Bacteriology Assignment
Bacteriology Assignment
SPIROCHETES
Submitted to
Dr. Rokeya Ahmed
Asst. Lecturer of Microbiology
Faculty of Veterinary & Animal sciences
Gono Bishwabidyalay Submitted by
Md. Zahid Hasan(232)
Shuvenkar Dey(233)
Md. Raju Mola(234)
Md. Mosgul Mia(235)
Md. Rakibul Hasan(236)
Samia Jahan Shova(237)
Tajin Islam Priyanka(238)
Faculty of Veterinary & Animal sciences
Gono Bishwabidyalay
Spirochetes
Spirochetes
Family
_____________________
C
V
Spirochaetanceae Leptospiraceae
G Genera V
Borrelia; Leptospira
Treponema
• Majority are saprophytes ,a few are commensals and some are pathogenic ,
causing diseases in both humans and animals.
• Spirochetes are inactive biochemically and hence differentiation is difficult by
means.
Identification is based on antigenic properties:
• Although spirochetes are cyto-chemically Gram negative but they stain poorly
.they may be demonstrated by special procedures---
a) Giemsa or Wright Stain
b) India ink or Nigrosin (Negative stain)
c) Silver Impregnation
d) Darkfield Microscopy
e) Immunofluorescence
Leptospira
Species:
• Two species—
a. Leptospira interrogans
b. Leptospira biflexa
Leptospira interrogans cause disease in man and
animals whereas Leptospira biflexa is free living
saprophyte. There more than 180 serovars and
serogroups.
Host Species
Cattle Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona
Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa
Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola
Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae
Leptospira interrogans serovar hardia
Clinical Lesions:
• Vomiting in acute case
• Red eyes progresses to nephritis(Arched back, immobility , blood stained
urine)
• Dehydration
• Death within 4 days
Equine Leptospirossis:
• Congenital infection ,stillbirth .abortion Clinically same like
cattle.
A form of chronic recurrent eye infection (uveitis) may
develop 2 to 8 months later.
Swine Leptospirosis:
• Abortions and stillbirth, congenital infections.
Diagnosis
Specimens :
1. Urine , portions of kidney and liver.
2. Paired serum samples for serological test
Procedure:
1. Microscopic examination:
Demonstration of Leptospira in fresh urine or formalized urine by
Darkfield examination of thick smears stained by Giemsa’s
technique . Thin,bright .coiled bacteria will be seen. Occasionally
show Leptospira in fresh blood from early infection .Microscopic
examination can also be done by silver impregnation technique
described by Fontana.
2.culture:
Whole fresh blood or urine cultured in Fletcher’s semisolid
medium . Growth is slow and culture should be kept for several
weeks(4 weeks) at 25°c to 30°c.
3.Animal inoculation:
• Guinea pig is inoculated intra-peritonially with fresh
plasma or urine . Within a few days, spirochetes become
demonstrable in the peritoneal cavity on the death of the
animal , haemorrhagic lesions with spirochetes are found
in many organs.
4.Serological test:
• Microscopic Agglutination test (MAT)
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique(FAT)
• ELISA
5.PCR(Polymerase chain reaction)
Control & Prevention
• Rotan control
• Treatment of carrier animals
• Protective clothing and Occupational hygiene
Note:In dog, cat & pigs –Vaccines are available suspensions of killed
serovars.The vaccines are given s/c or i/m in two initial doses, one
month apart followed by boosters.
Public Health Significance
• Human beings acquire infections from infected domestic
animals , rodents and contaminated water.The organisms
may also enter through mucous membranes or breaks in
the skin .
• The disease is referred to several names: Weil’s disease
,Fort Bragg fever and Swineherd’s disease
• Various serovars of Leptospira, including canicola
icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona can infect humans
• Veterinarians, slaughterhouse workers and farmers are at
particular risk .The acute from of the human disease is
characterized by febrile jaundice and nephritis.
Borrelia
Species: Borrelia anserina
Synonym: Borrelia gallinerum
Disease : Avian Borreliosis
Host: chicken ducks turkeys and geese
Transmission: by bites of ticks e.g- Argas persicus and other
Clinical sign:
• Acute septicemia
• Fever
• Diarrhoea
• Drowsiness
• Emaciation
Diagnosis:
• Direct examination-Giemsa stained blood film
• Darkfield microscopy
• Can be cultivated in chicken embryo
Relapsing Fever
A disease is caused by a number of Borrelia spp e.g- Borrelia
rectarentis,occurs sporadically in U.S.
Borrelia persica-Asiatic African tick borne relapsing fever.It is
characterized by febrile attacks during which the organism can
be recovered from blood.
Borrelia vincentii,Borrelia buccale:-Opportunistic pathogen ,
cause ulcerative disease involving the gum and oral cavity.
Vincent angina(Acute sorethroat), ulcerative tonsillitis in dogs
and other mammals.
Borrelia burgdarferi:Lyme disease in man.
Treponema
Species:
• Treponema suis: Preputial infection in pigs
• Treponema hyodyserteriae:Swine dysentery.
• Treponema cuniculi: Rabbit syphilis or Vent disease.It
is a true venereal disease in which lesion consisting of
vesicles and scabs are seen mainly involving the
prepuce ,vagina and perineal region.Thick scaly crusts
persist in the female for months.
Diagonosis:
Darkfield microscopy
Treponema pallidum:Cause exclusive syphilis in human.
Three forms of the disease:-Primary ,Secondary ,Tertiary
lesion.
Primary lesion:occur by sexual contact and subsequent
appear of syndrome characterized by papule which
undergoes lysis and form primary sore of syphilis.
After 3 to 5 weeks secondary lesions appear,characterized
by red maculopapular lesion and moist papule appears the
anogenital region.
After 3 to 5 years tertiary stage begins characterized by the
development of granulomatous lasions in skin,bones and
liver.
Distinguishing features of Borrelia ,Treponema and
Leptospira:
Characteristics Borrelia Treponema Leptospira