COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

 A study of the organized structure, operations, functions ranks and designated names various
law enforcement agencies around world.

 It is the process of outlining the similarities and differences one police system to another in
order to discover insight in the field of international policing.

POLICE

 From the Greek word politeia or polis which means “citizenship, administration, civil polity” or
“government of a city”

 Transformed into Latin word politia which means civil administration

 French changed the word to police or policier which means public order, administration,
government

BASIC TERMS

Abu Sayyaf - Abu means father and Sayyaf means swordsmith, is a militant Islamist group based in and
around Jolo and Basilan Philippines.

Apostasy - is defined as the conscious abandonment of Islam by a Muslim in word of through deed. It
includes the act of converting to another religion by a person who was born in a Muslim family or who
had previously accepted Islam.

Al-Qaeda - literally means the base, a global militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden.
Abdullah Azzam. And several other militants.

Centralized Police - A country with only one recognized police force which operates entire that country.
It uses a centralized system of policing. Philippines is an example of centralized police because the
Philippine National Police has one central office with many regional, provincial and local branches
throughout the country.

Decentralized police - refers to a system where police administrations and another. It is more applicable
to countries with federal government.

Chowkidar - in India, means one who inhabits a “chowki", police station or guard house.

Opportunity theory - is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of
their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.

Demographic theory - is based on the event of when a greater number of children are being born,
because as these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity
crisis.
 SOCIETAL TYPES

Folk Communal Society - a society which has a lite codification of law. no specialization among the
police, and a system of punishment that just let things go for a while without attention until things
become too much. and then harsh barbaric, punishment is resorted to. This type of society is often
seen as primitive and barbaric.

Urban Industrial Society - police in this society are specialized on property crimes such as theft. It has
codified laws but laws that prescribe good behaviors and the system of punishment is run on market
principle of creating incentives and disincentives

Urban Commercial Society - has civil law, specialized police forces and punishment is inconsistent
sometimes harsh and lenient. Most of its law enforcers were obliged to prevent/suppress religious
offenses and others for enforcing the King’s Law.

Bureaucratic Society - has a system of laws, police who tend to keep busy handling political crime and
terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding. It is in
this society where Juvenile Delinquency existed.

TYPES OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS

Common Law System - is also known as Anglo-American Justice. It is distinguished by a strong

adversarial system where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedents. Common law system is
distinctive in the significance that they attach to the importance of previously decided cases. This system
relies on the evidence in which in public trial is a main focal point.

Civil Law Systems - also known as Continental justice or Romano Germanic justice. This system is
distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused, and the law is
taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. Furthermore, in this system if the judge knows the
answer, he must not be prohibited from achieving it by undue attention to regulations of procedure and
evidence. In contrast the common law system requires a judge to suspend belief until the event of the
trial is over.

Socialists System - also known as Marxist-Leninist system that existed in many places where there has
been a Communist revolution. It is primarily characterized by administrative law, where non legal
officials make most of the decisions. This system asserted that goods would allow people to pursue
their own interests and develop their own talents without being coerced into performing labor for
others.

Islamic Systems - these justice systems are also known as Muslim or Arabic Justice and derive all their
procedures and practices from interpretation of the Koran (Shariah Law). This system is based more on
the concept of natural justice where crimes are considered acts of injustice that conflict with tradition
and religion plays an important role.
 TYPES OF COURT SYSTEMS OF THE WORLD

I. Adversarial System - the accused is innocent until proven guilty.

2. Inquisitorial System - the accused is guilty until proven innocent.

THEORIES OF POLICING

Continental - maintains the idea that police officers are servants of the higher authorities. This theory
prevails in the continental countries like France, Italy, and Spain.

Home Rule - states that the police officers are servants of the community or the people. This theory
prevails in England and United States. Decentralized policing also utilized this theory.

OTHER CONCEPTS

Deviance Control - is the modern police function which primarily involves the mission to reinforce
community values and laws. This was adopted by Germany, China, and Japan.

Civil Order Control - is not organizationally separated from deviance control but is performed by regular
street police in the country of England and United States. It is a function that police use to respond to a
situation where a crowd is possibly getting out of control and disturbing the police. With Civil Order
Control, even though the police attempting to quell the violence of riots and keep the peace. “police
may end up being adversaries of the citizens rather than part of the citizenry.

MODELS OF POLICING SYSTEMS

Traditional Policing - within this model the police officer would respond when a call came in that a
crime occurred. Once the officer responded to the crime, the officer would then take a report and hand
the investigation off to a detective. This policing is reactive in nature.

Problem Solving Policing - within this model there is an emphasis on trying and prevent crime from
happening. This policing has detectives watching for patterns in crimes to help understand when and
how crimes are being committed.

Community Oriented Policing - within this model, the officers will take more community involvement
stance. No longer does an officer sits in his patrol car and wait for a call that a crime has happened.

THE NEED FOR INNOVATIVE POLICING

Theories and practices in law enforcement have been compared in several studies under various
circumstances, the goal is to test whether the theory and practice in policing needs modernization to
meet the demands of the present trends in crime fighting. Comparative research is usually carried out
by the “safari” method (a researcher visits another country) or “collaborative” method (the researcher
communicates with a foreign researcher).
 GLOBALIZATION

It Is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global
economy. Globalization refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world.
Globalization involves technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely
by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure.

THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

 Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar jobs. That means less-jobs
for their people.

 Globalization has led to exploitation of labor.

 Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs.

 Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons

 Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries

 Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing world. People are
consuming more junk food from these joints which has an adverse impact on their health.

Money Laundering - the concealment of the origins of illegally obtained money, typically by means of
transfers involving foreign banks or legitimate businesses.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

Industry: The world has become a huge market where you can buy and sell things produced in any part
of the world.

Culture: Globalization means a decrease in the cultural diversity that used to exist in the world earlier.
You can find people in several. countries dressing up like Westerners.

Legislation: There has been an increase in the establishment of International courts of justice where
someone accused could be dealt with in any part of the world.

Language: With increased globalization, people tend to forget their mother tongue and use English
instead as there is an idea that it makes them superior in some way.

Information: With the wide use of Internet and other kinds of information technology, it has become
much easier and faster to share information worldwide.

Finance: Globalization has made it easier to raise finance through individuals and firms outside the
country.
Politics: Powerful countries and individuals nowadays have political control over the whole world, not
only their country. The United States is an example of a country that influences the whole of the world
politics

EVOLUTION OF POLICING

Praetorian guards - military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in which the idea
of policing said to have originated

Officer de la Paix - a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police Officer

Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

Tun Policing System - all male residents were required to guard the town (fun ) to preserve peace and
protect the lives and properties of the people.

- Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a leader who was known as the
Tithingman Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader of the 100 families was named the reeve,

“Both the tithngman and the reeve were elected officials.

B. Hue and Cry - A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a criminal by
an act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.

C. Trial by Ordeal - A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused determined by
subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. The word “ordeal” was derived from
the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.”

Two Types of Trials during Anglo-Saxon Period

1. Oaths (Compurgation) - the Compurgator system all other people, preferably of high social
position to swear that the accused is an honest person. (thus is known today as character
witness)

2. Trial by Ordeal - a person is compelled to perform an act either walking on a burning coal or
through red hot iron. It was said that the gods would protect the innocent

2. Norman Period of Policing System

A. Shire-Reeve - Shire-Reeve was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided
into fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler called the Reive (head-man or lieutenant of
the army). The fifty-five (55) military divisions in England are called shires.

-The shire-reive had absolute powers that no one could questions his or her actions.

-Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse were appointed to each village to aid the Reeve in his
duties. It became the source of the word Constable
- The term “Shire-Reeve” said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”

B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge - A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged
by the Shire-Reive and tasked to travel through and hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of
the division of the police and judicial powers.

C. Legis Henrici (Laws of Henry) An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:

 Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.

 Policeman becomes public servant.

 The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called
“citizen’s arrest.”

 Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. It eliminated the “Anglo-Saxon Trial”
or “Trial by Ordeal System.

D. Frankpledge System - A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over
twelve years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people

This period has the following features:

A: Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in daytime (ward)were
defined

- Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace.

B. Statute of 1295 The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing
of the gates of London during sundown.

3. Westminster Period of Policing System

C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361) Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were
given authority to pursue. arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law. They handled felonies,
misdemeanors and infractions of city or village ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years after.

D. Star Chamber Court (1487) A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room set-
up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the power to force
testimony from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges.

4. Keepers of the Peace A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that
required the appointment of knights to keep the King's peace by standing as guards on badges and gates
while checking the people entering and leaving the cities and towns.
5. King Charles II of England (1663) King Charles I passed an act which established or promoted the
employment of watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.

6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter" A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of
the Knights of the Round Table forcing the King to sign the same with the following features:

No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal judgment of his peers.

No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.

LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829

Henry Fielding appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow
Street Runners

Bow Runners a group of men organized by Henry Fielding tasked to catch thieves and robbers.

- identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal Crown

-made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the volunteer
constables and watchmen

1798 Marine Police Force was established; salaried constables were being paid by local magistrates.

- initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock workers, and was responsible for
preventing the theft of cargo.

- widely regarded as being the first modern police force in the world

LONDON 1829

Sir Robert Peel appointed as Home Secretary in 1822

Metropolitan Police - organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829)

- the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the City of London
Police and the British Transport Police)

- finest police force around the world.

TOTAL POLICING - motto of London Metropolitan Police

Important Dates

1833 - Cold bath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by the
Metropolitan Police with controversial use of force.
1836 -The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control.

1838 - incorporates Marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the Metropolitan Police

and the disbandment of the Bow Street Office and other Offices. These were all agreed and put into
effect.

Administration Policing Principles of London Metropolitan Police

1. Stable and effective civil police under government control

2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency (Modern Concept)

3. Fast distribution of crime news to the police is essential.

Commissioner - highest rank in the Metropolitan Police

Police Constable - lowest rank

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE FRENCH IN POLICING

 Assigning house numbers

 Installing street lights

 Use of police ambulances

 Use of warrant card and ID signifying the authority to arrest

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION (INTERPOL)

It is the world's largest international police organization, with 196 member countries. It facilitates
cross border police cooperation, and supports and assists all organizations, authorities and services
whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime. It's headquarter is in Lyon, France. Its
supreme governing body is the General Assembly.

INTERPOL’S FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS

1. Secure global police communication services

 Interpol’s global police communications system, known as I-24/7, enables police in all countries
to request, submit and access vital data instantly in a secure environment.

2. Operational data services and data basis for police

 Member countries have direct and immediate access to a wide range of databases including
information on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and stolen or lost travel
documents.
 3. OPERATIONAL POLICE SUPPORT SERVICE

 INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the field with emergency support and
operational activities. Operational Command and Co-ordination Centre operates 24 hours a
day, seven days a week and can deploy an Incident Response Team to the scene of a serious
crime or disaster

4. POLICE TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

 INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives with the aim of enhancing the capacity of
member countries to effectively combat transnational crime and terrorism

INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE

INTERPOL (whose correct full name is The International Criminal Police Organization —INTERPOL’)
comprises the following:

General Assembly - Compose of delegates appointed by the governments of Member Countries. As

Interpol’s supreme governing body, it meets once a year and takes all the major decisions affecting
general policy, the resources needed for international co-operation, working methods, finances and
program of activities. Generally speaking, the Assembly takes decisions by a simple majority in the form
of resolutions. Each Member State represented has one vote.

Executive Committee - The Executive Committee is Interpol's select deliberative organ which meets
three times a year, usually in March, July and immediately before the General Assembly. Its role is to
supervise the execution of the decisions of the General Assembly, prepare the agenda for sessions of
the General Assembly, etc.

Composition of the Executive Committee

 President

 Vice Presidents

 Delegates

- The Former Filipino President of INTERPOL in 1980 - 1984 - Jolly R. Bugarin (Philippines)

General Secretariat - Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365
days a year and is run by the Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 countries work side-by-
side in any of the Organization's four official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.

Note: The Secretary General of the Organization is appointed by the General Assembly for a period of 5
years. He may be re-elected. The Secretary General is effectively the Organization's chief full-time
official. He is responsible for seeing that the day-to-day work of international police co-operation is
carried out.
National Central Bureaus (NCB) - Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central Bureau
staffed by national law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the General
Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance with overseas
investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

THE INTERPOL NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAU - MANILA

 Director General Philippine National Police(Chairman)

 Director, National Bureau of Investigation (Member)

 Commissioner, Bureau of Custom (Member)

 Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue (Member)

 Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration (Member)

 Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Member)

 Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board (Member)

 Commissioner, Economic Intelligence and Investigation Bureau (Member)

Advisers — these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive
Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

Commission for the Control of Interpol's Files (CCF) - this is an independent body whose mandate is to
ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's
regulations, to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving the
processing of personal information and to process requests concerning the information contained in
Interpol's files.

THE EMBLEM

‘The GLOBE represents the worldwide activities of the INTERPOL

‘The olive branches in either sides of the globe symbolize PEACE

‘The Vertical Sword behind the globe, representing police action

‘The Scales below the olive branches symbolize JUSTICE

O.I.P.C - Stands for Organization internationale de police criminelle’

ICPO - Stands for International Criminal Police Organization’

INTERPOL NOTICES

1. Red Notice - a notice which is issued to seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a
view to extradition.

2. Blue Notice - this type of notice is issued in order to locate, identify or obtain information on a
person of interest in a criminal investigation.

3. Yellow Notice - to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons who are
unable to identify themselves.

4. Green Notice - to provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who have committed
criminal offences and are likely to repeat these crimes in other countries or those considered to be a
possible threat to public safety.

5. Orange Notice - to warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing an imminent

danger and threat to persons or property (disguised weapons, parcel bombs and other dangerous
materials).

6. Black Notice - to seek information on unidentified bodies. (DEAD BODY)

7. Purple Notice - issued to provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and concealment
methods used by criminals.

8. INTERPOL United Nations Security Council Special Notice - issued for groups and individuals who are
the targets of UN sanctions.

ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL)

1981 (Manila) = The first formal meeting of The Chiefs of ASEAN Police

- Attended by 5 original member countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and &
Thailand)

Five Other Members

1. Brunei 2. Cambodia

4. Myanmar 3. Lao

5. Vietnam
ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL)

Organization

1. ASEANAPOL Executive Committee = comprise of deputy heads of delegation attending the annual
ASEANAPOL conference. It provides a summary reports of the activities of the Secretariat to the Head
of the Delegation

2. ASEANAPOL Permanent Secretariat = is on rotational basis with member countries taking turn to host
the ASEANAPOL conference and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year.

= headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors

Tenure of Services

Executive Director - 2 years

Directors - 3 years (one for Police Services and one for Plans and Programs)

During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of Reference on the
establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally endorsed.

Kuala Lampur was made the permanent seat.

 The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation fully on January 1, 2010.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE (IACP)

It was founded in Chicago in 1893 as the National Chiefs of Police Union. The primary goal of this
organization was to apprehend the return criminals who had fled the agency jurisdictions in which
they were wanted. Its goals involve advancing science and art of police work, promoting improved
practices throughout the law enforcement community and foster cooperation and information
exchange among police administrators.

EUROPEAN POLICE (EUROPOL)

The European Union law enforcement agency that handles criminal intelligence. Its aim is to improve
the effectiveness and cooperation between authorities of the member states in preventing and
combating all forms of serious international organized crime and terrorism.

UNITED NATIONS

-Officially came into existence on October 24, 1945

-Coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the declaration by United Nation. This
declaration was made to officially state the Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain, the United States,
and the Union of soviet Socialist Republics)

Branches of UN

1.UN General Assembly = This is the main decision-making and representative assembly in the UN
through its policies and recommendations. It is composed of all member states, is headed by a
President elected from the member states, and meets from September to December

Functions of General Assembly

a. Deliberative = initiating studies and making recommendations for the development of international
law

b. Supervisory = receiving and considering annual and special reports from another organs

c. Financial = approval and apportionment of budget

d. Elective = election of non-permanent members of the security council

e. Constituent = admissions of members and the amendments of charter

2.UN Security Council = is another branch in the organization of the UN and is the most powerful of all
the branches.

a. Preventive Action = consist of provisional measures to prevent a conflict from worsening, and may
involve the deployment of PEACEKEEPINGAND OBSERVER missions

b. Enforcement Action = consist of deployment of air, sea and land forces

Five Permanent Members of Security Council

1. China

2. France

3. Russia

4. United Kingdom

5. United States

 The other 10 members are rotating or elective members for a period of two years by the
General Assembly.

3. International Court of Justice = Located in The Hague, Netherlands.

 This branch is responsible for the judicial matters of the UN.

4. Secretariat = Its main responsibility is providing studies, information, and other data needed

5. Economic and Social Council = consists of 45 members elected by the General Assembly for a 3-year
term.

Efforts are Towards the Following:

a. Higher standards of living

b. Condition of economic and social progress and development

c. Solutions of international economic, social, health and related problems.

d. Universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

6.Trusteeship Council = assists the security council and the general assembly in the administration of
the International Trusteeship System

7. UN Charter = it is closest to a constitution that basically governs the relations of international

persons. Technically, it is a Treaty.

8. Treaty = an international agreement concluded between states in written form and sworn by
international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more instruments and whatever
its particular designation.

UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM

Types of US Police

1. Municipal Police - includes village, township, city and country police departments, sheriff
departments.

Types of Local Police

a. Country Sheriff - in charged with the operation of county jail, civil function such as service of eviction
notices and other court orders and police responsibility.

b. City Police - most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in matters that occur in an
incorporated municipality.

2. State Police = includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on statewide law enforcement
3. Federal Police = agencies operated by federal government at the national level

UNITED STATE POLICING SYSTEM

a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes

1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) - investigates all violations of federal law
except when the enforcement authority was given to other specific federal agency

2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) - concerned with investigation of

counterfeiting, forging or altering of any of the money or other securities of the U.S. it is also in charge
of the protection of the president and his family, and of the executive mansion grounds

3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) - investigated all violations of federal law relating to
prohibited drugs

4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) - investigates all violations of

immigration and naturalization laws, patrol boarders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens.

b. Protection of the national revenues

1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue - investigation of violations of income tax laws

2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue - violations of internal revenue laws

3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs - investigates smuggling activities and
enforces customs and navigation laws.

4. Private Police - additional police protection made by employing sworn officers through contract when
they are not officially on duty

Two Basic Forms of Private Police

a. Proprietary Police - when a person wishes to receive service, he hires and security personnel directly

b. Contract Security - services of an independent security company

U.S. Police Agencies

 New York City - it is where the first full time police force was organized in the United States

 New York Police Department - the largest police force in the United States

 Texas Ranger - police force originally created in response to colonization

 Boston Police Department - first local modern police department established in the United
States

 Penasylvania State Police - the first state police agency established

 Los Angeles Police Department - police force that hired the first female police officer named,
Alice Stebbins Wells
The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure. Although the large and
varied number of federal, state, and local police departments and sheriff’s office have different ranks, a
general model, from highest to lowest rank, would be:

 Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff

 Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy Superintendent/sheriff

 Inspector/Commander/Colonel

 Major/Deputy Inspector

 Captain

 Lieutenant

 Sergeant

 Detective/Inspector/Investigator

 Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal

CANADA

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)

= colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force”

= is the national police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in the word being a
national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. It is founded in 1920 by the Merger of Royal
Northwest Mounted Police (1873) with ‘4 the Dominion Police (1868).

= headed by the Commission under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety Canada.

Commissioner - highest rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police

Police Constable 4 Class - lowest rank

AUSTRALIA

Australian Police - a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement organization, taking strong lead in
the fight against 21 century crime.

Commissioner - highest rank

Constable - lowest rank

 HONGKONG

Hong Kong Police Force - is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is
the world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate with a modern policing system.

-It was formed on 1 May 1844. in 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong
Police Force for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming them: the Royal Hong Kong
Police Force.

- Following the transfer of sovereignty, the Force is once again named the Hong Kong Police Force

Structure HKPF

The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by two deputy commissioners:

a. Deputy Commissioner - Operations= supervises all operational matters including crime and

b. Deputy Commissioner - Management= is responsible for the direction and coordination of force
management including personnel, training, and management services.

Motto - We Serve with Pride and Care

Hong Kong Police College - is responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong Kong Police
except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training.

-Training provided by the Police College includes recruit and continuation training, crime investigation
training, police driver training and weapon tactics training, etc.

Service Quality Wing - is responsible for spearheading initiatives to improve services provided to force
customers both external and internal. The wing comprises three branches: Performance Review,
Research and Inspections, and Complaints and Internal Investigations (C4&iI).

Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&ID) - includes the Complaints Against Police Office (CAPO)
oversees the investigation and successful resolution of all complaints made both externally and
internally against members of the force.

Ranks of HKPF

 Inspector of Police (IP)

 Commissioner of Police (CP)

 Probationary Inspector of Police (Pf)

 Deputy Commissioner of Police(DCP)

  Station Sergeant (SSOT)

 Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police Sergeant (6CT) (ACP)

 Senior Constable (SPC)

 Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)

 Police Constable (PC)

 Chief Superintendent of Police (C3P)

 Senior Superintendent of Police (ESP)

 Superintendent of Police (SP)

 Chief Inspector of Police (CIP)

 Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)

TAIWAN

Taiwan Police Force = is the unified police force of Taiwan

- under the supervision of NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY which is directly under the MINISTRY OF INTERIOR

- under effective civilian control t

Functions

1) to maintain public order,

2) to protect social security,

3) to prevent all dangers, and

4) to promote the welfare of all people.

Types of Police Force In Taiwan

1. Administration Police - are generally referred to those who are required to wear uniforms to carry
out duties of household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding, duty officer, and reserves.

2. Traffic Police - keep traffic order, to ensure traffic safety, to prevent traffic a accidents, and to smooth
traffic flow. ‘

3. Special Police - protects the Central Government, establishing contingent plans | and assisting local
and specialized police units in maintaining public order.
4. Criminal Investigation Police - the primary duties of the criminal investigation police are to prevent
and detect crimes.

5.Specialized Police - protect state-run enterprises and public facilities like: railways, highways, airports,
harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan.

Ranks of Taiwan Police Force

 Police Supervisor General

 Police Officer Rank Four

 Police Supervisor Rank

 Police Rank One

 Police Supervisor Rank Two

 Police Rank Two

 Police Supervisor Rank Three

 Police Rank Three

 ¢ Police Supervisor Rank Four

 Police Rank Four

 Police Officer Rank One

 Police Officer Rank Two

 Police Officer Rank Three

MYANMAR

Myanmar Police Force - formally known as The People's Police Force (Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup Pwe)

- established in 1964 as independent department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It was reorganized on
October 1995.

- Consists of 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional State/Division Police Forces

Each State and Divisional Police Force consist of four components

 Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force

 Office of the Commander of the District Police Force

  Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force

 Police Stations

Training Centers

1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force

2.No.1 Police Training Depot - undertakes Basic Training Course for Police Sergeant for 2 years; Warrant
Officer and Police Sergeants Course for 12 Weeks; and Basic Training Course for Constables for 6 Month

3.No. 2 Police Training Depot - undertakes only Basic Training Course for Constables, which normally
takes around 6 months to complete.

INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM

Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara Republika Indonesia)

- is the official police force of Indonesia

- organized 1946

- also known as Polri

Markasbesar/Mabes - name of the headquarters of Indonesian National Police located in Kebayoran

Baru, South, Jakarta, Indonesia

Polri Territorial Forces

1. Kepolisian Daerah or polda - provincial police

2. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil - regional police

3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres - city police

4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek - sub-district police

Special Branches

1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) - the most militarized trained to deal with mass demonstrations.

- paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization operations and a providing security for VIP and vital
facilities

2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) - received special anti-riot training

3.Sea and Air Police - responsible patrolling the airspace

4. Plainclothes Unit - assigned in conducting investigations

5. Maritime Police - responsible in protecting the territorial sea

6. Anti-Terrorist Unit - trained in counter-terrorism

7. Forensics - in-charge of laboratory examination of evidence:

Police Recruit Volunteers - At least sixth-grade education and should pass the competitive examination.
After 3 years, personnel with junior secondary diploma could enter into training to become NCO.

Ranking System of Polri Police General - equivalent of Director General of PNP Second Bhayangkara -
equivalent of police officer 1/patrol of the PNP

MALAYSIA

Royal Malaysian Police (Rmp:Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, Pdrm) - police force of Malaysia.

- headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur

- The constitution, control, employment, recruitment fund, discipline, duties and powers of the police
force is specified and governed by the Police Act 1967

Motto - Tegas, Adil Dan Berhemah = Firm, Fair and Prudent

RMP Organizations

1. Management Department = the Management Department is tasked with the routine of management
and administration affairs of the RMP. This department is also the nerve center of the RMP and acts as
the support services platform for the rest of the force.

2. Logistics Department =has the role to provide several equipments needed in RMP

3. Criminal Investigation Division = deals with the investigation, arrest and prosecution of hard crimes
(murder, robbery, rape etc.) and petty crimes (theft, house-breaking etc.). This department also
specializes in gambling, vice and secret societies (triads)

4. Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division = this department's function is to fight against dangerous
drugs by enforcing the law to stop and reduce the demand and supply of dangerous drugs.

5. Internal Security and Public Order Department = responsible for traffic control be ° and Search &
Rescue (SAR) operations

6.The Police Field Force(PFF) = organized in battalions and was e para-military units of the Royal
Malaysia Police. Also known as the Jungle Squad. Established in 1948

7. Police Counter-Terrorism Unit = an elite unit of RMP responsible in counterterrorism operations

8. UNGERIN = Unit Gempur Marin (UNGERIN) (Marine Combat Unit) was established in 2006 and it was
fully operational by the end of 2007. Members received training from U.S.A
9. Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) = (Malay: Pasukan Simpanan Persekutuan. Its role is ¥ Ys riot suppression,
crowd control, disaster relief & rescue, as well as special r operations assistance. Organized in 1988.

10. C4-i Implementations System = (abbreviation for Command, Control, Communications, Computer-
Integrated)

= based at Police Control Centre in all police contingents in Malaysia. This unit is assigned to patrol the
city and the suburbs.

11. The Marine Operations Force or (Malay: Pasukan Gerakan Marin) = tasked with maintaining law
and order and coordinating search and rescue operations in the Malaysian Maritime Zone and on the
high seas.

12. Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing Unitor Unit Udara PDRM (UUP)= is a special unit of Royal Malayma
Police with a vital role in maintaining national security with thorough surveillance and patrol from the
air.

13. Special Branch = This department is responsible for collecting intelligence for national security

14. Traffic Unit = responsible in maintaining the flow of traffic

15. Commercial Crimes Investigation Department = this department's main function is to investigate,
arrest, and prosecute offenders committing white collar crimes such as fraud, breach of trust, cyber-
crimes, forgery, counterfeiting etc.

16. Mounted Police = police who patrol on horseback (equestrians) or camelback. They continue to
serve in remote areas and in metropolitan areas where their day to-day function may be picturesque or
ceremonial, but they are also employed in crowd control because of their mobile mass and height
advantage.

Ranks of RMP

Inspector-General of Police - equivalent of director general (Philippines)

Police Constable - equivalent of police officer 1 (Philippines

SINGAPORE

Francis James Bernard - formed the skeleton force as the heritage of Singapore Police Force in 1819.

Singapore Police Force (SPF)is the main agency task with the maintaining law and order in the city-state.
It is formerly known as Republic of Singapore Police. Organized with split staff (15) and line functions
(13) roughly modeled after the military.

Headquarters at New Phoenix Park in Novena.

Commissioner of Police - The highest rank

Police Constable - lowest rank

Section 7 of Police Force Act of 1857 - constitution of the SPF

Recruitment/Training

High school graduates who were interested in law enforcement as a career can be recruited and those
who are selected for officers had to be approved by the Public Service Commission.

Career development course were encouraged for officer and senior officers are required to travel
oversees for training such as in Police Staff College in Britain, FBI Nat'l Academy in US and Police
Academy in Japan.

Nine (9) months training. Newly appointed officer will be placed on a one-year probation period

JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM

 Keihoryo (Police Bureau within the Ministry of Home affairs to 1945)

 Japanese Colonial Government= the one which organized the first formal policing in China.

 Japanese Yakuza= considered as the center of Asian organized crime action.

Organization of NPA

1. National Public Safety Commission = a government body responsible for the

administrative supervision of the police. Under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister

2.Japan National Police Agency (NPA)= a totally gunless police force, except for its special attack team.

Organizations Attached to the NPA

a. National Police Agency = provides training to police officers and conduct academic research

b. National Research Institute of Police Science = conducts research in police science

c. imperial Guards = provides escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince and other Imperial
family. Responsible for the security of Imperial Palace

3. Regional Police Bureau = exercise control and supervision over regional police offices and provides
support with the prefectural police.

Director General= heads each Regional Bureau acting upon orders from the Commission General of the
NPA.

4. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC)= administrative commission functioning under the
representative system which supervise the prefectural police. Under the Jurisdiction of the Governor.
Though not empowered to give order to the Commission.
5. Koban = a system of policing adopted in Japan, a substation near major transportation hubs and
shopping areas and in residential districts which forms the first line of police response to the public.

= Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers and about 7000 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho-staffed by a
single officer). About 20 % of police is assigned to Koban.

CHINA POLICE SYSTEM

Ministry of National Defense = is the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public security agencies such
as Ministry of Public safety

the Ministry of State Security is the principal police authority of the mainland of the People’s Republic
of China which oversee the day to day law enforcement. (It is the equivalent of the National Police
Agency in Japan).

Ministry of State Security = the Chinese government's largest and most active foreign intelligence
agency, though it is also involved in domestic security matters.

Kinds of police

1. People's Armed Police (PAP) - deals with domestic disturbances, acts as riot police and guard's
government compounds and foreign embassies. Usually handles border defense but is called sometimes
to back up local police.

2. State Security Police = safeguards state security, prevent foreign espionage, sabotage and
conspiracies. Under the Ministry of State Security and directly accountable to the State council. a

3. Prisca Police = a part of the correctional arm of the overall police system stationed in prisons and
correction units.

4. Judicial Police = responsible for maintaining the security and order in courts and serving instruments
and some also executing death sentences.

5. Quasi parapolice (“Cheng guan”) = operate in many places and hired by officials to help carry out
some unpopular actions such as collecting taxes and fines and ousting peasants from seized

Special Police College = conducts nationwide recruitment once a year.

Central Military Commission = appoints police in China People’s Liberation Army = Chinese Armed
forces.

Civil Service Promotion Examinations = basis for regulation of the Rank promotion Examination for
police officer.

Rank System in China

Commissioner General = equivalent of Director General in the PNP

Constable 2™ Class = equivalent of Police Officer 1 in the PNP

THAILAND POLICING SYSTEM

Royal Thai Police = formerly known as Thailand National Police Department (TNPD)

= In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly under the
Office of the Prime Minister using the name Royal Thai Police.

=The position of its supreme head was changed from that of the Director-General of the TNPD to the
Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police

Royal Thai Police Headquarters = based in Bangkok

Police-General = highest rank of the Royal Thai Police

Policeman / Constable = lowest rank

BRUNEI POLICING SYSTEM

Royal Brunei Police Force (Polis Diraja Brunei - PDRB) = created in 1921 which is responsible for keeping
law and order and providing law enforcement services throughout Brunei

Inspector-General of Police = highest rank

Lance Corporal = lowest rank

PHILIPPINE POLICE SYSTEM

During the Spanish Regime - Maintenance of law and order was a part of the military system for the
defense of the colony; Locally organized police forces although performing civil duties is a direct adjunct
of the colonial military establishments; (policemen in appearance yet colonial soldiers in the ultimate
sense.

- Police functions consisted mainly of (1) suppression of bandage by patrolling unsettled areas; = (2)
detection of local or petty uprising by spying upon the work and movements of the people € and; (3) the
enforcement of tax collection including church revenues. .

Cuardilleros = a body of rural police organized in each town established by Royal decree of Jan. 8, 1836.
k mandates that 5% of the able bodied male inhabitants of each province where to be enlisted in this
police organization for 3 years. There services are originally not paid of gratuitous subject to some
privileges although in some province they received a proportionate pay ranging from 4.00 to 8.00
depending on the revenue collection.

Carabineros De Seguridad Publica = Organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the regulations of the
Department of State. This was armed and considered as the mounted police who later discharged the
duties of a port, harbor) and river police. It was later given special commission by Royal Decree of
December 20, 1842 and it was called - Cuerco De Seguridad Publica (Corps of G Crabbiness for Public
Security).

Gurdia Civil = Created by Royal decree on February 12, 1852, to partially relieve the Spanish peninsula
troops of their works in policing towns. It is consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally
in each of the provincial capital of the province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.)

Philippine Commission Act No. of 175(July 18, 1901) an act providing for the organization and
government of an Insular Constabulary.

Sec. 1, Act 235 of October 3, 1901= renamed the Insular Constabulary to Philippine Constabulary

Henry Allen= the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.

Rafael Crame= the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.

Act No 70= (On January 9, 1901) The Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized

E.O. 389= Ordered that the PC be one of the four services of the AFP, dated December 25, 1940.

R.A. 4864-h created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training
and professionalization of the local police under the Officer of the President. Otherwise known as the
Police Professionalization act of 1966, dated September 8, 1966. It was later renamed as the National
Police Commission (NAPOLCOM).

Act No. 181= created the Division of Investigation (DI) of the Department of Justice dated November
1938.

R.A. 157= created the National Bureau of Investigation, enacted June 19, 1947 and later reorganized by
R.A. 2678

Republic Act 9708 (2009) an act extending for § years the reglementary period for complying with the
minimum educational qualification for appointment in the PNP.

P.D. 765= Integration Act of 1975, dated August 8, 1976, established the Integrated National Police (INP)
composed of the PC as the nucleus and the Integrated local police forces as components, under the
Ministry of National Defense.

E.O. 1012=transferred to the city and municipal government the operational supervision and direction
over the INP units assigned within their locality.

E.O. 1040= Transferred the Admin. Control and Supervision of the INP from the ministry of National
Defense to the National Police Commission

R.A. 6975= It is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local Government Act of 1990,
enacted on December 13, 1990. Established the PNP BFP.
BJMP and the PPSC.

R.A. 8551 = Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998, enacted 1998, amending
the provision of R.A. 6975

Organizational Structure

The head of the PNP with the rank Police General shall have the position title of Chief of the PNP.

The second in command of the PNP with the rank of Police Lieutenant General shall be the Deputy Chief
for Administration.

The third in command with the rank also of Police Lieutenant General shall be the Deputy Chief for
Operations.

At the national office, the head of the directorial staff with the rank of Police Lieutenant General shall
be known as Chief of the Directorial Staff of the PNP.

The heads of the various staff divisions in the directorial staff shall have the rank of Major General with
the position title of Director of the Directorial Staff of their respective functional divisions.

The heads of the administrative and operational support divisions with the rank of Police Brigadier
General

The head of the National Capital Region (NCR) with the rank of Police Major General shall assume the
position tide of NCR Director.

The heads of the regional offices with the rank of Police Brigadier General shall assume the position
title of Regional Director.

The heads of the NCR district offices with the rank of Police Brigadiers General shall have the position
title of District Director.

The heads of provincial offices with the rank of Police Colonel shall be known as Provincial Director.

The heads of the district offices with the rank of Police Lieutenant Colonel shall have the positon tide of
District Director.

The heads of the municipality or city offices with the rank of Police Major shall be known as Chief of
Police (COP).