Lesson 12

Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural

Issues in Philippine History
 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:

1. Effectively communicate, using various techniques and genres,

their historical analysis of an event or issue that could help others
understand the chosen topic.
2. Propose recommendations/solutions to present-day problems
based on their understanding of root causes and their anticipation
of future scenarios.
3. Display the ability to work in a team and contribute to a group
project.
I. Filipino Cultural Heritage
 Filipino Cultural Heritage
• Cultural Heritage, according to Republic Act 10066, or the National
Cultural Heritage Act Of 2009, referred to "the totality of cultural property
preserved and developed through time and passed on to posterity.“

• The World Heritage Commission explains that "heritage is our legacy from
the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future
generations."

▪ Cultural heritage protects our sense of who we really are.

▪ It gives us an undeniable association to the past – to certain social values,
convictions, traditions and conventions that permit us to recognize
ourselves with others and develop our sense of solidarity, having a place
and national pride.
 Two types of Cultural Heritage
1. Tangible Heritage
▪ Environment sources
(natural landscapes and coastal and inland water .
▪ Flora and fauna
▪ Man-made structures

2. Intangible Heritage
▪ Culture (traditions, customs, values, trades, and skills)
 Cultural Heritage
▪ According to Republic Act 10066 Article 1, Policies and Principles,
Sec. 2 of the National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009 declares that
the State shall foster the preservation, enrichment, and dynamic
evolution of a Filipino culture based on the principle and unity in
diversity in a climate of free artistic and intellectual expression.

▪ According to the Heritage Conservation Society, "conservation"

entails "all the processes and measures of maintaining the cultural
significance of a cultural property, including, but not limited to,
preservation, reconstruction, protection, adaptation, or any
combination thereof."
The World Heritage List includes six
Philippine properties
1. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
National Park, Palawan
1. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
National Park, Palawan
▪ Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park lies near the
Saint Paul Mountain Range, 81 kilometers from the heart of Puerto
Princesa City, but is still within the boundaries of the city.

▪ The Park is a wide known natural wonder.

▪ Its geological features are extraordinary, and the Subterranean

River is said to be among the longest in the world measuring up
to 8.2 kilometers.
2. Banaue Rice Terraces — Ifugao
Province, Cordillera
2. Banaue Rice Terraces — Ifugao
Province, Cordillera

▪ High within the farther ranges of the Philippine Cordillera

mountain range, researchers accept, slants have been
terraced and planted with rice as distant back as 2,000 a long
time.
▪ Mountains terraced into paddies that were still existing in
changing states of conservation are spread over most of the
20,000 square-kilometer arrive that's within the Northern Luzon
areas of Kalinga-Apayao, Abra, Benguet and Ifugao
3. Historic City of Vigan, Ilocos Sur
3. Historic City of Vigan, Ilocos Sur
▪ During the height of the Spanish colonial era in the 18th and 19th
centuries, Vigan or Ciudad Fernandina de Vigan was the third
most important city after Manila and Cebu.

▪ It was the main point of Spanish colonial power in the northern

Luzon. The range of structures along the plazas and streets
narrates the story of the town.

▪ The town is a testament to the Spanish colonialization, a place

that exerts a strong cultural influence on the modern Philippine
nation.
4. Baroque Churches of The Philippines
4. Baroque Churches of The Philippines
▪ Four Baroque churches in the country were built during the
Spanish period and all of them were inscribed to the UNESCO
World Heritage Site list.

▪ These baroque churches are all named as national treasures

for their historical and cultural significance.

▪ The four Baroque churches included in this list are Paoay

Church in Ilocos Norte, Santa Maria Church in Ilocos Sur, San
Agustin Church in Manila, and Miagao Church in Iloilo.
5. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
 5. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
▪ The Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park lies at the heart of the Sulu Sea,
which is located near Palawan.

▪ This natural park is a protected part of the Philippines -all 97,030

hectares of it. These islands belong to the Tubbataha Reefs Natural
Park are uninhabited.

▪ It also a home for nesting sites for marine turtles and various
species of birds. Meanwhile, it is best known for its pristine coral
reef system.
6. Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary
6. Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary

▪ Located in the Eastern Mindanao Biodiversity Corridor, the Mount

Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary was enlisted into the
UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 2014 (the latest among the sites
on this list) for its natural importance.

▪ It is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna species.

▪ There are also several endangered and endemic species found

within the sanctuary.
Promotion of Local and Oral
History
Museums and Historical Shrine in the Philippines
Museums
▪ The traditional role of museums is to collect objects and materials of cultural,
religious and historical importance, preserve them, research into them and present
them to the public for the purpose of education and enjoyment.
▪ Today, it is an institution tells the story of man the world over and how humanity
survived in its environment over the years.
▪ It houses thing created by nature and by man and in our modern society it houses
the cultural soul of the nation.
▪ In modern time, it has become necessary and indeed urgent for museums to
redefine their missions, their goals, their functions and their strategies to reflect the
expectations of a changing world.
▪ Today, museums must become an agent of change and development in the
society.
Museums and Education
Education is critical for development. Education that is devoid of the cultures of the people in the society is empty and
incomplete. One of the fundamental objectives of the museum is to educate, and it is only the museum that has the capacity
and the ability to impart cultural education effectively as it houses the tools and materials for doing so in its collections

Museums possess materials and information that can and should be used in enriching and improving the school curriculum in
various disciplines. What is important is for the educational planners to work closely with museum experts on how the
educational resources that are available in the museum can be integrated into the curriculum andthe learning process at all
levels
 Promotion of Unity
“For a people to live in peace and happiness, there must be unity. Museums do promote unity in the society by using their
resources to ensure understanding and appreciation for the various groups and cultures that exist in that society. Peace is
essential for happiness and joy in the family, in the community, in the society, in the nation and in the world. Our world is
troubled in many ways today

Museums should use their collections in promoting a better understanding of the collective heritage of the people in the
Philippines, which will have the effect of fostering the commonality of those things that unite the nation and its people

On a broader perspective, museums can promote cultural diplomacy that will engender greater understanding between peoples
and nations.
 Historical Shrines
Shrines are found in many country in the world’s religions, including Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese
folk religion, Shinto, and Asatru as well as in secular and non-religious settings such as a war memorial. Shrines can be found
in various settings, such as churches, temples, cemeteries, museums, or in the home, although portable shrines are also found
in some cultures.”
“National Shrines are historic sites or objects hallowed or honored for their history or association”

The Philippines is full of museums caring for the collection of artifacts and other objects of scientific, artistic, cultural, or
historical importance which makes them available for public viewing through exhibits. The largest and most visited museums in
the Philippines are located in major cities of Metro Manila, although there are also interesting museums in some provinces.
Here is the list of the top ten most visited museums in the Philippines
National Museum of the Philippines
Museum Pambata
Ayala Museum
Bohol Museum
Clark Museum
Palawan Museum
 UST Museum
▪ Started as Gabinete de Fisica, an observation of mineral, botany, and biology
collections in the 17th century, it is used as classroom materials for the courses
in science especially in Medicine and Pharmacy.
▪ The University of Santo Tomas Museum, known to be the oldest existing
museum in the Philippines, is proud of its vast collection. Preserved for over
three hundred years in the Main Building, the collections grew with the
inclusion of significant cultural objects and artifacts.
▪ UST Museum is honored to present cultural artifacts considered indigenous to
the Philippines. These are categorized into tribal musical instruments; three
dimensional artifacts; house hold wares and daily life; weaponry; brass and
metal crafts; wares and burial
Rizal Shrine’s
Philippine Culture: Tribal
Groups of the Philippines
Lumad

Lumad is a term used to allude to the clans containing the eastern parts of Mindanao. They are known for
inborn music that influences utilization of special instruments they to have developed.

Mangyan

The Mangyans of Mindoro are a standout amongst the most well known clans in the Philippines. Among all
the current clans in the Philippines, they have the biggest populace. They hone antiquated chasing and
animalist religious perspectives, albeit around 10% have been changed over to Christianity

Palawan Tribes

The locale of Palawan is house to various clans. Palawan is one of the areas in the Philippines that has not
totally grasped urbanism, hence influencing it to flawless as living arrangement to a considerable lot of the
indigenous individuals. The majority of the Palawan clans live on angling and chasing.

Tumadok
Tumadok clan is likely one of the not very many clans existing in the Visayas
district. They for the most part dwell in the Panay Island. They have kept their
conventions entirely up to this point, likely in view of their topographical area.
They are isolated from alternate occupants with a progression of mountain
ranges.
 Religious Rites and Rituals

▪ The Philippines gladly gloats to be the main Christian country in Asia. In excess
of 86 percent of the populace is Roman Catholic, 6 percent have a place with
different nationalized Christian factions, and another 2 percent have a place
with well more than 100 Protestant categories.
▪ Notwithstanding the Christian lion's share, there is an enthusiastic 4 percent
Muslim minority, focused on the southern islands of Mindanao, Sulu, and
Palawan. Scattered in separated uneven locales, the rest of the 2 percent take
after non Western, indigenous convictions and practices
Pukpok
Kutkot
“Ethnic is an Italian expression for country. An ethnic group might be
characterized as inborn gathering which has its own particular dialect, hold in
like manner an arrangement of custom unique in relation to others whom they
are in contact.

1. The Maranao-“Actually, Maranao implies individuals of the lake. Their country

is called Lanao which implies lake. Their most seasoned settlement began
around here, and up right up 'til the present time, very populated groups still
speck the lake. Their dialect is like Maguindanaon and Iranun.

2. The Maguindanao-“Initially, Maguindanaon is the name of the family or

administration which came to administer nearly the entire island of Mindanao,
especially the previous Cotabato. It later alludes to the Muslim individuals who
live in the Pulangi valley which sprawls the Southwestern piece of Mindanao. It
is consequently, the Maguindanaon are called individuals of the plain. They
acknowledged Islam at the last quarter of fifteenth century. Add up to
Islamization of the entire
3. The Iranun-“These individuals have possessed the region flanking between
Lanao del Sur and Maguindanao territory. They asserted to be the
beginning of these two ethnic gatherings. The dialect of the Maranao and
Maguindanao is emphatically established in the Iranun tongue. The Iranun
may maybe be the mother dialect and the rest are only a negligible lingos

4. The Tausug-“Prof. Muhammad Nasser Matli contended that the term

Tausug is a slang word and started from two words: tau (individuals) and
mama isug (overcome). In this manner, Tausug implies overcome
individuals.”

5. The Yakan-“The term Yakan is an error of the word yakal by the Spaniards.
While the term Basilan has started from two words basi (iron) and balani
(head honcho). In the antiquated time Basilan was thickly secured by the
yakal trees. Outside individuals frequently mixed up the name of the yakal
trees as the local character.
6. The Sama- “The Sama personality got from the term sama-sama which implies harmony
or aggregate exertion. The Sama individuals are exceedingly scattered and scattered in
the Sulu Archipelago. They are geologically differentiated inferable from their
introduction to oceanic exercises and angling. There are five sub-groups that make up
the Sama individuals

7. The Sangil- “The Sangil originated from Sangihe an archipelago sprawling the Celebes
sea only south of the Mindanao ocean. Their movement to Sarangani region and to the
seaside regions of Davao del Sur and South Cotabato was in front of the happening to
Islam to Southeast Asia. They held onto Islam later because of their nonstop contact
with their homeland, which moved toward becoming Islamized, and additionally with
the rising Muslim people group in Maguindanao and Sulu in the fourteenth century.

8. The Kaagan- “The Kaagan possessed for the most part Davao zones. They moved
toward becoming Muslims because of contact with the Maguindanao sultanate, and
later fortified with the landing of some Tausug bunches who composed the Kaagan
culture. No big surprise the Kaagan dialect has numerous bahasa sug root words. With
the flight of the Tausug and Maguindanao impacts at the tallness of the Filipinization
procedure.
9. The Kolibugan- “The term kolibugan is a Sama word which signifies
"crossbreed". Initially, they are a piece of the Subanun ethnic gathering,
an indigenous people possessing the inside of the Zamboanga
promontory. Their neighbors, especially the Sama Bangingi and the
Tausugs called these Islamized Subanun as Kolibugan in light of the fact
that their way of life has been adjusted by their Muslim neighbors and for
quite a long time there has been intermarriage with different gatherings
that delivered new ages, thus they are called Kolibugan

10.The Palawan- “The early Muslim tenants in territory Palawan were the
Panimusan. These individuals progressed toward becoming Muslims
because of close contact with the Sulu Sultanate.