Theory of EMF (22EL Sec

M 1 & 2)
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Dr. Abdul Hakeem Memon
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JAMSHORO Associate Professor
Department
Electrical Engineering,
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Engineering MUET, Jamshoro
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 Magnetism
◼ It refers to the force that acts between magnets and
magnetic materials.

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◼ Example: magnets attract piece of iron, deflect
compass needle, attract or repel another magnet.

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◼ This force act at a distance without the need of
direct physical contact.
E Importance of Magnetism
T ◼ In the ancient times people believed that the
invisible force of magnetism was purely a magical
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quality and hence they showed little practical
interest. However, with steadily increasing
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of scientific knowledge over the passing centuries,
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 Properties of magnetic lines of force
◼ The important properties of magnetic lines of force
are:

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◼ (i) Each magnetic line of force forms a closed loop
i.e. outside the magnet, the direction of a magnetic

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line of force is from north pole to south pole and it
continues through the body of the magnet to form a
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closed loop
◼ (ii) No two magnetic lines of force intersect each
T other. If two magnetic lines of force intersect, there
would be two directions of magnetic field at that
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point which is not possible.
◼ (iii) Where the magnetic lines of force are close
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together, the magnetic field is strong and where
Engineering they are well spaced out, the field is weak.
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 ◼ (iv) Magnetic lines of force contract longitudinally
and widen laterally.
◼ (v) Magnetic lines of force are always ready to pass
M through magnetic materials like iron in preference
to pass through non-magnetic materials like air.
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◼ It may be noted that in practice, magnetic fields are
produced by (a) current carrying conductor or coil
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producing magnetic fields are widely used in
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electrical engineering.

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 Electromagnetic properties
◼ Properties related to Electromagnetic field

M ◼ 1. Permeability
U ◼ Property of a material to establish magnetic field

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through it.
◼ Permeability is a measure of how easy it is to
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establish flux in a material.
Higher the permeability, more easily a magnetic
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field can be established.
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 M
U ◼ Relative permeability of a material is the ratio of
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absolute permeability of material to vacuum. It is
unit less.
T ◼ Materials can have as high permeability as 100,000
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 ◼ 2. Reluctance
◼ It is analogous to resistance in electric circuits
◼ Opposition to the establishment of a magnetic
M field in a material is called reluctance

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◼ It is denoted by “S” or
Unit of reluctance is “Ampere-turns/Wb”
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◼
◼ It is directly proportional to the length of magnetic
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path.
Inversely proportional to cross sectional area of
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material and to permeability
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 ◼ 3. Magnetomotive force (mmf)
◼ Source/cause of magnetic flux/field is called
magnetomotive force.
M ◼ What is that source?

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◼
1. Current
2. Number of turns of a coil
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T ◼ Unit is Ampere-turns
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◼ Magnetic flux is dependent on mmf

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 M
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This is known as OHM’s law for magnetic circuits
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◼
◼ Flux is analogous to current
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◼ mmf is analogous to voltage
◼ Reluctance is analogous to resistance
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 Problem: How much flux is established?
If: Reluctance = 2.8x10^5 At/Wb

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 Electromagnet
◼ Magnet that is made with the help of electric
current is called electromagnet
M ◼ It is simply a coil of wire wound around a core
material that can be easily magnetized Shape of
U core depends upon application

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 Magnetic Field Intensity or
Magnetizing Force (H)
◼ Magnetic intensity (or field strength) at a point in a
M magnetic field is the force acting on a unit N-pole

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(i.e., N-pole of 1 Wb) placed at that point.
◼ Clearly, the unit of H will be N/Wb or A/m
E ◼ Suppose it is desired to find the magnetic intensity
at a point P situated at a distance “d” meters from a
T pole of strength “m” webers (See Fig. 7.7).
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 ◼ Imagine a unit north pole (i.e. N-pole of 1 Wb) is
placed at P. Then, by definition, magnetic intensity
at P is the force acting on the unit N-pole placed at
P i.e.
M ◼ Magnetic intensity at P, H = Force on unit N-pole

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placed at P

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T ◼ The reader may note the following points carefully:
JAMSHORO ◼ (i) Magnetic intensity is a vector quantity,
possessing both magnitude and direction. In vector
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 ◼ (ii) If a pole of m Wb is placed in a uniform
magnetic field of strength H newtons/Wb, then
force acting on the pole, F = m H newtons.

M Second Definition of (H)

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◼ The magnetizing force (H) produced by an electric
current is defined as the m.m.f. set up per unit

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length of the magnetic circuit i.e

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◼ Different current-carrying conductor arrangements
produce different magnetizing force.
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of ◼ Magnetizing force (H) is known by different names
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 Relation Between B and H
◼ The flux density B produced in a material is
directly proportional to the applied magnetising

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force H. In other words, the greater the
magnetising force, the greater is the flux density

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and vice versa i.e.

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T ◼ The ratio B/H in a material is always constant and
is equal to the absolute permeability µ (= µ0 µr) of
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the material. This relation gives yet another
definition of absolute permeability of a material.
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 ◼ Suppose a magnetizing force H produces a flux
density B0 in air. Clearly, B0 = µ0 H. If air is
replaced by some other material (relative
permeability µr) and the same magnetizing force H
M is applied, then flux density in the material will be
Bmat = µ0 µrH.
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T ◼ Hence relative permeability of a material is equal
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material to the flux density produced in air by the
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same magnetising force.
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 ◼ Thus when we say that µr of soft iron is 8000, it
means that for the same magnetizing force, flux
density in soft iron will be 8000 times its value in
air. In other words, for the same cross sectional
M area and H, the magnetic lines of force will be
8000 times greater in soft iron than in air.
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 ◼ Problem 1: A toroidal coil has a magnetic path
length of 33 cm and a magnetic field strength of
650 A/m. The coil current is 250 mA. Determine
the number of coil turns.
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 ◼ Problem 2: Determine the m.m.f. required to
generate a total flux of 100µWb in an air gap 0.2
cm long. The cross-sectional area of the air gap is
25 cm2.
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◼ An air gap is a necessity in a rotating machine

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such as a motor or a generator. It provides
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mechanical clearance between the fixed and
moving parts. Air gaps are also used to prevent
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saturation in some magnetic devices..
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