Minecraft

Minecraft is a 2011 sandbox game developed by Mojang Studios

Minecraft
and originally released in 2009. The game was created by Markus
"Notch" Persson in the Java programming language. Following
several early private testing versions, it was first made public in
May 2009 before being fully released on November 18, 2011, with
Notch stepping down and Jens "Jeb" Bergensten taking over
development. Minecraft has become the best-selling video game in
history, with over 300 million copies sold and nearly 140 million
monthly active players as of 2023. Over the years following its
release, it has been ported to several platforms, including PC,
mobile and various consoles.

In Minecraft, players explore a blocky, pixelated, procedurally

generated, three-dimensional world with virtually infinite terrain.
Players can discover and extract raw materials, craft tools and
items, and build structures, earthworks, and machines. Depending Minecraft: Bedrock Edition box art
on their chosen game mode, players can fight hostile mobs, as well Developer(s) Mojang Studios[b]
as cooperate with or compete against other players in the same
Publisher(s) Mojang Studios[c]
world. Game modes include a survival mode (in which players
must acquire resources to build in the world and maintain health), Xbox Game
creative mode (in which players have unlimited resources and the Studios[d]
ability to fly), spectator mode (in which players can fly, go through Sony Interactive
blocks, and enter the bodies of other players and entities), Entertainment[e]
adventure mode (in which players have to survive without being Designer(s) Markus Persson[f]
able to build and place blocks), and hardcore mode (in which the
Jens Bergensten[g]
difficulty is set to Hard and dying causes the player to lose their
ability to play on that world). The game's large community also Artist(s) Markus Toivonen
offers a wide variety of user-generated content, such as Jasper Boerstra
modifications, servers, skins, texture packs, and custom maps, Kristoffer
which add new game mechanics and possibilities. Zetterstrand

Minecraft has received critical acclaim, winning several awards Composer(s) C418
and being cited by some as one of the greatest video games ever Lena Raine
created; social media, parodies, adaptations, merchandise, and the Kumi Tanioka
annual Minecon conventions played prominent roles in
Aaron Cherof[h]
popularizing the game. The game has also been used in educational
environments to teach chemistry, computer-aided design, and Series Minecraft
computer science. In 2014, Mojang and the Minecraft intellectual Engine LWJGL
property were purchased by Microsoft for US$2.5 billion. Several
Platform(s) Windows
spin-offs have also been made, including Minicraft, Minecraft:
macOS
Linux
Story Mode, Minecraft Earth, Minecraft Dungeons, and Minecraft Android
Legends. In addition, a live-action film of the same name is iOS
scheduled for a theatrical release in 2025. iPadOS
Xbox 360
Gameplay Raspberry Pi
Minecraft is a 3D sandbox game that has no required goals to Windows Phone
accomplish, allowing players a large amount of freedom in PlayStation 3
choosing how to play the game.[17] However, there is an
Fire OS
achievement system,[18] known as "advancements" in the Java
PlayStation 4
Edition of the game, "trophies" on the PlayStation ports, and
"achievements" in Bedrock Edition and the Xbox ports. Gameplay Xbox One
is in the first-person perspective by default, but players have the PlayStation Vita
option of a third-person perspective.[19] The game world is Wii U
composed of rough 3D objects—mainly cubes and fluids, and Apple TV
commonly called "blocks"—representing various materials, such as
tvOS
dirt, stone, ores, tree trunks (known as 'Logs'), water, and lava. The
core gameplay revolves around picking up and placing these Nintendo Switch
objects. These blocks are arranged in a 3D grid, while players can New Nintendo 3DS
move freely around the world. Players can "mine" blocks and then ChromeOS
place them elsewhere, enabling them to build things.[20] Many Release 18 November
commentators have described the game's physics system as
2011[a]
unrealistic.[21] The game also contains a material called redstone,
Windows, macOS,
which can be used to make primitive mechanical devices, electrical
Linux
circuits, and logic gates, allowing for the construction of many
complex systems.[22][23] WW: 18 November
2011
The game world is virtually infinite[i] and procedurally generated Android
as players explore it, using a map seed that is obtained from the
WW: 7 October
system clock at the time of world creation (or manually specified
2011[1]
by the player).[24][25][26] There are limits on vertical movement,
but Minecraft allows an infinitely large game world to be generated iOS
on the horizontal plane. Due to technical issues when extremely WW: 17 November
distant locations are reached, however, there is a barrier preventing 2011[2]
players from traversing to locations beyond 30 million blocks from Xbox 360
the center.[j] The game achieves this by splitting the world data into
WW: 9 May 2012[3]
smaller 16 by 16 sections called "chunks" that are only created or
loaded when players are nearby.[24] The world is divided into Raspberry Pi
biomes ranging from deserts to jungles to snowfields;[27][28] the WW: 11 February
terrain includes plains, mountains, forests, caves, and bodies of 2013[4]
water or lava.[26] The in-game time system follows a day and night PlayStation 3
cycle, with one full cycle lasting for 20 real-time minutes.[29]
NA: 17 December
When starting a new world, players must choose one of five game 2013
modes, as well as one of four difficulties, ranging from "Peaceful" EU: 18 December
to "Hard". Increasing the difficulty of the game causes the player to 2013
take more damage from mobs (non-player characters), as well as Fire OS
having other difficulty-specific effects. For example, the Peaceful WW: 2 April 2014[5]
difficulty prevents hostile mobs from spawning, and the Hard
PlayStation 4
difficulty allows players to starve to death if their hunger bar is
WW: 4 September
depleted. Once selected, the difficulty can be changed, but the
game mode is locked and can only be changed with cheats. 2014[6]
Xbox One
New players are given a randomly selected default character skin
WW: 5 September
out of 9 possibilities, including Steve or Alex,[30][31] but the option
2014[7]
to create custom skins was made available in 2010.[32] Players
encounter various mobs, such as animals, villagers, and hostile PlayStation Vita

creatures.[33][34] Passive mobs, such as cows, pigs, and chickens, NA: 14 October
can be hunted for food and crafting materials. They spawn in the 2014[8]
daytime, while hostile mobs—including large spiders, witches, EU: 15 October
creepers, skeletons, endermen, and zombies—spawn during 2014
nighttime or in dark places such as caves. Some hostile mobs, such Windows Phone
as zombies, skeletons and drowned (underwater versions of
WW: 10 December
zombies), burn under the sun if they have no headgear. Other
creatures unique to Minecraft include the creeper (an exploding 2014[9]

creature that sneaks up on the player) and the enderman (a creature Windows 10
with the ability to teleport as well as pick up and place blocks).[35] WW: 29 July
There are also variants of mobs that spawn in different conditions; 2015[10]
for example, zombies have husk and drowned variants that spawn
Wii U
in deserts and oceans, respectively.[36]
WW: 17 December
2015[11]
Dimensions tvOS
Minecraft has two alternative dimensions besides the Overworld WW: 19 December
(the main world): the Nether and the End.[35] 2016[12]
Nintendo Switch
The Nether
NA: 11 May 2017
The Nether is a hell-like underworld dimension accessed via either PAL: 12 May 2017
a player-built obsidian portal or one of the Ruined Portals
randomly generated throughout the world. It contains many unique New Nintendo
3DS
resources and can be used to travel great distances in the
Overworld, due to every block traveled in the Nether being WW: 13 September
equivalent to 8 blocks traveled in the Overworld.[37] Water cannot 2017[13]
exist in the Nether, as it vaporizes instantly.[38] The Nether is EU: 20 September
mainly populated by pigman-like mobs called piglins and their 2018
zombified counterparts, zombified piglins, plus floating balloon- ChromeOS
like mobs called ghasts.[39] The piglins are considered particularly
WW: 8 June 2023
noteworthy because of their bartering system, where the player can
Genre(s) Sandbox, survival
Mode(s) Single-player,
multiplayer
 give them gold ingots and
receive items in return.[40]
The player can also build an
optional boss mob called
The Wither out of materials
found in the Nether.[41]

Some of Minecraft 's monsters, An example of Minecraft 's

displayed from left to right: a zombie, The End procedurally generated terrain,
a spider, an enderman, a creeper, including a village and the default
The End is reached by skin Steve
and a skeleton. All are from the
underground portals in the
Overworld.
Overworld. It consists of
islands floating above a dark, bottomless void. A boss enemy called
the Ender Dragon guards the largest, central island.[42] Killing the dragon opens access to an exit portal,
which, when entered, cues the game's ending credits and the End Poem, a roughly 1,500-word work
written by Irish novelist Julian Gough,[43] which takes about nine minutes to scroll past[44] and is the
game's only narrative text[45] and only text of significant length directed at the player.[46]: 10–12 At the
conclusion of the credits, the player is teleported back to their respawn point and may continue the game
indefinitely.[47]

Game modes

Survival mode
In survival mode, players have to gather natural resources such as
wood and stone found in the environment in order to craft certain
blocks and items.[26] Depending on the difficulty, monsters spawn
in darker areas outside a certain radius of the character, requiring
players to build a shelter at night.[26] The mode also has a health
bar which is depleted by attacks from mobs, falls, drowning, falling
into lava, suffocation, starvation, and other events. Players also The crafting menu in Minecraft,
have a hunger bar, which must be periodically refilled by eating showing the crafting recipe of a
food in-game (except in peaceful difficulty).[48] If the hunger bar is stone axe as well as some other
depleted, automatic healing will stop and eventually health will blocks and items in the player's
deplete. Health replenishes when players have a nearly full hunger inventory
bar or continuously on peaceful difficulty.[48]

Players can craft a wide variety of items in Minecraft. Craftable items include armor, which mitigates
damage from attacks; weapons (such as swords or axes), which allows monsters and animals to be killed
more easily; and tools (such as pickaxes or hoes), which break certain types of blocks more quickly. Some
items have multiple tiers depending on the material used to craft them, with higher-tier items being more
effective and durable. Players can construct furnaces, which can cook food, process ores, and convert
materials into other materials.[49] Players may also exchange goods with a villager (NPC) through a trading
system, which involves trading emeralds for different goods and vice versa.[50][33]
The game has an inventory system, allowing players to carry a limited number of items.[51] Upon dying,
items in the players' inventories are dropped unless the game is reconfigured not to do so. Players then re-
spawn at their spawn point, which by default is where players first spawn in the game and can be reset by
sleeping in a bed (in the overworld)[52] or using a respawn anchor (in the Nether).[53] Dropped items can
be recovered if players can reach them before they disappear or despawn after 5 minutes. Players may
acquire experience points by killing mobs and other players, mining, smelting ores, breeding animals, and
cooking food. Experience can then be spent on enchanting tools, armor and weapons. Enchanted items are
generally more powerful, last longer, or have other special effects.[54]

Creative mode
In creative mode, players have access to nearly all resources and items in the game through the inventory
menu and can place or remove them instantly.[55] Players can toggle the ability to fly freely around the
game world at will, and their characters do not take any damage and are not affected by hunger.[56][57] The
game mode helps players focus on building and creating projects of any size without disturbance.[55]

Other game modes

Minecraft includes other game modes such as spectator mode, which allows players to fly through blocks.
Hardcore mode is a survival mode variant in which, upon death, the player may only view the world in
spectator mode or return to the game's menu.[58] Adventure mode is a survival mode variant with possible
restrictions added by a creator of a map.[59][60][61]

Multiplayer
Multiplayer in Minecraft enables multiple players to interact and communicate with each other on a single
world. It is available through direct game-to-game multiplayer, LAN play, local split screen (console-only),
and servers (player-hosted and business-hosted).[62] Players can run their own servers, use a hosting
provider, or connect directly to another player's game via Xbox Live. Single-player worlds have local area
network support, allowing players to join a world on locally interconnected computers without a server
setup.[63] Minecraft multiplayer servers are guided by server operators, who have access to server
commands such as setting the time of day and teleporting players. Operators can also set up restrictions
concerning which usernames or IP addresses are allowed or disallowed to enter the server.[62] Multiplayer
servers have a wide range of activities, with some servers having their own unique rules and customs. The
largest and most popular server is Hypixel, which has been visited by over 14 million unique
players.[64][65] Player versus player combat (PvP) can be enabled to allow fighting between players.[66]
Many servers have custom plugins that allow actions that are not normally possible.

Minecraft Realms
In 2013, Mojang announced Minecraft Realms, a server hosting service intended to enable players to run
server multiplayer games easily and safely without having to set up their own.[67][68] Unlike a standard
server, only invited players can join Realms servers, and these servers do not use IP addresses. Minecraft:
Java Edition Realms server owners can invite up to twenty people to play on their server, with up to ten
players online at a time. Minecraft Realms server owners can invite up to 3,000 people to play on their
server, with up to ten players online at one time.[69] The Minecraft: Java Edition Realms servers do not
support user-made plugins, but players can play custom Minecraft maps.[70] Minecraft Realms servers
support user-made add-ons, resource packs, behavior packs, and custom Minecraft maps.[69] At Electronic
Entertainment Expo 2016, support for cross-platform play between Windows 10, iOS, and Android
platforms was added through Realms starting in June 2016,[71] with Xbox One and Nintendo Switch
support to come later in 2017,[72] and support for virtual reality devices. On 31 July 2017, Mojang released
the beta version of the update allowing cross-platform play.[73] Nintendo Switch support for Realms was
released in July 2018.[74]

Customization
The modding community consists of fans, users and third-party
programmers. Using a variety of application program interfaces that
have arisen over time, they have produced a wide variety of
downloadable content for Minecraft, such as modifications, texture
packs and custom maps. Modifications of the Minecraft code, called
mods, add a variety of gameplay changes, ranging from new
blocks, items, and mobs to entire arrays of mechanisms.[75][76] The
modding community is responsible for a substantial supply of mods
A smeltery within the mod Tinkers'
from ones that enhance gameplay, such as mini-maps, waypoints, Construct
and durability counters, to ones that add to the game elements from
other video games and media. While a variety of mod frameworks
were independently developed by reverse engineering the code, Mojang has also enhanced vanilla
Minecraft with official frameworks for modification, allowing the production of community-created
resource packs, which alter certain game elements including textures and sounds.[77] Players can also create
their own "maps" (custom world save files) which often contain specific rules, challenges, puzzles and
quests, and share them for others to play.[78] Mojang added an adventure mode in August 2012[79] and
"command blocks" in October 2012,[80] which were created specially for custom maps in Java Edition.
Data packs, introduced in version 1.13 of the Java Edition, allow further customization, including the
ability to add new advancements, dimensions, functions, loot tables, predicates, recipes, structures, tags,
world generation settings, and biomes‌.[81][82]

The Xbox 360 Edition supported downloadable content, which was available to purchase via the Xbox
Games Store; these content packs usually contained additional character skins.[83] It later received support
for texture packs in its twelfth title update while introducing "mash-up packs", which combined texture
packs with skin packs and changes to the game's sounds, music and user interface.[84] The first mash-up
pack (and by extension, the first texture pack) for the Xbox 360 Edition was released on 4 September 2013,
and was themed after the Mass Effect franchise.[85] Unlike Java Edition, however, the Xbox 360 Edition
did not support player-made mods or custom maps.[86] A cross-promotional resource pack based on the
Super Mario franchise by Nintendo was released for the Wii U Edition worldwide on 17 May 2016.[87] A
mash-up pack based on Fallout was announced for release on the Wii U Edition.[88] In April 2018, malware
was discovered in several downloadable user-made Minecraft skins for use with the Java Edition of the
game.[89][90] Avast stated that nearly 50,000 accounts were infected, and when activated, the malware
would attempt to reformat the user's hard drive.[90][89] Mojang promptly patched the issue, and released a
statement stating that "the code would not be run or read by the game itself",[89] and would only run when
the image containing the skin itself was opened.[91]

In June 2017, Mojang released an update known as the "Discovery Update" to the Bedrock version of the
game.[92] The update includes a new map, a new game mode, the "Marketplace", a catalogue of user-
generated content that gives Minecraft creators "another way to make a living from the game", and
more.[93][94][95]

Development
Java Edition major update release timeline
Pre-release years in red

Pre-Classic
2009 Classic
Survival Test
Indev
Infdev
2010
Alpha
Beta
Beta
2011
Minecraft creator Markus Release 1.0: "Adventure Update"
"Notch" Persson at the GDC 1.1
in 2016 1.2
2012
1.3
1.4: "Pretty Scary Update"
1.5: "Redstone Update"
2013 1.6: "Horse Update"
1.7: "The Update that Changed the World"
2014 1.8: "Bountiful Update"
2015
1.9: "Combat Update"
2016 1.10: "Frostburn Update"
1.11: "Exploration Update"
2017 1.12: "World of Color Update"
Minecraft lead designer and 2018 1.13: "Update Aquatic"
creative director Jens "Jeb_"
1.14: "Village & Pillage"
Bergensten in 2011 2019
1.15: "Buzzy Bees"
2020 1.16: "Nether Update"
1.17: "Caves & Cliffs: Part I"
2021
1.18: "Caves & Cliffs: Part II"
2022 1.19: "The Wild Update"
2023 1.20: "Trails & Tales"
2024 1.21: "Tricky Trials"

Before coming up with Minecraft, Markus "Notch" Persson was a game developer with King through
March 2009, at the time serving mostly browser games, during which he learnt a number of different
programming languages.[96] He would prototype his own games during his off-hours at home, often based
on inspiration he found from other games, and participated frequently on the TIGSource forums for
independent developers.[96] One of these personal projects was called "RubyDung", a base-building game
inspired by Dwarf Fortress, but as an isometric three dimensional game like RollerCoaster Tycoon.[97] He
had already made a 3D texture mapper for another zombie game prototype he had started to try to emulate
the style of Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars.[98] Among the features in "RubyDung" he explored was a
first-person view similar to Dungeon Keeper but at the time, felt the graphics were too pixelated and
omitted this mode.[98][99] Around March 2009, Persson left King and joined jAlbum, but otherwise kept
working on his prototypes.[100][99][101]

Infiniminer, a block-based open-ended mining game first released in April 2009, sparked Persson's
inspiration for how to take "RubyDung" forward.[98] Infiniminer heavily influenced the visual style of
gameplay, including bringing back the first-person mode, the "blocky" visual style and the block-building
fundamentals.[98] However, unlike Infiniminer, Persson wanted Minecraft to have RPG elements.[102]

The original edition of Minecraft, now known as the Java Edition, was first developed in May 2009.
Persson released a test video on YouTube of an early version of Minecraft.[98][103] The base program of
Minecraft was completed by Persson over a weekend in that month and a private testing was released on
TigIRC on 16 May 2009.[104] The game was first released to the public on 17 May 2009 as a
developmental release on TIGSource forums.[105] Persson updated the game based on feedback from the
forums.[96][106] This version later became known as the Classic version.[107] Further developmental phases
dubbed as Survival Test, Indev, and Infdev were released in 2009 and 2010.[99]

The first major update, dubbed Alpha, was released on 30 June 2010.[108][109] Although Persson
maintained a day job with Jalbum.net at first, he later quit in order to work on Minecraft full-time as sales of
the alpha version of the game expanded.[110] Persson continued to update the game with releases
distributed to users automatically. These updates included new items, new blocks, new mobs, survival
mode, and changes to the game's behavior (e.g. how water flows).[110] To back the development of
Minecraft, Persson set up a video game company, Mojang, with the money earned from the
game.[111][112][113] Mojang co-founders included Jakob Porser, one of Persson's coworkers from King,
and Carl Manneh, jAlbum's CEO.[96]

On 11 December 2010, Persson announced that Minecraft was entering its beta testing phase on 20
December 2010.[114] He further stated that bug fixes and all updates leading up to and including the release
would still be free.[115] Over the course of the development, Mojang hired several new employees to work
on the project.[116]

Mojang moved the game out of beta and released the full version on 18 November 2011.[15] On 1
December 2011, Jens "Jeb" Bergensten took full creative control over Minecraft, replacing Persson as lead
designer.[117] On 28 February 2012, Mojang announced that they had hired the developers of the popular
"Bukkit" developer API for Minecraft,[66] to improve Minecraft's support of server modifications.[118] This
acquisition also included Mojang apparently taking full ownership of the CraftBukkit server mod which
enables the use of Bukkit,[119] although the validity of this claim was questioned due to its status as an
open-source project with many contributors, licensed under the GNU General Public License and Lesser
General Public License.[120]

On 15 September 2014, Microsoft announced a $2.5 billion deal to buy Mojang, along with the ownership
of the Minecraft intellectual property.[121][122][123] The deal was suggested by Persson when he posted a
tweet asking a corporation to buy his share of the game after receiving criticism for enforcing terms in the
game's end-user license agreement (EULA), which had been present in the EULA in the prior three
years.[124][125][126] According to Persson, Mojang CEO Carl Manneh received a call from a Microsoft
executive shortly after the tweet, asking if Persson was serious about a deal. Mojang was also approached
by other companies including Activision Blizzard and Electronic Arts.[126] The deal with Microsoft was
arbitrated on 6 November 2014 and led to Persson becoming one of Forbes' "World's
Billionaires".[127][128][129][126]

Since the first full release of Minecraft, dubbed the "Adventure Update", the game has been continuously
updated with many major updates, available for free to users who have already purchased the game.[130]
Early updates frequently introduced gameplay-altering mechanics while more recent updates tend to
enhance the game through additional content or tweaks to existing features.[131] The most recent major
update to the game was "Trails & Tales", which released in June 2023 and added new creatures, biomes,
and items.[132][133]

The original version of the game was renamed to Minecraft: Java Edition on 18 September 2017 to
separate it from Bedrock Edition, which was renamed to just Minecraft by the Better Together Update.[134]

The Bedrock Edition has also been regularly updated, with these updates now matching the themes of Java
Edition updates. Other versions of the game such as the various console editions and Pocket Edition were
either merged into Bedrock or discontinued and as such have not received further updates.[134]

On 16 April 2020, a beta version of Minecraft implementing physically based rendering, ray tracing, and
DLSS was released by Nvidia on RTX-enabled GPUs.[135] The final version was released on 8 December
2020.[136]

Minecraft: Pocket Edition

In August 2011, Minecraft: Pocket Edition was released for the Xperia Play on the Android Market as an
early alpha version. It was then released for several other compatible devices on 8 October 2011.[137][138]
An iOS version of Minecraft was released on 17 November 2011.[139] A port was made available for
Windows Phones shortly after Microsoft acquired Mojang.[140] The port concentrates on the creative
building and the primitive survival aspect of the game and did not contain all the features of the PC release.
On his Twitter account, Jens Bergensten said that the Pocket Edition of Minecraft is written in C++ and not
Java, due to iOS not being able to support Java.[141] However, there now exists a way to play Java Edition
on both Android and iOS devices.[142][143]

On 10 December 2014, a port of Pocket Edition was released for Windows Phone 8.1.[144] In January
2017, Microsoft announced that it would no longer maintain the Windows Phone versions of Pocket
Edition.[145] On 19 December 2016, the full version of Minecraft: Pocket Edition was released on iOS,
Android, and Windows Phone.

Pocket Edition was remade into the Bedrock Edition in 2017, enabling cross-platform play with the Xbox
One and Nintendo Switch Editions.[146]

Legacy Console Editions

An Xbox 360 version of the game, developed by 4J Studios, was released on 9 May 2012.[147][148] On 22
March 2012, it was announced that Minecraft would be the flagship game in a new Xbox Live promotion
called Arcade NEXT.[148] The game differs from the home computer versions in a number of ways,
including a newly designed crafting system, the control interface, in-game tutorials, split-screen multiplayer,
and the ability to play with friends via Xbox Live.[149][150] The worlds in the Xbox 360 version are also
not "infinite", and are essentially barricaded by invisible walls.[150] The Xbox 360 version was originally
similar in content to older PC versions, but was gradually updated to bring it closer to the current PC
version prior to its discontinuation.[147][151][152] An Xbox One version featuring larger worlds among other
enhancements[153] was released on 5 September 2014.[153]

Versions of the game for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 were released on 17 December 2013 and 4
September 2014 respectively.[6] The PlayStation 4 version was announced as a launch title, though it was
eventually delayed.[154][155] A version for PlayStation Vita was also released in October 2014.[156] Like
the Xbox versions, the PlayStation versions were developed by 4J Studios.[157]

On 17 December 2015, Minecraft: Wii U Edition was released. The Wii U version received a physical
release on 17 June 2016 in North America,[158] in Japan on 23 June 2016,[159] and in Europe on 30 June
2016.[160] A Nintendo Switch version of the game was released on the Nintendo eShop on 11 May 2017,
along with a physical retail version set for a later date.[161] During a Nintendo Direct presentation on 13
September 2017, Nintendo announced that Minecraft: New Nintendo 3DS Edition would be available for
download immediately after the livestream, and a physical copy available on a later date. The game is only
compatible with the New 3DS and New 3DS XL or New 2DS XL systems and does not work with the
original 3DS and 3DS XL or 2DS systems.[13]

On 20 September 2017, the Better Together Update was released on the Xbox One, Windows 10, VR, and
mobile versions of the game, which used the Pocket Edition engine to enable cross-platform play between
each of these versions. This version of the game eventually became known as the Bedrock Edition.[162]
Shortly after, the Bedrock Edition was also ported to the Nintendo Switch.

On 18 December 2018, the PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360, and Wii U versions of Minecraft
received their final update and would later become known as Legacy Console Editions.[163]

On 15 January 2019, the New Nintendo 3DS version of Minecraft received its final update, effectively
becoming discontinued as well.[164]

The PlayStation 4 version of Minecraft was updated in December 2019 and became part of the Bedrock
Edition, which enabled cross-platform play for users with a free Xbox Live account.[165]

Minecraft Education
Minecraft Education (known as Minecraft: Education Edition until December 2022)[166] is an educational
version of the game, designed specifically for use in educational establishments such as schools, and built
off of the Bedrock Edition codebase. It is available on Windows 10, MacOS, iPadOS, and
ChromeOS.[167][168] It includes a Chemistry Resource Pack,[169] free lesson plans available online, and
two free companion applications: Code Connection and Classroom Mode.[170]

An initial beta test was carried out between 9 June and 1 November 2016.[171] The full game was then
released on Windows 10 and MacOS on 1 November 2016.[172] On 20 August 2018, Mojang announced
that it would bring Education Edition to iPadOS in Autumn 2018. It was released to the App Store on 6
September 2018.[173] On 27 March 2019, it was announced that it would be operated by JD.com in
China.[174] On 26 June 2020, a public beta for the Education Edition was made available to Google Play
Store compatible Chromebooks. The full game was released to the Google Play Store for Chromebooks on
7 August 2020.[168]

Minecraft China
On 20 May 2016, Minecraft China was announced as a localized edition for China, where it was released
under a licensing agreement between NetEase and Mojang.[175] The PC edition was released for public
testing on 8 August 2017. The iOS version was released on 15 September 2017, and the Android version
was released on 12 October 2017.[176][177][178] The PC edition is based on the original Java Edition, while
the iOS and Android mobile version is based on the Bedrock Edition. The edition is free-to-play and had
over 300 million players by November 2019.[179]

Other PC versions
Apart from Minecraft: Java Edition, there are other versions of Minecraft for PC, including Minecraft for
Windows, Minecraft Classic, Minecraft 4K, and a version for the Raspberry Pi.

Minecraft for Windows

Minecraft for Windows is exclusive to Microsoft's Windows 10 and Windows 11 operating systems. The
beta release for Windows 10 launched on the Windows Store on 29 July 2015.[180]

After nearly one and a half years in beta, Microsoft fully released Minecraft for Windows on 19 December
2016. Called the "Ender Update", this release implemented new features to this version of Minecraft like
world templates and add-on packs.[181] This version has the ability to play with Xbox Live friends, and to
play local multiplayer with owners of Minecraft on other Bedrock platforms. Other features include the
ability to use multiple control schemes such as a gamepad, keyboard, or touchscreen (for Microsoft Surface
and other touchscreen-enabled devices). Virtual reality support has been implemented, as well as the ability
to record and take screenshots in-game via the Windows built-in GameDVR.[182]

As of 7 June 2022, the Java and Bedrock Editions of Minecraft for Windows were merged into a single title
for purchase; those who owned one version would automatically gain access to the other version. Both
game versions would otherwise remain separate.[183]

Minecraft 4K
Minecraft 4K is a simplified version of Minecraft similar to the Classic version that was developed for the
Java 4K Game Programming Contest "in way less than 4 kilobytes".[184] The map itself is finite—
composed of 64×64×64 blocks—and the same world is generated every time. Players are restricted to
placing or destroying blocks, which consist of grass, dirt, stone, wood, leaves, and brick.[185]

Raspberry Pi
A version of Minecraft for the Raspberry Pi was officially revealed at Minecon 2012. The Pi Edition is
based on an alpha version of Pocket Edition with the added ability of using text commands to edit the game
world. Players can open the game code and use the Python programming language to manipulate things in
the game world.[186] It also includes a scripting API to modify the game, and server software for
multiplayer. The game was leaked on 20 December 2012, but was quickly pulled off.[187] It was officially
released on 11 February 2013.[188] Mojang stopped providing updates to Minecraft: Raspberry Pi Edition
in 2016. It is preinstalled on Raspberry Pi OS and can be downloaded for free from the official Minecraft
website.[189]

Music and sound design

Minecraft's music and sound effects were produced by German musician Daniel Rosenfeld, better known
as C418.[190] To create the sound effects for the game, Rosenfeld made extensive use of foley techniques.
On learning the processes for the game, he remarked, "Foley’s an interesting thing, and I had to learn its
subtleties. Early on, I wasn’t that knowledgeable about it. It’s a whole trial-and-error process. You just make
a sound and eventually you go, “Oh my God, that’s it! Get the microphone!” There’s no set way of doing
anything at all."[191][192] He reminisced on creating the in-game sound for grass blocks, stating "It turns out
that to make grass sounds you don’t actually walk on grass and record it, because grass sounds like nothing.
What you want to do is get a VHS, break it apart, and just lightly touch the tape." According to Rosenfeld,
his favorite sound to design for the game was the hisses of spiders. He elaborates, "I like the spiders.
Recording that was a whole day of me researching what a spider sounds like. Turns out, there are spiders
that make little screeching sounds, so I think I got this recording of a fire hose, put it in a sampler, and just
pitched it around until it sounded like a weird spider was talking to you."[191]

Many sounds for the game were created accidentally or spontaneously. On the creation for the sound for the
creeper, Rosenfeld recalled, "That was just a complete accident by Markus and me [sic]. We just put in a
placeholder sound of burning a matchstick. It seemed to work hilariously well, so we kept it."[193] On other
sounds, such as those of the zombie, Rosenfeld remarked, "I actually never wanted the zombies so scary. I
intentionally made them sound comical. It’s nice to hear that they work so well [...]."[193] Rosenfeld
remarked that the sound engine was "terrible" to work with, remembering "If you had two song files at
once, it [the game engine] would actually crash. There were so many more weird glitches like that the guys
never really fixed because they were too busy with the actual game and not the sound engine."[192]

The background music in Minecraft is instrumental ambient music.[194] To compose the music of
Minecraft, Rosenfeld used the package from Ableton Live, along with several additional plug-ins. Speaking
on them, Rosenfeld said "They can be pretty much everything from an effect to an entire orchestra.
Additionally, I’ve got some synthesizers that are attached to the computer. Like a Moog Voyager, Dave
Smith Prophet 08 and a Virus TI."[193] On 4 March 2011, Rosenfeld released a soundtrack titled Minecraft
– Volume Alpha; it includes most of the tracks featured in Minecraft, as well as other music not featured in
the game.[195] Kirk Hamilton of Kotaku chose the music in Minecraft as one of the best video game
soundtracks of 2011.[196] On 9 November 2013, Rosenfeld released the second official soundtrack, titled
Minecraft – Volume Beta, which includes the music that was added in later versions of the game.[197][198]
A physical release of Volume Alpha, consisting of CDs, black vinyl, and limited-edition transparent green
vinyl LPs, was issued by indie electronic label Ghostly International on 21 August 2015.[199][200] On 14
August 2020, Ghostly released Volume Beta on CD and vinyl, with alternate color LPs and lenticular cover
pressings released in limited quantities.[201][202]

Rosenfeld's music remained the only music in the game until in 2020, "The Nether Update" had a new
composer, Lena Raine. Since then, other composers have made contributions, with Raine remaining as the
new primary composer, such as in 1.18 "Caves & Cliffs" soundtrack, along with Kumi Tanioka, 1.19 "The
Wild Update" soundtrack with Samuel Åberg, and 1.20 "Trails and Tales" Soundtrack, with the addition of
Aaron Cherof's music. Ownership of all music besides Rosenfeld's independently released albums has been
retained by Microsoft, with their label publishing all of the other artists' releases. Gareth Coker also
composed some of the music for the game's mini games from the Legacy Console
editions.[203][204][205][206]

Rosenfeld had stated his intent to create a third album of music for the game in a 2015 interview with FACT
Magazine,[191] and confirmed its existence in a 2017 tweet, stating that his work on the record as of then
had tallied up to be longer than the previous two albums combined, which in total clocks in at over 3 hours
and 18 minutes.[207] However, due to licensing issues with Microsoft, the third volume has since not seen
release. On 8 January 2021, Rosenfeld was asked in an interview with Anthony Fantano whether or not
there was still a third volume of his music intended for release. Rosenfeld responded, saying, "I have
something—I consider it finished—but things have become complicated, especially as Minecraft is now a
big property, so I don't know."[208]

Variants
For the tenth anniversary of the game's release, Mojang remade a version of Minecraft Classic in JavaScript
and made it available to play online.[209][210] It functions much the same as creative mode, allowing players
to build and destroy any and all parts of the world either alone or in a multiplayer server. Environmental
hazards such as lava do not damage players, and some blocks function differently since their behavior was
later changed during development.[211][212][213]

Around 2011, prior to Minecraft's full release, there had been collaboration between Mojang and The Lego
Group to make a Lego brick-based Minecraft game to be called Brickcraft. This would have modified the
base Minecraft game to use Lego bricks, which meant adapting the basic 1×1 block to account for larger
pieces typically used in Lego sets. Persson had worked on the preliminary version of this game, which he
had named "Project Rex Kwon Do" based on the joke from Napoleon Dynamite. Lego had greenlit the
project to go forward, and while Mojang had put two developers on the game for six months, they later
opted to cancel the project, as Mojang felt that the Lego Group were too demanding on what they could do,
according to Mojang's Daniel Kaplan. The Lego Group had considered buying out Mojang to complete the
game, but at this point Microsoft made its offer to buy the company for over $2 billion. According to the
Lego Group's Ronny Scherer, the company was not yet sure of the potential success of Minecraft at this
point and backed off from acquisition after Microsoft brought this offer to Mojang.[214]

Virtual reality
Early on, Persson planned to support the Oculus Rift with a port of Minecraft. However, after Facebook
acquired Oculus in 2013, he abruptly canceled plans noting "Facebook creeps me out."[215] A community-
made modification known as Minecraft VR was developed in 2016 to provide virtual reality support to
Minecraft: Java Edition oriented towards Oculus Rift hardware. A fork of the Minecraft VR modification
known as Vivecraft ported the mod to OpenVR, and is oriented towards supporting HTC Vive
hardware.[216] On 15 August 2016, Microsoft launched official Oculus Rift support for Minecraft on
Windows 10.[216] Upon its release, the Minecraft VR mod was discontinued by its developer due to
trademark complaints issued by Microsoft, and Vivecraft was endorsed by the community makers of the
Minecraft VR modification due to its Rift support and being superior to the original Minecraft VR mod.[216]
Also available is a Gear VR version, titled Minecraft: Gear VR Edition.[217] Windows Mixed Reality
support was added in 2017. On 7 September 2020, Mojang Studios announced that the PlayStation 4
version of the game would be getting PlayStation VR support in the same month.[218] The only officially
supported VR versions of Minecraft are the PlayStation 4 version, Minecraft: Gear VR Edition and
Minecraft for Windows 10 for Oculus Rift and Windows Mixed Reality headsets.[219][218]

Reception
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator Score

(PC) 93/100[220]
(PS4) 89/100[221]
(XONE) 88/100[222]
(PS3) 86/100[223]
(NS) 86/100[224]
Metacritic
(VITA) 84/100[225]
(X360) 82/100[226]
(WIIU) 77/100[227]
(3DS) 62/100[228]
(iOS) 53/100[229]
 Review scores
Publication Score

1Up.com (PC) A+[230]

Edge (PC) 9/10[231]

(PC) 10/10[35]
Eurogamer
(X360) 9/10[232]

(PC) 9.25/10[233]
Game Informer
(X360) 8.75/10[234]

(PC) 8.5/10[235]
GameSpot
(X360) 7.0/10[150]

GameSpy [236]
(PC)

(PC) 9.0/10[237]
(iOS) 7.5/10[238]
(X360) 8.5/10[86]
(PS3) 9.5/10[239]
IGN
(PS4) 9.7/10[240]
(XONE) 9.7/10[240]
(VITA) 9.5/10[239]
(NS) 9.5/10[241]

(WII U) 7.5/10[245]
Nintendo Life (3DS) 6.6/10[246]
(NS) 8.2/10[247]

PC Gamer (US) (PC) 96/100[242]

[243]
(iOS)
TouchArcade [244]
(Version 0.12)

Critics
Early versions of Minecraft received critical acclaim, praising the creative freedom it grants players in-game,
as well as the ease of enabling emergent gameplay.[248][249][250] Critics have praised Minecraft's complex
crafting system, commenting that it is an important aspect of the game's open-ended gameplay.[235] Most
publications were impressed by the game's "blocky" graphics, with IGN describing them as "instantly
memorable".[17] Reviewers also liked the game's adventure elements, noting that the game creates a good
balance between exploring and building.[235] The game's multiplayer feature has been generally received
favorably, with IGN commenting that "adventuring is always better with friends".[17] Jaz McDougall of PC
Gamer said Minecraft is "intuitively interesting and contagiously fun, with an unparalleled scope for
creativity and memorable experiences".[242] It has been regarded as having introduced millions of children
to the digital world, insofar as its basic game mechanics are logically analogous to computer
commands.[251]

IGN was disappointed about the troublesome steps needed to set up multiplayer servers, calling it a
"hassle".[17] Critics also said that visual glitches occur periodically.[235] Despite its release out of beta in
2011, GameSpot said the game had an "unfinished feel", adding that some game elements seem
"incomplete or thrown together in haste".[235]
A review of the alpha version, by Scott Munro of the Daily Record, called it "already something special"
and urged readers to buy it.[252] Jim Rossignol of Rock Paper Shotgun also recommended the alpha of the
game, calling it "a kind of generative 8-bit Lego Stalker".[253] On 17 September 2010, gaming webcomic
Penny Arcade began a series of comics and news posts about the addictiveness of the game.[254] The Xbox
360 version was generally received positively by critics, but did not receive as much praise as the PC
version. Although reviewers were disappointed by the lack of features such as mod support and content
from the PC version, they acclaimed the port's addition of a tutorial and in-game tips and crafting recipes,
saying that they make the game more user-friendly.[86] The Xbox One Edition was one of the best received
ports, being praised for its relatively large worlds.[255]

The PlayStation 3 Edition also received generally favorable reviews, being compared to the Xbox 360
Edition and praised for its well-adapted controls.[256] The PlayStation 4 edition was the best received port
to date, being praised for having 36 times larger worlds than the PlayStation 3 edition and described as
nearly identical to the Xbox One edition.[257][255][221] The PlayStation Vita Edition received generally
positive reviews from critics but was noted for its technical limitations.[258]

The Wii U version received generally positive reviews from critics but was noted for a lack of GamePad
integration.[259] The 3DS version received mixed reviews, being criticized for its high price, technical
issues, and lack of cross-platform play.[260] The Nintendo Switch Edition received fairly positive reviews
from critics, being praised, like other modern ports, for its relatively larger worlds.[261]

Minecraft: Pocket Edition initially received mixed reviews from critics. Although reviewers appreciated the
game's intuitive controls, they were disappointed by the lack of content. The inability to collect resources
and craft items, as well as the limited types of blocks and lack of hostile mobs, were especially
criticized.[238][262][263] After updates added more content, Pocket Edition started receiving more positive
reviews. Reviewers complimented the controls and the graphics, but still noted a lack of content.[238]

Sales
Minecraft surpassed over a million purchases less than a month after entering its beta phase in early
2011.[264][265] At the same time, the game had no publisher backing and has never been commercially
advertised except through word of mouth,[266] and various unpaid references in popular media such as the
Penny Arcade webcomic.[267] By April 2011, Persson estimated that Minecraft had made €23 million
(US$33 million) in revenue, with 800,000 sales of the alpha version of the game, and over 1 million sales of
the beta version.[268] In November 2011, prior to the game's full release, Minecraft beta surpassed 16
million registered users and 4 million purchases.[269] By March 2012, Minecraft had become the 6th best-
selling PC game of all time.[270] As of 10 October 2014, the game had sold 17 million copies on PC,
becoming the best-selling PC game of all time.[271] On 25 February 2014, the game reached 100 million
registered users.[272] By May 2019, 180 million copies had been sold across all platforms, making it the
single best-selling video game of all time. The free-to-play Minecraft China version had over 300 million
players by November 2019.[273] By April 2021, Minecraft sold more than 238 million copies
worldwide.[274] As of 2023, the game has sold over 300 million copies.[275]

The Xbox 360 version of Minecraft became profitable within the first day of the game's release in 2012,
when the game broke the Xbox Live sales records with 400,000 players online.[276] Within a week of
being on the Xbox Live Marketplace, Minecraft sold upwards of a million copies.[277] GameSpot
announced in December 2012 that Minecraft sold over 4.48 million copies since the game debuted on Xbox
Live Arcade in May 2012.[278] In 2012, Minecraft was the most purchased title on Xbox Live Arcade; it
was also the fourth most played title on Xbox Live based on average unique users per day.[279] As of
4 April 2014, the Xbox 360 version has sold 12 million copies.[280] In addition, Minecraft: Pocket Edition
has reached a figure of 21 million in sales.[281] The PlayStation 3 Edition sold one million copies in five
weeks.[282] The release of the game's PlayStation Vita version boosted Minecraft sales by 79%, outselling
both PS3 and PS4 debut releases and becoming the largest Minecraft launch on a PlayStation console.[283]
The PS Vita version sold 100,000 digital copies in Japan within the first two months of release, according to
an announcement by SCE Japan Asia.[284] By January 2015, 500,000 digital copies of Minecraft were sold
in Japan across all PlayStation platforms, with a surge in primary school children purchasing the PS Vita
version.[285] As of 2022, the Vita version has sold over 1.65 million physical copies in Japan, making it the
best-selling Vita game in the country.[286] Minecraft helped improve Microsoft's total first-party revenue by
$63 million for the 2015 second quarter.[287]

The game, including all of its versions, had over 112 million monthly active players by September
2019.[288] On its 11th anniversary in May 2020, the company announced that Minecraft had reached over
200 million copies sold across platforms with over 126 million monthly active players.[289] By April 2021,
the number of active monthly users had climbed to 140 million.[290][274][291]

Awards
In July 2010, PC Gamer listed Minecraft as the fourth-best game to play at work.[292] In December of that
year, Good Game selected Minecraft as their choice for Best Downloadable Game of 2010,[293] Gamasutra
named it the eighth best game of the year as well as the eighth best indie game of the year,[294][295] and
Rock, Paper, Shotgun named it the "game of the year".[296] Indie DB awarded the game the 2010 Indie of
the Year award as chosen by voters, in addition to two out of five Editor's Choice awards for Most
Innovative and Best Singleplayer Indie.[297] It was also awarded Game of the Year by PC Gamer UK.[298]
The game was nominated for the Seumas McNally Grand Prize, Technical Excellence, and Excellence in
Design awards at the March 2011 Independent Games Festival and won the Grand Prize and the
community-voted Audience Award.[299][300] At Game Developers Choice Awards 2011, Minecraft won
awards in the categories for Best Debut Game, Best Downloadable Game and Innovation Award, winning
every award for which it was nominated.[301][302] It also won GameCity's video game arts award.[303] On
5 May 2011, Minecraft was selected as one of the 80 games that would be displayed at the Smithsonian
American Art Museum as part of The Art of Video Games exhibit that opened on 16 March 2012.[304][305]
At the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards, Minecraft won the award for Best Independent Game and was
nominated in the Best PC Game category.[306][307] In 2012, at the British Academy Video Games Awards,
Minecraft was nominated in the GAME Award of 2011 category and Persson received The Special
Award.[308] In 2012, Minecraft XBLA was awarded a Golden Joystick Award in the Best Downloadable
Game category,[309] and a TIGA Games Industry Award in the Best Arcade Game category.[310] In 2013, it
was nominated as the family game of the year at the British Academy Video Games Awards.[311] During
the 16th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated the Xbox 360
version of Minecraft for "Strategy/Simulation Game of the Year".[312] Minecraft Console Edition won the
award for TIGA Game Of The Year in 2014.[313] In 2015, the game placed 6th on USgamer's The 15 Best
Games Since 2000 list.[314] In 2016, Minecraft placed 6th on Time's The 50 Best Video Games of All Time
list.[315]
Minecraft was nominated for the 2013 Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite App, but lost to Temple Run.[316]
It was nominated for the 2014 Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Video Game, but lost to Just Dance
2014.[317] The game later won the award for the Most Addicting Game at the 2015 Kids' Choice
Awards.[318] In addition, the Java Edition was nominated for "Favorite Video Game" at the 2018 Kids'
Choice Awards,[319] while the game itself won the "Still Playing" award at the 2019 Golden Joystick
Awards,[320] as well as the "Favorite Video Game" award at the 2020 Kids' Choice Awards.[321] Minecraft
also won "Stream Game of the Year" at inaugural Streamer Awards in 2022.[322] The game later garnered a
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award nomination for Favorite Video Game in 2021,[323] and won the same
category in 2022 and 2023.[324][325]

Controversies

2014 EULA changes

Microsoft and Mojang announced in June 2014 that it would be changing the Minecraft end-user license
agreement (EULA) to prohibit servers from accepting donations or payments in exchange for the donating
or paying players receiving in-game advantages on such server, essentially banning "pay-to-win" servers.
Mojang spokesperson Owen Hill provided examples of what it would and would not allow, saying
company would allow for pay-to-play servers in which a player is required to pay a fee to access the server,
or for cosmetic enhancements (such as in-game costumes or pets), but that Mojang would be cracking down
on paying to obtain powerful swords or potions (providing a competitive advantage to the player versus
other players). The new crackdowns were supported by Persson, citing him receiving multiple emails from
parents of children who had spent hundreds of dollars on servers. The Minecraft community and server
owners, however, heavily despised the new change in enforcement and protested en masse, which included
comparing Mojang to monolithic video game publishers like Electronic Arts and Activision, gaming
companies often criticized online for their highly restrictive digital rights management and user license
agreements. Many argued that the crackdown would force smaller servers to close their doors, and some
blamed the crackdown on Mojang attempting to suppress competition for its own Minecraft Realms
subscription service.[326]

Account migration
In 2020, Mojang Studios revealed that it would begin the process of requiring that Microsoft accounts be
used in order to log into the Java Edition of the game, and that older Mojang Studios accounts would be
sunsetted. The move to Microsoft accounts also required Java Edition players to create Xbox network
Gamertags. Mojang Studios defended the move to Microsoft accounts by saying that improved security
could be offered, which included Java accounts being able to use two factor authentication, players could
block cyberbullies in chat, and improve parental controls. The community responded with intense backlash
against this announcement, particularly taking issue to the various technical difficulties encountered in the
process and how account migration would be mandatory, even for those who do not play on servers. As of
10 March 2022, Microsoft required that all players migrate in order to access the Java Edition of
Minecraft.[327][328] A deadline of 19 September 2023 was announced to complete account migration, after
which all legacy Mojang accounts became inaccessible and unable to be migrated.[329]

Java Edition chat reporting

In June 2022, Microsoft and Mojang Studios announced it would be releasing a player reporting feature in
all future builds of Java Edition. In earlier development builds, players could report other players on
multiplayer servers for sending messages that are prohibited by the Xbox Live Code of Conduct; report
categories included profane language, substance abuse, hate speech, threats of violence, and nudity, though
Microsoft in later builds has since excluded the profane language category from the player reporting feature.
If a player was found to be in violation of Xbox Community Standards, the player would be banned from
all servers for a specific period of time or permanently. The update containing the report feature (1.19.1)
was released on 27 July 2022.[330]

Microsoft and Mojang Studios received substantial backlash and protest from community members, one of
the most common complaints being that banned players would be forbidden from joining any server, even
private ones. Others took issue to what they saw as Microsoft increasing control over its player base and
exercising censorship,[331][332][333] sparking some to dub the version "1.19.84", in reference to the novel
Nineteen Eighty-Four, which deals with similar themes of censorship.[334][335]

Cultural impact
In September 2019, The Guardian classified Minecraft as the best video game of (the first two decades of)
the 21st century,[336] and in November 2019 Polygon called the game the "most important game of the
decade" in its 2010s "decade in review".[337] In December 2019, Forbes gave Minecraft a special mention
in a list of the best video games of the 2010s, stating that the game is "without a doubt one of the most
important games of the last ten years."[338] In June 2020, Minecraft was inducted into the World Video
Game Hall of Fame.[339]

Minecraft is recognized as one of the first successful games to use an early access model to draw in sales
prior to its full release version to help fund development.[340] As Minecraft helped to bolster indie game
development in the early 2010s, it also helped to popularize the use of the early access model in indie game
development.[341]

Social media sites such as YouTube, Facebook, and Reddit have played a
significant role in popularizing Minecraft.[342] Research conducted by the
University of Pennsylvania's Annenberg School of Communication
showed that one-third of Minecraft players learned about the game via
Internet videos.[343] In 2010, Minecraft-related videos began to gain
influence on YouTube, often made by commentators. The videos usually
contain screen-capture footage of the game and voice-overs.[344] Common
coverage in the videos includes creations made by players, walkthroughs
of various tasks, and parodies of works in popular culture. By May 2012,
Jordan Maron (known over four million Minecraft-related YouTube videos had been
professionally as
uploaded.[345] The game would go on to be a prominent fixture within
"CaptainSparklez") is known
YouTube's gaming scene during the entire 2010s; in 2014, it was the
for his musical Minecraft
parodies of popular songs. second-most searched term on the entire platform.[346] By 2018, it was still
YouTube's biggest game globally.[347]

Some popular commentators have received employment at Machinima, a gaming video company that owns
a highly watched entertainment channel on YouTube.[344] The Yogscast is a British company that regularly
produces Minecraft videos; their YouTube channel has attained billions of views, and their panel at Minecon
2011 had the highest attendance.[344][348] Other well-known YouTube personalities include Jordan Maron,
who has created many Minecraft parodies, including "Minecraft Style", a parody of the internationally
successful single "Gangnam Style" by South Korean rapper Psy.[349] Minecraft's popularity on YouTube
was described by Polygon as quietly dominant, although in 2019, thanks in part to PewDiePie's
playthroughs of the game, Minecraft experienced a visible uptick in popularity on the platform.[346][350]
YouTube later announced that on 14 December 2021 that the total amount of Minecraft-related views
exceeded one trillion since the game's inception in 2009.[351]

Minecraft has been referenced by other video games, such as Torchlight II, Team Fortress 2,[352][353]
Borderlands 2, Choplifter HD, Super Meat Boy, The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, The Binding of Isaac, The
Stanley Parable, FTL: Faster Than Light,[354][355] and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, the lattermost of
which features a downloadable character and stage based on Minecraft.[356] It was also referenced by
electronic music artist deadmau5 in his performances.[357] The game is also referenced heavily in
"Informative Murder Porn", the second episode of the seventeenth season of the animated television series
South Park.[358]

Applications
The possible applications of Minecraft have been discussed extensively, especially in the fields of computer-
aided design (CAD) and education. In a panel at Minecon 2011, a Swedish developer discussed the
possibility of using the game to redesign public buildings and parks, stating that rendering using Minecraft
was much more user-friendly for the community, making it easier to envision the functionality of new
buildings and parks.[344] In 2012, a member of the Human Dynamics group at the MIT Media Lab, Cody
Sumter, said: "Notch hasn't just built a game. He's tricked 40 million people into learning to use a CAD
program." Various software has been developed to allow virtual designs to be printed using professional 3D
printers or personal printers such as MakerBot and RepRap.[359]

In September 2012, Mojang began the Block by Block project in cooperation with UN Habitat to create
real-world environments in Minecraft.[360][361] The project allows young people who live in those
environments to participate in designing the changes they would like to see. Using Minecraft, the
community has helped reconstruct the areas of concern, and citizens are invited to enter the Minecraft
servers and modify their own neighborhood. Carl Manneh, Mojang's managing director, called the game
"the perfect tool to facilitate this process", adding "The three-year partnership will support UN-Habitat's
Sustainable Urban Development Network to upgrade 300 public spaces by 2016." Mojang signed
Minecraft building community, FyreUK, to help render the environments into Minecraft. The first pilot
project began in Kibera, one of Nairobi's informal settlements and is in the planning phase. The Block by
Block project is based on an earlier initiative started in October 2011, Mina Kvarter (My Block), which
gave young people in Swedish communities a tool to visualize how they wanted to change their part of
town. According to Manneh, the project was a helpful way to visualize urban planning ideas without
necessarily having a training in architecture. The ideas presented by the citizens were a template for political
decisions.[362][363]

In April 2014, the Danish Geodata Agency generated all of Denmark in fullscale in Minecraft based on
their own geodata.[364] This is possible because Denmark is one of the flattest countries with the highest
point at 171 meters (ranking as the country with the 30th smallest elevation span), where the limit in default
Minecraft was around 192 meters above in-game sea level when the project was completed.[365][366]
 Taking advantage of the game's accessibility where other websites are
censored, the non-governmental organization Reporters Without Borders
has used an open Minecraft server to create the Uncensored Library, a
repository within the game of journalism by authors from countries
(including Egypt, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam) who have
been censored and arrested, such as Jamal Khashoggi.[367] The
neoclassical virtual building was created over about 250 hours by an
international team of 24 people.[368]

Despite its unpredictable nature, Minecraft has become a popular game

A yarn Minecraft sheep
for speedrunning, where players time themselves from being dropped
into a new world to reaching The End and defeating the Ender Dragon
boss. Some speedrunners use a combination of mods, external programs,
and debug menus, while other runners play the game in a more vanilla or more consistency-oriented
way.[369][370]

Education
Minecraft has also been used in educational settings.[371] In
2011, an educational organization named MinecraftEdu was
formed with the goal of introducing Minecraft into schools. The
group works with Mojang to make the game affordable and
accessible to schools. The version of Minecraft through
MinecraftEdu includes unique features to allow teachers to
monitor the students' progress within the virtual world, such as
receiving screenshots from students to show completion of a
lesson.[372] In September 2012, MinecraftEdu said that
approximately 250,000 students around the world have access Minecraft being played in an educational
to Minecraft through the company. [373] A wide variety of setting
educational activities involving the game have been developed
to teach students various subjects, including history, language
arts and science. For an example, one teacher built a world consisting of various historical landmarks for
students to learn and explore.[373] Another teacher created a large-scale representation of an animal cell
within Minecraft that student could explore and learn how cell functions work.[372] Great Ormond Street
Hospital has been recreated in Minecraft, and it proposed that patients can use it to virtually explore the
hospital before they visit it in real life.[374] Minecraft may also prove as an innovation in computer-aided
design.[375] Minecraft offers an outlet of collaboration in design and could have an impact on the
industry.[376]

With the introduction of redstone blocks to represent electrical circuits, users have been able to build
functional virtual computers within Minecraft.[377] Such virtual creations include a working hard drive,[378]
an 8-bit virtual computer,[379] and even a smaller-scale version of Minecraft that is playable and able to be
built completely in survival mode with no external modifications.[380] In at least one instance, a mod has
been created to use this feature to teach younger players how to program within a language set by a virtual
computer within a Minecraft world.[381]
Another computational mechanic in Minecraft is the command block, a block that is only accessible in
creative mode and can alter game logic. It has been used to create emulators for the Atari 2600 (including
one by YouTube personality SethBling)[382][383] and the Game Boy Advance.[384]

In September 2014, the British Museum in London announced plans to recreate its building along with all
exhibits in Minecraft in conjunction with members of the public.[385] Microsoft and the non-profit
organisation Code.org had teamed up to offer Minecraft-based games, puzzles, and tutorials aimed to help
teach children how to program; by March 2018, Microsoft and Code.org reported that more than 85 million
children have used their tutorials.[386]

Clones
Following the initial surge in popularity of Minecraft in 2010, other video games were criticised for having
various similarities to Minecraft, and some were described as being "clones", often due to a direct
inspiration from Minecraft, or only a superficial similarity. Examples include Ace of Spades, CastleMiner,
CraftWorld, FortressCraft, Terraria, BlockWorld 3D, Total Miner,[387] and Minetest.[388] David Frampton,
designer of The Blockheads, reported that one failure of his 2D game was the "low resolution pixel art" that
too closely resembled the art in Minecraft, which resulted in "some resistance" from fans.[389] A homebrew
adaptation of the alpha version of Minecraft for the Nintendo DS, titled DScraft, has been released; it has
been noted for its similarity to the original game considering the technical limitations of the system.[390] In
response to Microsoft's acquisition of Mojang and their Minecraft IP, various developers announced further
clone titles developed specifically for Nintendo's consoles, as they were the only major platforms not to
officially receive Minecraft at the time.[391] These clone titles include UCraft (Nexis Games),[392] Cube
Life: Island Survival (Cypronia),[393] Discovery (Noowanda),[394] Battleminer (Wobbly Tooth
Games),[395] Cube Creator 3D (Big John Games),[396] and Stone Shire (Finger Gun Games).[397] Despite
this, the fears of fans were unfounded, with official Minecraft releases on Nintendo consoles eventually
resuming.[398][399][11]

Markus Persson made another similar game, Minicraft, for a Ludum Dare competition in 2011.[400]

Minecon
Minecon is the annual official fan convention dedicated to Minecraft. The first Minecon was held in
November 2011 at the Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.[401] The event included the official
launch of Minecraft; keynote speeches, including one by Persson; building and costume contests;
Minecraft-themed breakout classes; exhibits by leading gaming and Minecraft-related companies;
commemorative merchandise; and autograph and picture times with Mojang employees and well-known
contributors from the Minecraft community.[402] In 2016, Minecon was held in-person for the last time,
with the following years featuring annual livestreams instead.

Notes
a. Minecraft was first publicly available on 17 May 2009,[14] and, following many
developmental phases over the next two years, was fully released on 18 November 2011.[15]
b. Ports to consoles developed by 4J Studios;[16] New Nintendo 3DS port developed by Other
Ocean Interactive.
c. PC/Java, Android, iOS, Wii U, Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo Switch
d. Xbox 360, Xbox One, Windows Phone, Windows 10 Edition
e. PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita
f. 2009–2011
g. 2011–present
h. Additional music has been written by Samuel Åberg and Gareth Coker for various later
updates.
i. An "infinite" world is 60 million by 60 million blocks, or 30 million in each direction
j. In a blog post,[24] Persson explains:

"... let me clarify some things about the "infinite" maps: They're not infinite, but
there's no hard limit either. It'll just get buggier and buggier the further out you are.
Terrain is generated, saved and loaded, and (kind of) rendered in chunks of
16*16*128 blocks. These chunks have an offset value that is a 32 bit integer
roughly in the range negative two billion to positive two billion. If you go outside
that range (about 25% of the distance from where you are now to the sun),
loading and saving chunks will start overwriting old chunks. At a 16/th of that
distance, things that use integers for block positions, such as using items and
pathfinding, will start overflowing and acting weird.
Those are the two "hard" limits."

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l). GameSpy. Glu Mobile. 11 August 2011. Archived from the original (http://uk.pc.gamespy.c
om/pc/minecraft/1187399p1.html) on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2011.

Further reading
Gallagher, Colin (2014). Minecraft in the Classroom: Ideas, Inspiration, and Student Projects
for Teachers. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press. ISBN 978-0-13-385801-3.
Garrelts, Nate (2014). Understanding Minecraft: Essays on Play, Community and
Possibilities. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-7974-0.
 Goldberg, Daniel (2013). Minecraft: The Unlikely Tale of Markus "Notch" Persson and the
Game That Changed Everything. New York: Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-60980-537-1.

External links
Official website (https://www.minecraft.net)
Minecraft Classic (https://classic.minecraft.net/)
Minecraft Wiki (https://minecraft.wiki/)

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