MATLAB Training Notes

Introductory Sessions of MATLAB Training Course

Why MATLAB?

MATLAB (MATrix LABoratory) is a high-level language and interactive environment used

for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. Its rich set of toolboxes makes it
ideal for a variety of applications in engineering, science, and economics.

Real-life Applications:

 Engineers use MATLAB for system design and simulation.

 Scientists use it for data analysis and visualization.
 Economists use it for financial modeling and analysis.

What Are Toolboxes?

Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the
MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems.

Example:

 Signal Processing Toolbox

 Image Processing Toolbox

MATLAB Interface

The MATLAB interface consists of various components like the Command Window,
Workspace, Command History, and Editor.

Command Window:

 Used to enter commands and see results.

Editor:

 Used to write, edit, and run MATLAB scripts and functions.

Workspace:

 Shows variables that you create or import during a session.

Command History:

 Logs the commands that you run.

Introduction to Arrays and Matrices

MATLAB is built around the concept of matrices. Everything in MATLAB is a matrix or an
array, which is a collection of numbers arranged into rows and columns.

Example Code:

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% Creating a matrix
A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];

% Accessing elements
element = A(2, 3); % Element at 2nd row, 3rd column

Real-life Applications:

 Data representation in finance and engineering.

 Image representation in image processing.

MATLAB File Types

 .m files: Scripts and functions.

 .mat files: Binary files for storing variables.
 .fig files: MATLAB figure files.

Example Code:

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% Saving variables
save('data.mat', 'A');

% Loading variables
load('data.mat');

Basics of MATLAB Programming

Includes basic programming constructs such as variables, arrays, functions, and control flow.

Handling Data and Data Flow in MATLAB

Data Types

MATLAB supports various data types such as double, char, logical, cell, and structure arrays.

Example Code:

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% Different data types
a = 10; % Double
b = 'hello'; % Character array (string)
c = true; % Logical
d = {1, 2, 3}; % Cell array
e = struct('field1', 1, 'field2', 'value'); % Structure
Creating Variables

Variables are created by simply assigning a value to them.

Example Code:

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% Creating variables
x = 5;
y = [1 2 3 4 5];

Scalars, Vectors, and Matrix Operations & Operators

 Scalar: A single number.

 Vector: A one-dimensional array.
 Matrix: A two-dimensional array.

Example Code:

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% Scalar
a = 5;

% Vector
b = [1 2 3];

% Matrix
c = [1 2; 3 4];

% Operations
result = a + b; % Scalar addition to a vector
result = b * c; % Vector-matrix multiplication

Real-life Applications:

 Computational mathematics in scientific research.

 Matrix operations in computer graphics.

Importing & Exporting of Data

Data can be imported from and exported to various formats such as text files, spreadsheets,
and binary files.

Example Code:

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% Importing data
data = readmatrix('data.csv');

% Exporting data
writematrix(data, 'output.csv');
File Editing and Debugging in MATLAB

Writing Script Files

Scripts are files containing a sequence of MATLAB commands. They operate on data in the
workspace.

Example Script (script.m):

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% Script file example
x = 1:10;
y = x.^2;
plot(x, y);

Writing Function Files

Functions are files that take input arguments and return output arguments. They have their
own workspace.

Example Function (myFunction.m):

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function result = myFunction(a, b)
result = a + b;
end

Inserting Breakpoints and Debugging

Breakpoints are used to pause the execution of a script or function to examine the workspace.

Example Code:

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% Insert a breakpoint
dbstop in script.m at 2

% Run the script

script

Error Correction

MATLAB provides various ways to handle and correct errors, including try-catch blocks.

Example Code:

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try
% Code that might cause an error
result = myFunction(a, b);
catch ME
% Handle the error
disp(ME.message);
end

MATLAB Graphics I

Simple Graphics & Types

MATLAB can generate various types of plots such as line, bar, and scatter plots.

Example Code:

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% Line plot
x = 1:10;
y = x.^2;
plot(x, y);

% Bar plot
bar(x, y);

% Scatter plot
scatter(x, y);

Plotting Functions

Functions like plot, bar, and scatter are used for plotting data.

Example Code:

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% Plotting a sine wave
x = linspace(0, 2*pi, 100);
y = sin(x);
plot(x, y);

Creating and Editing Plots (2D & 3D)

MATLAB allows creating and customizing plots.

Example Code:

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% 2D plot
plot(x, y);
title('Sine Wave');
xlabel('x-axis');
ylabel('y-axis');

% 3D plot
z = cos(x);
plot3(x, y, z);
title('3D Plot');
xlabel('x-axis');
ylabel('y-axis');
zlabel('z-axis');

MATLAB Programming I

Conditional Statements

if, else, and elseif statements are used for conditional execution of code.

Example Code:

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x = 10;
if x > 0
disp('x is positive');
elseif x < 0
disp('x is negative');
else
disp('x is zero');
end

Iterative Statements

Loops like for and while are used for repetitive tasks.

Example Code:

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% For loop
for i = 1:10
disp(i);
end

% While loop
i = 1;
while i <= 10
disp(i);
i = i + 1;
end

Flow Control

MATLAB supports flow control using break, continue, and return statements.

Example Code:

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for i = 1:10
if i == 5
continue; % Skip the rest of the code in the loop
end
 disp(i);
end

Efficient Coding Practices

Efficient coding practices include preallocating arrays and avoiding loops when possible.

Example Code:

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% Preallocating arrays
n = 1000;
A = zeros(n, 1);

% Avoiding loops
A = rand(1, n);
B = A + 1; % Vectorized operation

Linear Algebra

MATLAB provides functions for various linear algebra operations.

Example Code:

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% Matrix multiplication
A = [1 2; 3 4];
B = [5 6; 7 8];
C = A * B;

% Solving linear equations

A = [1 1; 1 2];
b = [2; 3];
x = A\b;

Real-life Applications:

 Solving systems of linear equations in engineering.

 Eigenvalue problems in physics.

Polynomials

MATLAB can handle polynomial operations such as finding roots and evaluating
polynomials.

Example Code:

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% Define a polynomial
p = [1 -3 2]; % Represents x^2 - 3x + 2

% Find roots
r = roots(p);

% Evaluate polynomial
x = 1:10;
y = polyval(p, x);

Curve Fitting

MATLAB provides tools for fitting curves to data.

Example Code:

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% Data
x = 1:10;
y = [2.1, 2.5, 3.6, 4.5, 5.9, 7.2, 8.5, 9.1, 10.2, 11.3];

% Fit a polynomial
p = polyfit(x, y, 2);

% Evaluate the fit

y_fit = polyval(p, x);
plot(x, y, 'o', x, y_fit, '-');

Real-life Applications:

 Data analysis in scientific research.

 Trend analysis in finance.

Differentiation & Integration

MATLAB provides functions for numerical differentiation and integration.

Example Code:

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% Differentiation
syms x;
f = x^2 + 3*x + 2;
df = diff(f);

% Integration
int_f = int(f);

% Numerical integration
y = sin(x);
integral_value = integral(@(x) sin(x), 0, pi);

Real-life Applications:

 Calculating areas under curves in physics.

 Solving differential equations in engineering.
MATLAB Graphics II

Introduction to Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)

GUIs in MATLAB allow users to create interactive applications.

GUI Tools:

 Guide: A tool for creating GUIs.

 App Designer: A more modern tool for creating apps.

Creating Functioning GUIs

Example Code:

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% Simple GUI using App Designer
app = uifigure;
btn = uibutton(app, 'push', 'ButtonPushedFcn', @(btn,event) disp('Button
pushed!'));

MATLAB Programming II

Probability & Statistics

MATLAB provides functions for statistical analysis and probability distributions.

Example Code:

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% Mean and standard deviation
data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
mean_value = mean(data);
std_value = std(data);

% Probability distributions
pd = makedist('Normal');
random_numbers = random(pd, 1, 1000);

Real-life Applications:

 Data analysis in social sciences.

 Risk assessment in finance.

Cells & Structures

Cells and structures are used for storing heterogeneous data.

Example Code:
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% Cell array
c = {1, 'text', [3, 4, 5]};

% Structure array
s = struct('field1', 1, 'field2', 'text');

Performance Measures

MATLAB provides tools to measure and improve code performance.

Example Code:

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% Measure execution time
tic;
pause(1);
elapsedTime = toc;

Introduction to Symbolic Math

MATLAB supports symbolic computations using the Symbolic Math Toolbox.

Example Code:

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% Symbolic variables
syms x y;
f = x^2 + y^2;

MATLAB Toolboxes

Data Acquisition Toolbox

Used for collecting data from external devices like sensors.

Example Code:

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% Acquire data from a device
ai = analoginput('nidaq', 'Dev1');
addchannel(ai, 0);
start(ai);
data = getdata(ai);

Signal Processing Toolbox

Provides tools for analyzing and processing signals.

Example Code:
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% Signal analysis
t = 0:0.001:1;
x = sin(2*pi*50*t) + sin(2*pi*120*t);
y = fft(x);

Image Acquisition Toolbox

Used for acquiring images from cameras and other imaging devices.

Example Code:

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% Acquire image
vid = videoinput('winvideo', 1);
start(vid);
img = getsnapshot(vid);
imshow(img);

Image Processing Toolbox

Provides tools for image processing tasks.

Example Code:

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% Read and display an image
img = imread('peppers.png');
imshow(img);

% Image enhancement
img_enhanced = imadjust(img);
imshow(img_enhanced);

Introduction to SIMULINK

What is SIMULINK?

SIMULINK is a block diagram environment for multi-domain simulation and Model-Based

Design.

Example:

 Simulating dynamic systems in automotive engineering.

 Designing control systems in aerospace.

SIMULINK Interface

The interface includes the Library Browser, where you can find blocks to build models, and
the Model window, where you assemble your system.
Libraries & Tools

SIMULINK provides a wide range of libraries for different types of systems and applications.

Example Code:

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% Create a new model
new_system('myModel');

% Open the model

open_system('myModel');

% Add a block
add_block('simulink/Commonly Used Blocks/Sine Wave', 'myModel/SineWave');

Conclusion

MATLAB is a versatile and powerful tool used across various industries for numerical
computation, data analysis, and simulation. Mastery of MATLAB can significantly enhance
your ability to solve complex problems and create sophisticated models and simulations.