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    Triggers

    Uploaded by

    kranthikumarimmadi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 5

    TRIGGER

    Trigger is a statement that a system executes automatically when there is any modification to
    the database. In a trigger, we first specify when the trigger is to be executed and then the
    action to be performed when the trigger executes. Triggers are used to specify certain
    integrity constraints and referential constraints that cannot be specified using the constraint
    mechanism of SQL.
    The trigger is always executed with the specific table in the database. If we remove the table,
    all the triggers associated with that table are also deleted automatically.

    In Structured Query Language, triggers are called only either before or after the below
    events:

    1. INSERT Event: This event is called when the new row is entered in the table.
    2. UPDATE Event: This event is called when the existing record is changed or modified in
    the table.
    3. DELETE Event: This event is called when the existing record is removed from the table.

    Example:

    AFTER INSERT Trigger


    This trigger is invoked after the insertion of data in the table.

    AFTER UPDATE Trigger


    This trigger is invoked in SQL after the modification of the data in the table.

    AFTER DELETE Trigger


    This trigger is invoked after deleting the data from the table.

    BEFORE INSERT Trigger


    This trigger is invoked before the inserting the record in the table.

    BEFORE UPDATE Trigger


    This trigger is invoked before the updating the record in the table.

    BEFORE DELETE Trigger


    This trigger is invoked before deleting the record from the table.

    Syntax of Trigger in SQL


    CREATE TRIGGER Trigger_Name

    [ BEFORE | AFTER ] [ Insert | Update | Delete]


    ON [Table_Name]
    [ FOR EACH ROW | FOR EACH COLUMN ]
    AS
    Set of SQL Statement
    In the trigger syntax, firstly, we have to define the name of the trigger after the CREATE
    TRIGGER keyword. After that, we have to define the BEFORE or AFTER keyword with anyone
    event.

    Then, we define the name of that table on which trigger is to occur.

    After the table name, we have to define the row-level or statement-level trigger.

    And, at last, we have to write the SQL statements which perform actions on the occurring of
    event.

    Example of Trigger in SQL


    To understand the concept of trigger in SQL, first, we have to create the table on which trigger
    is to be executed.

    The following query creates the Student_Trigger table in the SQL database:

    CREATE TABLE Student_Trigger


    (
    Student_RollNo INT PRIMARY KEY,
    Student_FirstName Varchar (100),
    Student_EnglishMarks INT,
    Student_PhysicsMarks INT,
    Student_ChemistryMarks INT,
    Student_MathsMarks INT,
    Student_TotalMarks INT,
    Student_Percentage INT);
    The following query shows the structure of theStudent_Trigger table:
    DESC Student_Trigger;
    Output:

    Field Type NULL Key Def Extra


    ault

    Student_RollNo INT NO PRI NULL

    Student_FirstName Varchar(100) YES NULL

    Student_EnglishMarks INT YES NULL

    Student_PhysicsMarks INT YES NULL


    Student_ChemistryMarks INT YES NULL

    Student_MathsMarks INT YES NULL

    Student_TotalMarks INT YES NULL

    Student_Percentage INT YES NULL

    The following query fires a trigger before the insertion of the student record in the table:
    CREATE TRIGGER Student_Table_Marks
    BEFORE INSERT
    ON
    Student_Trigger
    FOR EACH ROW
    SET new.Student_TotalMarks = new.Student_EnglishMarks + new.Student_PhysicsMarks
    + new.Student_ChemistryMarks + new.Student_MathsMarks,
    new.Student_Percentage = ( new.Student_TotalMarks / 400) * 100;

    Above SQL statement will create a trigger in the Student_Trigger in which whenever
    subjects marks are entered, before inserting this data into the database, the trigger will
    compute those two values and insert them with the entered values.

    The following query inserts the record into Student_Trigger table:

    INSERT INTO Student_Trigger (Student_RollNo, Student_FirstName, Student_EnglishMa


    rks, Student_PhysicsMarks, Student_ChemistryMarks, Student_MathsMarks, Student_Tot
    alMarks, Student_Percentage) VALUES ( 201, Sorya, 88, 75, 69, 92, 0, 0);

    To check the output of the above INSERT statement, you have to type the following SELECT
    statement:

    SELECT * FROM Student_Trigger;

    Output:

    Studen Student_ Student_ Student Student Student Stude Student_


    t_Roll FirstNam English _Physic _chemist _Maths nt_To Percenta
    No e Marks sMarks ryMarks Marks talMa ge
    rks

    201 Sorya 88 75 69 92 324 81


    Advantages of Triggers in SQL
    Following are the three main advantages of triggers in Structured Query Language:

    1. SQL provides an alternate way for maintaining the data in the tables.
    2. They allow the database users to validate values before inserting and updating.

    Disadvantages of Triggers in SQL


    Following are the main disadvantages of triggers in Structured Query Language:

    1. It is not possible to find and debug the errors in triggers.


    2. If we use the complex code in the trigger, it makes the application run slower.
    3. Trigger increases the high load on the database system.

    Also used for protecting the data that was stored in the
    database;

    DDL Triggers

    create tigger safety


    on database
    Forcreate_table,alter_table,drop_table
    Asprint 'you can not create,drop and alter tab;

    Output:

    DML Triggers

    create trigger deep


    on emp
    for
    insert,update,delete
    as
    print 'you can not insert,update and delete this table'
    rollback;
    Output:

    Complex Integrity Constraints in SQL With Examples


    tutorialtpoint.net/2023/04/complex-integrity-constraints-in-sql.html#:~:text=On%20the
    %20other%20hand%2C%20complex,are%20present%20in%20a%20table.

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