Chemical Reactions and Equations

Class 10 Notes Science Chapter 1

January 22, 2024 by Sastry CBSE

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CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 1

Chemical Reactions and Equations
Chemical Reactions and Equations: Balanced and unbalanced chemical equations and
balancing of chemical equations.

What is a chemical reaction Class 10?

Chemical Reaction: The transformation of chemical substance into another chemical
substance is known as Chemical Reaction. For example: Rusting of iron, the setting of milk
into curd, digestion of food, respiration, etc.
In a chemical reaction, a new substance is formed which is completely different in properties
from the original substance, so in a chemical reaction, a chemical change takes place.
Only a rearrangement of atoms takes place in a chemical reaction.

• The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
• The new substances produced as a result of a chemical reaction are called
products.

Example: The burning of magnesium in the air to form magnesium oxide is an example of a
chemical reaction.
2Mg(s) + O2(g) △→ 2MgO(s)
Before burning in air, the magnesium ribbon is cleaned by rubbing with sandpaper.
This is done to remove the protective layer of basic magnesium carbonate from the surface of
the magnesium ribbon.
Reactant: Substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
Example: Mg and O2.

Product: New substance formed after a chemical reaction is called a product.

Example: MgO.

Characteristics of Chemical Reactions :

(i) Evolution of gas: The chemical reaction between zinc and dilute sulphuric acid is
characterised by the evolution of hydrogen gas.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) ↑

(ii) Change in Colour: The chemical reaction between citric acid and purple coloured
potassium permanganate solution is characterised by a change in colour from purple to
colourless.
The chemical reaction between sulphur dioxide gas and acidified potassium dichromate
solution is characterized by a change in colour from orange to green.

(iii) Change in state of substance: The combustion reaction of candle wax is characterised
by a change in state from solid to liquid and gas (because the wax is a solid, water formed by
the combustion of wax is a liquid at room temperature whereas, carbon dioxide produced by
the combustion of wax is a gas). There are some chemical reactions which can show more
than one characteristics.

(iv) Change in temperature: The chemical reaction between quick lime water to form
slaked lime is characterized by a change in temperature (which is a rise in temperature).
The chemical reaction between zinc granules and dilute sulphuric acid is also characterised
by a change in temperature (which is a rise in temperature).

(v) Formation of precipitate: The chemical reaction between sulphuric acid and barium
chloride solution is characterised by the formation of a white precipitate of barium sulphate.
BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (ppt) + 2HCl(aq)
What is a chemical Equation Class 10?
Chemical Equation: Representation of chemical reaction using symbols and formulae of the
substances is called Chemical Equation.
Example: A + B → C + D
In this equation, A and B are called reactants and C and D are called the products. The arrow
shows the direction of the chemical reaction. Condition, if any, is written generally above the
arrow.

When hydrogen reacts with oxygen, it gives water. This reaction can be represented by the
following chemical equation:
Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water
H2 + O2 → H2O
In the first equation, words are used and in second, symbols of substances are used to write
the chemical equation. For convenience, the symbol of substance is used to represent
chemical equations.
A chemical equation is a way to represent the chemical reaction in a concise and informative
way.
A chemical equation can be divided into two types: Balanced Chemical Equation and
Unbalanced Chemical Equation.

(a) Balanced Chemical Equation: A balanced chemical equation has the number of atoms
of each element equal on both sides.
Example: Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
In this equation, numbers of zinc, hydrogen and sulphate are equal on both sides, so it is a
Balanced Chemical Equation.
According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, mass can neither be created nor destroyed in
a chemical reaction. To obey this law, the total mass of elements present in reactants must be
equal to the total mass of elements present in products.

(b) Unbalanced Chemical Equation: If the number of atoms of each element in reactants is
not equal to the number of atoms of each element present in the product, then the chemical
equation is called Unbalanced Chemical Equation.
Example: Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
In this example, a number of atoms of elements are not equal on two sides of the reaction. For
example; on the left-hand side only one iron atom is present, while three iron atoms are
present on the right-hand side. Therefore, it is an unbalanced chemical equation.

Balancing a Chemical Equation: To balance the given or any chemical equation, follow these
steps:
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Write the number of atoms of elements present in reactants and in products in a table as
shown here.
 Name of atom No. of atoms in the reactant No. of atoms in the prod

Iron 1 3

Hydrogen 2 2

Oxygen 1 4

Balance the atom which is maximum in number on either side of a chemical equation.
In this equation, the number of oxygen atom is the maximum on the RHS.
To balance the oxygen, one needs to multiply the oxygen on the LHS by 4, so that, the
number of oxygen atoms becomes equal on both sides.
Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Now, the number of hydrogen atoms becomes 8 on the LHS, which is more than that on the
RHS. To balance it, one needs to multiply the hydrogen on the RHS by 4.
Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 × H2
After that, the number of oxygen and hydrogen atoms becomes equal on both sides. The
number of iron is one on the LHS, while it is three on the RHS. To balance it, multiply the
iron on the LHS by 3.
3 × Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 × H2
Now the number of atoms of each element becomes equal on both sides. Thus, this equation
becomes a balanced equation.

Name of atom No. of atoms in the reactant No. of atoms in the prod

Iron 3 3
 Hydrogen 8 8

Oxygen 4 4

After balancing, the above equation can be written as follows:

3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2.

To Make Equations More Informative:

Writing the symbols of physical states of substances in a chemical equation:
By writing the physical states of substances, a chemical equation becomes more informative.

• Gaseous state is represented by symbol (g).

• Liquid state is represented by symbol (l).
• Solid state is written by symbol (s).
• Aqueous solution is written by symbol (aq).
• Writing the condition in which reaction takes place: The condition is generally
written above and/or below the arrow of a chemical equation.

Thus, by writing the symbols of the physical state of substances and condition under which
reaction takes place, a chemical equation can be made more informative.

What are the types of a chemical reaction Class 10?

Types of Chemical Reactions: Combination Reaction, Decomposition Reaction,
Displacement Reaction, Double Displacement Reaction, Neutralization Reactions,
Exothermic – Endothermic Reactions and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.

Types of Chemical Reactions:

Chemical reactions can be classified in following types:
(i) Combination Reaction: Reactions in which two or more reactants combine to form one
product are called Combination Reactions.
A general combination reaction can be represented by the chemical equation given here:
A + B → AB
Examples:
When magnesium is burnt in the air (oxygen), magnesium oxide is formed. In this reaction,
magnesium is combined with oxygen.
Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide

When carbon is burnt in oxygen (air), carbon dioxide is formed. In this reaction, carbon is
combined with oxygen.
C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide

(ii) Decomposition Reaction: Reactions in which one compound decomposes in two or more
compounds or elements are known as Decomposition Reaction. A decomposition reaction is
just the opposite of combination reaction.
A general decomposition reaction can be represented as follows :
AB → A + B
Examples:
When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3(s) heat−→− CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Calcium carbonate → Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide
When ferric hydroxide is heated, it decomposes into ferric oxide and water
2Fe(OH)3(s) △→ Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)
Thermal Decomposition: The decomposition of a substance on heating is known as Thermal
Decomposition.
Example: 2Pb(NO3)2(s) heat−→− 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Electrolytic Decomposition: Reactions in which compounds decompose into simpler
compounds because of passing of electricity, are known as Electrolytic Decomposition. This
is also known as Electrolysis.
Example: When electricity is passed in water, it decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen.
2H2O(l) Undefined control sequence \xrightarrow 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Photolysis or Photo Decomposition Reaction: Reactions in which a compound decomposes
because of sunlight are known as Photolysis or Photo Decomposition Reaction.
Example: When silver chloride is put in sunlight, it decomposes into silver metal and chlorine
gas.
2AgCl(s) (white) Sunlight−→−−−−− 2Ag(s) (grey) + Cl2(g)
Photographic paper has a coat of silver chloride, which turns into grey when exposed to
sunlight. It happens because silver chloride is colourless while silver is a grey metal.

(iii) Displacement Reaction: The chemical reactions in which a more reactive element
displaces a less reactive element from a compound is known as Displacement Reactions.
Displacement reactions are also known as Substitution Reaction or Single Displacement/
replacement reactions.
A general displacement reaction can be represented by using a chemical equation as follows :
A + BC → AC + B
Displacement reaction takes place only when ‘A’ is more reactive than B. If ‘B’ is more
reactive than ‘A’, then ‘A’ will not displace ‘C’ from ‘BC’ and reaction will not be taking
place.
Examples:
When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, it gives hydrogen gas and zinc chloride.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

When zinc reacts with copper sulphate, it forms zinc sulphate and copper metal.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(iv) Double Displacement Reaction: Reactions in which ions are exchanged between two
reactants forming new compounds are called Double Displacement Reactions.
AB + CD → AC + BD
Examples:
When the solution of barium chloride reacts with the solution of sodium sulphate, white
precipitate of barium sulphate is formed along with sodium chloride.
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (Precipitate) + 2NaCl(aq)

When sodium hydroxide (a base) reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride and water
are formed.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Note: Double Displacement Reaction, in which precipitate is formed, is also known as

precipitation reaction. Neutralisation reactions are also examples of double displacement
reaction.

Precipitation Reaction: The reaction in which precipitate is formed by the mixing of the
aqueous solution of two salts is called Precipitation Reaction.
Example:

Neutralization Reaction: The reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to form salt and
water by an exchange of ions is called Neutralization Reaction.
Example:

(v) Oxidation and Reduction Reactions:

Oxidation: Addition of oxygen or non-metallic element or removal of hydrogen or metallic
element from a compound is known as Oxidation.
Elements or compounds in which oxygen or non-metallic element is added or hydrogen or
metallic element is removed are called to be Oxidized.
Reduction: Addition of hydrogen or metallic element or removal of oxygen or non-metallic
element from a compound is called Reduction.
The compound or element which goes under reduction in called to be Reduced.
Oxidation and Reduction take place together.
Oxidizing agent:

• The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation is called an Oxidizing agent.
• The substance which removes hydrogen is also called an Oxidizing agent.

Reducing agent:
 • The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction is called a Reducing agent.
• The substance which removes oxygen is also called a Reducing agent.

The reaction in which oxidation and reduction both take place simultaneously is called Redox
reaction.
When copper oxide is heated with hydrogen, then copper metal and hydrogen are formed.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
(i) In this reaction, CuO is changing into Cu. Oxygen is being removed from copper oxide.
Removal of oxygen from a substance is called Reduction, so copper oxide is being reduced to
copper.

(ii) In this reaction, H2 is changing to H2O. Oxygen is being added to hydrogen. Addition of
oxygen to a substance is called Oxidation, so hydrogen is being oxidised to water.

• The substance which gets oxidised is the reducing agent.

• The substance which gets reduced is the oxidizing agent.

(vi) Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions:

Exothermic Reaction: Reaction which produces energy is called Exothermic Reaction. Most
of the decomposition reactions are exothermic.
Example:
Respiration is a decomposition reaction in which energy is released.

When quick lime (CaO) is added to water, it releases energy.

Endothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed is called

Endothermic Reaction.
Example: Decomposition of calcium carbonate.

Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday life: Corrosion and Rancidity.

Corrosion: The process of slow conversion of metals into their undesirable compounds due
to their reaction with oxygen, water, acids, gases etc. present in the atmosphere is called
Corrosion.
Example: Rusting of iron.
Rusting: Iron when reacts with oxygen and moisture forms red substance which is called
Rust.

The rusting of iron is a redox reaction.

Corrosion (rusting) weakens the iron and steel objects and structures such as railings, car
bodies, bridges and ships etc. and cuts short their life.
Methods to Prevent Rusting

• By painting.
• By greasing and oiling.
• By galvanisation.

Corrosion of Copper: Copper objects lose their lustre and shine after some time because the
surface of these objects acquires a green coating of basic copper carbonate,
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 when exposed to air.

Corrosion of Silver Metal: The surface of silver metal gets tarnished (becomes dull) on
exposure to air, due to the formation of a coating of black silver sulphide(Ag2S) on its surface
by the action of H2S gas present in the air.

Rancidity: The taste and odour of food materials containing fat and oil changes when they
are left exposed to air for a long time. This is called Rancidity. It is caused due to the
oxidation of fat and oil present in food materials.

Methods to prevent rancidity:

• By adding anti-oxidant.
• Vacuum packing.
• Replacing air by nitrogen.
• Refrigeration of foodstuff.

1. Chemical Reaction: During chemical reactions, the chemical composition of substances

changes or new substances are formed.
2. Chemical Equation: Chemical reactions can be written in chemical equation form which
should always be balanced.

3. Types of Chemical Reactions:

Combination reaction: A single product is formed from two or more reactants.

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

Decomposition reaction: A single reactant breaks down to yield two or more products.

• Thermal decomposition: 2Pb(NO2)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2

• Electrolysis: 2H20 → 2H2 + O2
• Photochemical reaction: 2AgBr → 2Ag + Br2

Displacement reaction: One element is displaced by another element.

Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu

Double displacement reaction: Exchange of ions between reactants.

AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

Redox reaction: Both oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously.

CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O

Exothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is evolved.

C + O2 → CO2 (g) + heat

Endothermic reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed.

ZnCO3 + Heat → ZnO + CO2

Redox reaction: Chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction take place
simultaneously.

4. Oxidation: Reaction that involves the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen.

5. Reduction: Reaction that shows the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.

ZnO + C → Zn + CO
ZnO is reduced to Zn—reduction. C is oxidized to CO—Oxidation.

6. Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Our Daily Life:

• Corrosion: It is an undesirable change that occurs in metals when they are

attacked by moisture, air, acids and bases.
Example, Corrosion (rusting) of Iron: Fe2O3. nH2O (Hydrated iron oxide)
• Rancidity: Undesirable change that takes place in oil containing food items due
to the oxidation of fatty acids.
 Preventive methods of rancidity: Adding antioxidants to the food materials,
storing food in the airtight container, flushing out air with nitrogen gas and
refrigeration.

Class 10 Science Notes

• Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 2 Acids Bases and Salts Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 4 Carbon and its Compounds Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 6 Life Processes Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 7 Control and Coordination Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 12 Electricity Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 14 Sources of Energy Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 15 Our Environment Class 10 Notes
• Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources Class 10 Notes

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