Draft Microbio Syllabus Panda

UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA
CBCS DRAFT SYLLABUS
F
O
R
THREE-YEAR HONOURS
DEGREE COURSE OF STUDIES
MICROBIOLOGY
2018
Structure of B. Sc. Honours Microbiology under CBCS
Core Course
C-1: Introduction to Microbiology and Microbial Diversity
C-2: Bacteriology
C-3: Biochemistry
C-4: Cell Biology
C-5: Virology
C-6: Microbial Physiology and Metabolism
C-7: Molecular Biology
C-8: Microbial Genetics
C-9: Environmental Microbiology
C-10: Recombinant DNA Technology
C-11: Food and Dairy Microbiology
C-12: Industrial Microbiology
C-13: Immunology
C-14: Medical Microbiology
Discipline Specific Elective (Any Four)
DSE-1: Bioinformatics
DSE-2: Microbial Biotechnology
DSE-3: Advances in Microbiology
DSE-4: Plant Pathology
DSE-5: Biomathematics and Biostatistics
DSE-6: Inheritance Biology
DSE-7: Microbes in Sustainable Agriculture and Development
DSE-8: Biosafety and Intellectual Property Rights
DSE-9: Instrumentation and Biotechniques
DSE-10: Project Work
Skill Enhancement Elective Courses (Any Two)
SE-1: Microbial Quality Control in Food and Pharmaceutical Industries
SE-2: Microbial Diagnosis in Health Clinics
SE-3: Biofertilizers and Biopesticides
SE-4: Food Fermentation Techniques
SE-5: Management of Human Microbial Diseases
SE-6: Microbiological Analysis of Air and Water
B.Sc (HONOURS) MICROBIOLOGY (CBCS STRUCTURE)
C-1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY
(THEORY)
SEMESTER –I
TOTAL HOURS: 60 CREDITS: 4
Unit 1 History of Development of Microbiology No. of Hours: 15

Development of microbiology as a discipline, Spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis. Contributions
of Anton von Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister, Alexander Fleming
Role of microorganisms in fermentation, Germ theory of disease, Development of various
microbiological techniques and golden era of microbiology, Development of the field of soil
microbiology: Contributions of Martinus W. Beijerinck, Sergei N. Winogradsky, Selman
A.Waksman Establishment of fields of medical microbiology and immunology through the work of
Paul Ehrlich, Elie Metchnikoff, Edward Jenner
Unit 2 Diversity of Microbial World No. of Hours: 40
A. Systems of classification
Binomial Nomenclature, Whittaker’s five kingdom and Carl Woese’s three kingdom classification
systems and their utility. Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms
B. General characteristics of different groups: Acellular microorganisms (Viruses, Viroids,
Prions) and Cellular microorganisms (Bacteria, Algae, Fungi and Protozoa) with emphasis on
distribution and occurrence, morphology, mode of reproduction and economic importance.
• Algae
History of phycology with emphasis on contributions of Indian scientists; General characteristics of
algae including occurrence, thallus organization, algae cell ultra-structure, pigments, flagella,
eyespot food reserves and vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction. Different types of life cycles
in algae with suitable examples: Haplobiontic, Haplontic, Diplontic, Diplobiontic and
Diplohaplontic life cycles. Applications of algae in agriculture, industry, environment and food.
• Fungi
Historical developments in the field of Mycology including significant contributions of eminent
mycologists. General characteristics of fungi including habitat, distribution, nutritional
requirements, fungal cell ultra- structure, thallus organization and aggregation, fungal wall structure
and synthesis, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, heterokaryosis, heterothallism and
parasexual mechanism. Economic importance of fungi with examples in agriculture, environment,
Industry, medicine, food, biodeterioration and mycotoxins.
• Protozoa
General characteristics with special reference to Amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium, Leishmania
and Giardia
Unit 3 An overview of Scope of Microbiology No. of Hours: 5
C-1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY

(PRACTICALS)
SEMESTER –I
1. Microbiology Good Laboratory Practices and Biosafety.

2. To study the principle and applications of important instruments (biological safety
cabinets, autoclave, incubator, BOD incubator, hot air oven, light microscope, pH meter)
used in the microbiology laboratory.
3. Preparation of culture media for bacterial cultivation.
4. Sterilization of medium using Autoclave and assessment for sterility
5. Sterilization of glassware using Hot Air Oven and assessment for sterility
6. Sterilization of heat sensitive material by membrane filtration and assessment for sterility
7. Demonstration of the presence of microflora in the environment by exposing nutrient
agar plates to air.
8. Study of Rhizopus, Penicillium, Aspergillus using temporary mounts
9. Study of Spirogyra and Chlamydomonas, Volvox using temporary Mounts
10. Study of the following protozoans using permanent mounts/photographs:
Amoeba, Entamoeba, Paramecium and Plasmodium
SUGGESTED READING
1. Tortora GJ, Funke BR and Case CL. (2008). Microbiology: An Introduction. 9th edition.
Pearson Education
2. Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Dunlap PV and Clark DP. (2014). Brock Biology of Microorganisms.
14th edition. Pearson International Edition
3. Cappucino J and Sherman N. (2010). Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual. 9th edition.
Pearson Education Limited
th
4.Wiley JM, Sherwood LM and Woolverton CJ. (2013) Prescott’s Microbiology. 9 Edition.
McGraw Hill International.
5. Atlas RM. (1997). Principles of Microbiology. 2nd edition. WM.T.Brown Publishers.
6. Pelczar MJ, Chan ECS and Krieg NR. (1993). Microbiology. 5th edition. McGraw Hill
Book Company.
7. Stanier RY, Ingraham JL, Wheelis ML, and Painter PR. (2005). General
Microbiology. 5th edition. McMillan.
B.Sc (HONOURS) MICROBIOLOGY (CBCS
STRUCTURE) C-2: BACTERIOLOGY (THEORY)
SEMESTER –I
Unit 1 Cell organization No. of Hours: 14

Cell size, shape and arrangement, glycocalyx, capsule, flagella, endoflagella, fimbriae and pili. Cell-
wall: Composition and detailed structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls,
Archaebacterial cell wall, Gram and acid fast staining mechanisms, lipopolysaccharide (LPS),
sphaeroplasts, protoplasts, and L-forms. Effect of antibiotics and enzymes on the cell wall.
Cell Membrane: Structure, function and chemical composition of bacterial and archaeal cell
membranes.
Cytoplasm: Ribosomes, mesosomes, inclusion bodies, nucleoid, chromosome and plasmids
Endospore: Structure, formation, stages of sporulation.
Unit 2 Bacteriological techniques No. of Hours: 5

Pure culture isolation: Streaking, serial dilution and plating methods; cultivation, maintenance and
preservation/stocking of pure cultures; cultivation of anaerobic bacteria, and accessing non-
culturable bacteria.
Unit 3 Microscopy No. of Hours: 6 Bright Field Microscope, Dark Field Microscope, Phase
Contrast Microscope, Fluoresence Microscope, Confocal microscopy, Scanning and
Transmission Electron Microscope
Unit 4 Growth and nutrition No. of Hours: 8

Nutritional requirements in bacteria and nutritional categories;
Culture media: components of media, natural and synthetic media, chemically defined
media, complex media, selective, differential, indicator, enriched and enrichment media
Physical methods of microbial control: heat, low temperature, high pressure, filtration,
desiccation, osmotic pressure, radiation
Chemical methods of microbial control: disinfectants, types and mode of action
Unit 5 Reproduction in Bacteria No. of Hours: 3

Asexual methods of reproduction, logarithmic representation of bacterial populations, phases
of growth, calculation of generation time and specific growth rate
Unit 6 Bacterial Systematics No. of Hours: 8

Aim and principles of classification, systematics and taxonomy, concept of species, taxa,
strain; conventional, molecular and recent approaches to polyphasic bacterial taxonomy,
evolutionary chronometers, rRNA oligonucleotide sequencing, signature sequences, and
protein sequences. Differences between eubacteria and archaebacteria
Unit 7 Important archaeal and eubacterial groups No. of Hours: 16

Archaebacteria: General characteristics, phylogenetic overview, genera belonging to
Nanoarchaeota (Nanoarchaeum), Crenarchaeota (Sulfolobus, Thermoproteus) and Euryarchaeota
[Methanogens (Methanobacterium, Methanocaldococcus), thermophiles (Thermococcus,
Pyrococcus, Thermoplasma), and Halophiles (Halobacterium, Halococcus)]
Eubacteria: Morphology, metabolism, ecological significance and economic importance of
following groups:
Gram Negative:
Non proteobacteria: General characteristics with suitable examples
Alpha proteobacteria: General characteristics with suitable examples
Beta proteobacteria: General characteristics with suitable examples
Gamma proteobacteria: General characteristics with suitable examples
Delta proteobacteria: General characteristics with suitable examples
Epsilon proteobacteria: General characteristics with suitable
examples Zeta proteobacteria: General characteristics with suitable
examples Gram Positive:
Low G+ C (Firmicutes): General characteristics with suitable examples
High G+C (Actinobacteria): General characteristics with suitable examples
Cyanobacteria: An Introduction
C-2: BACTERIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –I
1. Preparation of different media: synthetic media BG-11, Complex media-Nutrient agar,

McConkey agar, EMB agar.
2. Simple staining
3. Negative staining
4. Gram’s staining
5. Acid fast staining-permanent slide only.
6. Capsule staining
7. Endospore staining.
8. Isolation of pure cultures of bacteria by streaking method.
9. Preservation of bacterial cultures by various techniques.
10. Estimation of CFU count by spread plate method/pour plate method.
11. Motility by hanging drop method.
SUGGESTED READINGS
2. Black JG. (2008). Microbiology: Principles and Explorations. 7th edition. Prentice Hall
th
3. Madigan MT, and Martinko JM. (2014). Brock Biology of Micro-organisms. 14 edition. Parker
J. Prentice Hall International, Inc.
4. Pelczar Jr MJ, Chan ECS, and Krieg NR. (2004). Microbiology. 5th edition Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Srivastava S and Srivastava PS. (2003). Understanding Bacteria. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht
6. Stanier RY, Ingraham JL, Wheelis ML and Painter PR. (2005). General Microbiology. 5th
edition McMillan.
th
7. Tortora GJ, Funke BR, and Case CL. (2008). Microbiology: An Introduction. 9 edition
Pearson Education.
th
8. Willey JM, Sherwood LM, and Woolverton CJ. (2013). Prescott’s Microbiology. 9
edition. McGraw Hill Higher Education.
9. Cappucino J and Sherman N. (2010). Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual. 9th edition. Pearson
Education Limited
STRUCTURE) C-3: BIOCHEMISTRY (THEORY)
SEMESTER –II
Unit 1 Bioenergetics No. of Hours: 8

First and second laws of Thermodynamics. Definitions of Gibb’s Free Energy, enthalpy,and Entropy
and mathematical relationship among them, Standard free energy change and equilibrium constant
Coupled reactions and additive nature of standard free energy change, Energy rich compounds:
Phosphoenolpyruvate, 1,3- Bisphosphoglycerate, Thioesters, ATP
Unit 2 Carbohydrates No. of Hours: 12

Families of monosaccharides: aldoses and ketoses, trioses, tetroses, pentoses, and hexoses.
Stereo isomerism of monosaccharides, epimers, Mutarotation and anomers of glucose. Furanose and
pyranose forms of glucose and fructose, Haworth projection formulae for glucose; chair and boat
forms of glucose, Sugar derivatives, glucosamine, galactosamine, muramic acid, N- acetyl
neuraminic acid, Disaccharides; concept of reducing and non-reducing sugars, occurrence and
Haworth projections of maltose, lactose, and sucrose, Polysaccharides, storage polysaccharides,
starch and glycogen. Structural Polysaccharides, cellulose, peptidoglycan and chitin
Unit 3 Lipids No. of Hours: 12

Definition and major classes of storage and structural lipids. Storage lipids. Fatty acids structure and
functions. Essential fatty acids. Triacyl glycerols structure, functions and properties. Saponification
Structural lipids. Phosphoglycerides: Building blocks, General structure, functions and properties.
Structure of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine, Sphingolipids: building blocks,
structure of sphingosine, ceramide. Special mention of sphingomyelins, cerebrosides and
gangliosides Lipid functions: cell signals, cofactors, prostaglandins, Introduction of lipid micelles,
monolayers, bilayers
Unit 4 Proteins No. of Hours: 12

Functions of proteins, Primary structures of proteins: Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.
General formula of amino acid and concept of zwitterion. Titration curve of amino acid and its
Significance, Classification, biochemical structure and notation of standard protein amino acids
Ninhydrin reaction.Natural modifications of amino acids in proteins hydrolysine, cystine and
hydroxyproline, Non protein amino acids: Gramicidin, beta-alanine, D-alanine and D- glutamic
acid Oligopeptides: Structure and functions of naturally occurring glutathione and insulin and
synthetic aspartame, Secondary structure of proteins: Peptide unit and its salient features. The
alpha helix, the beta pleated sheet and their occurrence in proteins, Tertiary and quaternary
structures of proteins. Forces holding the polypeptide together. Human haemoglobin structure,
Quaternary structures of proteins
Unit 5. Enzymes No. of Hours: 12

Structure of enzyme: Apoenzyme and cofactors, prosthetic group-TPP, coenzyme
NAD,metal cofactors, Classification of enzymes, Mechanism of action of enzymes: active site, transition
state complex and activation energy. Lock and key hypothesis, and Induced Fit hypothesis. Significance
of hyperbolic, double reciprocal plots of enzyme activity, Km, and allosteric mechanism Definitions of
terms – enzyme unit, specific activity and turnover number, Multienzyme complex : pyruvate
dehydrogenase; isozyme: lactate dehydrogenase, Effect of pH and temperature on enzyme activity.
Enzyme inhibition: competitive- sulfa drugs; non-competitive-heavy metal salts
Unit 6. Vitamins No. of Hours: 4

Classification and characteristics with suitable examples, sources and importance
C-3: BIOCHEMISTRY (PRACTICALS)
SEMESTER –II

1. Properties of water, Concept of pH and buffers, preparation of buffers and Numerical problems
to explain the concepts
2. Numerical problems on calculations of Standard Free Energy Change and Equilibrium constant
3. Standard Free Energy Change of coupled reactions
4. Qualitative/Quantitative tests for carbohydrates, reducing sugars, non reducing sugars
5. Qualitative/Quantitative tests for lipids and proteins
6. Study of protein secondary and tertiary structures with the help of models
7. Study of enzyme kinetics – calculation of Vmax , Km, Kcat values
8. Study effect of temperature, pH and Heavy metals on enzyme activity
9. Estimation of any one vitamin
SUGGESTED READING
1. Campbell, MK (2012) Biochemistry, 7th ed., Published by Cengage Learning
2. Campbell, PN and Smith AD (2011) Biochemistry Illustrated, 4th ed., Published by
Churchill Livingstone
3. Tymoczko JL, Berg JM and Stryer L (2012) Biochemistry: A short course, 2nd ed., W.H.Freeman
4. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL and Stryer L (2011) Biochemistry, W.H.Freeman and Company
5. Nelson DL and Cox MM (2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition., W.H.
Freeman and Company,
6. Willey MJ, Sherwood, LM & Woolverton C J (2013) Prescott, Harley and Klein’s
Microbiology by. 9th Ed., McGrawHill
rd
7. Voet,D. and Voet J.G (2004) Biochemistry 3 edition, John Wiley and Sons,
C-4: CELL BIOLOGY (THEORY)
SEMESTER –II
Unit 1 Structure and organization of Cell No. of Hours: 12

Cell Organization – Eukaryotic (Plant and animal cells) and prokaryotic
Plasma membrane: Structure and transport of small molecules
Cell Wall: Eukaryotic cell wall, Extra cellular matrix and cell matrix interactions, Cell-Cell
Interactions - adhesion junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions, and plasmodesmata (only
structural aspects)
Mitochondria, chloroplasts and peroxisomes
Cytoskeleton: Structure and organization of actin filaments, association of actin filaments with
plasma membrane, cell surface protrusions, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Unit 2 Nucleus No. of Hours: 4

Nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complex and nuclear lamina
Chromatin – Molecular organization
Nucleolus
Unit 3 Protein Sorting and Transport No. of Hours: 12

Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum – Structure, targeting and insertion of proteins in the ER,
protein folding, processing and quality control in ER, smooth ER and lipid synthesis, export of
proteins and lipids
Golgi Apparatus – Organization, protein glycosylation, protein sorting and export from Golgi
Apparatus
Lysosomes
Unit 4 Cell Signalling No. of Hours: 8

Signalling molecules and their receptors
Function of cell surface receptors
Pathways of intra-cellular receptors – Cyclic AMP pathway, cyclic GMP and MAP kinase pathway
Unit 5 Cell Cycle, Cell Death and Cell Renewal No. of Hours: 12
Eukaryotic cell cycle and its regulation, Mitosis and Meiosis
Development of cancer, causes and types
Programmed cell death
Stem cells
Embryonic stem cell, induced pleuripotent stem cells
C-4: CELL BIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –II
1. Study a representative plant and animal cell by microscopy.

2. Study of the structure of cell organelles through electron micrographs
3. Cytochemical staining of DNA – Feulgen
4. Demonstration of the presence of mitochondria in striated muscle cells/ cheek epithelial cell
using vital stain Janus Green B
5. Study of polyploidy in Onion root tip by colchicine treatment.
6. Identification and study of cancer cells by photomicrographs.
7. Study of different stages of Mitosis.
8. Study of different stages of Meiosis.
SUGGESTED READING
1. Hardin J, Bertoni G and Kleinsmith LJ. (2010). Becker’s World of the Cell. 8th edition. Pearson.
2. Karp G. (2010) Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. 6th edition. John Wiley
& Sons. Inc.
3. De Robertis, EDP and De Robertis EMF. (2006). Cell and Molecular Biology. 8th edition.
Lipincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
4. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th Edition.
ASM Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.
C-5: VIROLOGY (THEORY)
SEMESTER –III
Unit 1 Nature and Properties of Viruses No. of Hours: 12

Introduction: Discovery of viruses, nature and definition of viruses, general properties,
concept of viroids, virusoids, satellite viruses and Prions. Theories of viral origin
Structure of Viruses: Capsid symmetry, enveloped and non-enveloped
viruses Isolation, purification and cultivation of viruses
Viral taxonomy: Classification and nomenclature of different groups of viruses
Unit 2 Bacteriophages No. of Hours: 10

Diversity, classification, one step multiplication curve, lytic and lysogenic phages (lambda
phage) concept of early and late proteins, regulation of transcription in lambda phage
Unit 3 Viral Transmission, Salient features of viral nucleic acids and Replication
No. of Hours: 20
Modes of viral transmission: Persistent, non-persistent, vertical and horizontal
Salient features of viral Nucleic acid : Unusual bases (TMV,T4 phage), overlapping genes (ɸX174,
Hepatitis B virus), alternate splicing (HIV), terminal redundancy (T4 phage), terminal cohesive ends
(lambda phage), partial double stranded genomes (Hepatitis B), long terminal repeats (retrovirus),
segmented (Influenza virus), and non-segmented genomes (picornavirus), capping and tailing
(TMV) Viral multiplication and replication strategies: Interaction of viruses with cellular receptors
and entry of viruses. Replication strategies of viruses as per Baltimore classification (phi X 174,
Retroviridae, Vaccinia, Picorna) , Assembly, maturation and release of virions
Unit 4 Viruses and Cancer No. of Hours: 6

Introduction to oncogenic viruses
Types of oncogenic DNA and RNA viruses: Concepts of oncogenes and proto-oncogenes
Unit 5 Prevention & control of viral diseases No. of Hours: 8

Antiviral compounds and their mode of action
Interferon and their mode of action
General principles of viral vaccination
Unit 6 Applications of Virology No. of Hours: 4

Use of viral vectors in cloning and expression, Gene therapy and Phage display
C-5: VIROLOGY (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –III
1. Study of the structure of important animal viruses (rhabdo, influenza, paramyxo hepatitis B
and retroviruses) using electron micrographs
2. Study of the structure of important plant viruses (caulimo, Gemini, tobacco ring spot,
cucumber mosaic and alpha-alpha mosaic viruses) using electron micrographs
3. Study of the structure of important bacterial viruses (ɸX 174, T4, λ) using electron micrograph.
4. Isolation and enumeration of bacteriophages (PFU) from water/sewage sample using double
agar layer technique
5. Studying isolation and propagation of animal viruses by chick embryo technique
6. Study of cytopathic effects of viruses using photographs
7. Perform local lesion technique for assaying plant viruses.
SUGGESTED READING
1. Dimmock, NJ, Easton, AL, Leppard, KN (2007). Introduction to Modern Virology. 6th
edition, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
2. Carter J and Saunders V (2007). Virology: Principles and Applications. John Wiley and Sons.
3. Flint SJ, Enquist, LW, Krug, RM, Racaniello, VR, Skalka, AM (2004). Principles of Virology,
Molecular biology, Pathogenesis and Control. 2nd edition. ASM press Washington DC.
4. Levy JA, Conrat HF, Owens RA. (2000). Virology. 3rd edition. Prentice Hall publication,
New Jersey.
5. Wagner EK, Hewlett MJ. (2004). Basic Virology. 2nd edition. Blackwell Publishing.
6. Mathews. (2004). Plant Virology. Hull R. Academic Press, New York.
7. Nayudu MV. (2008). Plant Viruses. Tata McGraw Hill, India.
8. Bos L. (1999) Plant viruses-A text book of plant virology by. Backhuys Publishers.
9. Versteeg J. (1985). A Color Atlas of Virology. Wolfe Medical Publication.
C-6: MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM
(THEORY) SEMESTER –III
Unit 1 Microbial Growth and Effect of Environment on Microbial Growth No. of Hours: 12
Definitions of growth, measurement of microbial growth, Batch culture, Continuous culture,
generation time and specific growth rate, synchronous growth, diauxic growth curve
Microbial growth in response to environment -Temperature (psychrophiles, mesophiles,
thermophiles, extremophiles, thermodurics, psychrotrophs), pH (acidophiles, alkaliphiles), solute
and water activity (halophiles, xerophiles, osmophilic), Oxygen (aerobic, anaerobic,
microaerophilic, facultative aerobe, facultative anaerobe),barophilic.
Microbial growth in response to nutrition and energy – Autotroph/Phototroph,
heterotrophy, Chemolithoautotroph, Chemolithoheterotroph, Chemoheterotroph,
Chemolithotroph, photolithoautotroph, Photoorganoheterotroph.
Unit 2 Nutrient uptake and Transport No. of Hours: 10

Passive and facilitated diffusion
Primary and secondary active transport, concept of uniport, symport and antiport
Group translocation
Iron uptake
Unit 3 Chemoheterotrophic Metabolism - Aerobic Respiration No. of Hours: 16

Concept of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation
Sugar degradation pathways i.e. EMP, ED, Pentose phosphate pathway
TCA cycle
Electron transport chain: components of respiratory chain, comparison of mitochondrial and
bacterial ETC, electron transport phosphorylation, uncouplers and inhibitors
Unit 4 Chemoheterotrophic Metabolism- Anaerobic respiration and fermentation

No. of Hours: 6
Anaerobic respiration with special reference to dissimilatory nitrate reduction (Denitrification;
nitrate /nitrite and nitrate/ammonia respiration; fermentative nitrate reduction)
Fermentation - Alcohol fermentation and Pasteur effect; Lactate fermentation (homofermentative
and heterofermentative pathways), concept of linear and branched fermentation pathways
Unit 5 Chemolithotrophic and Phototrophic Metabolism No. of Hours: 10

Introduction to aerobic and anaerobic chemolithotrophy with an example each. Hydrogen
oxidation (definition and reaction) and methanogenesis (definition and reaction) Introduction to
phototrophic metabolism - groups of phototrophic microorganisms,
anoxygenic vs. oxygenic photosynthesis with reference to photosynthesis in green bacteria,
purple bacteria and cyanobacteria
Unit 6 Nitrogen Metabolism - an overview No. of Hours: 6

Introduction to biological nitrogen fixation
Ammonia assimilation
Assimilatory nitrate reduction, dissimilatory nitrate reduction, denitrification
C-6: MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM (PRACTICAL)
SEMESTER –III
1. Study and plot the growth curve of E. coli by turbidometric and standard plate count methods.
2. Calculations of generation time and specific growth rate of bacteria from the graph plotted with
the given data
3. Effect of temperature on growth of E. coli
4. Effect of pH on growth of E. coli
5. Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on growth of E.coli
6. Effect of salt on growth of E. coli
7. Demonstration of alcoholic fermentation
8. Demonstration of the thermal death time and decimal reduction time of E. coli.
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Madigan MT, and Martinko JM (2014). Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 14th edition.
Prentice Hall International Inc.
2. Moat AG and Foster JW. (2002). Microbial Physiology. 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons
3. Reddy SR and Reddy SM. (2005). Microbial Physiology. Scientific Publishers India
4. Gottschalk G. (1986). Bacterial Metabolism. 2nd edition. Springer Verlag
6. Stanier RY, Ingrahm JI, Wheelis ML and Painter PR. (1987). General Microbiology. 5th
edition, McMillan Press.
7. Willey JM, Sherwood LM, and Woolverton CJ. (2013). Prescott’s Microbiology. 9th
STRUCTURE) C-7: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (THEORY)
SEMESTER –III
Unit 1 Structures of DNA and RNA / Genetic Material No. of Hours: 12
DNA Structure: Miescher to Watson and Crick- historic perspective, DNA structure, Salient
features of double helix, Types of DNA, Types of genetic material, denaturation and
renaturation, cot curves. DNA topology - linking number, topoisomerases; Organization of
DNA Prokaryotes,Viruses, Eukaryotes.RNA Structure, Organelle DNA -- mitochondria and
chloroplast DNA.
Unit 2 Replication of DNA (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) No. of Hours: 10

Bidirectional and unidirectional replication, semi- conservative, semi- discontinuous replication
Mechanism of DNA replication: Enzymes and proteins involved in DNA replication –DNA
polymerases, DNA ligase, primase, telomerase – for replication of linear ends
Various models of DNA replication including rolling circle, D- loop (mitochondrial), Ө (theta)
mode of replication and other accessory protein, Mismatch and excision repair
Unit 3 Transcription in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes No. of Hours: 8

Transcription: Definition, difference from replication, promoter - concept and strength of
promoter RNA Polymerase and the transcription unit
Transcription in Eukaryotes: RNA polymerases, general Transcription factors
Unit 4 Post-Transcriptional Processing No. of Hours: 8

Split genes, concept of introns and exons, RNA splicing, spliceosome machinery, concept of
alternative splicing, Polyadenylation and capping, Processing of rRNA, RNA interference: si
RNA, miRNA and its significance
Unit 5 Translation (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) No. of Hours: 10

Translational machinery, Charging of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases, Mechanisms of
initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptides in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Fidelity
of translation, Inhibitors of protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryote
Unit 6 Regulation of gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes No. of Hours: 12

Principles of transcriptional regulation, regulation at initiation with examples from lac and trp
operons, Sporulation in Bacillus,Yeast mating type switching , Changes in Chromatin
Structure - DNA methylation and Histone Acetylation mechanisms.
C-7: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –III
1. Study of different types of DNA and RNA using micrographs and model /
schematic representations
2. Study of semi-conservative replication of DNA through micrographs /
3. Isolation of genomic DNA from E. coli
4. Estimation of salmon sperm / calf thymus DNA using colorimeter (diphenylamine
reagent) or UV spectrophotometer (A260 measurement)
5. Estimation of RNA using colorimeter (orcinol reagent) or UV
spectrophotometer (A260 measurement)
6. Resolution and visualization of DNA by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis.
7. Resolution and visualization of proteins by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Watson JD, Baker TA, Bell SP, Gann A, Levine M and Losick R (2008) Molecular Biology of
the Gene, 6th edition, Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press, Pearson Publication
2. Becker WM, Kleinsmith LJ, Hardin J and Bertoni GP (2009) The World of the Cell, 7th
edition, Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco
3. De Robertis EDP and De Robertis EMF (2006) Cell and Molecular Biology, 8th edition.
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia
4. Karp G (2010) Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, 6th edition, John Wiley
& Sons. Inc.
th
5. Sambrook J and Russell DW. (2001). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 4 Edition,
Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory press.
6. Krebs J, Goldstein E, Kilpatrick S (2013). Lewin’s Essential Genes, 3rd Ed., Jones and
Bartlett Learning
7. Gardner EJ, Simmons MJ, Snustad DP (2008). Principles of Genetics. 8th Ed. Wiley-India
STRUCTURE) C-8: MICROBIAL GENETICS (THEORY)
SEMESTER –IV
Unit 1 Genome Organization and Mutations No. of Hours: 18

Genome organization: E. coli, Saccharomyces, Tetrahymena
Mutations and mutagenesis: Definition and types of Mutations; Physical and chemical
mutagens; Molecular basis of mutations; Functional mutants (loss and gain of function
mutants); Uses of mutations
Reversion and suppression: True revertants; Intra- and inter-genic suppression; Ames test;
Mutator genes
Unit 2 Plasmids No. of Hours: 10

Types of plasmids – F plasmid, R Plasmids, colicinogenic plasmids, Ti plasmids, linear plasmids,
yeast- 2 μ plasmid, Plasmid replication and partitioning, Host range, plasmid-incompatibility,
plasmid amplification, Regulation of copy number, curing of plasmids
Unit 3 Mechanisms of Genetic Exchange Transformation - No. of Hours: 12

Discovery, mechanism of natural competence
Conjugation - Discovery, mechanism, Hfr and F’ strains, Interrupted mating technique and time
of entry mapping
Transduction - Generalized transduction, specialized transduction, LFT & HFT lysates, Mapping
by recombination and co-transduction of markers
Unit 4 Phage Genetics No. of Hours: 8 Features of T4 genetics , Genetic basis of lytic versus
lysogenic switch of phage lambda
Unit 5 Transposable elements No. of Hours: 12

Prokaryotic transposable elements – Insertion Sequences, composite and non-composite
transposons, Replicative and Non replicative transposition, Mu transposon
Eukaryotic transposable elements - Yeast (Ty retrotransposon), Drosophila (P elements),
Maize (Ac/Ds)
Uses of transposons and transposition
C-8: MICROBIAL GENETICS (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –IV
1. Preparation of Master and Replica Plates

2. Study the effect of chemical (HNO2) and physical (UV) mutagens on bacterial cells
3. Study survival curve of bacteria after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light
4. Isolation of Plasmid DNA from E.coli
5. Study different conformations of plasmid DNA through Agaraose gel electrophoresis.
6. Demonstration of Bacterial Conjugation
7. Demonstration of bacterial transformation and transduction
8. Demonstration of AMES test
SUGGESTED READING
1. Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer, C, Palladino, M (2011). Concepts of Genetics, 10th
Ed., Benjamin Cummings
Bartlett Learning
3. Pierce BA (2011) Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 4th Ed., Macmillan Higher
Education Learning
4. Watson JD, Baker TA, Bell SP et al. (2008) Molecular Biology of the Gene, 6th Ed.,
Benjamin Cummings
6. Russell PJ. (2009). i Genetics- A Molecular Approach. 3rd Ed, Benjamin Cummings
th
8. Maloy SR, Cronan JE and Friefelder D(2004) Microbial Genetics 2nd EDITION., Jones and
Barlett Publishers
STRUCTURE) C-9: ENVIRONMENTAL
MICROBIOLOGY (THEORY) SEMESTER –IV
Unit 1 Microorganisms and their Habitats No. of Hours: 14

Structure and function of ecosystems
Terrestrial Environment: Soil profile and soil microflora
Aquatic Environment: Microflora of fresh water and marine habitats
Atmosphere: Aeromicroflora and dispersal of microbes
Animal Environment: Microbes in/on human body (Microbiomics) & animal (ruminants) body.
Extreme Habitats: Extremophiles: Microbes thriving at high & low temperatures, pH, high hydrostatic
& osmotic pressures, salinity, & low nutrient levels. Microbial
succession in decomposition of plant organic matter
Unit 2 Microbial Interactions No. of Hours: 12

Microbe interactions: Mutualism, synergism, commensalism, competition, amensalism, parasitism,
predation
Microbe-Plant interaction: Symbiotic and non symbiotic interactions
Microbe-animal interaction: Microbes in ruminants, nematophagus fungi and symbiotic
luminescent bacteria
Unit 3 Biogeochemical Cycling No. of Hours: 12

Carbon cycle: Microbial degradation of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and chitin
Nitrogen cycle: Nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification and nitrate reduction
Phosphorus cycle: Phosphate immobilization and solubilisation
Sulphur cycle: Microbes involved in sulphur cycle
Other elemental cycles: Iron and manganese
Unit 4 Waste Management No. of Hours: 12

Solid Waste management: Sources and types of solid waste, Methods of solid waste
disposal (composting and sanitary landfill)
Liquid waste management: Composition and strength of sewage (BOD and COD), Primary,
secondary (oxidation ponds, trickling filter, activated sludge process and septic tank) and
tertiary sewage treatment
Unit 5 Microbial Bioremediation No. of Hours: 5

Principles and degradation of common pesticides, organic (hydrocarbons, oil spills) and
inroganic (metals) matter, biosurfactants
Unit 6 Water Potability No. of Hours: 5

Treatment and safety of drinking (potable) water, methods to detect potability of water samples:
(a) standard qualitative procedure: presumptive test/MPN test, confirmed and completed tests for
faecal coliforms (b) Membrane filter technique and (c) Presence/absence tests
C-9: ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)
SEMESTER –IV
1. Analysis of soil - pH, moisture content, water holding capacity, percolation, capillary action.
2. Isolation of microbes (bacteria & fungi) from soil (28ºC & 45ºC ).
3. Isolation of microbes (bacteria & fungi) from rhizosphere and rhizoplane.
4. Assessment of microbiological quality of water.
5. Determination of BOD of waste water sample.
6. Study the presence of microbial activity by detecting (qualitatively) enzymes
(dehydrogenase, amylase, urease) in soil.
7. Isolation of Rhizobium from root nodules.
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Atlas RM and Bartha R. (2000). Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals & Applications. 4th
edition. Benjamin/Cummings Science Publishing, USA
2. Madigan MT, Martinko JM and Parker J. (2014). Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 14th
edition. Pearson/ Benjamin Cummings
3. Maier RM, Pepper IL and Gerba CP. (2009). Environmental Microbiology. 2nd edition,
Academic Press
4. Okafor, N (2011). Environmental Microbiology of Aquatic & Waste systems. 1st edition,
Springer, New York
5. Singh A, Kuhad, RC & Ward OP (2009). Advances in Applied Bioremediation. Volume
17, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Hedeilberg
6. Barton LL & Northup DE (2011). Microbial Ecology. 1st edition, Wiley Blackwell, USA
Campbell RE. (1983). Microbial Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, England.
7. Coyne MS. (2001). Soil Microbiology: An Exploratory Approach. Delmar Thomson Learning.
8. Lynch JM & Hobbie JE. (1988). Microorganisms in Action: Concepts & Application in
Microbial Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publication, U.K.
nd
9. Martin A. (1977). An Introduction to Soil Microbiology. 2 edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
New York & London.
10. Stolp H. (1988). Microbial Ecology: Organisms Habitats Activities. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, England.
11. Subba Rao NS. (1999). Soil Microbiology. 4th edition. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.
C-10: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY (THEORY)
SEMESTER –IV
Unit 1 Introduction to Genetic Engineering No. of Hours: 2

Milestones in genetic engineering and biotechnology
Unit 2 Molecular Cloning- Tools and Strategies No. of Hours: 20

Cloning Tools; Restriction modification systems: Types I, II and III. Mode of action,
nomenclature, applications of Type II restriction enzymes in genetic engineering
DNA modifying enzymes and their applications: DNA polymerases. Terminal
deoxynucleotidyl transferase, kinases and phosphatases, and DNA ligases Cloning Vectors:
Definition and Properties
Plasmid vectors: pBR and pUC series
Bacteriophage lambda and M13 based vectors
Cosmids, BACs, YACs
Use of linkers and adaptors
Expression vectors: E.coli lac and T7 promoter-based vectors, yeast YIp, YEp and YCp
vectors, Baculovirus based vectors, mammalian SV40-based expression vectors
Unit 3 Methods in Molecular Cloning No. of Hours: 16

Transformation of DNA: Chemical method, Electroporation,
Gene delivery: Microinjection, electroporation, biolistic method (gene gun), liposome and
viral-mediated delivery, Agrobacterium - mediated delivery
DNA, RNA and Protein analysis: Agarose gel electrophoresis, Southern - and Northern -
blotting techniques, dot blot, DNA microarray analysis, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.
Unit4 DNA Amplification and DNA sequencing No. of Hours: 10

PCR: Basics of PCR, RT-PCR, Real-Time PCR
Sanger’s method of DNA Sequencing: traditional and automated sequencing
Primer walking and shotgun sequencing
Unit 5 Construction and Screening of Genomic and cDNA libraries No. of Hours: 6
Genomic and cDNA libraries: Preparation and uses, Screening of libraries: Colony hybridization
and colony PCR, Chromosome walking and chromosome jumping
Unit 6 Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology No. of Hours: 6

Products of recombinant DNA technology: Products of human therapeutic interest - insulin,
hGH, antisense molecules. Bt transgenic - cotton, brinjal, Gene therapy, recombinant vaccines,
protein engineering and site directed mutagensis
C-10: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY (PRACTICAL)
SEMESTER –IV
1. Preparation of competent cells for transformation

2. Demonstration of Bacterial Transformation and calculation of transformation efficiency.
3. Digestion of DNA using restriction enzymes and analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis
4. Ligation of DNA fragments
5. Cloning of DNA insert and Blue white screening of recombinants.
6. Interpretation of sequencing gel electropherograms
7. Designing of primers for DNA amplification
8. Amplification of DNA by PCR
9. Demonstration of Southern blotting
SUGGESTED READING
1. Brown TA. (2010). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis. 6th edition. Blackwell Publishing,
Oxford, U.K.
2. Clark DP and Pazdernik NJ. (2009). Biotechnology: Applying the Genetic Revolution.
Elsevier Academic Press, USA
3. Primrose SB and Twyman RM. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics, 7th
edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, U.K.
4. Sambrook J and Russell D. (2001). Molecular Cloning-A Laboratory Manual. 3rd edition.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
5. Wiley JM, Sherwood LM and Woolverton CJ. (2008). Prescott, Harley and Klein’s
Microbiology. McGraw Hill Higher Education
6. Brown TA. (2007). Genomes-3. Garland Science Publishers
7. Primrose SB and Twyman RM. (2008). Genomics: Applications in human biology.
Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, U.K.
STRUCTURE) C-11: FOOD AND DAIRY
MICROBIOLOGY (THEORY) SEMESTER –V
Unit 1 Foods as a substrate for microorganisms No. of Hours: 8

Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect growth and survival of microbes in foods, natural flora
and source of contamination of foods in general.
Unit 2 Microbial spoilage of various foods No. of Hours: 10 Principles, Spoilage of

vegetables, fruits, meat, eggs, milk and butter, bread, canned Foods
Unit 3 Principles and methods of food preservation No. of Hours: 12

Principles, physical methods of food preservation: temperature (low, high, canning, drying),
irradiation, hydrostatic pressure, high voltage pulse, microwave processing and aseptic packaging,
chemical methods of food preservation: salt, sugar, organic acids, SO2, nitrite and nitrates,
ethylene oxide, antibiotics and bacteriocins
Unit 4 Fermented foods No. of Hours: 10

Dairy starter cultures, fermented dairy products: yogurt, acidophilus milk, kumiss, kefir, dahi and
cheese, other fermented foods: dosa, sauerkraut, soy sauce and tampeh, Probiotics: Health
benefits, types of microorganisms used, probiotic foods available in market.
Unit 5 Food borne diseases (causative agents, foods involved, symptoms and preventive
measures) No. of Hours: 10
Food intoxications: Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum and mycotoxins;
Food infections: Bacillus cereus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Salmonellosis,
Shigellosis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter jejuni
Unit 6 Food sanitation and control No. of Hours: 5

HACCP, Indices of food sanitary quality and sanitizers
Unit 7 Cultural and rapid detection methods of food borne pathogens in foods and introduction
to predictive microbiology. No. of Hours: 5
C-11: FOOD AND DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –V
1. MBRT of milk samples and their standard plate count.

2. Alkaline phosphatase test to check the efficiency of pasteurization of milk.
3. Isolation of any food borne bacteria from food products.
4. Isolation of spoilage microorganisms from spoiled vegetables/fruits.
5. Isolation of spoilage microorganisms from bread.
6. Preparation of Yogurt/Dahi.
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Adams MR and Moss MO. (1995). Food Microbiology. 4th edition, New Age International
(P) Limited Publishers, New Delhi, India.
2. Banwart JM. (1987). Basic Food Microbiology. 1st edition. CBS Publishers and
Distributors, Delhi, India.
3. Davidson PM and Brannen AL. (1993). Antimicrobials in Foods. Marcel Dekker, New York.
4. Dillion VM and Board RG. (1996). Natural Antimicrobial Systems and Food Preservation.
CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon.
5. Frazier WC and Westhoff DC. (1992). Food Microbiology. 3rd edition. Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, India.
6. Gould GW. (1995). New Methods of Food Preservation. Blackie Academic and
Professional, London.
th
7. Jay JM, Loessner MJ and Golden DA. (2005). Modern Food Microbiology. 7 edition,
CBS Publishers and Distributors, Delhi, India.
8. Lund BM, Baird Parker AC, and Gould GW. (2000). The Microbiological Safety and Quality
of Foods. Vol. 1-2, ASPEN Publication, Gaithersberg, MD.
th
9. Tortora GJ, Funke BR, and Case CL. (2008). Microbiology: An Introduction. 9 edition.
Pearson Education.
STRUCTURE) C-12: INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
(THEORY) SEMESTER –V
Unit 1 Introduction to industrial microbiology No. of Hours: 2

Brief history and developments in industrial microbiology
Unit 2 Isolation of industrially important microbial strains and fermentation media

No. of Hours: 10
Sources of industrially important microbes and methods for their isolation, preservation and
maintenance of industrial strains, strain improvement, Crude and synthetic media; molasses,
corn-steep liquor, sulphite waste liquor, whey, yeast extract and protein hydrolysates
Unit 3 Types of fermentation processes, bio-reactors and measurement of fermentation

parameters No. of Hours: 12 Types of fermentation processes - Solid-state and liquid-state
(stationary and submerged) fermentations; batch, fed-batch (eg. baker’s yeast) and continuous
fermentations
Components of a typical bio-reactor, Types of bioreactors-Laboratory, pilot- scale and production
fermenters, constantly stirred tank and air-lift fermenters, Measurement and control of
fermentation parameters - pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, foaming and aeration
Unit 4 Down-stream processing No. of Hours: 6

Cell disruption, filtration, centrifugation, solvent extraction, precipitation, lyophilization and
spray drying
Unit 5 Microbial production of industrial products (micro-organisms involved, media,

fermentation conditions, downstream processing and uses) No. of Hours: 18 Citric acid,
ethanol, penicillin, glutamic acid, Vitamin B12 Enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase)
Wine, beer
Unit 6 Enzyme immobilization No. of Hours: 4

Methods of immobilization, advantages and applications of immobilization, large scale applications of
immobilized enzymes (glucose isomerase and penicillin acylase)
C-12: INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –V
1. Study different parts of fermenter
2. Microbial fermentations for the production and estimation (qualitative and quantitative) of:
(a) Enzymes: Amylase and Protease
(b) Amino acid: Glutamic acid
(c) Organic acid: Citric acid
(d) Alcohol: Ethanol
3. A visit to any educational institute/industry to see an industrial fermenter, and
other downstream processing operations.
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Patel A.H. (1996). Industrial Microbiology. 1st edition, Macmillan India Limited
2. Okafor N. (2007). Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 1st edition. Bios
Scientific Publishers Limited. USA
3. Waites M.J., Morgan N.L., Rockey J.S. and Higton G. (2001). Industrial Microbiology:
An Introduction. 1st edition. Wiley – Blackwell
4. Glaze A.N. and Nikaido H. (1995). Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals of
Applied Microbiology. 1st edition. W.H. Freeman and Company
5. Casida LE. (1991). Industrial Microbiology. 1st edition. Wiley Eastern Limited.
6. Crueger W and Crueger A. (2000). Biotechnology: A textbook of Industrial Microbiology.
2nd edition. Panima Publishing Co. New Delhi.
7. Stanbury PF, Whitaker A and Hall SJ. (2006). Principles of Fermentation Technology. 2nd
edition, Elsevier Science Ltd.
STRUCTURE) C-13: IMMUNOLOGY (THEORY)
SEMESTER –VI
Unit 1 Introduction No. of Hours: 4

Concept of Innate and Adaptive immunity; Contributions of following scientists to the
development of field of immunology - Edward Jenner, Karl Landsteiner, Robert Koch, Paul
Ehrlich, Elie Metchnikoff, Peter Medawar, MacFarlane Burnet, Neils K Jerne, Rodney Porter and
Susumu Tonegawa
Unit 2 Immune Cells and Organs No. of Hours: 7

Structure, Functions and Properties of: Immune Cells – Stem cell, T cell, B cell, NK cell,
Macrophage, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Mast cell, Dendritic cell; and Immune Organs –
Bone Marrow, Thymus, Lymph Node, Spleen, GALT, MALT, CALT
Unit 3 Antigens No. of Hours: 4

Characteristics of an antigen (Foreignness, Molecular size and Heterogeneity); Haptens; Epitopes
(T & B cell epitopes); T-dependent and T-independent antigens; Adjuvants
Unit 4 Antibodies No. of Hours: 6

Structure, Types, Functions and Properties of antibodies; Antigenic determinants on antibodies
(Isotypic, allotypic, idiotypic); VDJ rearrangements; Monoclonal and Chimeric antibodies
Unit 5 Major Histocompatibility Complex No. of Hours: 5

Organization of MHC locus (Mice & Human); Structure and Functions of MHC I & II
molecules; Antigen processing and presentation (Cytosolic and Endocytic pathways)
Unit 6 Complement System No. of Hours: 4

Components of the Complement system; Activation pathways (Classical, Alternative and
Lectin pathways); Biological consequences of complement Activation
Unit 7 Generation of Immune Response No. of Hours: 10

Primary and Secondary Immune Response; Generation of Humoral Immune Response (Plasma
and Memory cells); Generation of Cell Mediated Immune Response (Self MHC restriction, T cell
activation, Co- stimulatory signals); Killing Mechanisms by CTL and NK cells, Introduction to
tolerance
Unit 8 Immunological Disorders and Tumor Immunity No. of Hours: 10

Types of Autoimmunity and Hypersensitivity with examples; Immunodeficiencies - Animal models
(Nude and SCID mice), SCID, DiGeorge syndrome, Chediak- Higashi syndrome, Leukocyte
adhesion deficiency, CGD; Types of tumors, tumor Antigens, causes and therapy for cancers.
Unit 9 Immunological Techniques No. of Hours: 10

Principles of Precipitation, Agglutination, Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA,
ELISPOT, Western blotting, Immunofluoresence, Flow cytometry, Immunoelectron microscopy.
C-13: IMMUNOLOGY (PRACTICAL)
SEMESTER –VI

1. Identification of human blood groups.
2. Perform Total Leukocyte Count of the given blood sample.
3. Perform Differential Leukocyte Count of the given blood sample.
4. Separate serum from the blood sample (demonstration).
5. Perform immunodiffusion by Ouchterlony method.
6. Perform DOT ELISA.
7. Perform immunoelectrophoresis.
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. (2007). Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 6th
edition Saunders Publication, Philadelphia.
2. Delves P, Martin S, Burton D, Roitt IM. (2006). Roitt’s Essential Immunology.11th edition
Wiley-Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.
3. Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA. (2007). Kuby’s Immunology. 6th edition W.H. Freeman
and Company, New York.
4. Murphy K, Travers P, Walport M. (2008). Janeway’s Immunobiology. 7th edition Garland
Science Publishers, New York.
5. Peakman M, and Vergani D. (2009). Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd edition
Churchill Livingstone Publishers, Edinberg.
6. Richard C and Geiffrey S. (2009). Immunology. 6th edition. Wiley Blackwell Publication.
C-14: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY (THEORY) SEMESTER
–VI
Unit 1 Normal microflora of the human body and host pathogen interaction
No. of Hours: 8
Normal microflora of the human body: Importance of normal microflora, normal microflora of
skin, throat, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract
Host pathogen interaction: Definitions - Infection, Invasion, Pathogen, Pathogenicity, Virulence,
Toxigenicity, Carriers and their types, Opportunistic infections, Nosocomial infections.
Transmission of infection, Pathophysiologic effects of LPS
Unit 2 Sample collection, transport and diagnosis No. of Hours: 5

Collection, transport and culturing of clinical samples, principles of different diagnostic tests
(ELISA, Immunofluorescence, Agglutination based tests,Complement fixation, PCR, DNA probes).
Unit 3 Bacterial diseases No. of Hours: 15

List of diseases of various organ systems and their causative agents. The following diseases in
detail with Symptoms, mode of transmission, prophylaxis and control
Respiratory Diseases: Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Gastrointestinal Diseases: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Helicobacter pylori
Others: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium tetani, Treponema
pallidum, Clostridium difficie
Unit 4 Viral diseases No. of Hours: 14

detail with Symptoms, mode of transmission, prophylaxis and control
Polio, Herpes, Hepatitis, Rabies, Dengue, AIDS, Influenza with brief description of swine flu,
Ebola, Chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis
Unit 5 Protozoan diseases No. of Hours: 5

detail with Symptoms, mode of transmission, prophylaxis and control Malaria, Kala-azar
Unit 6 Fungal diseases No. of Hours: 5

Brief description of each of the following types of mycoses and one representative disease to
be studied with respect to transmission, symptoms and prevention
Cutaneous mycoses: Tinea pedis (Athlete’s foot)
Systemic mycoses: Histoplasmosis
Opportunistic mycoses: Candidiasis
Unit 7 Antimicrobial agents: General characteristics and mode of action No. of Hours: 8
Antibacterial agents: Five modes of action with one example each: Inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis;
Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; Inhibitor of cell membrane function; Inhibitor of protein synthesis;
Inhibitor of metabolism
Antifungal agents: Mechanism of action of Amphotericin B, Griseofulvin
Antiviral agents: Mechanism of action of Amantadine, Acyclovir,
Azidothymidine Antibiotic resistance, MDR, XDR, MRSA, NDM-1
C-14: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)
SEMESTER –VI
1. Identify bacteria (any three of E. coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Bacillus)
using laboratory strains on the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics: IMViC,
TSI, nitrate reduction, urease production and catalase tests
2. Study of composition and use of important differential media for identification of bacteria:
EMB Agar, McConkey agar, Mannitol salt agar, Deoxycholate citrate agar, TCBS
3. Study of bacterial flora of skin by swab method
4. Perform antibacterial sensitivity by Kirby-Bauer method
5. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic.
6. Study symptoms of the diseases with the help of photographs: Polio, anthrax, herpes, chicken
pox, HPV warts, AIDS (candidiasis), dermatomycoses (ring worms)
7. Study of various stages of malarial parasite in RBCs using permanent mounts.
SUGGESTED READING
1. Ananthanarayan R. and Paniker C.K.J. (2009) Textbook of Microbiology. 8th edition,
University Press Publication
2. Brooks G.F., Carroll K.C., Butel J.S., Morse S.A. and Mietzner, T.A. (2013) Jawetz, Melnick
and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology. 26th edition. McGraw Hill Publication
3. Goering R., Dockrell H., Zuckerman M. and Wakelin D. (2007) Mims’ Medical Microbiology.
4th edition. Elsevier
4. Willey JM, Sherwood LM, and Woolverton CJ. (2013) Prescott, Harley and Klein’s
Microbiology. 9th edition. McGraw Hill Higher Education
14th edition. Pearson International Edition.
STRUCTURE) DSE-1: BIOINFORMATICS (THEORY)
SEMESTER –V/VI
Unit 1 Introduction to Computer Fundamentals No. of Hours: 8

RDBMS - Definition of relational database
Mode of data transfer (FTP, SFTP, SCP), advantage of encrypted data transfer
Unit 2 Introduction to Bioinformatics and Biological Databases No. of Hours: 14

Biological databases - nucleic acid, genome, protein sequence and structure, gene expression
databases, Database of metabolic pathways, Mode of data storage - File formats - FASTA,
Genbank and Uniprot, Data submission & retrieval from NCBI, EMBL, DDBJ, Uniprot, PDB
Unit 3 Sequence Alignments, Phylogeny and Phylogenetic trees No. of Hours: 16

Local and Global Sequence alignment, pairwise and multiple sequence alignment.
Scoring an alignment, scoring matrices, PAM & BLOSUM series of matrices
Types of phylogenetic trees, Different approaches of phylogenetic tree construction -
UPGMA, Neighbour joining, Maximum Parsomony, Maximum likelihood
Unit 4 Genome organization and analysis No. of Hours: 10

Diversity of Genomes: Viral, prokaryotic & eukaryotic genomes
Genome, transcriptome, proteome, 2-D gel electrophoresis, Maldi Toff spectroscopy
Major features of completed genomes: E.coli, S.cerevisiae, Arabidopsis, Human
Unit 5 Protein Structure Predictions No. of Hours: 12

Hierarchy of protein structure - primary, secondary and tertiary structures, modeling
Structural Classes, Motifs, Folds and Domains
Protein structure prediction in presence and absence of structure template
Energy minimizations and evaluation by Ramachandran plot
Protein structure and rational drug design
DSE-1: BIOINFORMATICS (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –V/VI
1. Introduction to different operating systems - UNIX, LINUX and Windows

2. Introduction to bioinformatics databases (any three): NCBI/PDB/DDBJ, Uniprot, PDB
3. Sequence retrieval using BLAST
4. Sequence alignment & phylogenetic analysis using clustalW & phylip
5. Picking out a given gene from genomes using Genscan or other softwares (promoter region
identification, repeat in genome, ORF prediction). Gene finding tools (Glimmer, GENSCAN),
Primer designing, Genscan/Genetool
6. Protein structure prediction: primary structure analysis, secondary structure prediction using
psi-pred, homology modeling using Swissmodel. Molecular visualization using jmol, Protein
structure model evaluation (PROCHECK)
7. Prediction of different features of a functional gene
SUGGESTED READING
1. Saxena Sanjay (2003) A First Course in Computers, Vikas Publishing House
2. Pradeep and Sinha Preeti (2007) Foundations of Computing, 4th ed., BPB Publications
3. Lesk M.A.(2008) Introduction to Bioinformatics . Oxford Publication, 3rd International
Student Edition
4. Rastogi S.C., Mendiratta N. and Rastogi P. (2007) Bioinformatics: methods and
applications, genomics, proteomics and drug discovery, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall India Publication
5. Primrose and Twyman (2003) Principles of Genome Analysis & Genomics. Blackwell
STRUCTURE) DSE-2: MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
(THEORY) SEMESTER –V/VI
Unit 1 Microbial Biotechnology and its Applications No. of Hours: 10

Microbial biotechnology: Scope and its applications in human therapeutics, agriculture
(Biofertilizers, PGPR, Mycorrhizae), environmental, and food technology
Use of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms in biotechnological applications
Genetically engineered microbes for industrial application: Bacteria and yeast
Unit 2 Therapeutic and Industrial Biotechnology No. of Hours: 10 Recombinant microbial

production processes in pharmaceutical industries - Streptokinase, recombinant vaccines
(Hepatitis B vaccine)
Microbial polysaccharides and polyesters, Microbial production of bio-pesticides,
bioplastics Microbial biosensors
Unit 3 Applications of Microbes in Biotransformations No. of Hours: 8

Microbial based transformation of steroids and sterols
Bio-catalytic processes and their industrial applications: Production of high fructose syrup
and production of cocoa butter substitute
Unit 4 Microbial Products and their Recovery No. of Hours: 10

Microbial product purification: filtration, ion exchange & affinity chromatography techniques
Immobilization methods and their application: Whole cell immobilization
Unit 5 Microbes for Bio-energy and Environment No. of Hours: 12

Bio-ethanol and bio-diesel production: commercial production from lignocellulosic waste and algal
biomass, Biogas production: Methane and hydrogen production using microbial culture.
Microorganisms in bioremediation: Degradation of xenobiotics, mineral recovery, removal of
heavy metals from aqueous effluents
Unit 6 RNAi No. of Hours: 6 RNAi and its applications in silencing genes, drug resistance,
therapeutics and host pathogen interactions
Unit 7 Intellectual Property Rights No. of Hours: 4

Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks
DSE-2: MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –V/VI
1. Study yeast cell immobilization in calcium alginate gels
2. Study enzyme immobilization by sodium alginate method
3. Pigment production from fungi (Trichoderma / Aspergillus / Penicillium)
4. Isolation of xylanase or lipase producing bacteria
5. Study of algal Single Cell Proteins
SUGGESTED READING
1. Ratledge, C and Kristiansen, B. (2001). Basic Biotechnology, 2nd Edition, Cambridge
University Press.
2. Demain, A. L and Davies, J. E. (1999). Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology,
2nd Edition, ASM Press.
3. Swartz, J. R. (2001). Advances in Escherichia coli production of therapeutic proteins.
Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 12, 195–201.
4. Prescott, Harley and Klein’s Microbiology by Willey JM, Sherwood LM, Woolverton CJ
(2014), 9th edition, Mc Graw Hill Publishers.
nd
5. Gupta PK (2009) Elements of Biotechnology 2 edition, Rastogi Publications,
nd
6. Glazer AN and Nikaido H (2007) Microbial Biotechnology, 2 edition, Cambridge
University Press
th
7. Glick BR, Pasternak JJ, and Patten CL (2010) Molecular Biotechnology 4 edition, ASM Press,
8. Stanbury PF, Whitaker A, Hall SJ (1995) Principles of Fermentation Technology 2nd
edition., Elsevier Science
9. Crueger W, Crueger A (1990) Biotechnology: A text Book of Industrial Microbiology 2nd
edition Sinauer associates, Inc.
STRUCTURE) DSE-3: ADVANCES IN MICROBIOLOGY
Unit 1 Evolution of Microbial Genomes No. of Hours: 15

Salient features of sequenced microbial genomes, core genome pool, flexible genome pool and
concept of pangenome, Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), Evolution of bacterial virulence -
Genomic islands, Pathogenicity islands (PAI) and their characteristics
Unit 2 Metagenomics No. of Hours: 15

Brief history and development of metagenomics, Understanding bacterial diversity using
metagenomics approach, Prospecting genes of biotechnological importance using metagenomics
Basic knowledge of viral metagenome, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics.
Unit 3 Molecular Basis of Host-Microbe Interactions No. of Hours: 15

Epiphytic fitness and its mechanism in plant pathogens, Hypersensitive response (HR) to plant
pathogens and its mechanism, Type three secretion systems (TTSS) of plant and animal
pathogens, Biofilms: types of microorganisms, molecular aspects and significance in
environment, health care, virulence and antimicrobial resistance
Unit 4 Systems and Synthetic Biology No. of Hours: 15

Networking in biological systems, Quorum sensing in bacteria, Co-ordinated regulation of
bacterial virulence factors, Basics of synthesis of poliovirus in laboratory, Future implications of
synthetic biology with respect to bacteria and viruses
DSE-3: ADVANCES IN MICROBIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –V/VI
1. Extraction of metagenomic DNA from soil

2. Understand the impediments in extracting metagenomic DNA from soil
3. PCR amplification of metagenomic DNA using universal 16s ribosomal gene primers
4. Case study to understand how the poliovirus genome was synthesized in the laboratory
5. Case study to understand how networking of metabolic pathways in bacteria takes place
SUGGESTED READING
1. Fraser CM, Read TD and Nelson KE. Microbial Genomes, 2004, Humana Press
2. Miller RV and Day MJ. Microbial Evolution- Gene establishment, survival and exchange,
2004, ASM Press
3. Bull AT. Microbial Diversity and Bioprospecting, 2004, ASM Press
4. Sangdun C. Introduction to Systems Biology, 2007, Humana Press
5. Klipp E, Liebermeister W. Systems Biology – A Textbook, 2009, Wiley –VCH Verlag
6. Caetano-Anolles G. Evolutionary Genomics and Systems Biology, 2010, John Wiley and Sons
7. Madigan MT, Martink JM, Dunlap PV and Clark DP (2014) Brook’s Biology of Microorganisms, 14th
edition, Pearson-Bejamin Cummings
8. Wilson BA, Salyers AA Whitt DD and Winkler ME (2011)Bacterial Pathogenesis- A molecular
Approach, 3rd edition, ASM Press,
9. Bouarab K, Brisson and Daayf F (2009) Molecular Plant-Microbe interaction CAB International
10. Voit EO (2012) A First Course in Systems Biology, Ist edition,Garland Science
DSE-4: PLANT PATHOLOGY (THEORY)
SEMESTER –V/VI
Unit 1 Introduction and History of plant pathology No. of Hours: 5

Concept of plant disease- definitions of disease, disease cycle & pathogenicity, symptoms associated
with microbial plant diseases, types of plant pathogens, economic losses and social impact of plant
diseases. Significant landmarks in the field of plant pathology- Contributions of Anton DeBary,
Millardet, Burrill, E. Smith, Adolph Mayer, Ivanowski, Diener, Stakman, H.H. Flor, Van Der Plank,
molecular Koch’s postulates. Contributions of eminent Indian plant pathologists.
Unit 2 Stages in development of a disease No. of Hours: 2

Infection, invasion, colonization, dissemination of pathogens and perennation.
Unit 3 Plant disease epidemiology No. of Hours: 5

Concepts of monocyclic, polycyclic and polyetic diseases, disease triangle & disease pyramid,
forecasting of plant diseases and its relevance in Indian context.
Unit 4 Host Pathogen Interaction No. of Hours: 19

A. Microbial Pathogenicity
Virulence factors of pathogens: enzymes, toxins (host specific and non specific) growth
regulators, virulence factors in viruses (replicase, coat protein, silencing suppressors) in disease
development. Effects of pathogens on host physiological processes (photosynthesis, respiration,
cell membrane permeability, translocation of water and nutrients, plant growth and
reproduction). B. Genetics of Plant Diseases
Concept of resistance (R) gene and avirulence (avr) gene; gene for gene hypothesis, types of
plant resistance: true resistance– horizontal & vertical, apparent resistance. C. Defense
Mechanisms in Plants
Concepts of constitutive defense mechanisms in plants, inducible structural defenses (histological-
cork layer, abscission layer, tyloses, gums), inducible biochemical defenses [hypersensitive
response (HR), systemic acquired resistance (SAR), phytoalexins, pathogenesis related (PR)
proteins, plantibodies, phenolics, quinones, oxidative bursts].
Unit 5 Control of Plant Diseases No. of Hours: 10

Principles & practices involved in the management of plant diseases by different methods, viz.
regulatory - quarantine, crop certification, avoidance of pathogen, use of pathogen free
propagative material
cultural - host eradication, crop rotation, sanitation, polyethylene traps and mulches chemical -
protectants and systemic fungicides, antibiotics, resistance of pathogens to chemicals.
biological - suppressive soils, antagonistic microbes-bacteria and fungi, trap plants
genetic engineering of disease resistant plants- with plant derived genes and pathogen derived genes
Unit 6 Specific Plant diseases No. of Hours: 19

Study of some important plant diseases giving emphasis on its etiological agent,
symptoms, epidemiology and control
A. Important diseases caused by fungi
White rust of crucifers - Albugo candida
Downy mildew of onion - Peronospora destructor
Late blight of potato - Phytophthora infestans
Powdery mildew of wheat - Erysiphe graminis
Ergot of rye - Claviceps purpurea
Black stem rust of wheat - Puccinia graminis tritici
Loose smut of wheat - Ustilago nuda
Wilt of tomato - Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici
Red rot of sugarcane - Colletotrichum falcatum
Early blight of potato - Alternaria solani
B. Important diseases caused by phytopathogenic bacteria: Angular leaf spot of cotton, bacterial
leaf blight of rice, crown galls, bacterial cankers of citrus
C. Important diseases caused by phytoplasmas: Aster yellow, citrus stubborn
D. Important diseases caused by viruses: Papaya ring spot, tomato yellow leaf curl, banana
bunchy top, rice tungro
E. Important diseases caused by viroids: Potato spindle tuber, coconut cadang cadang
DSE-4: PLANT PATHOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –V/VI
1. Demonstration of Koch’s postulates in fungal, bacterial and viral plant pathogens.

2. Study of important diseases of crop plants by cutting sections of infected plant material -
Albugo, Puccinia, Ustilago, Fusarium, Colletotrichum.
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Agrios GN. (2006). Plant Pathology. 5th edition. Academic press, San Diego,
2. Lucas JA. (1998). Plant Pathology and Plant Pathogens. 3rd edition. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
3. Mehrotra RS. (1994). Plant Pathology. Tata McGraw-Hill Limited.
4. Rangaswami G. (2005). Diseases of Crop Plants in India. 4th edition. Prentice Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
5. Singh RS. (1998). Plant Diseases Management. 7th edition. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
DSE-5: BIOMATHEMATICS AND BIOSTATISTICS
Unit 1 Biomathematics No of Hours: 30
Sets. Functions and their graphs : polynomial, sine, cosine, exponential and logarithmic functions.
Motivation and illustration for these functions through projectile motion, simple pendulum,
biological rhythms, cell division, muscular fibres etc.
Simple observations about these functions like increasing, decreasing and, periodicity.
Sequences to be introduced through the examples arising in Science beginning with finite
sequences, followed by concepts of recursion and difference equations. For instance, the Fibonacci
sequence arising from branching habit of trees and breeding habit of rabbits. Intuitive idea of
algebraic relationships and convergence.
Infinite Geometric Series. Series formulas for ex, log (1+x), sin x, cos x. Step function. Intuitive
idea of discontinuity, continuity and limits.
Differentiation. Conception to be motivated through simple concrete examples as given above
from Biological and Physical Sciences. Use of methods of differentiation like Chain rule, Product
rule and Quotient rule. Second order derivatives of above functions. Integration as reverse process
of differentiation.
Integrals of the functions introduced above. Differential Equations of first order, Linear
Differential Equations.
Points in plane and space and coordinate form. Examples of matrices arising in Biological
Sciences and Biological networks. Sum and Produce of matrices upto order 3.
Unit 2 Biostatistics No of Hours: 30
Measures of central tendency, Measures of dispersion; skewness, kurtosis; Elementary Probability

and basic laws; Discrete and Continuous Random variable, Mathematical Expectation; Curve
Fitting; Correlation and Regression. Emphasis on examples from Biological Sciences;
Mean and Variance of Discrete and Continuous Distributions namely Binomial, Poisson,
Geometric, Weibull, Logistic and Normal distribution. Fitting of Distributions;
Statistical methods: Scope of statistics: utility and misuse. Principles of statistical analysis of
biological data. Sampling parameters. Difference between sample and Population, Sampling
Errors, Censoring, difference between parametric and non-parametric statistics;
Sampling Distributions, Standard Error, Testing of Hypothesis, Level of Significance and Degree
of Freedom;
Large Sample Test based on Normal Distribution, Small sample test based on t-test, Z- test and
F test; Confidence Interval; Distribution-free test - Chi-square test; Basic introduction to
Multivariate statistics, etc.
DSE-5: BIOMATHEMATICS AND BIOSTATISTICS (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –V/VI
1. Word Problems based on Differential Equations

2. Mean, Median, Mode from grouped and ungrouped Data set
3. Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation
4. Skewness and Kurtosis
5. Curve fitting
6. Correlation
7. Regression
8. Finding area under the curve using normal probability
9. Testing of Hypothesis- Normal Distribution, t-test and Chi-Square-test
10. Confidence Interval
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. H. S. Bear: Understanding Calculus, John Wiley and Sons (Second Edition); 2003.
2. E. Batschelet : Introduction to Mathematics for Life Scientists,Springer Verlag,
International Student Edition, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi (1971, 1975)
3. A. Edmondson and D. Druce : Advanced Biology Statistics, Oxford University Press; 1996.
4. W. Danial : Biostatistics : A foundation for Analysis in Health Sciences, John Wiley and Sons
Inc; 2004.
STRUCTURE) DSE-6: INHERITANCE BIOLOGY
Unit 1 Introduction to Genetics No. of Hours: 5

Historical developments
Model organisms in genetic analyses and experimentation: Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, Neurospora crassa, Caenorhabditis elegans Drosophila melanogaster,
Arabidopsis thaliana
Unit 2 Mendelian Principles No. of Hours: 13

Mendel’s Laws: Dominance, segregation, independent assortment, deviation from Mendelian
inheritance, Rediscovery of Mendel’s principles, Chromosome theory of inheritance: Allele,
multiple alleles, pseudoallele, complementation tests, Extensions of Mendelian genetics: Allelic
interactions, concept of dominance, recessiveness, Incomplete dominance and co-dominance,
Multiple alleles, Epistasis, penetrance and expressivity
Unit 3 Linkage and Crossing over No. of Hours: 9

Linkage and recombination of genes, Cytological basis of crossing over, Crossing over at four-
strand stage, Molecular mechanism of crossing over, mapping
Unit 4 Extra-Chromosomal Inheritance No. of Hours: 9

Rules of extra nuclear inheritance, Organelle heredity - Chloroplast mutations in
Chlamydomonas, mitochondrial, mutations in Saccharomyces, Maternal effects – Shell coiling
in Limnaea peregra Infectious heredity - Kappa particles in Paramecium
Unit 5 Characteristics of Chromosomes No. of Hours: 15

Structural organization of chromosomes - centromeres, telomeres and repetitive DNA, Packaging
DNA molecules into chromosomes, Concept of euchromatin and heterochromatin, Normal and
abnormal karyotypes of human chromosomes, Chromosome banding, Giant chromosomes:
Polytene and lampbrush chromosomes, Variations in chromosome structure: Deletion, duplication,
inversion and translocation, Variation in chromosomal number and structural abnormalities -
Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, Down syndrome
Unit 6 Recombination No. of Hours: 3

Homologous and non-homologous recombination, including transposition, site-specific
recombination.
Unit 7 Human genetics No. of Hours: 3

Pedigree analysis, lod score for linkage testing, karyotypes, genetic disorders.
Unit 8 Quantitative genetics No. of Hours: 3

Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its measurements, QTL mapping.
DSE-6: INHERITANCE BIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)
SEMESTER –V/VI
1. Mendelian deviations in dihybrid crosses

2. Studying Barr Body with the temporary mount of human cheek cells
3. Studying Rhoeo translocation with the help of photographs
4. Karyotyping with the help of photographs
5. Chi-Square Analysis
6. Study of polytene chromosomes using temporary mounts of salivary glands of
Chiromonas / Drosophila larvae
7. Study of pedigree analysis
8. Analysis of a representative quantitative trait
SUGGESTED READING
2. Snustad DP, Simmons MJ (2011). Principles of Genetics. 6th Ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc.
3. Weaver RF, Hedrick PW (1997). Genetics. 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill Education
4. Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer CA, Palladino M (2012). Concepts of Genetics. 10th
Ed. Benjamin Cummings
5. Griffith AJF, Wessler SR, Lewontin RC, Carroll SB. (2007). Introduction to Genetic Analysis.
9th Ed. W.H.Freeman and Co., New York
6. Hartl DL, Jones EW (2009). Genetics: Analysis of Genes and Genomes. 7th Ed, Jones and
Bartlett Publishers
7. Russell PJ. (2009). i Genetics - A Molecular Approach. 3rd Ed, Benjamin Cummings
DSE-7: MICROBES IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
(THEORY)
SEMESTER –V/VI
Unit 1 Soil Microbiology No of Hours: 8

Soil as Microbial Habitat, Soil profile and properties, Soil formation, Diversity and distribution
of microorganisms in soil
Unit 2 Mineralization of Organic & Inorganic Matter in Soil No of Hours: 8

Mineralization of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignocelluloses, lignin and humus, phosphate,
nitrate, silica, potassium
Unit 3 Microbial Activity in Soil and Green House Gases No of Hours: 5

Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide – production and control
Unit 4 Microbial Control of Soil Borne Plant Pathogens No of Hours: 8

Biocontrol mechanisms and ways, Microorganisms used as biocontrol agents against Microbial
plant pathogens, Insects, Weeds
Unit 5 Biofertilization, Phytostimulation, Bioinsecticides No of Hours: 15

Plant growth promoting bateria, biofertilizers – symbiotic (Bradyrhizobium, Rhizobium, Frankia
), Non Symbiotic (Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Mycorrhizae, MHBs, Phosphate solubilizers,
algae), Novel combination of microbes as biofertilizers, PGPRs
Unit 6 Secondary Agriculture Biotechnology No of Hours: 10 Biotech feed, Silage,

Biomanure, biogas, biofuels – advantages and processing parameters
Unit 7 GM crops No of Hours: 6 Advantages, social and environmental aspects, Bt crops,

golden rice, transgenic animals.
DSE-7: MICROBES IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT

(PRACTICAL)
SEMESTER –V/VI
1. Study soil profile

2. Study microflora of different types of soils
3. Rhizobium as soil inoculants characteristics and field application
4. Azotobacter as soil inoculants characteristics and field application
5. Design and functioning of a biogas plant
6. Isolation of cellulose degrading organisms
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Agrios GN. (2006). Plant Pathology. 5th edition. Academic press, San Diego,
2. Singh RS. (1998). Plant Diseases Management. 7th edition. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
th
3. Glick BR, Pasternak JJ, and Patten CL (2010) Molecular Biotechnology 4 edition,
ASM Press,
4. Atlas RM and Bartha R. (2000). Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals & Applications.
4th edition. Benjamin/Cummings Science Publishing, USA
5. Maier RM, Pepper IL and Gerba CP. (2009). Environmental Microbiology. 2nd
edition, Academic Press
6. Barton LL & Northup DE (2011). Microbial Ecology. 1st edition, Wiley Blackwell, USA
7. Campbell RE. (1983). Microbial Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publication,
Oxford, England.
8. Coyne MS. (2001). Soil Microbiology: An Exploratory Approach. Delmar
Thomson Learning.
9. Altman A (1998). Agriculture Biotechnology, Ist edition, Marcel decker Inc.
10. Mahendra K. Rai (2005). Hand Book of Microbial Biofertilizers, The Haworth Press,
Inc. New York.
11. Reddy, S.M. et. al. (2002). Bioinoculants for Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry,
Scientific Publishers.
12. Saleem F and Shakoori AR (2012) Development of Bioinsecticide, Lap Lambert
Academic Publishing GmbH KG
B.Sc (HONOURS) MICROBIOLOGY (CBCS STRUCTURE) DSE-8:
BIOSAFETY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (THEORY)
SEMESTER –V/VI
Unit 1 No of Hours: 8
Biosafety: Introduction; biosafety issues in biotechnology; Biological Safety Cabinets & their
types; Primary Containment for Biohazards; Biosafety Levels of Specific Microorganisms
Biosafety Guidelines: Biosafety guidelines and regulations (National and International);
GMOs/LMOs- Concerns and Challenges; Role of Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBSC),
RCGM, GEAC etc. for GMO applications in food and agriculture; Environmental release of GMOs;
Risk Analysis; Risk Assessment; Risk management and communication; Overview of International
Agreements - Cartagena Protocol.
Unit 3 No of Hours: 4 AERB/RSD/RES guidelines for using radioisotopes in laboratories and

precautions.
Introduction to Intellectual Property: Patents, Types, Trademarks, Copyright & Related Rights,
Industrial Design and Rights, Traditional Knowledge, Geographical Indications- importance of IPR
– patentable and non patentables – patenting life – legal protection of biotechnological inventions –
World Intellectual Property Rights Organization (WIPO).
Grant of Patent and Patenting Authorities: Types of patent applications: Ordinary, PCT,
Conventional, Divisional and Patent of Addition; An introduction to Patent Filing Procedures;
Patent licensing and agreement; Patent infringement- meaning, scope, litigation, case studies, Rights
and Duties of patent owner.
Agreements and Treaties: GATT, TRIPS Agreements; Role of Madrid Agreement; Hague
Agreement; WIPO Treaties; Budapest Treaty on international recognition of the deposit of
microorganisms; UPOV & Brene conventions; Patent Co-operation Treaty (PCT); Indian Patent Act
1970 & recent amendments.
DSE-8: BIOSAFETY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –V/VI
1. Study of components and design of a BSL-III laboratory
2. Filing applications for approval from biosafety committee
3. Filing primary applications for patents
4. Study of steps of a patenting process
5. A case study
Suggested Reading
1. Bare Act, 2007.Indian Patent Act 1970 Acts & Rules, Universal Law Publishing Co.
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Kankanala C (2007). Genetic Patent Law & Strategy, 1st Edition, Manupatra
Information Solution Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
3. Mittal, D.P. (1999). Indian Patents Law, Taxmann, Allied Services (p) Ltd.
4. Singh K K (2015). Biotechnology and Intelectual Property Rights: Legal and
Social Impliocations, Springer India.
5. Goel D & Prashar S (2013). IPR, Biosafety and Bioethics. Pearson
6. Senthil Kumar Sadhasivam and Mohammed Jaabir, M. S. 2008. IPR, Biosafety
and biotechnology Management. Jasen Publications, Tiruchirappalli, India.
B.Sc (HONOURS) MICROBIOLOGY (CBCS STRUCTURE) DSE-
9: INSTRUMENTATION AND BIOTECHNIQUES (THEORY)
SEMESTER –V/VI
Unit 1 Microscopy No. of Hours: 10
Brightfield and darkfield microscopy, Fluorescence Microscopy, Phase contrast Microscopy,

Confocal Microscopy, Electron Microscopy (Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy) and
Micrometry.
Unit 2 Chromatography No. of Hours: 14
Principles and applications of paper chromatography (including Descending and 2-D), Thin layer
chromatography. Column packing and fraction collection. Gel filtration chromatography, ion-
exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography, GLC, HPLC.
Unit 3 Electrophoresis No. of Hours: 14
Principle and applications of native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS- polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis, 2D gel electrophoresis, Isoelectric focusing, Zymogram preparation and Agarose gel
electrophoresis.
Unit 4 Spectrophotometry No. of Hours: 10
Principle and use of study of absorption spectra of biomolecules. Analysis of biomolecules using
UV and visible range. Colorimetry and turbidometry.
Unit 5 Centrifugation No. of Hours: 12
Preparative and analytical centrifugation, fixed angle and swinging bucket rotors. RCF and
sedimentation coefficient, differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation and
ultracentrifugation.
DSE-9: INSTRUMENTATION AND BIOTECHNIQUES (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –V/VI
1. Study of fluorescent micrographs to visualize bacterial cells.

2. Ray diagrams of phase contrast microscopy and Electron microscopy.
3. Separation of mixtures by paper / thin layer chromatography.
4. Demonstration of column packing in any form of column chromatography.
5. Separation of protein mixtures by any form of chromatography.
6. Separation of protein mixtures by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE).
7. Determination of λmax for an unknown sample and calculation of extinction coefficient.
8. Separation of components of a given mixture using a laboratory scale centrifuge.
9. Understanding density gradient centrifugation with the help of pictures.
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Wilson K and Walker J. (2010). Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular
th
Biology. 7 Ed., Cambridge University Press.
th
2. Nelson DL and Cox MM. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5 Ed., W.H.
Freeman and Company.
3. Willey MJ, Sherwood LM & Woolverton C J. (2013). Prescott, Harley and Klein’s
th
Microbiology. 9 Ed., McGraw Hill.
4. Karp G. (2010) Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. 6th edition. John
Wiley & Sons. Inc.
5. De Robertis EDP and De Robertis EMF. (2006). Cell and Molecular Biology. 8th edition.
Lipincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
th
6. Cooper G.M. and Hausman R.E. (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5 Edition.
ASM Press & Sunderland, Washington D.C., Sinauer Associates, MA.
7. Nigam A and Ayyagari A. 2007. Lab Manual in Biochemistry, Immunology and
Biotechnology. Tata McGraw Hill.
B.Sc (HONOURS) MICROBIOLOGY (CBCS STRUCTURE) SE-1:
Microbial Quality Control in Food and Pharmaceutical Industries
SEMESTER – IV
Unit 1 Microbiological Laboratory and Safe Practices No. of Hours: 8
Good laboratory practices - Good laboratory practices, Good microbiological practices

Biosafety cabinets – Working of biosafety cabinets, using protective clothing, specification for
BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3. Discarding biohazardous waste – Methodology of Disinfection,
Autoclaving & Incineration
Unit 2 Determining Microbes in Food / Pharmaceutical Samples No. of Hours: 10

Culture and microscopic methods - Standard plate count, Most probable numbers, Direct
microscopic counts, Biochemical and immunological methods: Limulus lysate test for endotoxin,
gel diffusion, sterility testing for pharmaceutical products
Molecular methods - Nucleic acid probes, PCR based detection, biosensors.
Unit 3 Pathogenic Microorganisms of Importance in Food & Water No. of Hours: 8
Enrichment culture technique, Detection of specific microorganisms - on XLD agar,

Salmonella Shigella Agar, Manitol salt agar, EMB agar, McConkey Agar, Saboraud Agar
Ascertaining microbial quality of milk by MBRT, Rapid detection methods of microbiological
quality of milk at milk collection centres (COB, 10 min Resazurin assay)
Unit 4 HACCP for Food Safety and Microbial Standards No. of Hours: 4
Hazard analysis of critical control point (HACCP) - Principles, flow diagrams, limitations
Microbial Standards for Different Foods and Water – BIS standards for common foods and
drinking water
SUGGESTED READING
1. Harrigan WF (1998) Laboratory Methods in Food Microbiology, 3rd ed. Academic Press
2. Garg N, Garg KL and Mukerji KG (2010) Laboratory Manual of Food Microbiology I
K International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
3. Jay JM, Loessner MJ, Golden DA (2005) Modern Food Microbiology, 7th edition. Springer
4. Baird RM, Hodges NA and Denyer SP (2005) Handbook of Microbiological Quality control
in Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices, Taylor and Francis Inc.
STRUCTURE) SE-2: MICROBIAL DIAGNOSIS IN
HEALTH CLINICS SEMESTER – IV
Unit 1 Importance of Diagnosis of Diseases No of Hours: 5

Bacterial, Viral, Fungal and Protozoan Diseases of various human body systems, Disease
associated clinical samples for diagnosis.
Unit 2 Collection of Clinical Samples No of Hours: 5

How to collect clinical samples (oral cavity, throat, skin, Blood, CSF, urine and faeces) and
precautions required. Method of transport of clinical samples to laboratory and storage.
Unit 3 Direct Microscopic Examination and Culture. No of Hours: 5

Examination of sample by staining - Gram stain, Ziehl-Neelson staining for tuberculosis,
Giemsa-stained thin blood film for malaria
Preparation and use of culture media - Blood agar, Chocolate agar, Lowenstein-Jensen
medium, MacConkey agar, Distinct colony properties of various bacterial pathogens.
Unit 4: Serological and Molecular Methods No of Hours: 5

Serological Methods - Agglutination, ELISA, immunofluorescence, Nucleic acid based
methods - PCR, Nucleic acid probes
Unit 5: Kits for Rapid Detection of Pathogens No of Hours: 5

Typhoid, Dengue and HIV, Swine flu
Unit 6: Testing for Antibiotic Sensitivity in Bacteria No of Hours: 5

Importance, Determination of resistance/sensitivity of bacteria using disc diffusion method,
Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic by serial double
dilution method
SUGGESTED READING
1. Ananthanarayan R and Paniker CKJ (2009)Textbook of Microbiology, 8th edition,

Universities Press Private Ltd.
3. Randhawa, VS, Mehta G and Sharma KB (2009) Practicals and Viva in Medical Microbiology
2nd edition, Elsevier India Pvt Ltd
th
4. Tille P (2013) Bailey’s and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology, 13 edition, Mosby
5. Collee JG, Fraser, AG, Marmion, BP, Simmons A (2007) Mackie and Mccartney Practical
th
Medical Microbiology, 14 edition, Elsevier.
SE-3: BIOFERTILIZERS AND BIOPESTICIDES
SEMESTER – IV
Unit 1 Biofertilizers No of Hours: 10

General account of the microbes used as biofertilizers for various crop plants and their
advantages over chemical fertilizers.
Symbiotic N2 fixers: Rhizobium - Isolation, characteristics, types, inoculum production and
field application, legume/pulses plants
Frankia - Isolation, characteristics, Alder, Casurina plants, non-leguminous crop symbiosis.
Cyanobacteria, Azolla - Isolation, characterization, mass multiplication, Role in rice cultivation,
Crop response, field application.
Unit 2 Non - Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixers No of Hours: 4

Free living Azospirillum, Azotobacter - free isolation, characteristics, mass inoculums,
production and field application.
Unit 3 Phosphate Solubilizers No of Hours: 4

Phosphate solubilizing microbes - Isolation, characterization, mass inoculum production,
field application
Unit 4 Mycorrhizal Biofertilizers No of Hours: 5

Importance of mycorrizal inoculum, types of mycorrhizae and associated plants, Mass
inoculum production of VAM, field applications of Ectomycorrhizae and VAM.
Unit 5 Bioinsecticides No of Hours: 7

General account of microbes used as bioinsecticides and their advantages over synthetic pesticides,
Bacillus thuringiensis, production, Field applications, Viruses – cultivation and field applications.
Suggested Readings
1. Kannaiyan, S. (2003). Bioetchnology of Biofertilizers, CHIPS, Texas.

2. Mahendra K. Rai (2005). Hand book of Microbial biofertilizers, The Haworth Press, Inc.
New York.
3. Reddy, S.M. et. al. (2002). Bioinoculants for sustainable agriculture and forestry,
4. Subba Rao N.S (1995) Soil microorganisms and plant growth Oxford and IBH publishing co.
Pvt. Ltd. NewDelhi.
6. Aggarwal SK (2005) Advanced Environmental Biotechnology, APH publication.
SE-4: FOOD FERMENTATION TECHNIQUES
SEMESTER – IV
Unit 1 Fermented Foods No of Hours: 4

Definition, types, advantages and health benefits
Unit 2 Milk Based Fermented Foods No of Hours: 8
Dahi, Yogurt, Buttermilk (Chach) and cheese: Preparation of inoculums, types of
microorganisms and production process
Unit 3 Grain Based Fermented Foods No of Hours: 6
Soy sauce, Bread, Idli and Dosa: Microorganisms and production process
Unit 4 Vegetable Based Fermented Foods No of Hours: 4
Pickels, Saeurkraut: Microorganisms and production process
Unit 5 Fermented Meat and Fish No of Hours: 4
Types, microorganisms involved, fermentation process
Unit 6 Probiotic Foods No of Hours: 4
Definition, types, microorganisms and health benefits
Suggested Readings
1. Hui YH, Meunier-Goddik L, Josephsen J, Nip WK, Stanfield PS (2004) Handbook of
food and fermentation technology, CRC Press
2. Holzapfel W (2014) Advances in Fermented Foods and Beverages, Woodhead Publishing.
3. Yadav JS, Grover, S and Batish VK (1993) A comprehensive dairy microbiology, Metropolitan
SE-5: MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN MICROBIAL DISEASES
SEMESTER – IV
Unit 1 Human Diseases No of Hours: 4

Infectious and non infectious diseases, microbial and non microbial diseases, Deficiency
diseases, occupational diseases, Incubation period, mortality rate, nosocomial infections
Unit 2 Microbial diseases No of Hours: 12

Respiratory microbial diseases, gastrointestinal microbial diseases, Nervous system diseases, skin
diseases, eye diseases, urinary tract diseases, Sexually transmitted diseases: Types, route of infection,
clinical systems and general prevention methods, study of recent outbreaks of human diseases (SARS/
Swine flu/Ebola) – causes, spread and control, Mosquito borne disease – Types and prevention.
Unit 3 Therapeutics of Microbial diseases No of Hours: 8

Treatment using antibiotics: beta lactam antibiotics (penicillin, cephalosporins), quinolones,
polypeptides and aminoglycosides.
Judicious use of antibiotics, importance of completing antibiotic regimen, Concept of DOTS,
emergence of antibiotic resistance, current issues of MDR/XDR microbial strains.
Treatment using antiviral agents: Amantadine, Acyclovir, Azidothymidine. Concept of HAART.
Unit 4 Prevention of Microbial Diseases No of Hours: 6

General preventive measures, Importance of personal hygiene, environmental sanitation and
methods to prevent the spread of infectious agents transmitted by direct contact, food, water and
insect vectors. Vaccines: Importance, types, vaccines available against microbial diseases,
vaccination schedule (compulsory and preventive) in the Indian context.
Suggested Readings

SE-6: MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF AIR AND WATER
SEMESTER – III/IV
Unit 1 Aeromicrobiology No of Hours: 4
Bioaerosols, Air borne microorganisms (bacteria, Viruses, fungi) and their impact on human health
and environment, significance in food and pharma industries and operation theatres, allergens
Unit 2 Air Sample Collection and Analysis No of Hours: 7

Bioaerosol sampling, air samplers, methods of analysis, CFU, culture media for bacteria and
fungi, Identification characteristics
Unit 3 Control Measures No of Hours: 4

Fate of bioaerosols, inactivation mechanisms – UV light, HEPA filters, desiccation, Incineration
Unit 4 Water Microbiology No of Hours: 4

Water borne pathogens, water borne diseases
Unit 5 Microbiological Analysis of Water No of Hours: 7

Sample Collection, Treatment and safety of drinking (potable) water, methods to detect potability
of water samples: (a) standard qualitative procedure: presumptive/MPN tests, confirmed and
completed tests for faecal coliforms (b) Membrane filter technique and (c) Presence/absence tests

Precipitation, chemical disinfection, filtration, high temperature, UV light
Suggested Reading
1. da Silva N, Taniwaki MH, Junqueira VC, Silveira N, Nascimento MS, Gomes RAR (2012)
Microbiological Examination Methods of Food and WaterA Laboratory Manual, CRC Press
th
4 edition. Benjamin/Cummings Science Publishing, USA
nd
3. Maier RM, Pepper IL and Gerba CP. (2009). Environmental Microbiology. 2
4. Hurst CJ, Crawford RL, Garland JL, Lipson DA (2007) Manual of
rd
Environmental Microbiology, 3 edition, ASM press
UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA
DRAFT CBCS SYLLABUS
F
O
R
THREE-YEAR GENERAL COURSE OF STUDIES IN
MICROBIOLOGY
2018
Semester Wise Microbiology General Courses
Semester-I
Core Course
B.Sc (General) MICROBIOLOGY (CBCS STRUCTURE)
GE-1: INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY
(THEORY) SEMESTER –I
Unit 1 History of Development of Microbiology No. of Hours: 12

Development of microbiology as a discipline, Spontaneous generation vs. biogenesis. Contributions
of Anton von Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister, Alexander Fleming
Role of microorganisms in fermentation, Germ theory of disease, Development of various
microbiological techniques and golden era of microbiology, Development of the field of soil
microbiology: Contributions of Martinus W. Beijerinck, Sergei N. Winogradsky, Selman
A.Waksman Establishment of fields of medical microbiology and immunology through the work of
Paul Ehrlich, Elie Metchnikoff, Edward Jenner
Unit 2 Diversity of Microorganisms No. of Hours: 10

Systems of classification : Binomial nomenclature, Whittaker’s five kingdom and Carl Woese’s
three kingdom classification systems and their utility
General characteristics of different groups: Acellular microorganisms (Viruses, Viroids, Prions) and
Cellular microorganisms (Prokarya: Archaea and Bacteria, Eukarya : Algae, Fungi and
Protozoa) giving definitions and citing examples
Protozoa : Methods of nutrition, locomotion & reproduction - Amoeba, Paramecium and Plasmodium
Unit 3 Microscopy No. of Hours: 7

Bright Field Microscope, Dark Field Microscope, Phase Contrast Microscope, Fluoresence
Microscope,Transmission Electron Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope
Unit 4 Sterilization No. of Hours: 5

Moist Heat, Autoclave, Dry Heat, Hot Air Oven, Tyndallization, Filteration.
Unit 5 Microbes in Human Health & Environment No. of Hours: 10
Medical microbiology and immunology: List of important human diseases and their causative
agents of various human systems. Definitions of immunity (active/passive), primary and
secondary immune response, antigen, antibody and their types
Environmental microbiology: Definitions and examples of important microbial interactions –
mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, Definitions and microorganisms used as biopesticides,
biofertilizers, in biodegradation, biodeterioration and bioremediation (e.g. hydrocarbons in oil spills)
Unit 6 Industrial Microbiology No. of Hours: 8

Definition of fermentation, primary and secondary metabolites, types of fermentations and
fermenters and microbes producing important industrial products through fermentation.
Unit 7 Food and Dairy Microbiology No. of Hours: 8

Microorganisms as food (SCP), microorganisms in food fermentations (dairy and non dairy based
fermented food products) and probiotics. Microorganisms in food spoilage and food borne infections.
GE-1: INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY (PRACTICALS)
SEMESTER –I
1. Microbiology Laboratory Management and Biosafety.

2. To study the principle and applications of important instruments (biological safety
cabinets, autoclave, incubator, BOD incubator, hot air oven, light microscope, pH meter)
used in the microbiology laboratory
3. Preparation of culture media for bacterial cultivation
4. Sterilization of medium using Autoclave and assessment for sterility
5. Sterilization of glassware using Hot Air Oven and assessment for sterility
6. Sterilization of heat sensitive material by filtration and assessment for sterility
7. Demonstration of presence of microflora in the environment by exposing nutrient agar
plates to air.
8. Study of different shapes of bacteria using permanent slides
9. Study of Rhizopus and Penicillium using permanent mounts
10. Study of Spirogyra and Chlamydomonas using permanent Mounts
11. Study of the following protozoans using permanent mounts/photographs:
Amoeba, Entamoeba, Paramecium and Plasmodium
SUGGESTED READING
1. Tortora GJ, Funke BR and Case CL. (2008). Microbiology: An Introduction. 9th edition.
Pearson Education
3. Cappucino J and Sherman N. (2010). Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual. 9th edition.
Pearson Education Limited
th
4. Wiley JM, Sherwood LM and Woolverton CJ. (2013) Prescott’s Microbiology. 9 Edition.
McGraw Hill International.
6. Pelczar MJ, Chan ECS and Krieg NR. (1993). Microbiology. 5th edition. McGraw Hill
Book Company.
7. Stanier RY, Ingraham JL, Wheelis ML, and Painter PR. (2005). General
Microbiology. 5th edition. McMillan.
Semester-II
Core Course
GE-2: BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (THEORY)
Unit 1 Cell organization No. of Hours: 10

Cell size, shape and arrangements, capsule, flagella and pili, Composition and detailed structure
of gram- positive and gram- negative cell wall and archaeal cell wall, Structure, chemical
composition and functions of bacterial and archaeal cell membranes, Ribosomes, inclusions,
nucleoid, plasmids, structure, formation and stages of sporulation
Unit 2 Bacterial growth and control No. of Hours: 8

Culture media: Components of media, Synthetic or defined media, Complex media, enriched
media, selective media, differential media, enrichment culture media
Pure culture isolation: Streaking, serial dilution and plating methods, cultivation, maintenance
and stocking of pure cultures, cultivation of anaerobic bacteria Growth: Binary fission, phases of
growth
Unit 3 Bacterial Systematics and Taxonomy No. of Hours: 12

Taxonomy, nomenclature, systematics, types of classifications
Morphology, ecological significance and economic importance of the following groups:
Archaea: methanogens, thermophiles and halophiles
Eubacteria: Gram negative and Gram positive
Gram negative:
Non-proteobacteria– Deinococcus, Chlamydiae, Spirochetes
Alpha proteobacteria- Rickettsia, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium
Gamma proteobacteria –Escherichia,Shigella,Pseudomonas
Gram positive: Low G+C: Mycoplasma, Bacillus, Clostridium, Staphylococcus High G+C:
Streptomyces, Frankia
Unit 4 Introduction to Viruses No. of Hours: 8

Properties of viruses; general nature and important features
Subviral particles; viroids, prions and their importance
Isolation and cultivation of viruses
Unit 5 Structure, and multiplication of viruses No. of Hours: 12
Morphological characters: Capsid symmetry and different shapes of viruses with examples
Viral multiplication in the Cell: Lytic and lysogenic cycle
Description of important viruses: salient features of the viruses infecting different hosts -
Bacteriophages (T4 & Lambda); Plant (TMV & Cauliflower Mosaic Virus), Human (HIV &
Hepatitis viruses)
Unit 6 Role of Viruses in Disease and its prevention No. of Hours: 10

Viruses as pathogens: Role of viruses in causing diseases
Prevention and control of viruses: Viral vaccines, interferons and antiviral compounds
GE-2: BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (PRACTICAL)
1. Preparation of different media: Nutrient agar, Nutrient broth

2. To perform simple staining and Gram’s staining of the bacterial smear
3. To perform spore staining
4. Isolation of pure cultures of bacteria by streaking method
5. Enumeration of colony forming units (CFU) count by spread plate method/pour plate
7. Study the morphological structures of viruses (DNA and RNA) and their important
characters using electron micrographs
8. Study of the methods of isolation and propagation of plant viruses

9. Study of cytopathic effects of viruses using photographs
SUGGESTED READING
1. Atlas RM. (1997). Principles of Microbiology. 2nd edition. WM.T.Brown Publishers

2. Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Dunlap PV and Clark DP (2014). Brock Biology of Micro-organisms.
14th edition. Pearson Education, Inc.
3. Stanier RY, Ingraham JL, Wheelis ML and Painter PR. (2005). General Microbiology.
5th edition. McMillan
4. Carter J and Saunders V(2007). Virology; principles and Applications. John Wiley and Sons
5. Flint SJ, Enquist, LW, Krug, RM, Racaniello, VR Skalka, AM (2004) Principles of
Virology, Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis and Control.2nd edition.ASM Press
6. Shors Teri (2013) Understanding Viruses 2nd edition Jones and Bartlett Learning Burlington USA
7. Pelczar Jr MJ, Chan ECS, and Krieg NR. (2004). Microbiology. 5th edition Tata McGraw Hill.
th
8. Tortora GJ, Funke BR, and Case CL. (2008). Microbiology: An Introduction. 9 edition
Pearson Education.
th
9. Willey JM, Sherwood LM, and Woolverton CJ. (2013). Prescott’s Microbiology. 9
10. Dimmock, NJ, Easton, AL, Leppard, KN (2007). Introduction to Modern Virology. 6th
edition, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
11. Cann AJ (2012) Principles of Molecular Virology, Academic Press Oxford UK

Semester-III
Core Course
GE-3: MICROBIAL METABOLISM (THEORY)
Unit 1 Microbial Growth and Effect of Environment on Microbial Growth No. of Hours: 12
Definitions of growth, Batch culture, Continuous culture, generation time and specific growth rate
Temperature and temperature ranges of growth
pH and pH ranges of growth
Effect of solute and water activity on growth
Effect of oxygen concentration on growth
Nutritional categories of microorganisms
Unit 2 Nutrient uptake and Transport No. of Hours: 10

Passive and facilitated diffusion
Primary and secondary active transport, concept of uniport, symport and antiport
Group translocation
Iron uptake
Unit 3 Chemoheterotrophic Metabolism - Aerobic Respiration No. of Hours: 16

Concept of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation
Sugar degradation pathways i.e. EMP, ED, Pentose phosphate pathway
TCA cycle
Electron transport chain: components of respiratory chain, comparison of mitochondrial and
bacterial ETC, electron transport phosphorylation, uncouplers and inhibitors
Unit 4 Chemoheterotrophic Metabolism- Anaerobic respiration and fermentation

No. of Hours: 6
Anaerobic respiration with special reference to dissimilatory nitrate reduction (Denitrification;
nitrate /nitrite and nitrate/ammonia respiration; fermentative nitrate reduction)
Fermentation - Alcohol fermentation and Pasteur effect; Lactate fermentation (homofermentative
and heterofermentative pathways), concept of linear and branched fermentation pathways
Unit 5 Chemolithotrophic and Phototrophic Metabolism No. of Hours: 10

Introduction to aerobic and anaerobic chemolithotrophy with an example each. Hydrogen
oxidation (definition and reaction) and methanogenesis (definition and reaction)
Introduction to phototrophic metabolism - groups of phototrophic microorganisms,
anoxygenic vs. oxygenic photosynthesis with reference to photosynthesis in green
bacteria and cyanobacteria
Unit 6 Nitrogen Metabolism - an overview No. of Hours: 6
Introduction to biological nitrogen fixation
Ammonia assimilation
Assimilatory nitrate reduction
GE-3: MICROBIAL METABOLISM (PRACTICAL)
1. Study and plot the growth curve of E. coli by tubidiometric and standard plate count methods.
2. Calculations of generation time and specific growth rate of bacteria from the graph plotted with
the given data
3. Effect of temperature on growth of E. coli
4. Effect of pH on growth of E. coli
5. Effect of Nitrogen and Carbon sources on E. Coli
6. Effect of salt on growth of E. coli
7. Demonstration of alcoholic fermentation
8. Demonstration of the thermal death time and decimal reduction time of E. coli.
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Madigan MT, and Martinko JM (2014). Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 14th edition.
Prentice Hall International Inc.
2. Moat AG and Foster JW. (2002). Microbial Physiology. 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons
3. Reddy SR and Reddy SM. (2005). Microbial Physiology. Scientific Publishers India
4. Gottschalk G. (1986). Bacterial Metabolism. 2nd edition. Springer Verlag
5. Stanier RY, Ingrahm JI, Wheelis ML and Painter PR. (1987). General Microbiology. 5th
edition, McMillan Press.
SEMESTER –III
Skill Enhancement Elective Courses
SE-1: BIOFERTILIZERS AND BIOPESTICIDES
Unit 1 Biofertilizers No of Hours: 10
General account of the microbes used as biofertilizers for various crop plants and their
advantages over chemical fertilizers.
Symbiotic N2 fixers: Rhizobium - Isolation, characteristics, types, inoculum production and
field application, legume/pulses plants
Frankia - Isolation, characteristics, Alder, Casurina plants, non-leguminous crop symbiosis.
Cyanobacteria, Azolla - Isolation, characterization, mass multiplication, Role in rice cultivation,
Crop response, field application.
Unit 2 Non - Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixers No of Hours: 4

Free living Azospirillum, Azotobacter - free isolation, characteristics, mass inoculums,
production and field application.
Unit 3 Phosphate Solubilizers No of Hours: 4

Phosphate solubilizing microbes - Isolation, characterization, mass inoculum production,
field application
Unit 4 Mycorrhizal Biofertilizers No of Hours: 5

Importance of mycorrizal inoculum, types of mycorrhizae and associated plants, Mass
inoculum production of VAM, field applications of Ectomycorrhizae and VAM.
Unit 5 Bioinsecticides No of Hours: 7

General account of microbes used as bioinsecticides and their advantages over synthetic pesticides,
Bacillus thuringiensis, production, Field applications, Viruses – cultivation and field applications.
Suggested Readings
1. Kannaiyan, S. (2003). Bioetchnology of Biofertilizers, CHIPS, Texas.

2. Mahendra K. Rai (2005). Hand book of Microbial biofertilizers, The Haworth Press, Inc.
New York.
3. Reddy, S.M. et. al. (2002). Bioinoculants for sustainable agriculture and forestry,
4. Subba Rao N.S (1995) Soil microorganisms and plant growth Oxford and IBH publishing co.
Pvt. Ltd. NewDelhi.
6. Aggarwal SK (2005) Advanced Environmental Biotechnology, APH publication.
SEMESTER-IV
Core Course
GE-4: MICROBIAL GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
(THEORY)
Unit 1 Structures of DNA and RNA / Genetic Material No. of Hours: 10

DNA structure, Salient features of double helix, Types of DNA, denaturation and renaturation,
topoisomerases; Organization of DNA Prokaryotes,Viruses, Eukaryotes. RNA Structure
Unit 2 Replication of DNA No. of Hours: 6

Bidirectional and unidirectional replication, semi- conservative, semi- discontinuous replication
Mechanism of DNA replication: Enzymes and proteins involved in DNA replication –DNA
polymerases, DNA ligase, primase, telomerase – for replication of linear ends
Unit 3 Transcription No. of Hours: 6

Transcription: Definition, promoter - concept and strength of promoter. Transcriptional
Machinery and Mechanism of transcription.
Unit 4 Translation No. of Hours: 6

Genetic code, Translational machinery, Charging of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA
synthetases, Mechanisms of initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptides.
Unit 5 Regulation of gene Expression No. of Hours: 5

Principles of transcriptional regulation, regulation at initiation with examples from lac and
trp operons
Unit 6 Mutations No. of Hours: 9

Mutations and mutagenesis: Definition and types of Mutations; Physical and chemical
mutagens; Uses of mutations, DNA repair mechanisms
Unit 7 Mechanisms of Genetic Exchange Transformation - No. of Hours: 10

Discovery, mechanism of natural competence Conjugation -
Discovery, mechanism, Hfr and F’ strains Transduction -
Generalized transduction, specialized transduction
Unit 8 Plasmids and Transposable Elements No. of Hours: 8

Property and function of plasmids, Types of plasmids. Prokaryotic transposable elements –
Insertion Sequences, composite and non-composite transposons, Replicative and Non replicative
transposition, Uses of transposons and transposition.
GE-4: MICROBIAL GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER – IV
1. Study of different types of DNA and RNA using micrographs and model /
2. Study of semi-conservative replication of DNA through micrographs /
3. Estimation of salmon sperm / calf thymus DNA using colorimeter
(diphenylamine reagent) or UV spectrophotometer (A260 measurement)
4. Resolution and visualization of DNA by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis.
5. Resolution and visualization of proteins by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
6. Study the effect of chemical (HNO2) and physical (UV) mutagens on bacterial cells
7. Study survival curve of bacteria after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light
8. Demonstration of Bacterial Transformation and calculation of transformation efficiency.
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Watson JD, Baker TA, Bell SP, Gann A, Levine M and Losick R (2008) Molecular Biology of
the Gene, 6th edition, Cold Spring Harbour Lab. Press, Pearson Publication
2. Becker WM, Kleinsmith LJ, Hardin J and Bertoni GP (2009) The World of the Cell, 7th
edition, Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco
3. De Robertis EDP and De Robertis EMF (2006) Cell and Molecular Biology, 8th edition.
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia
4. Karp G (2010) Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, 6th edition, John Wiley
& Sons. Inc.
th
Bartlett Learning
8. Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer, C, Palladino, M (2011). Concepts of Genetics, 10th
Ed., Benjamin Cummings
9. Maloy SR, Cronan JE and Friefelder D(2004) Microbial Genetics 2nd EDITION., Jones and
Barlett Publishers
10. Russell PJ. (2009). i Genetics- A Molecular Approach. 3rd Ed, Benjamin Cummings
SEMESTER –IV
MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF AIR AND WATER
Unit 1 Aeromicrobiology No of Hours: 4
Bioaerosols, Air borne microorganisms (bacteria, Viruses, fungi) and their impact on human health
and environment, significance in food and pharma industries and operation theatres, allergens
Unit 2 Air Sample Collection and Analysis No of Hours: 7

Bioaerosol sampling, air samplers, methods of analysis, CFU, culture media for bacteria and
fungi, Identification characteristics

Fate of bioaerosols, inactivation mechanisms – UV light, HEPA filters, desiccation, Incineration
Unit 4 Water Microbiology No of Hours: 4

Water borne pathogens, water borne diseases
Unit 5 Microbiological Analysis of Water No of Hours: 7

Sample Collection, Treatment and safety of drinking (potable) water, methods to detect potability
of water samples: (a) standard qualitative procedure: presumptive/MPN tests, confirmed and
completed tests for faecal coliforms (b) Membrane filter technique and (c) Presence/absence tests

Precipitation, chemical disinfection, filtration, high temperature, UV light
Suggested Reading
1. da Silva N, Taniwaki MH, Junqueira VC, Silveira N, Nascimento MS, Gomes RAR (2012)
Microbiological Examination Methods of Food and WaterA Laboratory Manual, CRC Press
th
4 edition. Benjamin/Cummings Science Publishing, USA
nd
3. Maier RM, Pepper IL and Gerba CP. (2009). Environmental Microbiology. 2
4. Hurst CJ, Crawford RL, Garland JL, Lipson DA (2007) Manual of
rd
Environmental Microbiology, 3 edition, ASM press
Semester-V
Elective Course (Any One from DGE-1 and DGE-2)
DGE-1: GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
(THEORY)
Unit 1 Introduction to genetic engineering No. of Hours: 16

Milestones in genetic engineering and biotechnology
Restriction modification systems: Mode of action, applications of Type II restriction enzymes
in genetic engineering
DNA modifying enzymes and their applications: DNA polymerases. Terminal
deoxynucleotidyl transferase, kinases and phosphatases, and DNA ligases Cloning: Use of
linkers and adaptors
Transformation of DNA: Chemical method, Electroporation
Methods of DNA, RNA and Protein analysis: Agarose gel electrophoresis, Southern - and Northern
- blotting techniques, dot blot, DNA microarray analysis, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.
Unit 2 Vectors No. of Hours: 16

Cloning Vectors: Definition and Properties
Plasmid vectors: pBR and pUC series
Bacteriophage lambda and M13 based vectors
Cosmids, BACs, YACs
Expression vectors: E.coli lac and T7 promoter-based vectors, yeast YIp, YEp and YCp
vectors, Baculovirus based vectors, mammalian SV40-based expression vectors
Unit 3 DNA Amplification and DNA sequencing No. of Hours: 10

PCR: Basics of PCR, RT-PCR, Real-Time PCR
Genomic and cDNA libraries: Preparation and uses, Genome sequencing
Sanger’s method of DNA Sequencing: traditional and automated sequencing
Unit 4 Application of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology No. of Hours: 14

Gene delivery: Microinjection, electroporation, biolistic method (gene gun), liposome and
viral-mediated delivery, Agrobacterium - mediated delivery
Products of recombinant DNA technology: Products of human therapeutic interest - insulin,
hGH, antisense molecules. Bt transgenic - cotton, brinjal, flavo savo tomato, Gene therapy,
recombinant vaccine, protein engineering
Unit 5 Intellectual Property Rights No. of Hours: 4

Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks
DGE-1: GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

SEMESTER –V
1. Isolation of Plasmid DNA from E.coli

2. Digestion of DNA using restriction enzymes and analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis
3. Ligation of DNA fragments
4. Interpretation of sequencing gel electropherograms
5. Designing of primers for DNA amplification
6. Amplification of DNA by PCR
7. Demonstration of Southern blotting
SUGGESTED READING
1. Brown TA. (2010). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis. 6th edition. Blackwell Publishing,
Oxford, U.K.
2. Clark DP and Pasternik NJ. (2009). Biotechnology: Applying the Genetic Revolution.
Elsevier Academic Press, USA
3. Primrose SB and Twyman RM. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics, 7th
edition. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, U.K.
4. Sambrook J and Russell D. (2001). Molecular Cloning-A Laboratory Manual. 3rd edition.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
5. Wiley JM, Sherwood LM and Woolverton CJ. (2013). Prescott, Harley and Klein’s
th
Microbiology. 8 edition, McGraw Hill Higher Education
6. Brown TA. (2007). Genomes-3. Garland Science Publishers
7. Primrose SB and Twyman RM. (2008). Genomics: Applications in human biology.
Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, U.K.
DGE-2: MICROBES IN ENVIRONMENT (THEORY)
SEMESTER – V
Unit 1 Microorganisms and their Habitats No. of Hours: 14

Structure and function of ecosystems
Terrestrial Environment: Soil profile and soil microflora
Aquatic Environment: Microflora of fresh water and marine habitats
Atmosphere: Aeromicroflora and dispersal of microbes
Animal Environment: Microbes in/on human body (Microbiomics) & animal (ruminants) body.
Extreme Habitats: Extremophiles: Microbes thriving at high & low temperatures, pH, high
hydrostatic & osmotic pressures, salinity, & low nutrient levels.
Unit 2 Microbial Interactions No. of Hours: 12

Microbe interactions: Mutualism, synergism, commensalism, competition, amensalism, parasitism,
predation
Microbe-Plant interaction: Symbiotic and non symbiotic interactions
Microbe-animal interaction: Microbes in ruminants, nematophagus fungi and symbiotic
luminescent bacteria
Unit 3 Biogeochemical Cycling No. of Hours: 12

Carbon cycle: Microbial degradation of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and chitin
Nitrogen cycle: Nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification and nitrate reduction
Phosphorus cycle: Phosphate immobilization and solubilisation
Sulphur cycle: Microbes involved in sulphur cycle
Other elemental cycles: Iron and manganese
Unit 4 Waste Management No. of Hours: 12

Solid Waste management: Sources and types of solid waste, Methods of solid waste
disposal (composting and sanitary landfill)
Liquid waste management: Composition and strength of sewage (BOD and COD), Primary,
secondary (oxidation ponds, trickling filter, activated sludge process and septic tank) and
tertiary sewage treatment
Unit 5 Microbial Bioremediation No. of Hours: 5

Principles and degradation of common pesticides, hydrocarbons (oil spills).
Unit 6 Water Potability No. of Hours: 5

Treatment and safety of drinking (potable) water, methods to detect potability of water samples:
(a) standard qualitative procedure: presumptive test/MPN test, confirmed and completed tests for
faecal coliforms (b) Membrane filter technique and (c) Presence/absence tests
DGE-2: MICROBES IN ENVIRONMENT (PRACTICAL)
SEMESTER –V
1. Analysis of soil - pH, moisture content, water holding capacity, percolation, capillary action.
2. Isolation of microbes (bacteria & fungi) from soil (28ºC & 45ºC ).
3. Isolation of microbes (bacteria & fungi) from rhizosphere and rhizoplane.
4. Assessment of microbiological quality of water.
5. Determination of BOD of waste water sample.
6. Study the presence of microbial activity by detecting (qualitatively) enzymes
(dehydrogenase, amylase, urease) in soil.
7. Isolation of Rhizobium from root nodules.
SUGGESTED READINGS
1. Atlas RM and Bartha R. (2000). Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals & Applications. 4th edition. Benjamin/Cummings
Science Publishing, USA
2. Madigan MT, Martinko JM and Parker J. (2014). Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 14th
edition. Pearson/ Benjamin Cummings
3. Maier RM, Pepper IL and Gerba CP. (2009). Environmental Microbiology. 2nd edition,
Academic Press
4. Okafor, N (2011). Environmental Microbiology of Aquatic & Waste systems. 1st edition,
Springer, New York
5. Singh A, Kuhad, RC & Ward OP (2009). Advances in Applied Bioremediation. Volume
17, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Hedeilberg
6. Barton LL & Northup DE (2011). Microbial Ecology. 1st edition, Wiley Blackwell, USA Campbell RE.
(1983). Microbial Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, England.
7. Coyne MS. (2001). Soil Microbiology: An Exploratory Approach. Delmar Thomson Learning.
8. Lynch JM & Hobbie JE. (1988). Microorganisms in Action: Concepts & Application in
Microbial Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publication, U.K.
nd
9. Martin A. (1977). An Introduction to Soil Microbiology. 2 edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
New York & London.
10. Stolp H. (1988). Microbial Ecology: Organisms Habitats Activities. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, England.
11. Subba Rao NS. (1999). Soil Microbiology. 4th edition. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.
SEMESTER –V

Microbial Quality Control in Food and Pharmaceutical
Industries
Unit 1 Microbiological Laboratory and Safe Practices No. of Hours: 8
Good laboratory practices - Good laboratory practices, Good microbiological practices

Biosafety cabinets – Working of biosafety cabinets, using protective clothing,
specification for BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3. Discarding biohazardous waste – Methodology
of Disinfection, Autoclaving & Incineration
Unit 2 Determining Microbes in Food / Pharmaceutical Samples No. of Hours:

10
Culture and microscopic methods - Standard plate count, Most probable numbers, Direct
microscopic counts, Biochemical and immunological methods: Limulus lysate test for
endotoxin, gel diffusion, sterility testing for pharmaceutical products
Molecular methods - Nucleic acid probes, PCR based detection, biosensors.
Unit 3 Pathogenic Microorganisms of Importance in Food & Water No. of Hours: 8
Enrichment culture technique, Detection of specific microorganisms - on XLD agar,

Salmonella Shigella Agar, Manitol salt agar, EMB agar, McConkey Agar, Saboraud
Agar
Ascertaining microbial quality of milk by MBRT, Rapid detection methods of
microbiological quality of milk at milk collection centres (COB, 10 min Resazurin assay)
Unit 4 HACCP for Food Safety and Microbial Standards No. of Hours: 4
Hazard analysis of critical control point (HACCP) - Principles, flow diagrams, limitations
Microbial Standards for Different Foods and Water – BIS standards for common foods
and drinking water
SUGGESTED READING
1. Harrigan WF (1998) Laboratory Methods in Food Microbiology, 3rd ed. Academic Press
2. Garg N, Garg KL and Mukerji KG (2010) Laboratory Manual of Food
Microbiology I K International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
4. Baird RM, Hodges NA and Denyer SP (2005) Handbook of Microbiological
Quality control in Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices, Taylor and Francis Inc.
Semester-VI
Elective Course (Any One from DGE-3 and DGE-4)
DGE-3: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
(THEORY)
Unit 1 Normal microflora of the human body and host pathogen interaction
No. of Hours: 8
Normal microflora of the human body: Importance of normal microflora, normal microflora of
skin, throat, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract
Host pathogen interaction: Definitions - Infection, Invasion, Pathogen, Pathogenicity, Virulence,
Toxigenicity, Carriers and their types, Opportunistic infections, Nosocomial infections.
Transmission of infection,
Unit 2 Sample collection, transport and diagnosis No. of Hours: 5

Collection, transport and culturing of clinical samples and their identification characteristics.
Unit 3 Bacterial diseases No. of Hours: 3

List of diseases of various organ systems and their causative agents.
Unit 4 Viral diseases No. of Hours: 3

Unit 5 Protozoan diseases No. of Hours: 2

Unit 6 Fungal diseases No. of Hours: 2

Brief description of various types of mycoses.
Unit 7 Antimicrobial agents: General characteristics and mode of action No. of Hours: 7
Antibacterial agents: Five modes of action with one example each: Inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis;
Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; Inhibitor of cell membrane function; Inhibitor of protein synthesis;
Inhibitor of metabolism
Antifungal agents: Mechanism of action of Amphotericin B, Griseofulvin
Antiviral agents: Mechanism of action of Amantadine, Acyclovir, Azidothymidine
Unit 8 Immune Cells and Organs No. of Hours: 7

Structure, Functions and Properties of: Immune Cells – Stem cell, T cell, B cell, NK cell,
Macrophage, Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Mast cell, Dendritic cell; and Immune Organs –
Bone Marrow, Thymus, Lymph Node, Spleen
Unit 9 Antigens and Antibodies No. of Hours: 7

Characteristics of an antigen (Foreignness, Molecular size and Heterogeneity); Haptens; Epitopes
(T & B cell epitopes), Adjuvants, Structure, Types and Functions of antibodies.
Unit 10 Generation of Immune Response No. of Hours: 6

Primary and Secondary Immune Response; Generation of Humoral Immune Response (Plasma
and Memory cells); Generation of Cell Mediated Immune Response
Unit 11 Immunological Disorders and Tumor Immunity No. of Hours: 5

Types of Autoimmunity and Hypersensitivity with examples; Immunodeficiencies - Animal
models (Nude and SCID mice).
Unit 12 Immunological Techniques No. of Hours: 5 Principles of Precipitation,

Agglutination, Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis, ELISA, ELISPOT.
DGE-3: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY (PRACTICAL)
1. Identify bacteria on the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics:

IMViC, TSI, nitrate reduction, urease production and catalase tests
2. Study of composition and use of important differential media for identification of bacteria:
EMB Agar, McConkey agar, Mannitol salt agar, Deoxycholate citrate agar, TCBS
3. Study of bacterial flora of skin by swab method
4. Perform antibacterial sensitivity by Kirby-Bauer method
5. Identification of human blood groups.
6. To perform Total Leukocyte Count of the given blood sample.
7. To perform Differential Leukocyte Count of the given blood sample.
8. To separate serum from the blood sample (demonstration).
9. To perform immunodiffusion by Ouchterlony method.
SUGGESTED READING
5. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. (2007). Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 6th
edition Saunders Publication, Philadelphia.
6. Delves P, Martin S, Burton D, Roitt IM. (2006). Roitt’s Essential Immunology.11th edition
Wiley-Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.
7. Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA. (2007). Kuby’s Immunology. 6th edition W.H. Freeman
and Company, New York.
8. Richard C and Geiffrey S. (2009). Immunology. 6th edition. Wiley Blackwell Publication.
DGE-4: INDUSTRIAL AND FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
(THEORY)
Unit 1 Introduction to Industrial microbiology No. of Hours: 10

Brief history and developments in industrial microbiology
Types of fermentation processes - solid state, liquid state, batch, fed-batch and continuous
Types of fermenters – laboratory, pilot-scale and production fermenters
Components of a typical continuously stirred tank bioreactor
Unit 2 Isolation of Industrial Strains and Fermentation Medium No. of Hours: 8

Primary and secondary screening
Preservation and maintenance of industrial strains
Ingredients used in fermentation medium - molasses, corn steep liquor, whey & Yeast extract
Unit 3 Microbial fermentation processes No. of Hours: 12

Downstream processing - filtration, centrifugation, cell disruption, solvent extraction.
Microbial production of industrial products - citric acid, ethanol and penicillin.
Industrial production and uses of the enzymes - amylases, proteases, lipases and cellulases
Unit 4 Food as a substrate for microbial growth No. of Hours: 9

Intrinsic and extrinsic parameters that affect microbial growth in food
Microbial spoilage of food - milk, egg, bread and canned foods
Unit 5 Principles and methods of food preservation and food sanitation No. of Hours: 9
Physical methods - high temperature, low temperature, irradiation, aseptic packaging
Chemical methods - salt, sugar, benzoates, citric acid, ethylene oxide, nitrate and nitrite
Food sanitation and control – HACCP
Unit 6 Dairy products, probiotics and Food-borne Diseases No. of Hours: 12

Fermented dairy products - yogurt, acidophilus milk, kefir, dahi and cheese
Probiotics definition, examples and benefits
Food intoxication by Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus aureus
Food infection by Salmonella and E.coli
DGE-4: INDUSTRIAL AND FOOD MICROBIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)
1. Microbial fermentation for the production and estimation of amylase

2. Microbial fermentation for the production and estimation of citric acid
3. Microbial fermentation for the production and estimation of ethanol
4. Determination of the microbiological quality of milk sample by MBRT
5. Isolation of fungi from spoilt bread/fruits/vegetables
6. Preparation of Yogurt/Dahi
SUGGESTED READING
1. Crueger W and Crueger A. (2000). Biotechnology: A textbook of Industrial Microbiology.
2nd Edition. Panima Publishing Company, New Delhi
2. Patel AH. (1996). Industrial Microbiology .1st Edition. MacMillan India Limited
Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi, India
3. Tortora GJ, Funke BR, and Case CL. (2008). Microbiology: An introduction.9th Edition.
Pearson Education
4. Willey JM, Sherwood LM AND Woolverton CJ (2013), Prescott, Harley and
Klein’s Microbiology.9th Edition. McGraw Hill Higher education
5. Casida LE. (1991). Industrial Microbiology. 1st edition. Wiley Eastern Limited.
6. Stanbury PF, Whitaker A and Hall SJ. (2006). Principles of Fermentation Technology. 2nd
edition, Elsevier Science Ltd.
7. Adams MR and Moss MO. (1995). Food Microbiology. 4th edition, New Age International
(P) Limited Publishers, New Delhi, India.
8. Banwart JM. (1987). Basic Food Microbiology. 1st edition. CBS Publishers and
Distributors, Delhi, India.
9. Frazier WC and Westhoff DC. (1992). Food Microbiology. 3rd edition. Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, India.
th
10. Jay JM, Loessner MJ and Golden DA. (2005). Modern Food Microbiology. 7 edition,
CBS Publishers and Distributors, Delhi, India.
SEMESTER –VI
FOOD FERMENTATION TECHNIQUES
Unit 1 Fermented Foods No of Hours: 4

Definition, types, advantages and health benefits
Unit 2 Milk Based Fermented Foods No of Hours: 8
Dahi, Yogurt, Buttermilk (Chach) and cheese: Preparation of inoculums, types of
microorganisms and production process
Unit 3 Grain Based Fermented Foods No of Hours: 6
Soy sauce, Bread, Idli and Dosa: Microorganisms and production process
Unit 4 Vegetable Based Fermented Foods No of Hours: 4
Pickels, Saeurkraut: Microorganisms and production process
Unit 5 Fermented Meat and Fish No of Hours: 4
Types, microorganisms involved, fermentation process
Unit 6 Probiotic Foods No of Hours: 4
Definition, types, microorganisms and health benefits
Suggested Readings
1. Hui YH, Meunier-Goddik L, Josephsen J, Nip WK, Stanfield PS (2004) Handbook of
food and fermentation technology, CRC Press
2. Holzapfel W (2014) Advances in Fermented Foods and Beverages, Woodhead Publishing.
3. Yadav JS, Grover, S and Batish VK (1993) A comprehensive dairy microbiology, Metropolitan
Semester Wise Microbiology Honours Courses
1 2 3 4 5 6
Core 2T+2P 2T+2P 3T+3P 3T+3P 2T+2P 2T+2P
Courses (2X4+2X2=12 (2X4+2X2=12 (3X4+3X2=18 (3X4+3X2=18 (2X4+2X2=12 (2X4+2X2=12
Credits) Credits) Credits) Credits) Credits) Credits)
C1: Introduction C3: Biochemistry C5: Virology C8:Microbial C11:Food and Dairy C13:Immunology
to microbiology (Theory+ Practical) (Theory+ Genetics(Theory+ Microbiology (Theory+
and microbial C4: Cell Biology Practical) Practical) (Theory+ Practical) Practical)
diversity (Theory+ Practical) C6: Microbial C9:Environmental C12:Industrial C14:Medical
(Theory physiology and Microbiology Microbiology(Theory Microbiology(The
+Practical) metabolism (Theory+ Practical) + Practical) ory+ Practical)
C2: Bacteriology (Theory+ C10:Recombinant
(Theory Practical) DNA Technology
+Practical) C7:Molecular (Theory+ Practical)
Biology(Theory+
Practical)
Generic 1T+1P 1T+1P 1T+1P 1T+1P
Elective (1X4+1X2=6 (1X4+1X2=6 (1X4+1X2=6 (1X4+1X2=6 Credits)
Courses # Credits) Credits) Credits)
Discipline 2T+2P Any two: 2T+2P Any two:
Specific (2X4+2X2=12 (2X4+2X2=12
Elective Credits) Credits)
Courses DSE-1: Bioinformatics DSE-6: Inheritance
DSE-2: Microbial Biology
Biotechnology DSE-7: Microbes
DSE-3: Advances in in Sustainable
Microbiology Agriculture and
DSE-4: Plant Development
Pathology DSE-8: Biosafety
DSE-5: and Intellectual
Biomathematics Property Rights
and Biostatistics DSE-9:
Instrumentation
and Biotechniques
DSE-10: Project
Work
Ability
Enhance-
ment
Compulsory
Course
Language 1T+0P (2 Credits) 1T+0P (2 Credits)
Course/Env
ironmental
Sc.
Skill 1T+0P 1T+0P
Enhance- (1X2=2 Credits) (1X2=2Credits)
ment Any one Any one
Elective SE-1: Microbial SE-4: Food
Courses Quality Control in Fermentation
Food and Techniques
Pharmaceutical SE-5: Management
Industries of Human Microbial
SE-2: Microbial Diseases
Diagnosis in SE-6:
Health Clinics Microbiological
SE-3: Biofertilizers Analysis of Air and
and Biopesticides Water
Total Credit 20 Credits 20 Credits 26 Credits 26 Credits 24 Credits 24 Credits
140
# Generic Elective Courses can be chosen from Chemistry, Biochemistry, Botany, Zoology, Physiology, Physics, and Mathematics.
Semester Wise Microbiology General Courses
1 2 3 4 5 6
Core Courses* 3T+3P 3T+3P 3T+3P 3T+3P
(3X4+3X2=18 (3X4+3X2=18 (3X4+3X2=18 (3X4+3X2=18
Credits) Credits) Credits) Credits)
GE1§: GE2§: Bacteriology GE3§: GE4§:Microbial
Introduction and and Virology, Biomolecules and Genetics and
Scope of (Theory+ Practical) Microbial Molecular Biology
microbiology, metabolism (Theory+
Bacteriology (Theory Practical)
(Theory +Practical)
+Practical)
Elective 3T+3P 3T+3P
Courses # (3X4+3X2=18 Credits) (3X4+3X2=18
Any one from Credits)
DGE1: Genetic Any one from
Engineering and DGE3: Medical
Biotechnology Microbiology and
DGE2: Microbes in Immunology
Environment DGE4: Industrial
(Theory +Practical) Microbiology and
Food
Microbiology
(Theory+Practical)
Ability
Enhancement
Compulsory
Course
Language 1T+0P (2 Credits) 1T+0P (2 Credits)
Course/Env
ironmental Sc.
Skill Enhance- 1T+0P 1T+0P 1T+0P 1T+0P
ment Elective (1X2=2 Credits) (1X2=2Credits) (1X2=2 Credits) (1X2=2 Credits)
Courses Biofertilizers and Microbiological Microbial Quality Food
Biopesticides Analysis of Air and Control in Food and Fermentation
Water Pharmaceutical Techniques
Industries
Total Credit 20 Credits 20 Credits 20 Credits 20 Credits 20 Credits 20 Credits
120
*For Core Courses- 4 Courses each from 3 disciplines (§GE1, GE2, GE3, GE4 Microbiology and two other disciplines chosen from Chemistry,
Biochemistry, Botany, Zoology, Physiology, Physics, and Mathematics.
# For Elective Courses- 2 Courses each from 3 disciplines (Microbiology and two other disciplines chosen from Chemistry, Biochemistry,
Botany, Zoology, Physiology, Physics, and Mathematics.
Structure of B.Sc. Honours Microbiology under CBCS
1. Total Credits: 140 for Honours
2. Total Marks: 2600
Paper Structure: Theory-50, Practical-50 for Core Courses, Discipline Specific Electives Courses
and Theory-50 for Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses; Skill Enhancement Elective
Courses, Theory-100, Practical-50 for Generic Elective Courses.
Core Courses: Total Marks: 1400; Total Credits: 84 Credits
Theory- 14 Core Courses X 50=700; 14X4=56 Credits
Practical-14 Core Courses X 50=700; 14X2=28 Credits
Generic Elective Courses: Total Marks: 600; Total Credits: 24 Credits
Theory-4 Courses X 100=400; 4X4=16 Credits
Practical-4 Courses X 50=200; 4X2=8 Credits
Discipline Specific Elective Courses: Total Marks: 400; Total Credits: 24 Credits
Theory-4 CoursesX50=200; 4X4=16 Credits
Practical-4 CoursesX50=200; 4X2=8 Credits
Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses: Total Marks: 100; Total Credits: 4 Credits
Language Theory Courses-1 CourseX50=50; 1X2=2Credits; Environmental Sciences Theory
Courses-1 CourseX50=50; 1X2=2 Credits
Skill Enhancement Elective Courses: Total Marks: 100; Total Credits: 4 Credits
Theory-2 Courses X 50=100; 2X2=4 Credits
Structure of B.Sc. General Microbiology under CBCS

1. Total Credits: 120 for General Microbiology
2. Total Marks: 1800
Core Courses: Total Marks: 1200; Total Credits: 72 Credits
Theory-12 Courses X100=1200; 12X4=48 Credits
Practical-12 Courses X 50=600; 12 X 2=24 Credits
Elective Courses: Total Marks: 300; Total Credits: 36 Credits
Theory-6 Courses X 50= 300; 6 X4=24 Credits
Practical-6 Courses X 50= 300; 6 X2=12 Credits
Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses: Total Marks: 100; Total Credits: 4 Credits
Language Theory Courses-1 CourseX50=50; 1X2=2Credits; Environmental Sciences Theory
Courses-1 Course X 50=50; 1X2=2 Credits
Skill Enhancement Elective Courses: Total Marks: 200; Total Credits: 8 Credits
Theory- 4 Courses X 50=200; 4 X2=8 Credits

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UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA

CBCS DRAFT SYLLABUS

Unit 1 History of Development of Microbiology No. of Hours: 15

Unit 3 An overview of Scope of Microbiology No. of Hours: 5

C-1: INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY AND MICROBIAL DIVERSITY

1. Microbiology Good Laboratory Practices and Biosafety.

Unit 1 Cell organization No. of Hours: 14

Unit 2 Bacteriological techniques No. of Hours: 5

Unit 4 Growth and nutrition No. of Hours: 8

Unit 5 Reproduction in Bacteria No. of Hours: 3

Unit 6 Bacterial Systematics No. of Hours: 8

Unit 7 Important archaeal and eubacterial groups No. of Hours: 16

C-2: BACTERIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

1. Preparation of different media: synthetic media BG-11, Complex media-Nutrient agar,

Unit 1 Bioenergetics No. of Hours: 8

Unit 2 Carbohydrates No. of Hours: 12

Unit 3 Lipids No. of Hours: 12

Unit 4 Proteins No. of Hours: 12

Unit 5. Enzymes No. of Hours: 12

Unit 6. Vitamins No. of Hours: 4

TOTAL HOURS: 60 CREDITS: 2

Unit 1 Structure and organization of Cell No. of Hours: 12

Unit 2 Nucleus No. of Hours: 4

Unit 3 Protein Sorting and Transport No. of Hours: 12

Unit 4 Cell Signalling No. of Hours: 8

C-4: CELL BIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

1. Study a representative plant and animal cell by microscopy.

Unit 1 Nature and Properties of Viruses No. of Hours: 12

Unit 2 Bacteriophages No. of Hours: 10

Unit 4 Viruses and Cancer No. of Hours: 6

Unit 5 Prevention & control of viral diseases No. of Hours: 8

Unit 6 Applications of Virology No. of Hours: 4

C-5: VIROLOGY (PRACTICAL)

Unit 2 Nutrient uptake and Transport No. of Hours: 10

Unit 3 Chemoheterotrophic Metabolism - Aerobic Respiration No. of Hours: 16

Unit 4 Chemoheterotrophic Metabolism- Anaerobic respiration and fermentation

Unit 5 Chemolithotrophic and Phototrophic Metabolism No. of Hours: 10

Unit 6 Nitrogen Metabolism - an overview No. of Hours: 6

Unit 1 Structures of DNA and RNA / Genetic Material No. of Hours: 12

Unit 2 Replication of DNA (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) No. of Hours: 10

Unit 3 Transcription in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes No. of Hours: 8

Unit 4 Post-Transcriptional Processing No. of Hours: 8

Unit 5 Translation (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) No. of Hours: 10

Unit 6 Regulation of gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes No. of Hours: 12

C-7: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (PRACTICAL)

Unit 1 Genome Organization and Mutations No. of Hours: 18

Unit 2 Plasmids No. of Hours: 10

Unit 3 Mechanisms of Genetic Exchange Transformation - No. of Hours: 12

Unit 5 Transposable elements No. of Hours: 12

C-8: MICROBIAL GENETICS (PRACTICAL)

1. Preparation of Master and Replica Plates

Unit 1 Microorganisms and their Habitats No. of Hours: 14

Unit 2 Microbial Interactions No. of Hours: 12

Unit 3 Biogeochemical Cycling No. of Hours: 12

Unit 4 Waste Management No. of Hours: 12

Unit 5 Microbial Bioremediation No. of Hours: 5

Unit 6 Water Potability No. of Hours: 5

TOTAL HOURS: 60 CREDITS: 2

Unit 1 Introduction to Genetic Engineering No. of Hours: 2

Unit 2 Molecular Cloning- Tools and Strategies No. of Hours: 20

Unit 3 Methods in Molecular Cloning No. of Hours: 16

Unit4 DNA Amplification and DNA sequencing No. of Hours: 10

Unit 6 Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology No. of Hours: 6