunities in all spheres of industry and business

Do you think English will be the mainstream language if the world in the
future?
it is already the primary world language
it dominates the tech industry
it has already the mainstream language allowing people and businesses
from different parts of the world communicate with each other easily, and
I really doubt some language will replace English as an international
language in the future.
English is the most commonly learned second language in the world

Why do people learn foreign languages?

Do you think learning a foreign language is important?

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to meet new people and develop lifelong relationships
to establish deep connections and cross-cultural friendship
to discover a new culture
to become more open-minded
to improve their employability.
to open up a world of job opportunities.
to completely transform their travel experience

Is it more important to learn foreign languages now than before?

the world is increasingly becoming globalized and knowing a second
language can give people an advantage and open up plenty of
opportunities.
with ever-increasing levels of international trade, business, tourism,
immigration and random cross-cultural experiences, knowing more than
one language is essential.
it can improve people’s employment prospects as more and more
companies are doing multinational businesses.

Is it easier for young people to learn a language than for older people?
the young mind has a more dynamic structure
children have twice as many brain synapses as an adult.
they have more time to devote to learning
it is the full time job for them throughout their school years.
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it is easier for them to overcome the fear of making mistakes

What are the difficulties of learning a new language?

What difficulties do people face when learning a language?
lack of vocabulary
grammar
hesitation in speaking
spelling rules
a fear of making mistakes
problems with pronunciation
shyness to speak in a new language
lack of opportunity to practice
lack of time

What can people do to learn a foreign language?

get immersed in the language
communicate and chat with foreign people
Watch TV shows and films in that language
read books, blogs, newspapers and magazine either online or offline
listen to interviews with the celebrities
listen to podcasts

133 | P a g e
Lesson 38 – Starting / Finishing
let’s get started
got off to a good start
good start: an encouraging start or promising start
The soccer team got off to a promising start, winning the first four games
of the season.
shaky start/ unsteady start
The business had a shaky start in the second quarter of 2023, with sales
numbers fluctuating daily.
disappointing start
disastrous start
Kevin failed every single one of his first exams – his semester was off to a
disastrous start.
Sometimes things go so badly that you need to get out of the situation
and have a completely fresh start or new beginning.
When a successful person or company started without being famous or
rich, then we say they had a humble/modest beginning.
I finished my homework.
The semester ends in December.
We need to finish the project.
We ended our partnership with that company.
When you make the final changes to something before it is completed, we
say you put the finishing touches on it.
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Two expression used to talk about ending something are come to an end
or draw to a close.
You can also say “the beginning of the end” to describe something that
will probably end soon.
The explosion at the factory was the beginning of the end for our
company.
In other words, the explosion began a process of the company failing and
eventually shutting down.
When something ends quickly, then it comes to an abrupt/ sudden end.
On the other hand, when an activity appears that it will continue. then we
say there is no end in sight.

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Lesson 39 – Success & Failure
Successful Samantha has a long list of impressive accomplishments.
It seems like everything she does ends up being a phenomenal success.
In her very first job, she created a highly effective way to motivate the
company’s employees, resulting in a dramatic improvement in workplace
morale.
Now she is developing a system for real-time translation among 100
different languages.
If she can pull it off, it will be an unprecedented success and the crowning
achievement (best or most significant achievement) of her career.
So far, the program has enjoyed modest success but is still room for
improvement.
However, Samantha says that the team is making good progress, and that
in the next month or two she hopes to make a breakthrough (make a
sudden advance in success, especially when you overcome an obstacle).
Although Samantha is very ambitious, she is also a very likeable person.
She brings out the best in other people, and quickly wins the respect of
colleagues.
Samantha’s brother, Disastrous Dan, it the opposite – everything he
attempts seems to fail miserably.
He wanted to be a doctor, but his teacher told him he was not smart
enough, dashing his hopes of a career in medicine.
He had the opportunity to do a prestigious internship in another country,
but he lost his nerve (lost his courage) and turned down the offer.
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He then applied for various jobs, but completely failed to show up to the
interviews on time.
He eventually hired, but later lost his job during an economic downturn
due to his mediocre performance and total lack of remarkable
achievements.
Dan then tried to start his own software company to compete with
Samantha’s; that was a spectacular failure.
He invested his life savings in the business, despite all his friends telling
him that it would be a recipe for disaster (very likely to result in disaster).
His sales predictions were way off the mark (completely inaccurate), and
the company went under (lost all its money and shut down) just eight
months after it was founded.
Poor Dan – it seems like he is doomed to failure (destined to be
unsuccessful).
But if all else fails, he can move into Samantha’s mansion as a last resort (a
final possibility).

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Lesson 40 – Cause & Effect
A storm can cause damage, a mechanical defect can cause a problem
unclear instructions can cause confusion
A political scandal can cause an uproar
a high-risk sport can cause injury
an infection in a hospital can cause death
You can describe something as cause for concern or cause for alarm
The growing number of teenagers dropping out of school is cause for
concern.
The rapid spread of the virus is cause for alarm.
The opening of the new school was cause for celebration in the
community.
When analyzing the problem, you can identify the main/primary cause of
the issue, but keep in mind that there may be hidden/underlying causes as
well.
The deepest or most fundamental cause is sometimes called the root
cause.
Television has a strong effect on public opinion.
Significant impact
profound impact
short-term vs. long-term effects
visible effects vs. subtle effects
powerful effect vs. minimal/negligible effects
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beneficial effect vs. adverse effect
main effect vs. side effect
have/produce results
the preliminary results are the early ones
After more time passes, you will get the final results.
Results that are obviously exist and can be proved are called
concrete/tangible results.
a result that is impossible to avoid is an inevitable result.
direct/indirect result
the desired result
likely/probable outcome
the logical outcome
an unexpected outcome

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Lesson 41 – Memories
I am trying to think of my earliest memory. I vaguely remember when my
brother was born.
I was three years old at the time, but I distinctly remember my first day of
kindergarten, when I was around five.
When I look at photos, even more memories come flooding back.
I remember my school, my teacher who would constantly remind us to
clean up the classroom, because we were always making a mess.
I had completely forgotten the teacher’s name, and my mother had to
refresh my memory (remind me of a fact I have forgotten).
I still have a lot of my toys from when I was a kid. They bring back fond
memories (pleasant memories) of long afternoons spent playing with my
brother.
I also remember a family vacation to Switzerland when I was about eight –
that was an unforgettable experience.
My most traumatic memory is of my uncle dying in a car crash when I was
ten, and the memory of the funeral still haunts me.
I still wear a bracelet that was a Christmas present from him. It serves as a
sobering reminder (it provides a serious reminder) not to take a single day
of life for granted.
unfortunately, I have a terrible memory for people’s names, unless the
name is unusual or particularly memorable.
Just the other day, I was talking to an acquaintance from church and my
mind went blank when I tried to think of her name.

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I racked my brain (tried hard to remember something), but nothing came
to mind.
My husband gently reminds me that I really need to pay more attention,
because it makes a bad impression the I call people by the wrong name.
to bear in mind
to keep in mind
memorable
factors that may contribute to difference in memory ability:
- genetics
- lifestyle choices
- environmental factors

The reason why some people have better memory than others are
multifaceted and can vary from person to person.
verbal memory
spatial memory
Some individuals may inherit genetic variations that enhance their
memory abilities, while other may inherit genetic variations that impair
their memory function.
research has shown that chronic stress, lack of sleep, and poor nutrition
can impair memory function over time.
Individuals who have high levels of social engagement and support may
have better memory.
have no access to anything except for your memory.
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want to gain a competitive advantage over someone.
want to build your reputation as an expert in your field.
get into some stressful situation
need to recall all relevant details
want to impress other people

in order to improve their memory, people should:

- eat a brain-boosting diet
- eat less added sugar
- consume fish and fish oil supplements
- maintain a healthy weight
- get enough sleep
- drink less alcohol
- play different brain games like crosswords or mobile game app
dedicated to memory training

it is necessary to eat a brain-boosting diet because the brain needs fuel

just as much as the body does.

why is difficult for some people to remember things?

- are tired, sick or stressed out
- take certain medication which can cause forgetfulness or confusion.
- have emotional disorders like stress, anxiety, and depression.

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 - suffer from sleep disorders that cause memory impairment (people
with sleep apnea show tissue loss in brain regions that help store
memory)

Describe enjoyable experience:

when I recall this event, I see memories flooding across my mind like a
kaleidoscope of pictures.
That was the first family celebration my parents had taken me with them.
I received a lot of presents in big beautiful boxes.

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Lesson 42 – Agreeing & Disagreeing
I totally agree
I strongly agree
to describe 100% agreement, you can say that a person agrees
wholeheartedly.
If you agree with part of the person’s opinion, you can say I agree up to a
point.
two people share an opinion or share a view.
if there are differences, then we call this a difference of opinion.
If the difference of opinion is very big, then two side are said to be worlds
apart on the issue.
Hopefully, two people who think differently will be able to reach a
compromise without having a heated argument.
I am afraid I disagree.
I see your point
small disagreement = minor/slight disagreement
big disagreement = major/serious disagreement
it is easy to reason with a person who disagrees respectfully.
It is more difficult to settle a disagreement if the other person disagrees
vehemently.
If a conflict continues for a long time, it can be called a long-running
dispute, and if it involves lots of angry and negative emotions, then it is a
bitter dispute.
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If the two sides cannot agree to disagree, then they may need the help of
a third party to resolve the conflict.

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Lesson 43 – Beliefs & Doubts
When you strongly/firmly believe something, we call it a deeply-held
belief or an unshakable belief.
It is possible to have a subconscious belief – a belief that you are not
actively aware of.
Your emotions can also color your judgement (influence your opinion).
A lot of people believe in superstitions – irrational beliefs that have no
basis in fact, like the number 13 being unlucky.
Others have a blind faith (believe in something without thinking) in fate or
destiny.
When new evidence appears, it can either strengthen/reinforce your
belief or undermine/weaken your belief.
When forming your beliefs, be careful about making assumptions, which
can lead to erroneous conclusions.
False beliefs held by many people are called common misconceptions.
Scientists or other researchers often publish material to help dispel
misconceptions (eliminate them).
Contrary to popular belief, it is not harmful to go swimming immediately
after eating.
If you are completely sure about something, then you can describe it as
beyond/without a shadow of a doubt.
But sometimes doubts arise.
Maybe the doubts do not even come from a fact, but you just have a
sneaking suspicion.
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A persistent feeling that casts doubts on things you previously assumed to
be true.
When you have a small doubt that persists and continues to bother you,
this is called lingering/nagging doubt.
This might be an indication that it is time to rethink/reexamine your
beliefs.
After further consideration, you just might arrive at a different conclusion.

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Lesson 44 – Deciding & Choosing
How do you make a decision?
Do you make lists of pros and cons and carefully consider all the options?
Do you trust your intuition and then make a choice based on your
feelings?
If it is an especially tough decision, you might want to ask for advice from
a good friend.
After discussing the issue in-depth and listening to your friend’s
suggestions, you can choose to either take their advice or ignore their
advice.
When you make a decision very quickly we call it a snap decision. That is
similar to a spur-of-the-moment decision.
If you do this, then you might need to defend your decision against people
who believe it was an arbitrary decision.
Some people remain undecided because they are afraid to make a costly
mistake.
In this case, weighing the possible outcomes (analyzing the possible future
results) can be helpful.
Other people are always questioning themselves and having second
thoughts about the choices they have already made.
Although it might seem attractive to keep your options open as long as
possible, you run the risk of waiting so long that you end up having no
choice

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It is fat better to develop sound judgement so that you can make wise
decisions and be confident about them.

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Lesson 45 – Claiming & Denying
Randy Fisher, president of the software company NewTech, is facing
accusation of fraud by its chief financial officer, Brian king, who has openly
accused Fisher of hiding millions of dollars of profit in off-shore bank
accounts in order to avoid paying taxes.
Fisher denies the allegations and clearly states that King has no evidence
to substantiate his claims.
However, in a leaked document (a secret document that was accidently
released to the public) from the company’s internal archives, Fisher
heavily implies that the company is in fact much more profitable than it
appears on paper.
Some journalists are now spreading the rumor that these invisible funds
were used to finance Fisher’s recent real estate investment in Central
America.
According to King, Fisher wanted him to participate in the illegal financial
scheme, and became angry when King refused his offer.
It is widely acknowledged that if Fisher were to resign, King would be the
logical successor to the position of CEO.
This has fueled speculation that there may be an ulterior motive for his
accusation.
NewTech’s public relations department has issued a statement affirming
its total compliance with tax regulations.
If indeed King’s claims are unfounded (his claims have no basis in fact),
then he will probably face legal action for unjustly and maliciously
accusing Fisher, thus resulting in damages to his reputation.

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Lesson 46 – Liking & Disliking
I am a lifelong fan of U2.
They are my all-time favorite band.
In addition to the sheer enjoyment (pure pleasure) of listening to their
music, I am also a great admirer of Bono and his philanthropic work.
He is concerned not only with the fleeting pleasure of fame and fortune,
but also with making a difference in the world.
I hold him in the highest regard (have great respect for him) for this
reason.
When my daughter was a baby, I noticed that she developed a particular
liking for classical music, and when she was six I signed her up for violin
classes.
It was a real pleasure to see her obvious enjoyment of the lesson.
She grew quite attached (strongly love) to her teacher, who says that she
has the potential to turn her great love of music into a professional career.
Now my daughter is 13 and lately she is expressed a clear preference for
the most difficult piece of music.
I tool and instant dislike to Sam from the moment we were introduced.
Within five minutes, he was talking about his deep dislike of foreigners
without knowing that my own parents were immigrants from Argentina.
He said he had nothing but contempt for people who abandoned their
own countries to come to ours, and then began making horribly racist
jokes and comments.

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I have no idea where Sam’s blind/irrational hatred of foreigners come
from, but he seems to have developed a strong aversion to interacting
with anyone who is the slightest bit different from him.
I try to be polite, but deep down I hate him with a passion (hate him a lot).

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Lesson 47 – Praising & Criticizing
When I told my family I wanted to be professional musician, I faced a
barrage of criticism from my parents, who strongly disapproved of the
idea.
I had a feeling that they would only give their blessing (give their approval)
to more traditional career track.
I countered their criticism by pointing out that I would rather follow my
passion and enjoy my job than get rich working a job I hated,
Although they gave their grudging approval (reluctant approval) to my
enrollment in music school, I could tell by my father’s frown of disapproval
(disapproving facial expression) that he wished I would study law or
medicine instead.
The only person who encouraged me was my aunt, who thinks the world
of me and has always offered enthusiastic support for my hopes and
dreams.
She heartily approved of my plans and dismissed my parent’s criticism as
ridiculous.
My parents finally came around when I gave my first concert in Carnegie
Hall, to a standing ovation (when the audience stands up and claps for an
extended period of time.
The critics had given my show rave reviews (extremely positive
evaluations), describing it as an outstanding performance.
After seeing me on stage, my parents congratulated me warmly and
apologized for the scathing criticisms they had made in the past.

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Later, I heard them speaking highly of (saying good things about) my music
to some of their friends.
I had finally won their approval.

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Lesson 48 – Metaphor
When we say that something is lightning fast, we are using the quality of
lighting (to describe something that is extremely fast).
the root of the problem = fundamental reason for the problem.
If someone’s face or eyes light up, it means that they suddenly get very
happy or excited. You can also say someone’s eyes are shining with
delight.
The expression lighten the mood means to make a depressing
atmosphere/situation more relaxed and happy.
On the other hand, if someone’s face/eyes/expression darkens, it means
that they suddenly appear sad on angry.
Dark days or dark times refer to periods of time that are bad or
unpleasant, full of problems.
You can say that ideas are flowing or conversation is flowing to describe
when it is proceeding easily and naturally.
People poured/streamed into the stadium (to describe continuous
movement of large groups of people) or that people trickled into the
church (when only few people come, occasionally).
The expression waves of disappointment or waves of sadness refer to
strong feelings.
A heated discussion or heated debate is one that is very intense, often
with negative emotions like anger.
If someone has a fiery temper, it means that when they get angry, they
get very angry, and could possibly explode.

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There is also an expression tempers flared to describe a situation when
people began to get angry.
The verbs kindle and spark describe the act of starting fires.
something can kindle interest/enthusiasm/hope.
something can spark outrage/controversy.
It is difficult for a plant to grow in soil that has a lot of rocks. So if
something gets off to a rocky start, it means that it encountered many
problems in the beginning.
Thorns are the small, sharp growths that appears on some plants.
The expression a thorny issue describes a matter that is difficult,
complicated, and possibly dangerous.
The word blossom is used to describe when a flower appears and opens,
revealing all its beauty. So if a romance/friendship is blossoming, then it is
developing in a beautiful way.
If your efforts begin to produce the desired results, we can say your
efforts are bearing fruit.
If some event plants seeds of hope, it means it produces a small feeling
that can grow into a stronger emotion over time.

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Lesson 49 – Friends
to keep in touch
to hit it off with somebody
to rub shoulders with
to be in tune with
close friends
a true friend
inseparable friends
IDIOM:
- blood is thicker than water (family is more important than anything
else)

Friends are really important as they are the only people who can tolerate
my bad mood.
they always support me without expectations and assurance.
the most important thing about my friend is the fact that they accept and
love me for who I am.
they always give me sound advices.
they come as the cure for loneliness and they unconditionally love me.
they are open and free access to ultimate laughs and fun time.
I really love them and can’t imagine my life without communication with
them.

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play table and card games together
prepare and enjoy the tasty meal together
go to live sporting events
go to concerts
We often go to cinemas, live sport events and restaurants to have a
pleasant experience together.
In spring and summer we often have picnics or outdoor parties enjoying
barbecue and backyard games.
at weekends we sometimes exercise together going either on a bike or for
a swim.

I prefer having many friend as the more friends I have, the happier I am.
Also different people can enrich my life as they can share their precious
experiences and insights.

Do you have many friends?

I am warm blooded person and I enjoy to communicate with other people
due to the fact that they can enrich my life with their precious insights and
experiences.
If we have many friends, we can always find someone to hang around
with.
Also, when times are hard we will never be alone and always get
necessary care and support.

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trustworthy/honest/loyal/supportive/caring/considerate/encouraging

What kind of people do you like to have as friends?

I like to make friends with considerate and encouraging people who will
support me when times are hard.
It is also important for me to choose friends among trustworthy people to
be sure I can always rely on them and tell them all my secrets.

Do you prefer to spend time with friends or alone?

it depends! When I am exhausted, I always opt for spending time alone in
order to recover from the stress of daily living and revitalize my mind and
body.
I also like to stay on my own when I need to engage in deep thoughts,
improve my concentration and increase productivity.
but I definitely give my preference to spending time with friends when I
want to have fun, laugh, exercise.
Spending time with close friends always boosts my happiness and increase
my sense of belonging and purpose.

Do you like to spend time with friends?

Yes, I really like to have fun, laugh and experience something new
together with my friends.
Spending time with close friends always boosts my happiness and increase
my sense of belonging and purpose.
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to revitalize my mind and body.
to increase productivity.
to gain a better understanding of what I do in life.

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Lesson 50 – Helping
willing to help other people
to behave selflessly
to put others before yourself
The highest example of altruism I have personally encountered …

How you know this person?

The most helpful person I have ever encountered is my teammate.
We have been working in many projects together before we started to
become friends.

How this person helps others?

He is really talented in problem-solving.
He manages to come up with brilliant solution to problems we
encountered.
He helps his colleagues deal with different work-related problems.

How do you consider this person is helpful?

I have never heard he says no to me when I ask for help.
He is always willing to give a helping hand to me

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She is the first person my colleagues and I rush to when we have some
dilemma.
When someone is ill or when someone is on a business trip, he covers for
this person.
He helps me out in any difficult situation I face.
when I am away, I ask him to feed my pets, water my flowers and keep an
eye on my flat.

How can children help parents with?

help around the house
help parents with preparing meals and set the table for meals
take out rubbish
clean their rooms
I think children, regardless of their age, can help their parents in many
different ways.
Even 2-year-olds can contribute to chores by performing simple tasks like
picking up their toys and books, putting clothes on clothes hooks.
Older children can take on bigger chores like feeding pets, taking out
rubbish, ….

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Lesson 51 – clothing
Anything that is jam-packed is as crowded or full as it can be.
a wardrobe staple = something that you must have among your clothing
items
go-to = suitable in any situation, favorite
a day-to-day outfit
my to-go clothes are …
my day-to-day outfit is …
When dressing up, I like to wear something …
My favorite style of clothing is …
fashionable, classy, stylish, chic, latest, trendy, dressy, smart
comfy yet stylish
simple in color and cut
grayscale look
not to look like the back end of a bus (not to look good)
I personally believe that, the way you dressed affects the way you are
treated.
I feel great when I look stylish.
jogging suits (running slowly), warm-ups, wind-suits, golf clothing
running shorts, biking shorts, tennis skirts
polo-style shirt, baggy shirt, T-shirts with cool prints
long-sleeve shirt, leather jacket, crisp jeans, boots, dressy shoes
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dominant in one’s wardrobe
dark clothes:
- look more formal
- conservative and serious
- make people look classy
- make woman look slimmer
light clothes:
- better for summer
- reflect heat
- do not absorb heat
- show the dirt easily
What kind of clothes do you like to wear?
I prefer wearing clothes that are comfy yet stylish.
Also I do not like to dress up and stand out from the crowd.
However, I feel terrible if I look like the back end of a bus.
So, a pair of skinny jeans with long-sleeve shirt is what I am ready to wear
day in and day out.
I do not like the clothes that feel like they are trying to strangle me.
I am a fan of clothes that are dressy, but simple in color and cut.
I feel great when I look stylish.
My favorite day-to-day outfit in the summer is ….

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What color clothes do you like to wear?
Well my outfits of choices are usually monochromatic grayscale look.
it depends. For instance, in the office I would go for darker clothes as they
would let me look more formal and respectable.
However, in the summer time I would definitely switch to lighter clothes
because they would not absorb as much heat as darker ones.
I love wearing bright clothes as I really like drawing attention to myself.

What are the differences between men and women’s preference in color?
Well, there is no universal answer. I guess it depends on personality and
age, not gender.
For example, those want to look more serious or conventional, be it men
or women, would choose black or silver cars and dark clothes.
Older people tend to use dark colors more than others, whereas kids go
got something bright.

My all-time favorite piece of clothing is …

a custom T-shirt
It was a farewell gift from colleagues
My girlfriend gave it to me for a dating anniversary.
My husband gave it to me as a gift for a wedding anniversary.
I bought it as a souvenir when I was travelling in China.

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I love this pair of jeans because they feel like a second skin.
It is soft and comfortable.
Also, I can match it with anything, be it formal, casual, street style or even
corporate.
This shop is for people with deep pocket
work wear
office wear
clothes for everyday wear
When should people wear formal clothes?
Some formal event
any meeting
promote self-respect
draw the right kind of attention
send a message that they are professional
leave a good first impression

Do people wear formal clothes more often than before?

I think yes. Because they want to be successful and send a message that
they are professional.
formal clothes help people to feel powerful and leave a good first
impression, which gives them a competitive edge.

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Do you think people should wear formal clothes in the workplace?
I guess it depends on the position they hold and the company they work.
In some companies, employees are allowed to dress freely or casually for
comfort, which mostly works in a creative work environment.
However, companies in which employees continuously work with clients
and business partners need a dress code to maintain a work-related image
and company’s prestige.

Why and when do people from different countries wear different

traditional clothes?
represent their culture and identity
play an important symbolic role in the preservation of national values and
cultural heritage.
help people show their affinity
The reason why some people opt for folk costumes is the fact that such
clothes are generally made from natural fibers, which make them
comfortable and eco-friendly.
Do old people change their style of clothing?
There are various psychological and biological changes occurring during
senescence which have an effect upon the clothing needs and
preferences.
Clothing choices for seniors are mostly determined by functionality and
comfort.

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Lesson 52 – gifts
to give a gift or present
to receive a gift or present
to give books and handmade gifts as well as home décor presents such as
candles, and frames.
Many people also give flowers and chocolates, especially as thank you
present.
cash as a wedding or birthday gift.
I like giving expensive gifts as I like to fulfill dreams of my beloved people.
I feel happy when I made other people happy, buying what they cannot
afford.
expensive gifts create high expectations, which I don’t like.
expensive gifts mean more pressure on my monthly expenses which, in
turn, means I will have to refuse from something I really need in order to
please another person with something costly.
I quit often buy gifts for my relatives because I like to show
thoughtfulness, love and affection to my close people, and raise the smile
on their face.
Why people give gifts? to show interests and appreciation, or express
gratitude to others.
They also give gifts to mark milestones and just bring joy and pleasure to
the ones they love.
Have you ever received a gift which you did not like? yes, but I did not
show it because any present worth a thank you.
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I couldn’t come up with an idea when and where to use it.
I got a shirt from my roommate which I did not like at all as it was baggy.
I struggled to bring a smile to my face to show gratitude to the giver.
I have calculated that if I put away/save a considerable amount of money
each month, I can save up for the gift in a year.
I know it is going to take a while to save up for this gift because I want to
make sure I am not sacrificing other important expenses like bills and
groceries. So it might take a year or two.
My current financial situation means that it will take a long time to save up
for the gift, maybe even 3 or 4 years.
realistically, it is going to take some time to save up for the gift considering
my income and other financial obligations.
I want to buy an expensive gift for my friend because I want her to know
how much I value her friendship.
I want to make her feel special and appreciated, and I think expensive gift
will convey that message.
My partner and I have been together for five years, and I want to buy her
an expensive gift to celebrate our anniversary. I want to buy an expensive
gift for my best friend because I want to create a memorable experience
for her.
The gift that I am saving for now is a diamond ring that I plan to give to my
girlfriend for her upcoming birthday.
I remember the day we were walking in the street and we stopped by a
jewelry store where she stared to mesmerizing diamond ring and she
suddenly said If I ever get engaged, this would be the kind of ring I want.
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But when I saw the price tag I realized that this is going to be a lot more
expensive that I thought. I didn’t want to settle for a cheap imitation so
that was the moment I decided to save up.
It is not always easy to skip to my budget, but I know it will be worth it
when I see her face when she opens the gift.
I hope that gift will help demonstrate the depth of my feeling for her.

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Lesson 53 – Hometown
in the heart of the city
within a short stroll
city facilities = city amenities
an industrial city
it is a safe place to live
rapidly developing
densely-populated
a full access to urban services
the main city facilities:
- an airport
- a train station
- a bus station
- cinemas and movie houses
- sport centers, stadiums
- entertainment centers
- recreational facilities
There are a number of educational institutions
There are narrow (or wide) streets
There are many skyscrapers, high-rise buildings, multi-storied building
The city looks like concrete jungle
The cost of living is high
There is an extensive network of trains and buses.
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the town prides itself on having something
My town is famous for numerous industrial regions.
There is rich cultural heritage
is a famous for production of something
place of cultural/historic values
I am completely satisfied with living there
I do not like to my city because:
the biggest problem is traffic congestions which make this town so
crowded most of the time.
What irritates me most is …
What I particularly dislike is ….
It is impossible to get a fresh air
too crowded / too noisy
environmental pollution
poor air quality
harmful emissions
a high crime rate
poor public transport
Karaj is one of the most expensive cities in Iran to live in.
it is a densely populated place, so the city is always crowded and noisy.
Moreover, traffic congestion is a norm here.
It has very rich story which make this city a melting pot.
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It is never boring to live here as the city provides a wide array of
entertainment.
This is true that there are lots of high rise buildings in Karaj. But it is the
biggest misconception because the most of the city is occupied by parks,
beaches and mountains.
Although it is relatively small city, nearly 5 million people live here.
Karaj is one of the most populated macro cities in Iran.
What is your town well known for?
well as it is an industrial town people from different cities come here to
launch startups. There are numerous industrial regions, here which means
entrepreneurs can easily find proper place to live, and also Karaj is one of
the best cities in the country in terms of amenities. Also my hometown is
well known for its outstanding Chalous road which is one of the most
beautiful roads in the World. This road connects Karaj to north of the
country.
Do you like your hometown?
Yes, it is never boring no matter what are your interests.
it is a large city, so you can easily find where to go and what to do.
One thing that I really like most, is although it is vast, there are thousands
small places such as restaurants and coffee shops with friendly
atmosphere where people enjoy to spend time.
I don’t think it is a great place for living
the cost of living is incredibly high here.

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Is that a big city or a small place?
by far one of the biggest cities in my country. if you see the city from a tall
building, can get the feeling that it does not end.
It is also so big that it will take few hours to go from one side of the city to
the other.
How long have you been living there?
I have lived in Karaj for my entire life. I have passed my primary and
secondary school as well as my high school here.
Do you think you will continue living there for a long time?
yes, I cannot imagine living anywhere else
I genuinely enjoy living there
I don’t welcome changes
a comfortable place to live.
regarding my major which is biomedical engineering, Karaj is not a best
option to live so I would like to relocate to better place in term of job
opportunity.
I am fed up with hustle and bustle.
people are always in a hurry.
Every time an opportunity to live anywhere else turns up, I realize that I
want to be here for the rest of my life.

Would you like to live in the country side in the future?

I dream of running away to the countryside as …

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Village life is my ideal of hell.
There are lower levels of light and noise pollution and it is relatively quiet.
The level of stress is incomparable to the cities.
There is significantly less crime than in cities.
there is less traffic on roads.
it is far from important fire stations, hospitals and … .
There are fewer opportunities for professional growth.
There is a limited number of entertainment options
in term of educational facilities, there are no renowned universities or
colleges there.
I am only 25 and dreaming of a high flying career.
What is the differences between living in the countryside and the city?
the most striking differences is that in the countryside there is not much
traffic even during rush hours. So the air is definitely fresher.
This is why people who live in countryside will live longer.

What do you like to do in the countryside?

explore the surroundings
goo fishing
having barbeque parties

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Has your town changed over the last 20 years?
the city has undergone tremendous changes as it has turned from a small
peaceful town into a large bustling place.
It is now approximately twice as large as it used to be.
now it has more decent infrastructures, restaurants, malls and
recreational places.
Overall, I would say that town has changed to a better place, though there
are still issues with public transportation.

as far as I can remember, the place which has been on my travel wish list
is Maldives. its pristine beaches, unique culture and its indigenous people
try local food and drinks
take a lot of photos

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Lesson 54 – Park or garden
In today’s world which cities have become concrete jungles, parks and
gardens are the lung of the cities and town
I live in Karaj that has numerous well-developed infrastructures such as
parks and gardens.

a place for recreation

a picnic area
green spaces
trees/bushes/bench/flower
a fountain
an open-air theatre
a national park of …
a regional park
a neighborhood park
an amusement park
a recreation park
an outdoor sports area
facilities for different sports such as football, tennis, basketball, …
a rose garden
actually there are plenty of activities to enjoy. I can take refreshing walk
which keep stressful thing away from me for plenty hours.
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ride a bicycle
it is situated in the heart of our hometown/right in the city center/along
the river which make this place ideal for every person to reach.
Whenever I have free time or I am in a bad mood I like to spend some
quality time there. Also every day after work I try to walk there to not only
refresh my brain but also move my muscles to avoid having sedentary life
style.
I go there every day/time and again/ from time to time/quite often/ once
a week.
There are a lot of attractions there.
actually a huge open-air theatre is located exactly in the center of the park
so once in a while famous actors gather and play either romance or other
genres.
There are breathtaking landscapes which ….
there are free spaces for recreational use
It is home to a variety of bird and animal species which can be seen only in
books.
this is the only place where I can relax and recharge my batteries.
this is the only place in the city where I can find a corner to escape from
hustle and bustle.
I absolutely adore visiting the … park.
It is the best spot to unwind and escape the bust city center.
Why do some people like planting flowers?
- aesthetic pleasure
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 planting flowers allows people to create visually appealing gardens
and landscapes.
The vibrant colors, pleasant fragrances and unique shape of flowers
can bring beauty and charm to surroundings

- stress relief
flower planting is known for its stress-reducing benefits.
the act of being outdoors, working with soil, and caring for plants can
be therapeutic.
some people believe that we can convey our negative energies to the
soil by planting flowers.
- exercise and physical activity
gardening involves the variety of physical activities such as digging,
planting
Do young people like to go to parks?
yes, because parks offer a wide range of recreational activities
parks often have walking trails, jogging paths and open space for activities
such as Frisbee, soccer, …
servers as an escape from the hustle and bustle of urban life
Many young people find solace in serene environments.
parks are ideal place for young individuals to gather with friends and
socialize
What do old people like to do in parks?

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many seniors love walking or jogging in parks. it is low-impact exercise
which help them to maintain their cardiovascular health and allows them
to enjoy nurture surrounding.
picnicking. The elderly can have a meal outdoors, enjoying the fresh air

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Lesson 55 – Parties and celebrations
To throw a party
a housewarming party
a birthday party
an engagement party
a gender reveal party
a class reunion
Last, summer one of my friends told me that his colleague was throwing a
party on a roof. He was invited and suggested going with him.
At first I didn’t think it was a good idea because I don’t like to attend
events with lots of people I have never seen before.
More importantly, I was pretty sure that hos would not be happy to see
uninvited guests.
But he insisted, and finally I agreed to go with him.
The place, of course, was outstanding. I was blown away of the night view
of the city.
However, as expected I did not know anyone there except my friend.
there were some snacks and beverages for guests as well as chairs where
people could sit.
It was noisy because the music was very loud, and we were screaming and
singing.
Normally, such gatherings are not my thing, but I enjoyed this one.

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What I liked the most was that some of the guests, prepared several
unusual ways to congratulate him. For example, they made a video in
which they gave their wishes to him.
They also gave him a car-shaped cake as he had been dreaming of buying
car.
They hide other gifts all around the place and made the birthday boy
follow clues to find them.
it was fun and completely different from all other parties I had attended
before
Why do some people dislike the parties?
parties are too noisy
people find them exhausting and even stressful
people are not particularly keen to know loads of new people.
some people dislike alcohol and drunk people
some people have different attitude toward the meaning of having the
quality time.
How do people celebrate their personal events?
eat and drink
chat with each other
dance
take a lot of photos
play board games

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if it is not a fancy party, adults can play board games or just make each
other laugh with jokes.

What do children do at a birthday party?

play different games
take part in different races
eat cake with tea or juice
unleash balloons into the sky
play computer games together
They definitely play different games both active and board.
If a birthday party is held at home, they can play computer games or
watch cartoons

Why do people organise family parties in your country?

it is a good chance to hang-out with the whole family
it is a great opportunity to reconnect with an extended family and
strengthen family bonds.
the memory of such parties carry some of the deepest emotional meaning
for people.
to not only to reconnect and hang out with an extended family, but also to
strengthen family bonds.

we love to give envelop with money inside

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Lesson 56 – ideas and opinions
an entrepreneur
we had been working together for many years before we become friends
I read an article about this person
I watched an interview with this person
we met at school
His ideas are totally different from mine
his or her ideas made me look at things from a different perspective
The person whom I consider really interesting is Elon Musk. He is a
billionaire and the manager of different renowned corporations such as
spacex and twitter. His life has been dedicated to innovation. In other
words, his innovations such as space rackets play a crucial role in recent
developments of numerous technologies.
One day, I was watching one of his videos on you tube which he was
talking about building a city on a Mars. He suggests that one day the
natural resources of the Earth will be fully exploited. At that moment
human kind will be faced by serious problems in not only providing their
basic needs but also having a proper inhabitant to live.
Also he is the founder of Tesla company which presents Electrical cars to
the world for the first time due to his ideas.

When do children begin to have their own ideas and opinions?

to generate ideas
to implement ideas
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to express an opinion
although every child grows and develops differently, typically eight years
or older is able to express their views through talking, writing, drawing and
other activities.
As my experience shows, …
however, I am sure that there are kids who start doing it much earlier.

Are children’s opinions influenced by their parents?

Do you think children will always have ideas and opinions similar to those
of their parents?
Many parents try to instruct their children and impart their views to them
Many parent work to indoctrinate their children with designated
viewpoints from an early age.
children are unavoidably an extension of their parents
children’s beliefs are strongly affected by their parents’ ideas.
Kids are like empty cups and parents can pour their beliefs into.

What encourages people to come up with new ideas or inventions?

How do inventors or philosofers come up with new ideas?
a sense of ownership through participation
feeling excited about something
feeling valued and appreciated for their ideas
knowing that their ideas will be welcomed, supported and given credence
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the implementation of their ideas
the chance to get a reward is also a good motivator for inventing
something new.
It is very important for people to feel valued and appreciated for
everything they do and if they don’t feel it, they usually lose motivation to
continue to do anything.

Do you agree that people should spend more time reading about the ideas
of famous thinkers of the past?
their ideas and actions influenced the shape of the present day.
they provide people with the framework of knowledge that they need to
build their entire lives.

by understanding ideas of the past they can analyze the ideas of the
present.
they can help put modern problems into perspective

Whose ideas and opinions are widely respected in your country?

successful business leaders
influencers
politicians
celebrities
because:

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 - they are highly influential people whose actions and decisions are
watched and often emulated by wide audiences.
- are the ones who people wish to be
- have fame with the public, huge following and overwhelming
popularity
- invest time and money in their professional growth

They serve as role models for people and have a tremendous influence on
the knowledge people retain.

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Lesson 57 – Adventure
an itinerary
a trip
a journey
have a tour around the continent/country
try to drive across the continent

When do you want to go?

when I have a vacation
when I become a more confident driver
as soon as I save enough
as soon as I overcome my fear of being fully responsible for everything
during the travel.
I hope it will last at least two weeks
In my opinion, it should last for about a month or two

Why is it interesting?
I have never done it before
it seems a bit of challenge
it really sounds adventurous
I will be able to buy as many souvenirs as I want, even fragile ones, and
won’t have to worry about breaking them.
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I have been always a serial traveler
but I have only bought package tours from reputable tour operators and I
have never travelled by car.
Recently I have been obsessed with an idea of making a tour around the
continent.
To me, this sounds really adventurous and exciting.
if I get this inner feeling that my curiosity is filled up with enough
impressions and knowledge, I will go back home to share my experiences
with my family and friends.
I will stop whenever and whenever I want, for example if I see and
amazing sight or just want to stretch my legs or buy something.
Without any doubt, this trip is worth doing as it will not only broaden my
horizon but also charge me with positive emotions for many years ahead.

Will experiencing adventures broaden people’s horizons?

when people engage in adventurous activities, they expose themselves to
new environments, challenges, and perspectives that can profoundly
impact both their personal growth and understanding of the world.
For instance:
adventures often take people to different parts of the world, which allows
them to witness how others live, their values, and their customs.
adventures frequently make people step out of their comfort zones and
face unfamiliar situations. by confronting and overcoming these
challenges, people develop confidence in their abilities and learn that they
are capable of much more than they thought.
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adventures often bring people together, whether through group activities,
share experiences, or chance encounters.
interacting with individuals from different backgrounds and cultures
allows people to develop their interpersonal skills, such as
communication, team work.

What kind of personality should people have to experience a lot of

adventure?
adventurous:
individuals must possess certain personality traits and characteristics that
align with the adventurous spirit.
open-minded:
A person who experience a lot of adventure is open-minded
being open minded allows individuals to embrace new experiences, ideas,
and perspectives
step outside of their comfort zone
open-minded people are more likely to take risks
Curious:
curious people are naturally want to explore and find more about the
world.
curious people have natural inclination to explore and discover.
adaptable:
adventures can be unpredictable, and it is important to be able to go with
the flow.
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If a person is flexible and adaptable, they can adjust their plans quickly
when things do not go as expected.

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Lesson 58 – Art & Design
a work of art = artwork
an art piece
an art object
a painting
a landscape / a seascape / a townscape
an art gallery
a portrait
a sculpture
By far the most impressive piece of art that I have ever seen is …
I was impressed when I saw …
The picture showed a scene from …
The picture described/depicted …
In the center of the painting I saw …
In the foreground there was ….
his or her eyes seemed to follow me
The figure looked as if they existed in Three dimensions
I was difficult to withdraw my eyes from …
The dominating colors of the picture were …
warm or cold colors
bold colors

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faint colors
soft and delicate colors
deep colors
types of drawing:
- chalk
- pastel
- pen and ink
- graffiti art
- watercolor
history painting
portrait art
landscape painting
impressionism
realism
cubism
surrealism
at the art gallery
at the museum
at the exhibition
I was unable to put into words what I felt looking at the painting
The picture was really lifelike / dreamlike / confusing
romantic/realistic/outstanding/impressive/brilliant/captivating/charming/
unforgettable
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I have to confess that I am neither an art expert nor a real connoisseur.
Also I have never visited an art gallery.
I saw the picture in an art gallery while I was waiting in waiting room at
the DXB airport located in United Emirates.
I was gasped in amazement as its size was mind blowing and it looked
lifelike.
This picture depicted picturesque rural landscape.
In the foreground there were a few nice cottages with beautiful gardens.
The dominating colors in the foreground were bright.
At the first glance the scene seemed peaceful.
In the far distance I could make the outline of majestic mountains. There
were dark clouds which gathered over the mountain tops.
I think the artist skillfully managed to capture this contrast.
I do not know what message the artist wanted to convey, but for me it
was like a silent reminder of different senses such as anger, kindness, … .

What are the differences between painting and drawing?

painting and drawing are both forms of visual art, but they differ in many
ways.
The most significant difference is the medium used for creating theses
artworks.
in painting, artists use various types of paint such as oil, acrylic and
watercolor. while, drawing typically involves using pencils, ink, pastels or
similar materials.
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unlike painting, drawing materials are not liquid or wet substances.
Painting often have a smoother and more fluid texture due to the use of
liquid paints.
although both of them can vary widely in a size, drawings are often more
commonly associated with smaller-scale works.

Why do people keep some painting for a long time?

to invest their money (they believe that the painting could become worth
more in the future, like a valuable possession.)
the painting may hold sentimental value and remind the owner a
significant event, person, or period in their life.
Some individuals genuinely appreciate the artistic value of a painting (they
may admire the skill, creativity, and aesthetics of the artwork)
paintings can have historical or cultural significance (they may represent a
particular period of history, style or an artist)

Does the design of the building influence people’s mood or affect people?
buildings with plenty of natural light and ventilation increase people’s
mood.
natural ventilation make people feel fresh and energetic
in terms of the style of the building, people feel under great pressure or
even depressed in high-rise buildings and skyscrapers.
people feel relaxed and live at a slower pace in buildings with much space
or distance in between.
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in terms of colors, greyscale colors more tend to create the sense of
depression, and make them less energetic
deep colors such as red, induces better performance on focused tasks.

What types of art do people in your country like?

Decorative arts such as woodworks, metalwork, textiles, and pottery.
because they are aesthetically pleasing as well as serve a useful function.
enhance the décor of people’s homes

What kinds of art are the most valuable in terms of monetary value?
paintings and sculptures
because they consume more time for work.
they represent the status and of the artist
the artist who painted them are well-known and very important in art
history.

Would you say art is important?

is as essential ingredient to empowering the hearts of people.
is a fundamental element to represent the culture of each country.
makes people think and enhance their cognitive faculty.

idioms:

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I was bowled over by this piece of art. (really impressed)
It took my breath away. (impressive)
There was a lot of buzz (excitement) about this painting, but is let me cold
(not uninterested).
It wasn’t much to write home about. (not special)
I didn’t like that painting. I cant put my finger on it. (I cant explain why)
That painting was as exciting as watching paint dry. (it was boring)

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Lesson 59 – Information
Address
email address
flight details
tracking number
blood test results
school test results
departure time or date
pick up time
delivery date
I found this information in the company’s website
I received a message
I called the operator because I realized there was something wrong
I decided to double-check the information in order not to get into trouble.
I called X and complained about this situation
I demanded that they correct the information as soon as possible not to
confuse other customers.
I left negative feedback on the company’s website.
I have got a long-standing love-hate relationship with taxi services.
As I am programmer and I frequently browse through different webiste.

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Lesson 60 – Animals
animals
pets
to keep animals
to care for animals
a pet lover
to be fond of animals

What is your favourite animal?

Are there wild animals in your country?
an elephant
the biggest land animal
one of the most unique-looking animals (with a long nose, flappy ears)
very social and can communicate with one another
extremely intelligent species with advanced problem-solving skills
has an amazing long-term memory

a tiger
the world’s biggest cast and a ferocious predator
looks beautiful
enjoy bathing in streams and lakes to escape the heat in hot climates

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a giraffe
the tallest mammal on the earth
looks awkward while reaching the ground for a drink of water
spend most of it life standing up. even sleeps and gives birth standing up

Have you ever seen wild animals?

Where can we see wild animals?
the animal pretended to be dead
was chasing its prey
was hunting
was basking in sunshine
I was afraid the animal would somehow escape from the cage and bite me
to death.
I had never seen this animal so closely.
I was so sorry for that poor animal because she was kept in the zoo for
many years in a tiny cage.
zoo / national park

Do you like watching animals in the zoo?

it is a chance for me to observe wildlife I may otherwise never see.
its enjoyable
it is perfect break from the hustle and bustle of the city

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I do not like zoos for causing great suffering and stress to the captive
animals

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Lesson 61 – innovation
an invention = a brainchild
Here are some of the qualities are commonly associated with scientists:
- curiosity: scientists are naturally curious individuals who are driven by
a desire to understand how things work.

- Objectivity: scientists strive to remain objective in their research,

which means they avoid personal bias and rely on empirical evidence
to support their findings. They are open to change their theories and
beliefs based on new evidence.

- persistence: scientific research can be a long and challenging process,

and scientists need to be persistent in the fact of setbacks and
failures. They often encounter obstacles and unexpected results.

- creativity: while scientific research involves following established

protocols and procedures, scientists also need to be creative in
generating new ideas and hypotheses.

The computer is one of the most important inventions as it:

- it used for a variety of tasks, applications and activities.
- makes people efficient and productive because it saves their valuable
time in the office.
- helps people keep track of their files, documents, schedules and
deadlines.

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 - allow people to organize their information in a very accessible
manner.
- help speed up business operations
- has simplified nad streamlined educational process.

Internet:
- lets people from all over the globe exchange ideas and information.
- allows people to have instant communication with anyone in the
world
- provides many ways to keep in contact with people at all hours of the
day and night.
- gives people instant access to an endless supply of knowledge and
entertainment.

The smartphone:
- allows multiple ways of communicating with people.
- provides people with internet access wherever there is cellular
coverage.
- has almost limitless applications.

Describe an invention:
to revolutionize humanity
the greatest thing since sliced bread is …
by far the most important invention is …

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They have enabled us to keep in closer touch with family members and
friends.
they have enabled people to perform various tasks all at the same time.
I have recently read that currently there are more than one billion
smartphone users in the world.
The majority of people, especially teenagers, seem to be literally glued to
their smartphones.
people are addicted to their phones.

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Lesson 62 – Concentration
It is difficult to maintain focus for very long periods of time.
I always find it difficult to stay focused on something when:
- I am hungry
- I am overwhelmed with tasks to complete
- my brain is overloaded with information
- there are a lot of distraction around
- there are constant interruptions
- it is noisy

I am better able to stay focused on something when I :

- feel rested
- take short breaks
- do some important task
- need to be accurate
- have no right to make a mistake

It is hard for me to focus when there are a lot of distractions around such
as noise and constant interruptions of my phone or colleagues.

In order to improve concentration, I usually:

- take frequent short breaks
- tune out background distractions
- eliminate pointless distractions
- do yoga exercise
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 - meditate

It is not easy for me to do two things simultaneously because:

- moving back and forth between two tasks actually wastes my
productivity
- it makes my brain stressed
- it lowers my ability to manage tasks effectively.
- it makes me more prone to mistakes

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Lesson 63– Social media
to chat
an emoticon
viral
instant messaging
to go viral
blog
comments
to subscribe
a news feed
a hashtag
spam accounts
to upload video/message
social media platforms allow me to be part of community, regardless of
location.
have given me the tools and means to connect and reconnect with people
from all over the world.
give me an opportunity to talk about what I am interested to which helps
me attract potential professional and personal connections.
let me learn about current events and things taking place in the world.
help me develop my interests and find other people who share the same
interests with me.

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I think by the far most popular social media platforms in my country are
Instagram and LinkedIn.
LinkedIn is a platform which lets users build professional relationships by
making connections and joining relevant groups. This platform provides
huge opportunity to search for different job opportunities around the glob

reason to use social media:

- to make social connections
- to facilitate social connections
- to share details on everyday life
- to bond with new people
- to share photos or videos with others
- find funny or entertaining content

people:
- with insights to share
- who are similar to me in character
- whose views oppose mine
- have great experience in my industry
- with insights to impart

I mostly opt for professional networks such as LinkedIn because they are
good assistant in my business.
recruiting new employees/ keeping up with the latest news in business/
developing relationships with suppliers and colleagues.
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