GRADE-11 PERIODIC TEST – 2 CHEMISTRY-WORKSHEE T

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY – SOME BASIC PRINCIPLE AND TECHNIQUES

1. Electronegativity of carbon atoms depends upon their state of hybridization. In which of the following compounds, the carbon
marked with asterisk is most electronegative?

2. In which of the following, functional group isomerism is not possible?

(a) Alcohols (b) Aldehydes (c) Alkyl halides (d) Cyanides

3. What is the correct order of decreasing stability of the following cations?

4. Ionic species are stabilized by the dispersal of charge. Which of the following carboxylate ions is the most stable?

5. The displacement of electrons in a multiple bond in the presence of attacking reagent is called
(a) Inductive effect (b) Electrometric effect
(c) Resonance (d) Hyper conjugation

6. Correct naming of the given compound is

(i) 2- ethyl-3-methylpentane (ii) 3,4- dimethylhexane

(ii) 2-sec-butylbutane (iv) 2, 3-dimethylbutane
7. Covalent bond can undergo fission in two different ways. The correct representation involving a heterolytic fission of CH3—Br
is
8.

9.

10.

11. Assertion (A) : Energy of resonance hybrid is equal to the average of energies of all canonical forms.
Reason (R) : Resonance hybrid cannot be presented by a single structure.
(i) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) Both A and R are not correct.
(iv) A is not correct but R is correct
12.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Name the compounds whose line formulae are given below :

 2. Write structural formulae for compounds named as
(a) 1-Bromoheptane (b) 5-Bromoheptanoic acid
3. Identify the most stable species in the following set of ions giving reasons :

4. Give three points of differences between inductive effect and resonance effect.
5. Draw the resonance structures for the following compounds. Show the electron shift using curved-arrow notation
(a) CH3CH=CHCHO (b) C6H5—CHO

LONG TYPE QUESTION ANSWER

1. (a) What do you understand by Homolytic fission?
(b) What are carbanions? Give an example.
2. What are structural isomers. What are the different types of structural isomers
3. Explain why alkyl groups act as electron donors when attached to a π-system.
4. Which of the two structures (A) and (B) given below is more stabilised by resonance?

5. What are reaction intermediates? How they are generated by bond fission
Case based questions
A reagent that brings an electron pair to the reactive site is called a nucleophile (Nu:) i.e., nucleus seeking and the reaction is then
called nucleophilic. A reagent that takes away an electron pair from reactive site is called electrophile (E+) i.e., electron seeking and the
reaction is called electrophilic.
Electron Displacement Effects in Covalent Bonds The electron displacement in an organic molecule may take place either in the
ground state under the influence of an atom or a substituent group or in the presence of an appropriate attacking reagent. The electron
displacements due to the influence of an atom or a substituent group present in the molecule cause permanent polarlisation of the
bond. Inductive effect and resonance effects are examples of this type of electron displacements. Temporary electron displacement
effects are seen in a molecule when a reagent approaches to attack it. This type of electron displacement is called electrometric effect
or polarisability effect.
Inductive Effect When a covalent bond is formed between atoms of different electronegativity, the electron density is more towards the
more electronegative atom of the bond. Such a shift of electron density results in a polar covalent bond. Bond polarity leads to various
electronic effects in organic compounds. Let us consider cholorethane (CH3 CH2Cl) in which the C–Cl bond is a polar covalent bond. It
is polarised in such a way that the carbon-1 gains some positive charge (δ + ) and the chlorine some negative charge (δ – ). The
fractional electronic charges on the two atoms in a polar covalent bond are denoted by symbol δ (delta) and the shift of electron density
is shown by an arrow that points from δ + to δ – end of the polar bond.
) A reagent that brings an electron pair to the reactive site is called a …
a) nucleophile
b) electrophile
c) amphoteric
d) amphophillic
Ans- a) nucleophile

2) A reagent that takes away an electron pair from reactive site is called ..
a) nucleophile
b) electrophile
c) amphoteric
d) amphophillic
3) The … effect is defined as the polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of two π-bonds or between a π-bond and lone
pair of electrons present on an adjacent atom.
a) hindrance
b) inductive
c) resonance
d) hyperconjunction
4) –OH group, represent … electron displacement effect.
a) M+
b) M-
c) R-
d) R+
5) – COOH group, represent … electron displacement effect.
a) M+
b) M-
c) R-
d) R+
Branched chain hydrocarbons: In a branched chain compound small chains of carbon atoms are attached at one or more carbon atoms
of the parent chain. The small carbon chains (branches) are called alkyl groups. In order to name such compounds, the names of alkyl
groups are prefixed to the name of parent alkane. An alkyl group is derived from a saturated hydrocarbon by removing a hydrogen
atom from carbon. Thus, CH4 becomes – CH3 and is called methyl group. An alkyl group is named by substituting ‘yl’ for ‘ane’ in the
corresponding alkane. Abbreviations are used for some alkyl groups. For example, methyl is abbreviated as Me, ethyl as Et, propyl as
Pr and butyl as Bu. The alkyl groups can be branched also. Thus, propyl and butyl groups can have branched structures as shown
below .
Common branched groups have specific trivial names. For example, the propyl groups can either be n-propyl group or isopropyl group.
The branched butyl groups are called sec- butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl group. We also encounter the structural unit, – CH2C(CH3) 3,
which is called neopentyl group.
For Nomenclature of branched chain alkanes ,longest carbon chain in the molecule is identified. The numbering is done in such a way
that the branched carbon atoms get the lowest possible numbers. lower number is given to the one coming first in the alphabetical
listing. Carbon atom of the branch that attaches to the root alkane. in alphabetical order, the prefixes iso- and neo- are considered to
be the part of the fundamental name of alkyl group. The prefixes sec- and tert- are not considered to be the part of the fundamental
name.
1) CH4 becomes – CH3, is called … group.
a) methyl
b) ethyl
c) propyl
d) butyl
Ans- a) methyl

2) For the Nomenclature of branched chain alkanes …. carbon chain in the molecule is identified.
a) shortest
b) longest
c) smallest
d) none of above
Ans- b) longest

3) when two or more compounds possessing the same molecular formula but different properties is known as ….
a) Allotrops
b) Isotops
c) Isomers
d) Isobars
Ans- c) isomers

4) For the Nomenclature of branched chain alkanes ,the numbering is done in such a way that the branched carbon atoms get the …
possible numbers.
a) biggest
b) Lower
c) Highest
d) lowest
Ans- d) lowest

5) Which of the following is not an example of isomerisim ?

a) Functional
b) Positional
c) Chain
d) Preconditional