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Modern XI Biology Page 51 - 100 Editable and Searchable
Modern XI Biology Page 51 - 100 Editable and Searchable
2. Assertion: Rate of extinction of wildlife has become rapid in the last one hundred years. --
Reason: Unplanned human activities like population explosion, deforestation, industrialization, hunting, etc. have destroyed
the natural habitats of many spp. of wildlife
ABC D
3. Assertion: Golden langur is a vulnerable species.
Reason: Their number has reduced and their natural habitat is also disturbed.
ABC D
4. Assertion: For the management of wildlife, environmental pollution must be checked.
Reason: Environment provides the life supporting systems to wildlife.
ABC D
5. Assertion: National parks have been set up to protect wildlife.
Reason: Biosphere reserves have greater importance than the national parks.
ABC D
6. Assertion: High yielding variety of rice was produced in India by introduction of dwarfing genes called Dee-goo-woo-gen
from Taiwan.
Reason: High yielding variety of wheat was produced from dwarfing genes of Norire-Ifl from Japan in India.
ABC D
7. Assertion: In potato tubers stem is edible.
Reason: Potato tubers are full of stored food material which bear leaves and fruits on them.
ABC D
8. Assertion: Cotton and jute are fibre yielding plants.
Reason: Cotton is obtained from seed hair (lint) and jute fibres are obtained from stalks of retted jute.
ABC D
9. Assertion: With few exceptions, tropics harbour more species than temperate or polar areas.
Reason: Species diversity decreases as we move away from the equator towards the poles.
ABC D (AlIMS 2009)
ANSWERS
t. D; 2. A; 3. C; 4. Ai 5. B; 6. B; 7. D; 8. A; 9. A.
ANSWERS
I. (d); 2. (a); 3. (c); 4. (d); 5. (a); 6. (d); 7. (a); 8. (c); 9. (d); 10. (a);
11. (a); 12. (b); 13. (c); 14. (b); IS. (b); 16. (b); 17. (c); 18. (d); 19. (d); 20. (c);
21. (d).
THE LIVING WORLD
--
Chapter Practice Test
ODD
To check your performance, see ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PRACTICE TEST at the end of
Part I of the book.
IN THIS UNIT. . NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION
• Understanding Text 1 How many species exist on our planet? This is
• Practice Problems with not easy question to answer. About 1.8 million species
their Answers 25,33 have been given the scientific names. Total number
of estimated species range between 10 to 100 million.
ADDITIONAL USEFUL
Many of them will become extinct before counted and
INFORMATIONS 15, 31 identified. The leading naturalists of 18th and 19th
(For Competitive Examinations) centuries spent their lives identifying and describing
CHAPTER SUMMARY 33
newly described plants and animals. Scientistsinvolved
in this task are called taxonomists. Any systematic
KEY TERMS 34 study on any organism can be made easier only, when
organism is identified. Organisms exhibit a great deal
NCERT FILE of variation in their form, structure, mode of life etc.
• NCERT Exercise Questions Unless the identified plants and animals are divided
(with Answers) 34 into distinct groups based on similarities and differences
• NCERT Exemplar Problems between them, it becomes almost impossible to study
(with Answers & Hints) 36 them.
Classification isthe scientificpracticeofidentifying,
HOTS & BRAIN TWISTING QUESTIONS 38 naming and grouping of living organisms. Thebranches
(with Answers) of Biology, which deals with classification are called
QUICK MEMORY TEST 39
taxonomy and systematics.
(with Answers) Since Darwin's time, biological classification has
come to understood as reflecting evolutionary distances
REVISION EXERCISES and relationships between organisms. The creatures of
(with previous years' CBSE & Other State Boards our time had common ancestors in the past. Basically,
Examinations) they are the members of the same family tree. The
• Very Short Answer Questions - huge diversity in organisms is mainly due to adaptive
One mark each (with Answers) 41 radiation or branching evolution (Fig. 1). This is the
diversification of a species into different lines as they
• Short Answer Questions -
adapt to new ecological niches and finally evolve into
Two marks each (with Answers) 42
distinct species.
• Short Answer Questions - Three marks each 43
• Long Answer Questions - Five marks each 43
PRESENT
COMPETITION FILE (WITH ANSWERS
& HINTS)
• Multiple Choice Questions (From
AlPMT & Other Competitive Exams.) 44
• CBSE-PMT (Main Examination) Questions 48
• Matching Type Questions 48
• Assertion Type Questions 49
• Additional Multiple Choice Questions 49 PAST
--
-- The advantages of biological classification are :
(i) Classification makes the study of living
organisms convenient.
MODERN'S abc + OF BIOLOGY-XI
traditional five kingdom system but divides the Monera
into two "domains" leaving the remaining eukaryotic
kingdoms in the third domain.
(ii) Relationships among various groups of
organisms is revealed by classification.
(iii) It helps in specific identification of various
living beings.
(iv) The study of few representatives from each
group helps to integrate the idea of life as a
whole.
(v) Biological classification gives knowledge
about organisms which are found in specific
geographical regions.
(vi) It informs about the evolutionary relationship
by establishing the gradually increasing
complexity of form and structure in different
groups of plants and animals.
The incredible diversity of life on this planet, most
of which is microbial, is best understood in an Fig. 2. Three domains of life.
evolutionary framework-Carl Woese, 2000.
Carl Woesewon the National Medal of Sciencein
THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE November 2000.
Until comparatively recently,living organisms were 1. Domain Archaea
divided into two kingdoms : the Animalia and the
(i) No nuclear membrane, prokaryotic.
Plantae. The scheme most oftenused currently divides all
living organisms into five kingdoms: Monera (bacteria), (ii) Bear unique ancient evolutionary history for
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. This coexisted which they are considered some of the oldest species
with a scheme dividing life into two main divisions: of organisms on earth.
the Prokaryotae (bacteria, etc.), and the Eukaryotae (iii) With distinct biochemistry and RNA markers
(animals, plants, fungi, and protists). from eubacteria.
Recent work, however, has shown that what (iv) Found in the harshest environments on earth.
were once called "prokaryotes" are far more diverse Appearing in fossil record over 3.6 billion years ago.
than anyone had suspected. The Prokaryotae are
(v) Most of the archaeans donot look different from
now divided into two domains, the Bacteria and the
bacteria under microscope,however, biochemically and
Archaea, as different from each other as either is from
genetically they are as different from bacteria as you are.
the Eukaryota, or eukaryotes (three domains of life).
No one of these groups is ancestral to the others, and (vi) They are found in most extreme environments
each shares certain features with the others as well as of the planet.
having unique characteristics of its own. Kingdom archaebacteria
The three domain system is abiologicalclassification Examples:
given by Carl Woese (1990) a professor in the (i) Methanogens (methane makers)
Department of Microbiology,University of Illinois. Dr.
• Metabolizeshydrogen and carbon dioxide
Woeseproposed that there should be a new category of into methane.
classificationoflife-the domain, a classificationcategory • Live in swamps, marshes, gut of cattle,
above kingdom. Woese, c.R., O. Kandler and M.L. termites etc.
Wheeles (1990) in publication "Proposal for the domains
Archaea, Bacteriaand Eucarya" in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (ii) Halophiles (salt lovers)
USA 87 : 4576-4579gave this system of classification. • Thrive in salt.
In five kingdom system of classification nothing is • Live in Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake,
said about how organisms within kingdoms may Salt evoporation ponds.
be related to each other. It divides various organisms (iii) Thennoacidophiles (temperature/acid lovers)
into (Fig. 2) :
• Prefer temperature above 60° C or near
(a) Archaea (b) Bacteria (c) Eukaryote or below freezing.
The three domain system is loosely based on
BIOLOGICAL
•
CLASSIFICATION
KINGDOM MONERA
(The Prokaryotes)
budding.
6. Protosexual phenomenon also occurs.
--
5. Reproduction is primarily asexual by fission or
Monera (rnonos-single) includes prokaryotes and 7.The organisms are non-motile or moveby beating
shows the following characters : of simple flagella or by gliding.
1. They lack nuclear membranes. 8. Moneran cells are microscopic (1 to few microns
2. They are devoid of plastids, mitochondria and in length).
advanced (9+2 strand) flagella.
9. Most organisms bear a rigid cell wall.
3. They are typically unicellular organisms (but one
group is mycelial). Nutrition in Kingdom Monera
4. The predominant mode of nutrition is absorptive They show both autotrophic and heterotrophic
but some groups are photosynthetic or chemosynthetic, modes of nutrition.
D.MAJOR PRODUCER DECOMPOSER CONSUMER
ECOLOGICAL ROLE
HETEROTROPHY
C. MODE OF ABSORPTION
AUTOTROPHY
NUTRITION PHOTOSYNTHESIS
z
o
i=
:::l
g
UJ
LL
o
B. COMPLEXITY
OF ORGANISM SIMPLE
(UNICELLULAR)
s
i=
(.)
UJ
a:
15
A. COMPLEXITY EUKARYOTES
OF CELL ·_·_·KINc;DOM
PROKARYOTES MONERA
AUTOTROPHY--+--'1
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
Fig. 3. The five kingdoms of life. The kingdoms are arranged to show the probable phylogenetic relationships among the
kingdoms, based on fossil and other evidences. Such an arrangement allows us to visualize increase of complexity with
evolutionary time and divergence of the three modes of nutrition in the three multicellular kingdoms (plants, fungi, animals).
MONERA PROTISTA FUNGI ANIMALIA PLANTAE
UJ
UJ ....J
....J
co a: co
«
(.)
(.)
s ::s oc z z i=
z UJ z
UJ
§ a: :3 « UJ 0 UJ 0 z :c
a: ~
>-
z
....J >
UJ z
UJ
a:
(!)
t:a: a: i=
(!) (/)
UJ
UJ
I-
z
«
:>:: 0 ~ 0
Z 0 z0 UJ
o a: iii
i= (/) (!) 0
0 i= oc
....J 0 co z ~ b:c
Q. oc
a: ....J
« I- Z «
I- :::l
:::l
z z Q.
MOST MULTICELLULAR
EUKARYOTIC
VIRUSES
MONERA
FIRST CELLS
Fig. 4. Phylogenetic relationship of five kingdoms.
-- MODERN'S abc + OF BIOLOGY-XI
(/)
13
~
z
>
KINGDOM
MONERA
-: BACTERIA
Fig. 5. The five kingdoms of life showing the major phyla and their probable evolutionary relationships (lines and arrows).
The dotted line separates the prokaryotic kingdom (monera) from the eukaryotic kingdoms (Protista, Plantae, Fungi and
Animalia). The arrangement of the multicellular kingdoms (Plants, Fungi, Animals) indicates how they may have
evolved from the primarily unicellular Kingdom Protista.
Autotrophs. These are able to form their own food ARCHAEBACTERIA
by one of the following methods :
(a) Photoautotrophs. They prepare their own food Archaebacteria exhibit the following characters:
by reducing CO2 using light energy. (i) They are found at most harsh habitats like:
(b) Chemoautotrophs : They form their food by (a) Extreme salty areas (halophiles)
energy derived from chemical reactions. (b) Hot springs (thermo-acidophiles)
Heterotrophs. A few live in symbiosis while others (c) Marshy areas (methanogens)
form association of commensalism. Saprophytes cause (ii) Archaebacteria have different cell wall structure
decay, fermentation or putrefaction of dead organic when compared with other bacteria. As a result,
matter. In the process of fermentation there is anaerobic they are able to tolerate extreme conditions.
break-down of carbohydrates into CO2, alcohol and Their cell membrane is constituted by branched
some energy. Putrefaction or decay is anaerobic break chain lipids.
down of proteins accompanied by foul smell due to (iii) Methanogens are found in guts of many ruminant
evil smelling gases produced in the process. animals like cows and buffaloes. They are able
to produce methane (biogas) from dung of such
The saprobes produce enzymes which convert
animals.
non-diffusible food substrates (carbohydrates, fats,
proteins etc.) into simpler diffusible form which (iv) Halophiles lie in habitats having high salinity
diffuses into the cytoplasm and is assimilated, i.e., and high light intensity. They are able to live in
converted into body cytoplasm or stored as reserve food. high salt concentration because their intracellular
Still others live on other living organisms (animals, salt concentration is equally high. Halophiles
plants or man) in the form of parasites and directly are aerobic heterotrophs which live in brine.
absorb their food from the body of host. Some of the (v) Facultative or obligate anaerobes that
parasites are non-pathogenic i.e. cause no ill-effect or chemoheterotrophically or facultative
disease in the host, while some are pathogenic causing chemoautotrophically live in hot sulphur springs
diseases in the host. are similar areas are called thermoacidophiles.
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
BACTERIA
7. Cytoplasmic streaming and sap vacuoles are 3. The cell contents are divided into two regions,
absent in bacterial cell. In some bacteria, gas vacuoles outer chromatoplasm having photosynthetic pigments
may be present. and inner colourless centroplasm.
8. Mostly bacteria are heterotrophic due to absence 4. The cell wall is two layered. The inner wall is
of chlorophyll. Some bacteria may be photoautotrophic made up of peptidoglycan or mucopeptides built up
and chemoautotrophic. Photo-autotrophic bacteria from amino sugars (e.g. glucosamine) and amino acids
contain bacteriochlorophyll instead of true chlorophyll. (e.g. muramic, diaminopimelic).
9. Major method of reproduction in bacteria is 5. Bacteriaand blue-green algae lack mitochondria,
binary fission. true vacuoles and endoplasmic reticulum.
GAS VACUOLE
:SVANOPHYCEAN STARCH
(FOOD RESERVE)
THYLAKOID
CIRCULAR
. CHROMOSOME
PIGMENT GRANULES
_:.:~::::.>:.:.:_:..:/.:~.j//::.::~:.:.::.::'
PROTEIN CRYSTALS
Fig. 6. A Cyanobacterial-cell.
-- MODERN'S abc + OF BIOLOGY-XI
• Lactic acid bacteria can go for anaerobic respiration or fermentation even in presence of oxygen. They
are known as aerotolerant an aerobes.
• Certain forms of aerobic bacteria are able to respire aerobically even in absence of free oxygen by
utilizing oxygen of oxidised salts like nitrates e.g. dinitrifying bacteria. They are called as anaerotolerant
aerobes.
• Coccobacillus is cylindrical bacterium having length almost equal to breadth e.g. Brucella.
6. Sterols are absent in bacteria as well as 4. In many forms, plastids, (9 + 2 strand) flagella
cyanobacteria. and other organelles are present.
7. There is no membrane bounded chloroplast 5. The nutritive modes of these organisms include
and photosynthetic lamellae or thylakoids are usually photosynthesis, absorption, ingestion and combination
distributed in the peripheral cytoplasm (Fig. 6). of these.
8. True nucleus is absent. Fine fibrils of DNA are 6. Their reproductive cycles typically include both
either distributed throughout the cell or concentrated asexual divisions of haploid forms and true sexual
in the central part. Its chromosome resembles bacterial processes with karyogamy and meiosis.
chromosome. 7. The organisms move by flagella or by other means
9. Well marked reproductive organs, sexual or are non-motile.
reproduction and motile reproductive bodies are absent The organisms included in protista (Protistos
in cyanobacteria. primary) represent diverse ways of life. Many are
10. Gas vacuoles are often present to regulate the photosynthetic autotrophs e.g. unicellular coloured
buoyancy in water. algae and diatoms. They are collectively known as
11. The colour ranges from green to deep purple phytoplankton or microscopic, floating photosynthetic
often blue green. Thus the name blue green algae is organisms. Many of these bear cell wall and still several
misleading. These colours are produced by different others have flagella.
proportions of several pigments like chlorophyll a, Few other protistan organisms are predatory and
carotene, xanthophyll, blue phycocyanin and red feed on other protists. They are included in protozoa.
phycoerythrin. The last two are tetrapyrrole derivatives Cell wall is absent in protozoa and they permit ingestion
occurring uniquely in the cyanobacteria. of particulate food-showing animal like holozoic type
12. Reserve food is in the form of cyanophycean of mode of nutrition. Some protozoans are found in gut,
(myxophycean) starch. digestive tract of all types of other animals.
13. Flagella are absent in vegetative as well as Few help in decomposition of organic matter like
reproductive phase. otherwise indigestible cellulose found in cell walls of
plants, as in termites and wood consuming cockroaches.
6.
CLASSIFICATION
2. They are present in both fresh and salt water and 2. dianoflagellates
comprise an important food for the aquatic animals. They comprise the phylum Pyrrophyta of algae
However out of 5,500 species most are marine. and show the following characters :
3. They lack flagella and float mainly due to light 1.Theyare singlecelled,most ofthem aresurrounded
storage lipids present in them. by a shell made up of thick interlocking plates.
4. Diatoms have cell walls containing silica, 2. They are motile with two flagella, one projecting
constructed in two overlapping halves,which fittogether from oneend and theother running in a transversegroove.
like two parts of a soap box (pennate types) or pair of 3. Likediatoms they have fucoxanthin in addition to
petridishes (centric types). chlorophyll.TI1eyareautotrophic and photosynthetic(e.g.
5. Due to their silica impregnations, the walls of
Ceraiiumi. Blastodiniumis a colourlessparasite on animals.
diatoms are indestructible. As a result diatomaceous
earth formation has occurred due to remains of cell 4. The food reserve is in the form of oils and
walls of diatoms in the form of fossils. polysaccharides.
6.Silicawall of diatoms is designed with fine ridges, 5. Most of the dinoflagellates are marine and
lines, pores etc.These ornamentations are either radially important photosynthesizers in the ocean.
symmetrical or bilaterally symmetrical on either side of 6.Occasionallymembers like Gonyaulax accumulate
the long axis of the cell.The outer wall is called epitheca in large numbers in some parts of sea, colouring the
and inner wall is called hypotheca. water red and are responsible for red tide.
7. Diatoms may exhibit slow gliding movements 7. Some species of dinoflagellates are poisonous to
produced by streaming of cytoplasm through grooves vertebrates and when these accumulate, large number
on the surface of cell wall. of fish in that region of ocean may be killed.
8. The cell wall is made up of two units hence the 8. Some members are phosphorescent and make
name diatom. the sea glow in the dark.
9. Due to various designs over the cell wall, they
9. Dinoflagellates are covered with cellulose cell
have been regarded as jewels of the plant kingdom
walls which are divided into plates (Fig. 8). The plates
(Fig. 7).
give them armoured appearance.
10. Most of the 1000species included are marine.
11. Method of reproduction is only asexual. Sexual
reproduction is usually absent (exception-Ceratium).
12. Some species of dinoflagellates are taken as
food by mussels. These mussels remain unharmed by
Fig. 7. A diagrammatic view of a typical diatom, highly
magnified. The shells have characteristic fine lines and the
dinoflagellates but if man eats these infected mussels,
upper and lower shells fit together like the part of a soap box.
he may fall ill.
SP~G~;'~ (!f2~. C ~
I 0\ \..
SWARM
CELLS
MYXAMOEBAE \?)~ ~ J\ 0
E ::<>: <, FUSIO~.
~Gi\
VZYGOTE
F J
A 13
,I>
PLASMODIUM
/
dJ.
Fig. 10.Slime mould Physarum.
A. Plasmodium; B. Fruiting bodies. Fig. 11. Life cycle of Myxomycetes (slime moulds).
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Occurrence
The slime moulds are widely distributed, growing in
damp and shady places. They may be found in the soil
1. Habitat. Most of zooflagellates are endoparasitic
and pathogenic and are spread by certain vectors e.g.
Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia intesiinalis; Trichomonas
uaginalis etc. Some are found as symbionts e.g.
--
rich in humus, damp old planks of wood, rotting logs,
Trichonumpha.
decaying leaves etc. They prefer moisture and darkness
or dim-light for normal growth, They move to drier and
PARABASAL BODY
exposed habitats during reproductive phase. More than
100species have been reported from India. The common
genera are-Physarum, Stemonitis, Comatricha, Trichia etc.
General Features
1. The vegetative phase of the thallus is a free
living, naked, multinucleated mass ofprotoplasm called
Plasmodium.
2. The plasmodium consists of diploid nuclei, lacks
cell wall and secrets slime.
3. Chlorophyll is lacking, so these are generally FLAGELLUM
saprophytic, rarely parasitic causing abnormal swellings
Fig. 12. Trypanosoma gambiensis (causes sleeping sickness).
upon the bodies of hosts.
4. The plasmodium shows amoeboid movement by
producing pseudopodia.
S. They reproduce by means of spores produced RHIZOPLASTFLAGELLU
in sporangia.
6. The spores have cellulosic cell wall and are
produced through meiosis.
7. The slime molds are, generally, holocarpic.
8. The spores germinate to produce myxamoebae
or biflagellated swarm cells behaving as gametes.
9.The swarm cells fuse in pairs showing isogamous
type of sexual reproduction.
10. Slime moulds may be colourless or variously A B
coloured like yellow, orange, brown, etc. Fig. 13. Leishmania donooani A = Adult
Somatic structure B = Young (causes kala azar).
The thallus consists of a slimy mass of protoplasm.
It is naked (lackingcellwall) and multinucleated known
as plasmodium. The size of the plasmodium may vary RHIZOPLAST
from microscopic to several centimeters in diameter
according to the species. Due to the absence of cell
wall, there is no definite shape. The plasmodium is
surrounded by plasma membrane externally.
The plasmodium forms pseudopodia and shows
amoeboid movements creeping over the substratum. It
also grows within the substratum and in all directions,
commonly towards the moisture and avoiding light as
far as possible. It is slimy to touch and show variation
in colour depending upon the species. The plasmodium
lacks chlorophyll and engulfs solid particles of food and
can absorb food material in solution also.
S. Protozoans
All protozoans are found as predators or parasites
and are heterotrophic
Major groups of protozoans are:
A. ZOOFLAGELLATA (FLAGELLATED
PROTOZOANS)
Characters. Zooflagellates are characterised by : Fig. 14. Giardia intesiinalis (causes giardiasis).
-- UNDULATING
MEMBRANE
ANTERIOR
FLAGELLA
MODERN'S abc + OF BIOLOGY-XI
BASAL
BODY COMPLEX
PARA BASAL NUCLEUS
FIBRES
PSEUDOPODIUM
NUCLEUS
COSTA
NUCLEOLUS
CYTOPLASM
AXOSTYLE
2. Locomotion. Organelles of locomotion are one (b) Filopodia. These are filamentous pseudopodia
(e.g. Trupanoeomat or more flagella (e.g. eight flagella with tapering ends and are formed of only ectoplasm
in Giardia and many flagella in Trichonymplw.). e.g. Euglypha.
3. Nutrition. Most of the zooflagellates are (c) Reticulopodia or Rhizopodia. These are
heterotrophic and saprozoic in their nutrition. Reserve filamentous and branched pseudopodia which form
food is glycogen. a network e.g. in Foraminiferans like Elphidium,
4. Reproduction. These show only asexual Globigerin.a etc.
reproduction by longitudinal binary fission. There is (d) Axopodia. These are straight and radiating
no sexual reproduction. pseudopodia each supported by axial filament e.g. in
Example: Trypanosoma gambiense. Heliozoans like Actinophrys. The pseudopodia give the
B. SARCODINA (AMOEBOID PROTOZOANS) appearance of sun-rays so heliozoans are commonly
called sun-animalcules.
1.Habitat Sarcodines are fresh-water (e.g. Amoeba) or
marine (e.g. Polystomella) or endoparasitic and pathogenic Pseudopodia are used both for locomotion and
(Entamoeba histolytica). food-capturing.
2. Locomotion. Locomotion occurs by temporary 3. Nutrition. These are heterotrophic and holozoic
finger-like pseudopodia or false feet e.g. Amoeba (Fig.16), in their nutrition.
Entamoeba etc. Pseudopodia are of following types: 4. Reproduction. Asexual reproduction occurs by
(a) Lobopodia. These have broad and rounded either binary fission or multiple fission e.g. Amoeba.
ends e.g. Amoeba. These are formed of both ectoplasm Some forms show sexual reproduction by syngamy
and endoplasm. (e.g. Pelomyxa, Actinophrys).
5. These are either uninucleate (Ameoba) or
CONTRACTILE multinucleate (Pelomyxa).
VACUOLE PLASMALEMMA}
HYALINE LAYER ECTOPLASM C. CILIATA (CILIATED PROTOZOANS)
NUCLEUS
Characters. It is the most advanced and diversified
group of protozoa. These are though one-celled
organisms but have specialized organelles to perform
the different functions like mouth, digestive tract,
anus, kidney, muscle and sense organs of multicellular
organisms. These are characterised by :
1. Habitat. Many ciliates are fresh-water (e.g.
PLASMASOL} WATERVACUOLE Paramecium) while some ciliates are endoparasitic and
PLASMAGEL ENDOPLASM pathogenic (e.g. Balantidium). Some ciliates are colonial
Fig. 16. Amoeba proteus. or sedentary (suctorians).
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
OOCYST
GROWING OOCYST
~
SPOROGONY (f/'
ASEXUAL CYCLE IN THE
STOMACH WALL OF
MOSQUITO
ERYTHROCYTIC
CYCLE
\
HAEMOZOIN GRANULES __J..__.......,;~
-:
SCHIZOGONY IN
LIVER OF MAN MACROMETA·
CRYPTOMEROZOITES
Fig. 19. Life cycle of Plasmodium.vivax.
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
1.
Characters
Nucleus Prokaryotic
Table 5. Differences between Monera and Protista.
Monera
Eukaryotic
Protista
--
2. Cell size Comparatively small (0.1 - 5 1lID) Comparatively large (10 - 100 1lID)
3. Cell wall Made up of peptidoglycan Made up of cellulose
4. Flagella If present, unistranded It present, 11 stranded
5. Envelope system Single Double
6. Ribosomes 70S type Cytoplasmic ribosomes : 80S
Organelle ribosomes : 70S
7. Organelle Membrane bound cell organelle absent Membrane bound cell organelle present
8. Sap vacuole Absent Present
9. Cell division Mitotic spindle absent, cell division is of amitosis Mitosis due to formation of spindle
type
10. Sexual Absent Present
reprod uction
11. Meiosis Absent Present
Mastigamoeba : Has bath pseudopodia and flagellum So'acts as connecting link betweenflagellates and sarcodines.
--
ASEPTATE HYPHAE SEPTATE HYPHAE
A B
PROSENCHYMA PSEUDOPARENCHYMA
C o
Fig. 20. Various types of fungal hyphae.
intermesbed as an irregular network, so called packed, so lose their identity completely and appear as
mycelium. Fungi extract energy from their environment isodiametric cells giving the appearance ofparenchyma
by the process of extracellular digestion and absorption cells in higher plants. The protoplasm in a hypha may
ofthe digested materialin the form ofsolution.Sincethey be continuous i.e. without any cross walls of septa
lack chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments, (aseptate) (Fig. 20 A) or it may be interrupted by cross
they are incapable of carrying on photosynthesis, hence wall i.e. (septate) (Fig. 20 B).
they do not require light for growth and metabolism. The hyphal wall is made up of fungus cellulose in
Some grow as parasites on all types of plants from which cellulose is impregnated with chitin and contains
simple algae to most advanced flowering plants. Some nitrogen in addition to carbon and hydrogen.
live on dead organic matter like dung, bread, jams etc. The cell wall encloses the protoplast. In Rhizopus
as saprophytes. Some live symbiotically with algae the protoplast is non-septate acellular or coenocytic in
as lichens. Some of them are entirely subterranean the actively growing condition, septa however may
(tuffles), others are aquatic (SaproZegnia). In septate appear in old hyphae. The protoplast is covered by a
hyphae, there usually occurs a central pore in septum thin semipermeable plasma membrane. The cytoplasm
through which protoplasmic connections are made
between adjacent cells.
Abody which consistsofsinglecelland is completely
converted into a reproductive structure is known as
holocarpic but if only a part of the thallus is used up
in the formation of reproductive structure, it is called
eucarpic.
CELL AND TISSUE STRUCTURE
When the mycelium gets organised into loosely
or compactly woven tissue like structure is called
plectenchyma. Prosenchyma is the mycelium in which
hyphae are loosely interwoven and lie more or less
parallel to each other (Fig. 20 C). Pseudoparenchyma Fig. 21. Structure of aseptate, multinucleate
is the mycelium in which the hyphae are very loosely (coenocytic) hypha of Rhizopus.
--
appears granular and contains many minute nuclei
scattered in the peripheral layer.The nuclei are very small
and inconspicuous. The cytoplasm contains many small
MODERN'S abc + OF BIOLOGY-XI
(vi) Gemmae. They resemble chlamydospores in
structure but not very durable and thick walled.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
vacuoles filled with cell-sap or a number of small gas
filled vacuoles. The vacuoles are small, few or absent in (i) Spore formation. The spores in fungi vary
the activelygrowing tips of themycelium.Thehypha also in shape. Spores are usually unicellular, thin walled,
may be seen to have mitochondria, dictyosomes (Golgi spherical and diameter ranging from 5-501-1. They
body), ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, oil drops may be hyaline or coloured. Several types of spores
and glycogen granules etc. under electron microscope. are reported in fungi e.g. zoospores, sporangiospores,
uredospores, teleutospores,pycniospores etc.Sometimes
REPRODUCTION the spores may be multicellular also. Sometimes the
spores are produced endogenously in special sac-like
The fungi reproduce by all the three methods
asexual reproductive bodies called sporangia. Spores in
vegetative, asexual and sexual.
SUcl1cases are called sporangiospores. Zoospores are
Vegetative reproduction. It is affected in various uniflagellate or biflagellate structures.
ways: (ii) Conidia formation. The detachable sporangia
(i) Fragmentation. The hyphae of fungus break are often called conidia. Hyphae bearing conidia are
into small pieces and each piece may later grow into called conidiophores. The conidiophores in groups may
new mycelium. form structures like coremia, acervuli, synnemata etc.
(ii) Fission. It is common in yeasts etc. The cell The conidia may behave as sporangia by developing
divides into daughter cellswhich separate by constriction motile zoospores. When the environment is dry, conidia
or transverse walls. germinate directly.
(iii)Budding. In this casedaughter bud appears from
parent cell.After getting the normal size bud breaks off. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
When the buds fail to separate, after repeated budding Fungi may be dioecious or unisexual. Some are
from pseudomycelium. monoecious or bisexual. Former are heterothallic and
MOTHERCELL latter are homothallic. The gametes are formed within
. gametangium. All the three types ofsexual reproduction
is present in fungi :
C2i)~ (a) Isogamy. Fusing gametes are exactly alike in
DIVIDEDCELL appearance and functions.
BUDDING DIVIDINGCELL (b) Anisogamy. Fusion of dissimilar gametes is
FISSION
called anisogamy. In anisogamous forms both fusing
OlDIA~
fJo male and female gametes are usually motile.
(c) Oogamy. Fusion of male (micro) gamete (small,
flagellated and active)with female (mega)gamete (large,
non-motile and passive) is called oogamy.
Sometimessexual reproduction occursbetween two
gametangia. Such fusion is called conjugation in contrast
to gameticfusion.When gametangia canbe differentiated,
they are called antheridium and oogonium representing
male and female sex organs respectively. In higher
fungi somatic hyphae may fuse to show somatogamy.
OIDIA CHLAMYDOSPORES FRAGMENTATION Fertilization involves two steps called plasmogamy and
Fig. 22.Different types of vegetative reproduction infungi. karyogamy. Plasmogamy is the fusion of cytoplasm and
karyogamy is the fusion of nuclei.
(iv) Oidia. Oidia are rounded or oval structures When nuclei lie side by side, they represent
having thin walls. The hyphae undergo segmentation dikaryon. Sexually fusion gametes result in the
and produce yeast like cells called oidia. Each oidium formation of diploid oospores or zygospores. In fungi
on germination produces new mycelium. imperfectii or deuteromycetes, sexual reproduction
(v) Chlamydospores. Some fungi produce is absent. Meiosis occurs in zygospores to produce
chlamydospores which are thickwalled restingcells.They haploid spores. These spores are genetically different
are intercalary in position. They are capable of forming a and are with new combination of characters due to
new plant on approach of favourable conditions. crossing over in meiosis.
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
SPORANGIAL WALL
--
A
CONIDIUM
CONIDIOPHORES
G
Fig. 23. Types of conidia and conidiophores, A : Sporangia and sporangiophores; B : Sporangiospores
in a sporangium; C : Conidia arising from a conidiophore; D : Acervuli having setae and conidia;
E-H : Development of an endoconidium from a conidiophore; I : Synnemata.
SUSPENSOR
ANTHEROZOID GAMETANGIA
ANTHERIDIUM
OOGONIUM
ANTHERIDIUM
Fig. 24. Various aspects of fungal body, sexual structure A: Anisogametes on left, bicillate zygote on right
B: Male and female gametangia, C: Isogametangia, D: Somatogamy, E: Differentiated gametangia.
-- Non-septate mycelium
Eumycetes (True fungi)
MODERN'S abc
Septate mycelium
+ OF BIOLOGY-XI
Mastigomycetes Zygomycetes
(Flagellate members) (Non-flagellate members) Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deuteromycetes
00 CYTOPLASM
B
SPORANGIOPHORES
ARE MUCH LONGER 00 SPORANGIAL SPORANGIAL WALL
WALL
___J SPORES
DEVELOPING
SPORANGIO·
SPORES
COLUMELLA
PLASM
(VACUOLATE)
c 0
Fig. 25. Rhizopus A. Mycelium B. Hypha showing structure C. and D. Two developmental stages of sporangium.
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
--
ASCOSPORG )\
(n)
I""~~~\::
..
'. 1 1
organised into fruiting bodies of various kinds like
pycnidia, acervuli etc.
9. Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes may occur
by hologamy, gametangial contact, spermatisation and d i
ASCUSMOTHERCElL
".FEMALENUCLEI
". MALENUCLEI
somatogamy. (n+n) ". (n)~ (n)
10. Hologamy takes place in yeasts. Haploid cells \ DlKARYOPHASE•••••.•. )
directly act as gametes. ASCOGENOUSHYPHAE ' -, -,
11. In some fungi like Penicillium male sex organs (PAIREDNUCLEI) PAIRINGOF NUCLEI
(nTn)~
are differentiated into antheridia and female sex organs
are called ascogonia. Eachascogonium issituated on one Fig. 27. Graphical life cycle of Penicillium.
or two small basal cells called stalk cells and apex forms
elongated trichogyne. Only plasmogamy occurs in the to form crozier or hook. After division in the terminal
beginning as a result male and femalenucleiliein pairs to cellthree cellsare delimited-the terminal cell containing
form dikaryons. single nucleus, the subterminal or penultimate cell
containing two nuclei and the antepenultimate cell
12. In spermatisation some ascomycetes bear containing single nucleus.
minute spore-like spennatia on spermatophores. 16. Fusion occurs in penultimate cell now called
And they are transferred to ascogonial hyphae. ascus mother cell.
Few show the tendency for the antheridium to 17. Diploid nucleus in ascus mother cell undergoes
become functionless and pairing occurs between meiosis to form 4nuclei followed by mitosis to constitute
the nuclei of ascogonium itself thus representing 8 haploid ascospores in newly developed ascus.
autogamy. 18. While the ascus development is going on, the
13. In somatogamy vegetative hyphae of opposite mycelia surrounding the sexual structures grow up
strain fuse. properly to cover the ascogenous hyphae, asci etc.
14. Pairs in the ascogonium undergo conjugate The fruiting body or ascocarp thus formed may be
divisions and ascogonium forms, hyphal outgrowths of Cleisothecium, Perithecium, Hysterothecium and
called ascogenous hyphae. Apothecium type (Fig. 28).
15.The terminal cellof each ascogenous hypha bend 19. Under favourable conditions each ascospore
genninates to give rise to new hypha.
ABC 0
Fig. 28. Diagrammatic representation of various types of ascocarps in surface view.
A. Apothecium; B.Perithecium; C. Hysterothecium; D. Cleistothecium (closed).
-- ~;:~P);~~~~- GLYCOGEN
'1'."::.'\,,-CELL WALL
...:.:.......
MODERN'S abc + OF BIOLOGY-XI
name from the fact that they reproduce asexually
by basidium. Each basidium is an enlarged, club
shaped, hyphal cell at the tip of which develop four
)..~·.~r..,a,~- CYTOPLASM
basidiospores. Basidiospores develop outside the
basidium. The basidiospores are released and develop
DARKLY
STAINING THREAD new mycelia. No motile cells are formed at any stage
VACUOLE of the life cycle of basidiomycetes. The somatic phase
consists of a well developed, septate, filamentous
LIPID GLOBULES mycelium. Primary mycelium is formed due to
germination of haploid spore. It is soon converted
into secondary or dikaryotic mycelium. The clamp
connections on the dikaryotic hyphae are of universal
occurrence. The sex organs are lacking. The sexual
process is represented by plasmogamy and karyogamy.
Basidiocarps of basidiomycetes are comparable to
ascocarps of ascomycetes but they are not homologous.
Fig. 29. Saccharomuces cerevisiae. A cell showing structure.
Economic importance of basidiomycetes
1. Some of basidiomycetes are causative agents of
most destructive diseases of our crops. To this category
belong rusts (Puccinia) and smuts (Ustilago).
2. Few higher members of basidiomycetes such as
pore fungi are wood rotters.
A
B
3.They are among best decomposers of wood. They
Fig. 30. Yeast: A. Budding; B. Fission. decompose cellulose and lignin (mechanically strong)
and may be resistant to other fungi including bacteria.
BASIDIOMYCETES-THE CLUB FUNGI
4. Mushrooms are of great economic value as food.
Mushrooms, puff balls, toad stools, bracket fungi, S. The toad stools are poisonous. Some as Amantia
rusts and smuts are included in basidiomycetes which are fatally poisonous.
comprises more than 25,000species. They derive their
BASIDIOSPORE
BASIDIUM
HYMENIUM
Fig. 31. Section of a gill from the underside of a mushroom cap to show the basidia and their basidiospores.
BIOLOGICAL
1. Class
CLASSIFICATION
Characters
Table 8. Differences between Ascocarp and Basidiocarp.
Ascocarp
Found in ascomycetes
Basidiocarp
Found in basidiomycetes
--
2. Construction Simple Elaborate
3. Spore bearing structures Asci Basidia
4. Septa Ascus usually aseptate Basidium may be septate or aseptate
5. Location of spores Endogenous Exogenous
6. Number of spores Eight Four
::,.
I
'-.
Table 9. Differences between Ascus and Basidium.
Characters Ascus Basidium
1. Class Meiospores forming structure in Meiospores forming structure in
ascomycetes. basidiomycetes.
2. Number of spores Eight Four
3. Location of spores Endogenous in ascus Exogenous on basidium
4. Dispersal Rarely thrown out. Thrown out by droplet method.
DISADVANTAGE OF FIVE-KINGDOM
CLASSIFICAnON
+ OF BIOLOGY-XI
--
A
B
o E
c
•
G
r,
+ OF BIOLOGY-XI
ABC
Fig. 36. AIDS virus. Fig. 37. Mechanism of attachment and penetration of
bacteriophage.
-- 2. Penetration (Fig. 37). The next phase is the
injection of nucleic acid of the virion into the host cell.
The nucleopeptidal host cell wall is hydrolyzed by
MODERN'S abc + OF BIOLOGY-XI
:.:.:.:
......... '"
':-':0'
BACTERIOPHAGE (LAMBDA),)
_-L_,..-,:::"...--":/ BACTERIUM (LYSOGENIC STRAIN)
~ .~
"fP.. .
ADSORPTION
..
LYSIS OF BACTERIAL
CELL
LYTIC CYCLE
VIRAL GENOME
RELEASED
·
··
INDUCTION
YOUNG
. :: MYCORRHiZAl·
ROOT
NORMAL
ROOT
,OW\
CARPIEL STii:E~THER
(WITH 4 MICROSPORANGIA)
OVULE l
EMBRYO (MEGASPORANGIUM) ...
MICROSPOROGENOUS
SPOROPHYTE
",)
1
NU1LLUS
lTISSUE
MEGASPORE MICROSPORE
j. .
ZYGOTE MOTHER CELL MOTHER CELL
(~~~t~~)
-
SYNGAMY
- REDUCJION DIVISION
(MEIOSIS)
(FERTILIZATION) GAMETOPHYTE )
(n) MEGASPORE
9 GAMETE
OOSPHERE)
.
9 GAMETOPHYTE
I MICROSPORE
(P9
LLEN)
..... (E~BRYO SAC) ~
PARALLELVEINED
ATACOSTELE
IN THREES
FLOWERPARTSAND
SEED CHAMBERS
IN FRUIT
II
1.
2.
CLASSIFICATION
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Write any three drawbacks of kingdom protista.
How lytic cycle deffers from lysogenic cycle?
--
3. What are viroids ?
4. Name the kingdom of multicellular consumers.
5. Name the kingdom of prokaryotes,
6. Name the (i) Smallest animal virus; (ii) Largest animal virus; (iii) Smallest plant virus; (iv) Largest plant virus.
1. (i) Dinoflagellates bear a different type of nuclear matter which lacks histone. In this case, spindle apparatus is not
formed during cell division.
(ii) It is difficult to find differences between protistan algae and algae of kingdom plantae.
(iii) Protistans appear to be polyphyletic.
2. Lytic cycle is virulent form of life cycle. Lysogenic cycle is non-virulent or temperate form of life cycle. In lytic cycle,
viral genome does not produce a repressor. A repressor is formed to check the destruction of host DNA in lysogenic
cycle. DNA of host cell is hydrolysed in lytic cycle. DNA of host cell is not harmed in lysogenic cycle.
3. Viroids are smaller than viruses. They lack protein coat. They are RNA particles with low molecular weight and para-
sitize only plants.
4. Animalia.
5. Monera
6. (i) Smallest animal virus: Foot and mouth virus;
(ii) Largest animal virus: Pox virus;
(iii) Smallest plant virus : Tobacco mosaic satellite virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus
(iv) Largest plant virus: Citrus tristeza virus.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
• R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed five kingdom classification.
• Bacteria are sole members of Kingdom Monera.
• Archaebacteria are found in most harsh habitats.
• Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) are photosynthetic autotrophs. Some of these can fix atmospheric nitrogen in
heterocysts.
• Mycoplasma completely lack cell wall and can survive without oxygen.
• All single celled eukaryotes are placed in Kingdom Protista.
• Chrysophytes include diatoms and golden algae (desmids).
• Dinoflagellates are mostly marine and photosynthetic.
• Majority of Euglenoids are fresh water organisms found in stagnant water.
• Slime moulds are saprophytic protists.
• All Protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predators or parasites.
• With the exception of yeast which are unicellular, fungi are filamentous.
• Mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic in members of phycomycetes.
• Members of ascomycetes are saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous.
• Common forms of basidiomycetes are mushrooms, bracket fungi or puffballs.
• Deuteromycetes are also known as imperfect fungi because only vegetative or asexual phase occur in them.
• Kingdom plantae has two distinct phases-The diploid saprophytic and haploid gametophyte.
• Kingdom animalia is characterized by heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and their cells
lack cell walls.
• Viroids were discovered by Diener (1971) which are smaller than viruses.
• Lichens show symbiotic association.
-- Adaptive radiation
KEY TERMS
MODERN'S abc + OF BIOLOGY-XI
NCERT FILE
Exercise Questions It
1. Discuss how classification systems have undergone (iv) Copeland gave Four Kingdom System of
several changes over a period of time? classification called Monera, Protista, Metaphyta
Ans, Since dawn of civilisation, there have been many and Metazoa.
attempts to classify the living organisms. (v) Five Kingdom System of classification was given
(i) Aristotle was the earliest to attempt to give a by K. H. Whittaker (1969).The five kingdoms are:
classification with scientific basis. Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
(For details consult chapter-2).
(ii) Linnaeus classified all living organisms into
two large kingdoms : (a) Kingdom Plantae; Whittaker has not described viruses and lichens.
(b) Kingdom Animalia. This system did Stanley discussed virus, viroids etc.
not distinguish between the eukaryotes and 2. State two economically important uses of :
prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular (a) Heterotrophic bacteria
organisms and photosynthetic (green algae) and
(b) Archaebacteria
non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms.
Ans, (a) Heterotrophic bacteria: (i) They are helpful in
(iii) Haeckel (1866) identified a Kingdom Protista.
making curd from milk; (ii) They are also useful
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
6.
They are sensitive to temperature, chemicals and
radiations.
They possess antigenic properties.
MODERN'S abc + OF BIOLOGY-XI
So, on the basis of their inanimate characters, the
viruses cannot be considered as organisms. They are
acellular or non-cellular, but again it is difficult to
ignore their living properties and cannot be considered
7. Viruses have the capacity to bring about as inert chemicals. For this reason, Lwoff, a French
enzymatic changes in vitro. scientist, said, "A virus is a virus". It is neither an
organism nor a non-living inert chemical.
ANSWERS
1. (b); 2. (a); 3. (b); 4. (d); 5. (c); 6. (b); 7. (b); 8. (c); 9. (a); 10. (c);
11. (d); 12. (d)
1.
CLASSIFICATION
1. Who proposed the five kingdom system of classification. Write the name of five kingdoms.
2. Write the characteristics of archaebacteria? How do these obtain food? How they are able to tolerate conditions like
acidity and high temperature?
3. Why the members of class Deuteromycetes are considered the fungi imperfecti?
4. Discuss the living features of viruses.
5. Differentiate between ascocarp and basidiocarp.
&~~O~
;etell¢"o.;.o
8' - ~... QUICK MEMORY TEST \\\\
\I
D. Suitable words
Note the relationship between first two words and suggest a suitable word for the fourth place:
1. Bacteria: Prokaryote :: Paramecium : .
2. Algae: Autotrophic :: Fungi: .
3. Multicellular producers: Plants :: Multicellular decomposers: .
4. Bacteria: Nucleoid :: Yeast: .
E. Analogy Type Questions
Give the technical terms used for the following:
1. Remains of an organism of a former geological age.
2. Scienceof classificationof organisms.
3. Evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
4. Organisms which synthesize their own food using chemical energy.
D. Suitable words
1. Eukaryote; 2. Heterotrophic; 3. Fungi; 4. Nucleus.
ANSWERS _
1. John Ray 2. Leeuwenhoek 3. Rain forests in Silent Valley of Kerala 4. Two-plants and animals 5. Aristotle
6. Carolus Linnaeus; 7. It is the early form of living beings from which all primitive and ancient organisms evolved;
8. Ehrenberg (1828);9. Monera is the kingdom of all prokaryotes; 10. Halophiles are archaebacteria that are found in habitats of
high salinity and strong light intensity; 11. Streptomyces aureofaciens12. Denitrification converts soil nitrate into gaseous nitrogen;
13. Bacillus thuringiensis, 14. Transduction is the transfer of genes from one bacterium to another through agency of virus;
15. Paralytic Shell Fish Poisoning; 16. Nociiluca; 17. Dinoflagellates, diatoms and euglenoids; 18. Unicellular and colonial
eukaryotes; 19. To tide over the unfavourable conditions; 20. Blood sucking sand fly (Phlebotomus); 21. Tsetse fly (Glossina
palpalis) 22. Giardiasis 23. Diatomite represents the deposits of silica skeletons of diatoms; 24. Amanita caesaria;25.Mycorrhiza,
lichens; 26. Candida albicans; 27. In dolipore septum is one inwhich septum becomes barrel shaped around the central
pore, it is the fusion of two sexual cells without the fusion of their nuclei; 28. Alternaria solani; 29. Puccinia graminis tritici;
30. Morel is a fungus having a edible ascocarp of genus Morchella.
--
10. Transformation isthe change in genetic constitution due to picking up of genes of dead and integrating the same in their nudeoids,
11. It is the membranous in growth of plasma membrane observed in cyanobacteria.
12. One narrow flagellum bearing mastigonemes and second flattened ribbon like but smooth in girdle or cingulum showing
heterokont type of flagellation.
13. Acidic stools with blood mucus, membrane pieces and white charcot Leyden crystals. Abdominal pain.
14. Trichocysts are ejective in nature which are discharged on stimulation to form long thread for the tasks of offence, defence
and adhesion.
15. Sarcodines are amoeboid protozoans which show pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding.
16. Capillitium represents the branching system of thread like structure formed inside the sporangium of acellular slime mould
at the time of spore formation.
17. Rhizomorph is a compact structure, which is subterranean and cord like. It is a hyphal mass bearing a growing point for
perennation.
18. It is the phenomenon of sexual reproduction in which fusing gametes are genetically different.
19. Due to absence of sexual reproduction.
20. Holocarpic fungi: Inthis vegetative structure is transformed into reproductive structure.
Eucarpic fungi: In this case, reproductive phase is distinct from vegetative phase.
(NEET2013)
29. The motile asexual reproductive unit is called:
(a) Zoospore (b) Aplanospore (c) Zygospore (d) Microspore
(CHSE Cuttack 2013)
30. Select the wrong statement:
(a) Isogametes are similar in structure, function and behaviour
(b) Anisogametes differ either in structure, function or behaviour
(c) In Oomycetes female gamete is smaller and motile, while male gamete is larger and non-motile
(d) Chlamydomonas exhibits both isogamy and anisogamy and Fucus shows oogamy (CHSE Cuttack 2013)
31. Five kingdom system of classification suggested by R.H. Whittaker is not based on :
(a) Presence or absence of a well defined nucleus (b) Mode of reproduction
(c) Mode of nutrition (d) Complexity of body organisation (AIPMT 2014)
32. Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria in :
(a) Cell membrane structure (b) Mode of nutrition
(c) Cell shape (d) Mode of reproduction (AIPMT 2014)
33. The motile bacteria are able to move by :
(a) Fimbriae (b) Flagella (c) Cilia (d) Pili. (AIPMT 2014)
34. Viruses have:
(a) DNA enclosed in a protein coat (b) Prokaryotic nucleus
(c) Single chromosome (d) Both DNA and RNA. (AIPMT 2014)
35. Virus was first crystallised by:
(a) Beijerink (b) Stanley
(c) Ivanowsky (d) Leeuvenhoek (HPPMT 2012)
36. Correct the sequence of events in viral replication:
(i) Eclipse (ii) Maturation (iii) Adsorption (iv) Assembly
(v) Penetration (vi) Lysis
(a) i-e-ii+Iii+iv+v+vi
37. Which originated first:
(a) Prokaryotic cell (b) Eukaryotic cell
(c) Green algae (d) None of these (MPPMT 2013)
38. A virus can be considered living as it:
(a) Respires (b) Responds to touch
(c) Reproduces inside host (d) Can cause disease UKCET2013)
39. Which one has coiled RNA strand and capsomeres:
(a) Polio virus (b) Retro virus (c) Tabacco mosaic virus (d) Measles virus (CBSE 2014)
40. Choose the wrong statement:
(a) Morels and truffles are poisonous mushrooms.
(b) Yeast is unicellular and useful in fermentation.
(c) Penicillium is multicellular and produces antibiotics.
(d) Neurospora is used in the study of biochemical genetics. (AIPMT 2015)
41. Chitin is a/an:
(a) Amino acid (b) Polysaccharide
(c) Protein (d) Oligosaccharide (Bihar CECE 2014)
42. It employs both intracellular and extracellular digestion:
(a) Hydra (b) Aurelia (c) Amoeba (d) Planaria (Bihar CECE 2015)
43. Which part of the cell contains N-acetyl glucosamine?
(a) Cell envelope (b) Cell wall (c) Nucleus (d) Ribosomes (BiharCECE2015)
44. Which one is a holophytic protazoa?
(a) Euglena (b) Amoeba
(c) Monocystis (d) Giardi.a (Bihar CECE 2015)