Many athletes credit drugs with improving their performance, but some of them may want to thank

their brain instead. Mounting evidence suggests that the boost from human growth hormone (HGH),
an increasingly popular doping drug, might be caused by the placebo effect. In a new double-blind
trial funded by the World Anti-Doping Agency, in which neither researchers nor participants knew
who was receiving HGH and who was taking a placebo, the researchers asked participants to guess
whether or not they were on the real drug. Then they examined the results of the group who
guessed that they were getting HGH when, in fact, they had received a placebo. That group improved
at four fitness tests measuring strength, endurance, power and sprint capacity. The study
participants who guessed correctly that they were taking a placebo did not improve, according to
preliminary results presented at the Society for Endocrinology meeting in June 2011. “The finding
really shows the power of the mind” said Ken Ho, an endocrinologist at the Garvan Institute in
Sydney, Australia, who led the study. She maintains that many athletes are reaping the benefits of
the placebo effect, without knowing whether what they are taking is beneficial or not.

59. It is clearly stated in the passage that the support given by certain drugs ----.

a) is largely accepted for its positive contribution to performance

b) has been proven by many studies around the world
c) has led authorities to take the necessary measures against these drugs
d) has been openly disputed by most of the athletes
e) results in the improved performances of all the athletes who take them

60. According to the results of the study funded by the World Anti-Doping Agency, ----.

a) the study participants were all aware they were given a placebo
b) those who knew that they were given real drugs failed to show improvement in fitness tests
c) the athletes who did not know they were given a placebo did well on fitness tests
d) the preliminary findings showed the increased popularity of drugs
e) the effects of HGH are incompatible with those found in other studies

61. It is understood from the passage that the placebo effect ----.

a) is highly esteemed among those who are interested in athletics

b) can play a significant role in improving the performances of athletes
c) has been monitored in the participating groups that consist of people taking doping drugs
d) was also tested in other branches of sports where competition exists
e) was very high in the studies where participants were informed in advance

62. It can be inferred from the passage that ----.

a) external interventions may have negative impacts on one’s performance

b) every athlete should be involved in a study to increase his or her performance
c) success lies in the power of one’s mind no matter which treatment he or she is exposed to
d) the World Anti-Doping Agency should be much more careful about the use of drugs in sports
e) much more research should be done on the placebo effect among athletes
1. The criminology field ---- many 5. According to a recent poll done in 20
differentspecialties, which ---- nailing countries, roughly 15% of people ---- the
down a“typical” member of the world ---- during their lifetimes.
professionsomewhat difficult.
a) believed / will end
a. includes / makes b) are believing / will have ended
b. has included / had made c) have believed / would end
c. includes / was making d) were believing / will be ending
d. is including / makes e) believe / will end
e. included / makes
6. President James Polk ---- the first to
2. The history of psychology ---- back at enjoy gas lighting in the White House,
least to 1879, when the German though it ---- sporadically around the
psychologist Wilhelm Wundt ---- the first country since
laboratory exclusively devoted to
psychology. 1816.

a. dated / founded a. is / has been used

b. has been dating / founds b. was / had been used
c. dates / founded c. had been / used
d. had dated / founded d. has been / had used
e. dated / had founded e. was / has been used

3. Modern embalming ---- about during 7. Over the past two decades, bio-
the American Civil War, in which many geomorphology ---- as an established
soldiers ---- in battle far away from their research field examining the
families. interrelationship between organisms and
geomorphic processes.
a) would come / had died
b) came / die a. has developed
c) had come / have died b. developed
d) was coming / died c. is developing
e) came / died d. had developed
e. was developed
4. Since small earthquakes only ---- a
small fraction of the energy that is 8. Astronomers estimate that the Solar
involved in a major quake, they ---- a System as we know it today ----
significant impact on reducing the odds of drastically until the Sun ---- almost all the
a dangerous seismic event. hydrogen fuel in its core into helium.

a) were releasing / did not have a. will not change / has fused
b) have released / do not have b. does not change / will fuse
c) released / have not had c. has not changed / fuses
d) release / do not have d. did not change / was fusing
e) will release / are not having e. had not changed / had fused
9. While most of us ---- slavery with 18 th 13. The pelagic spinner dolphin is a
and 19 th century America, the truth is carnivore that ---- primarily on small fish,
that the African slave trade started long squids and shrimps, and ---- down to
before America ---- involved. depths of 300 meters to catch its prey.

a. associated / became a. feed / are diving

b. are associating / had become b. fed / dove
c. associate / became c. feeds / dives
d. have associated / has become d. may feed / dive
e. had associated / would become e. are feeding / dive

10. Modern Afghanistan ---- until 1747, 14. The Permian period ---- from 290 to
when principalities and fragmented 248 million years ago and ---- the last
provinces ---- into one kingdom by period of the Paleozoic Era.
Ahmad Shah Durrani.
a. lasts / has been
a. has not evolved / consolidated b. lasted / is
b. did not evolve / were consolidated c. has lasted / was
c. had not evolved / was consolidating d. lasted / had been
d. would not evolve / had consolidated e. lasted / was
e. were not evolved / were consolidated
15. Over the last 10 - 20 years, scientists
11. Until the Anzacs discovery, little and naturalists ---- dramatic population
genetic data ---- available from declines and range constrictions among
Paleoamerican skeletal specimens, which five of the 47 species of bees that ---- in
---- their relationship to Native Americans the US.
poorly understood.
a) have noticed / fi nding
a. has been / left b) was noticed / were found
b. was / has left c) have been noticing / are found
c. had been / left d) have noticed / are found
d. was / was leaving e) had noticed / were found
e. would have been / had left
16. In the last 20 years, 10 of the driest 12
12. Archaeological excavations starting in winters ---- place in the lands ---- the
the 1840s ---- that human settlements ---- Mediterranean Sea.
back to 10, 000 BCE in Mesopotamia.
a. have been taken / surrounding
a. had revealed / dated b. would have taken / be surrounded
b. have revealed / date c. has taken / surrounded
c. reveal / would date d. have been taken / is surrounding
d. are revealing / is dating e. have taken / surrounding
e. revealed / would be dating
17. Water quality ---- challenges in the
Mississippi River over the last century
and ---- to present day, chiefly due to
agricultural runoff.

a. has experienced / has continued

b. had experienced / has continued
c. was experiencing / continues
d. has been experiencing / continued
e. was being experienced / is continuing

18. Failure of the Banqiao dam in

southern China directly ---- the deaths of
more than 26, 000, and ---- a further
145, 000 human casualties resulting from
epidemics related to the dam failure.

a. causes / produced
b. caused / produce
c. have caused / produces
d. caused / produced
e. causes / have produced

19. Most pollution is in the form of

chemical additions to air, water or soil;
however, in modern times starting in the
mid. twentieth century noise and light ----
as pollution sources.

a. have considered
b. have been considered
c. had considered
d. was being considered
e. will be considered

20. Political tensions in Burundi ---- since

April, when the president ---- he was
running for a controversial third term in
office.

a. have grown / has announced

b. is growing / had announced
c. grew / has announced
d. had grown / has been announcing
e. have been growing / announced