DBMS-Lab Manual

Government Engineering College, Patan
Computer Science and Engineering Department

Database Management System (3130703)
INDEX
SR. EXPT. PAGE NO. OF
TITLE
NO. NO. NO. PAGES
1 - Table of contents 01 01
1 - Revision Record Sheet 02 01
2 - Control copy holder 03 01
3 - General Instructions 04 01
4 - List of experiments - -
5 01 To study DDL-create and DML-insert commands. 05 07
6 02 To study various Data Constraints. 12 12

To study various data manipulation (delete,
update etc.) commands, sorting concepts, Range 24 08
7 03
searching and arithmetic, logical and relational
operators.
To study LIKE predicate, dual table concept and 31 09
8 04
various aggregation functions.
9 05 To study Single-row functions. 39 01
10 06 To Display data from Multiple Tables (join). 40 03

To apply the concept of Aggregating Data using 44 05
11 07
Group functions.
12 08 To solve queries using the concept of sub query. 49 08
13 09 To solve queries by manipulating Data. 57 01
14 10 To apply the concept of security and privileges. 58 04
15 11 To study Transaction control commands. 62 01
1
REVISION RECORD SHEET
SR.NO. EXPERIMENT NAME OF EXPERIMENT DATE OF NO.

NO. REVISION OF
PAGES
1 01 To study DDL-create and DML-insert
commands.
2 02 To study various Data Constraints.
3 03 To study various data manipulation
(delete, update etc.) commands,
sorting concepts, Range searching and
arithmetic, logical and relational
operators.
4 04 To study LIKE predicate, dual table
concept and various aggregation
functions.
5 05 To study Single-row functions.
6 06 To Display data from Multiple Tables
(join).
7 07 To apply the concept of Aggregating
Data using Group functions.
8 08 To solve queries using the concept of
sub query.
9 09 To solve queries by manipulating Data.
10 10 To apply the concept of security and
privileges.
11 11 To study Transaction control
commands.
12 12 Sample Program to learn PL/SQL
2
CONTROL COPY HOLDER
SR.NO EXPT. CONTROL COPY REVISION ISSUE

NO NO. DATE
1 Management representative
2 Head of the Department
3 Course Coordinator
3
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
1. Start computer only after obtaining permission of the concerned

instructor/teacher.
2. Do not bring the bags inside laboratory.
3. Observe safety precautions during the lab hours.
4. Obtain the required instruments/ manuals & other required material from the
lab teacher & return it at the end of the practical.
5. At the end of the lab, shut-down the computer, switch off power supply and
put chairs properly.
4
PRACTICAL NO: 1
OBJECTIVE: To study various DDL commands and DML-insert command.
Theory:
 Structured Query Language (SQL) is a language that provides an interface to

relation database systems.
 Components of SQL:
(1) Data Definition Language (DDL): It is a set of SQL commands used to create,
modify and delete database structures and not the data. These commands are
auto commit. The examples are – CREATE, ALTER (modify), DROP (remove
table), TRUNCATE (remove all rows), COMMENT, RENAME.
(2) Data Manipulation Language (DML): It is a set of SQL commands that allows
changing data within database. These commands are not auto commit. The
examples are – INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE etc.
(3) Data Control Language (DCL): It is a set of SQL commands that control access
to data and to the database. The examples are –COMMIT, SAVEPOINT,
ROLLBACK, SET TRANSACTION, GRANT, REVOKE etc.
(4) Data Query Language (DQL): It is a component of SQL statement that allows
getting data from the database and imposing ordering upon it. The example is
SELECT.
 Basic SQL Data types:
(1) Char(size): Used to store character strings values of fixed length. The size in
determines the maximum number of characters that field can store. E.g. Name
char(20).
(2) Varchar2(size): Used to store variable length alphanumeric data.
(3) Number(P, S): Used to store integer or float numbers. P denotes precession & S
denotes scale. E.g Salary number(6,2) will allow 6 digit long salary with 2 digit
after decimal.
 Commands:
DDL commands:
5
1. Create Table Command: - it defines each column of the table uniquely. Each
column has minimum of three attributes, a name , data type and size.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <TABLE NAME> (<COL1> <DATATYPE>(<SIZE>),<COL2>
<DATATYPE><SIZE>));
Ex:
SQL> create table emp(empno number(4) , ename varchar2(10));
O/P: Table created.
Syntax for describing the table:
DESC <TABLE NAME>;
Ex:
SQL> desc emp;
O/P:
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
2. Modifying the structure of tables.
a) Add new columns
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <TABLENAME> ADD(<NEW
COL><DATATYPE(SIZE),<NEW COL>DATATYPE(SIZE));
Ex:
SQL> alter table emp add(sal number(7,2));
O/P: Table altered.
SQL> desc emp;
O/P:
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
SAL NUMBER(7,2)
6
b) Dropping a column from a table.
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <TABLENAME> DROP COLUMN <COL>;
Ex:
SQL> alter table emp drop column sal;
O/P: Table altered.
SQL> desc emp;

O/P:
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
c) Modifying existing columns.
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE <TABLENAME> MODIFY (<COL>
<NEWDATATYPE>(<NEWSIZE>));
Ex:
SQL> alter table emp modify(ename varchar2(15));
O/P: Table altered.
SQL> desc emp;

O/P:
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(15)
3. Renaming the tables
Syntax:
RENAME <OLDTABLE> TO <NEW TABLE>;
Ex:
SQL> rename emp to emp1;
SQL> desc emp1;

O/P:
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------
7
EMPNO NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(15)
4. Truncating the tables.
Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE <TABLENAME>;
Ex:
SQL> truncate table emp1;
5. Destroying tables.
Syntax:
DROP TABLE <TABLENAME>;
Ex:
SQL> drop table emp;
DML-insert command:
6. Inserting Data into Tables: - once a table is created the most natural thing to do
is load this table with data to be manipulated later.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO <TABLENAME> (<COL1>,<COL2>) VALUES(<EXP>,<EXP>);
Ex:
SQL>insert into emp values(101, ‘Rakesh’);
O/P: 1 row created.
DQL Commands:
7. Viewing data in the tables: - Once data has been inserted into a table, the next
most logical operation would be to view what has been inserted.
a) All rows and all columns
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM TABLENAME;
8
8. Filtering table data: - While viewing data from a table, it is rare that all the data
from table will be required each time. Hence, SQL must give us a method of filtering
out data that is not required data.
a) Selected columns and all rows:
Syntax:
SELECT <COL1>,<COL2> FROM <TABLENAME>;
b) Selected rows and all columns:
Syntax:
SELECT * FROM <TABLENAME> WHERE <CONDITION>;
c) Selected columns and selected rows
Syntax:
SELECT <COL1>,<COL2> FROM <TABLENAME> WHERE<CONDITION>;
 PRACTICAL SET
Create tables according to the following definition.

1. CREATE TABLE DEPOSIT (ACTNO VARCHAR2(5) ,CNAME
VARCHAR2(18) , BNAME VARCHAR2(18) , AMOUNT NUMBER(8,2)
,ADATE DATE);
2. CREATE TABLE BRANCH(BNAME VARCHAR2(18),CITY VARCHAR2(18));
3. CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(CNAME VARCHAR2(19) ,CITY
VARCHAR2(18));
4. CREATE TABLE BORROW(LOANNO VARCHAR2(5), CNAME
VARCHAR2(18), BNAME VARCHAR2(18), AMOUNT NUMBER (8,2));
DEPOSIT
ACTNO CNAME BNAME AMOUNT ADATE
100 ANIL VRCE 1000.00 1-MAR-95
101 SUNIL AJNI 5000.00 4-JAN-96
102 MEHUL KAROLBAGH 3500.00 17-NOV-95
104 MADHURI CHANDI 1200.00 17-DEC-95
105 PRMOD M.G.ROAD 3000.00 27-MAR-96
106 SANDIP ANDHERI 2000.00 31-MAR-96
107 SHIVANI VIRAR 1000.00 5-SEP-95
108 KRANTI NEHRU PLACE 5000.00 2-JUL-95
109 MINU POWAI 7000.00 10-AUG-95
BRANCH
BNAME CITY
VRCE NAGPUR
9
AJNI NAGPUR
KAROLBAGH DELHI
CHANDI DELHI
DHARAMPETH NAGPUR
M.G.ROAD BANGLORE
ANDHERI BOMBAY
VIRAR BOMBAY
NEHRU PLACE DELHI
POWAI BOMBAY
CUSTOMERS
CNAME CITY
ANIL CALCUTTA
SUNIL DELHI
MEHUL BARODA
MANDAR PATNA
MADHURI NAGPUR
PRAMOD NAGPUR
SANDIP SURAT
SHIVANI BOMBAY
KRANTI BOMBAY
NAREN BOMBAY
BORROW
LOANNO CNAME BNAME AMOUNT
201 ANIL VRCE 1000.00
206 MEHUL AJNI 5000.00
311 SUNIL DHARAMPETH 3000.00
321 MADHURI ANDHERI 2000.00
375 PRMOD VIRAR 8000.00
481 KRANTI NEHRU PLACE 3000.00
From the above given tables perform the following queries:
1. Describe tables deposit and branch.

2. Describe tables borrow and customers.
3. List all data from table DEPOSIT.
4. List all data from table BORROW.
5. List all data from table CUSTOMERS.
6. List all data from table BRANCH.
7. Display all the table names currently in database.
8. Give account no and amount of depositors.
9. Give borrower details having branch name ‘Andheri’.
10. Give name of depositors having amount greater than 4000.
10
11. Give name of customers who opened account after date '1-12-96'.
12. Display customer names at branch ‘Virar’
13. Display all the branches in city Bombay.
14. List all the customers from city ‘Nagpur’.
15. Display the borrower detail in branch ‘Ajni’.
16. Display distinct cities from branch table.
17. Add contact_no. field in table customers with data type varchar2 and size 15.
18. Change the data type of contact_no field to number and size to 20.
19. Drop contact no. field in table customers
11
PRACTICAL NO: 2
OBJECTIVE: To study various Data Constraints.
Theory:
CONSTRAINTS
Constraints are part of the table definition that limits and restriction on the value
entered into its columns.
TYPES OF CONSTRAINTS:
1) Primary key
2) Foreign key/references
3) Check
4) Unique
5) Not null
6) Null
7) Default
CONSTRAINTS CAN BE CREATED IN THREE WAYS:

1) Column level constraints
2) Table level constraints
3) Using DDL statements-alter table command
1. Primary key: is used to uniquely identify a tuple in table. Can’t have null value.
a) At column level
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>(<COL1><DATATYPE>(<SIZE>) PRIMARY
KEY, <COL2> <DATATYPE>(<SIZE>),……);
Ex:
SQL> create table std1(idno number(1) primary key, name varchar(10));
Table created.
SQL> insert into std1 values(&idno,'&name');

Enter value for idno: 1
Enter value for name: abc
old 1: insert into std1 values(&idno,'&name')
new 1: insert into std1 values(1,'abc')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: xyz
12

new 1: insert into std1 values(1,'xyz')
insert into std1 values(1,'xyz')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00001: unique constraint (DINESH.SYS_C008972) violated
b) At Table level
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <TABLE NAME>(<COL1><DATATYPE>(<SIZE>), <COL2>
<DATATYPE>(<SIZE>), …, PRIMARY KEY(<COL1>,<COL2>));
Ex:
SQL> create table st1(idno number(1),name varchar(10), primary key(idno));
Table created.
SQL> insert into st1 values(&idno,'&name');

old 1: insert into st1 values(&idno,'&name')
new 1: insert into st1 values(1,'abc')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: def
old 1: insert into st1 values(&idno,'&name')
new 1: insert into st1 values(1,'def')
insert into st1 values(1,'def')
*
ERROR at line 1:
c) Composite Primary Key
SQL> create table p_s(idno number(1) primary key, name varchar(10) primary
key);
create table p_s(idno number(1) primary key, name varchar(10) primary key)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02260: table can have only one primary key
13
SQL> create table p_s1(idno number(1), name varchar(10), primary

key(idno,name));
Table created.
SQL> desc p_s1

Name Null? Type
------------------------------- -------- ----
IDNO NOT NULL NUMBER(1)
NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(10)
SQL> insert into p_s1 values(&idno,'&name');

old 1: insert into p_s1 values(&idno,'&name')
new 1: insert into p_s1 values(1,'abc')
1 row created.
SQL> /
new 1: insert into p_s1 values(1,'def')
1 row created.
SQL> /
new 1: insert into p_s1 values(1,'abc')
insert into p_s1 values(1,'abc')
*
ERROR at line 1:
->at column level CPK is not possible
2. Foreign key/references: is used create referential integrity with other table.
a) Column level
SQL> create table f_std1(idno number(1) references std1,cpi number(4,2));
Table created.
SQL> insert into f_std1 values(&idno,&cpi);

Enter value for cpi: 6.89
old 1: insert into f_std1 values(&idno,&cpi)
14
new 1: insert into f_std1 values(1,6.89)

1 row created.
SQL> /
old 1: insert into f_std1 values(&idno,&cpi)
new 1: insert into f_std1 values(3,3.4)
insert into f_std1 values(3,3.4)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02291: integrity constraint (DINESH.SYS_C008974) violated - parent key
not found.
b) Table level
SQL> create table f_st1(idno number(1),cpi number(4,2), foreign key(idno)
references st1(idno));
Table created.
3. Check
a) Column level
SQL> create table std1(idno number(1),name varchar(10),cpi number(4,2)
check (cpi>=0.0 and cpi<=10.0));

Table created.
SQL> create table std1(idno char(2) check(idno like 'i%'),name varchar(10),

cpi number(4,2));
Table created.
SQL> insert into std1 values('&idno','&name',&cpi);

Enter value for idno: i1
old 1: insert into std1 values('&idno','&name',&cpi)
new 1: insert into std1 values('i1','abc',3.6)
1 row created.
SQL> /
15
old 1: insert into std1 values('&idno','&name',&cpi)

new 1: insert into std1 values('2','def',5.9)
insert into std1 values('2','def',5.9)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02290: check constraint (DINESH.SYS_C008989) violated
b) Table level
SQL> create table std1(idno number(1),name varchar(10),cpi

number(4,2),constraint ck check(cpi>=0.0 and cpi<=10.0));
Table created.
SQL> create table std1(idno char(2),name varchar(10),cpi number(4,2),

check(idno like 'i%'));
Table created.
4. Unique
a) Column Level
SQL> drop table f_std1;

Table dropped.
SQL> drop table std1;

Table dropped.
SQL> create table std1(idno number(1) unique,name varchar(10));

Table created.
SQL> insert into std1 values(&idno,'&name');

new 1: insert into std1 values(1,'abc')
1 row created.
SQL> /
new 1: insert into std1 values(1,'def')
insert into std1 values(1,'def')
*
ERROR at line 1:
16
SQL> insert into std1(name) values('def');

1 row created.
SQL> select * from std1;
IDNO NAME
---------- ----------
1 abc
def
b) Table Level
SQL> drop table std1;

Table dropped.
SQL> create table std1(idno number(1),name varchar(10),unique(idno));
Table created.
->more than one unique key is possible
SQL> create table std1(idno number(1),name

varchar(10),unique(idno),unique(name));
Table created.
5. Not null: is used to disallow null values for attribute.
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP13

(EMPNO NUMBER(4),
ENAME VARCHAR2(20) NOT NULL,
DESIGN VARCHAR2(20),
SAL NUMBER(3));
6. Default: is used to set some default value for attribute.
SQL>CREATE TABLE PERSONS

(P_ID NUMBER(4),
LASTNAME VARCHAR(255),
FIRSTNAME VARCHAR(255),
ADDRESS VARCHAR(255),
CITY VARCHAR(255) DEFAULT 'Mumbai'
)
17
 PRACTICAL SET
1. Demonstrate the use of PRIMARY KEY constraint at column level and write
your comments about the result.
2. Demonstrate the use of PRIMARY KEY constraint at table level and write
3. Demonstrate the use of FOREIGN KEY constraint at column level and write
4. Demonstrate the use of FOREIGN KEY constraint at table level and write
5. Demonstrate the use of FOREIGN KEY constraint with ON DELETE
CASCADE option and write your comments about the result.
6. Demonstrate the use of FOREIGN KEY constraint with ON DELETE SET
NULL option and write your comments about the result.
7. Demonstrate the use of UNIQUE constraint at column level and write your
comments about the result.
8. Demonstrate the use of UNIQUE constraint at table level and write your
comments about the result.
9. Demonstrate the use of NOT NULL constraint and write your comments about
the result.
10. Demonstrate the use of CHECK constraint and write your comments about
the result.
11. Demonstrate the use of DEFAULT constraint and write your comments about
the result.
12. Demonstrate the addition of primary key constraint in an already existing
table.
13. Demonstrate the deletion of primary key constraint.
14. Demonstrate assigning user defined names to a constraints.
15. Demonstrate the addition of constraint other than primary key in an already
existing table.
16. Demonstrate the deletion of constraint other than primary key.
Create the below given tables and insert the data accordingly.
1. Create Table Job (job_id, job_title, min_sal, max_sal)
COLUMN NAME DATA TYPE Constraint

job_id Varchar2(15) Primary key
18
job_title Varchar2(30)
min_sal Number(7,2)
max_sal Number(7,2)
2. Create table Branch (branch_no, bname,city)

branch_no Varchar2(3) Primary key
bname Varchar2(18)
City Varchar2(18)
3. Create table Employee (emp_no, emp_name, emp_sal, emp_comm,

dept_no)

emp_no Number(3) Primary key
emp_name Varchar2(30)
job_id Varchar2(15) Foreign key
emp_sal Number(8,2)
emp_comm Number(6,1)
branch_no Number(3) Foreign key
dept_no Number(3)
4. Create table deposit(a_no,cname,bname,amount,a_date)

a_no Varchar2(5) Primary key
Cname Varchar2(15)
branch_no Varchar2(3) Foreign key
Amount Number(7,2)
19
a_date Date
5. Create table borrow (loanno,cname,bname,amount)

Loanno Varchar2(5) Primary key
Cname Varchar2(3)
branch_no Varchar2(3) Foreign key
Amount Number(7,2)
Insert following values in the table job.
job_id job_name min_sal max_sal

IT_PROG Programmer 4000 10000
MK_MGR Marketing 9000 15000
manager
FI_MGR Finance manager 8200 12000
FI_ACC Account 4200 9000
LEC Lecturer 6000 17000
COMP_OP Computer 1500 3000
Operator
Insert following values in the table branch.
branch_no bname City

B1 VRCE NAGPUR
B2 AJNI NAGPUR
B3 KAROLBAGH DELHI
B4 CHANDI DELHI
B5 DHARAMPETH NAGPUR
B6 M.G.ROAD BANGLORE
B7 ANDHERI BOMBAY
B8 VIRAR BOMBAY
B9 NEHRU PLACE DELHI
B10 POWAI BOMBAY
Insert following values in the table Employee.
20
emp_no emp_name Job_id emp_sal emp_com branch_n dept _no

m o
101 Smith FI_ACC 5000 B1 20
102 Snehal MK_MGR 11000 24,500 B9 25
103 Adama LEC 9000 0 B5 20
104 Aman FI_MGR 10000 500 B8 15
105 Anita MK_MGR 13000 50,000 B2 10
106 Sneha COMP_OP 8500 B5 10
107 Anamika IT_PROG 2975 B7 30
Insert following values in the table deposit
a_no cname branch_no amount date
101 Anil B7 7000 01-jan-06
102 Sunil B3 5000 15-jul-06
103 Jay B2 6500 12-mar-06
104 Vijay B7 8000 17-sep-06
105 Keyur B5 7500 19-nov-06
106 Mayor B9 5500 21-dec-06
Insert following values in the table borrow
loanno Cname branch_no amount

201 Anil B1 1000.00
206 Mehul B2 5000.00
311 Sunil B5 3000.00
321 Madhuri B7 2000.00
375 Prmod B8 8000.00
481 Kranti B9 3000.00
21
PRACTICAL NO: 3
OBJECTIVE: To study various data manipulation (delete, update etc.) commands,

sorting concepts, Range searching and arithmetic, logical and
relational operators.
Commands:
1. DML Delete command
a) Remove all rows
Syntax:
DELETE FROM <TABLENAME>;
Ex:
SQL> delete from emp;
b) Removal of a specified row/s
Syntax:
DELETE FROM <TABLENAME> WHERE <CONDITION>;
Ex:
SQL> delete from emp where empno=103;
2. DML Update command
a) Updating all rows
Syntax:
UPDATE <TABLENAME> SET <COL>=<EXP>,<COL>=<EXP>;
Ex:
SQL> update emp set ename='Suresh';
b) Updating selected records.
Syntax:
UPDATE <TABLENAME> SET <COL>=<EXP>, <COL>=<EXP>
WHERE <CONDITION>;
Ex:
SQL> update emp set ename='Suresh' where empno=101;
22
3. Sorting (using ORDER BY clause)
ORDER BY: used to sort data of table.

SQL> select * from std;
IDNO NAME MARKS

---------- ---------- ----------
1 ramesh 78
2 ram 56
2 ram 56
3 syam 70
SQL> select * from std order by marks;
IDNO NAME MARKS

---------- ---------- ----------
2 ram 56
2 ram 56
3 syam 70
1 ramesh 78
SQL>select * from std order by marks desc;
IDNO NAME MARKS

---------- ---------- ----------
1 ramesh 78
3 syam 70
2 ram 56
2 ram 56
SQL> select * from std order by name desc;
IDNO NAME MARKS

---------- ---------- ----------
3 syam 70
1 ramesh 78
2 ram 56
4. Creating Table from existing Table
SQL>select * from std;
IDNO NAME MARKS

---------- ---------- ----------
1 ramesh 78
2 ram 56
23
2 ram 56
3 syam 70
SQL> create table std2(idno,marks) as select idno,marks from std;

Table created.
IDNO MARKS
---------- ----------
1 78
2 56
2 56
3 70
SQL> create table std3 as select * from std;

Table created.
IDNO NAME MARKS

---------- ---------- ----------
1 ramesh 78
2 ram 56
2 ram 56
3 syam 70
5. Creating Empty Table from existing Table
SQL> create table std4 as select * from std where 1=2;

Table created.

no rows selected
SQL> desc std4;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
IDNO NUMBER(1)
NAME VARCHAR2(10)
MARKS NUMBER(3)
SQL> insert into std4 select idno,name,marks from std;

4 rows created.
24

IDNO NAME MARKS
---------- ---------- ----------
1 ramesh 78
2 ram 56
2 ram 56
3 syam 70
SQL> create table std5 as select * from std where 1=2;
Table created.
SQL> insert into std5 select * from std where marks>57;

2 rows created.
IDNO NAME MARKS

---------- ---------- ----------
1 ramesh 78
3 syam 70
SQL> insert into std5 select * from std where name like 'r%';
3 rows created.
IDNO NAME MARKS

---------- ---------- ----------
1 ramesh 78
3 syam 70
1 ramesh 78
2 ram 56
6. Arithmetic operators: They are +, - , /, *, ** (Exponential). They can be used

while retrieving, inserting, updating records.
(1) Display ename, salary per annum for employees.

SQL> select ename, (salary*12) salaryperannum from emp;
O/P:
ename salaryperannum
---------- --------------
RANI 24000
RAM 60000
RAJA 84000
MEHUL 120000
SAMIR 144000
25
7. Logical operators: They are AND, OR, NOT. They can be used while
retrieving, updating records in WHERE clause.
(1) Select all employees either having salary more than 7000 or of department 5.
SQL>select * from emp where salary>7000 and dno=5;
eno ename salary dno pno
----- ---------- ---------- ---------- -------
e004 mehul 10000 5 2
8. Relational operators: They are =, >, <, >=, <=. They can be used while
retrieving, updating records in WHERE clause.
9. Range searching: It can be done using BETWEEN and NOT BETWEEN

operators.
(1) Display all employees having salary between 5000 to 10000.

SQL>select * from emp where salary between 5000 and 10000;
----- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
e002 ram 5000 2 1
e003 raja 7000 5 2
e004 mehul 10000 5 2
10. IN and NOT IN operators:

(1) Show all employees’ details who are having salary either 2000 or 7000 or
12000.
SQL>select * from emp where salary in (2000,7000,12000);
----- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
e001 rani 2000 2 1
e003 raja 7000 5 2
e005 samir 12000 4 2
(2) Show all employees’ details who are having salary other than
2000,7000,12000.
SQL>select * from emp where salary not in (2000,7000,12000);
----- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
e002 ram 5000 2 1
e004 mehul 10000 5 2
26
 PRACTICAL SET
1. Create table supplier from employee with all the columns.

2. Create table sup1 from employee with first two columns.
3. Create table sup2 from employee with no data
4. Delete all the rows from sup1.
5. Delete the detail of supplier whose sup_no is 103.
6. Rename the table sup2.
7. Destroy table sup1 with all the data.
8. Show details of branch in ascending order of branch name.
9. Display the list of employees with salary highest to lowest.
10. Display branch cities in ascending order and branches in it in descending
order.
11. Update the value of employee name whose employee number is 103.
12. Update the minimum salary of programmer to 3500 and maximum salary to
15000.
13. Display the depositors in branch ‘Andheri’ with amount<8000.
14. Display the employees whose job_id is ‘MK_MGR’ or dept_no is 10.
15. Display all the employees whose job_id is ‘MK_MGR’ and salary is less than
12000 or all those employees whose salary is greater than 3000 and less than
10000.
16. Display customer details who do not have account in branch ‘B7’.
17. Display all the customers who do not have loan between 3000 and 7000.
27
PRACTICAL NO: 4
OBJECTIVE: To study LIKE predicate, dual table concept and various

aggregation functions.
Commands:
1. Pattern matching (using LIKE predicate):

a) Retrive all employees whose name starts with R.
SQL>select * from emp where ename like 'r%';
----- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
e001 rani 2000 2 1
e002 ram 5000 2 1
e003 raja 7000 5 2
b) Retrive all employees whose name starts with R and of 4 characters.

SQL>select * from emp where ename like 'r___';
----- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
e001 rani 2000 2 1
e003 raja 7000 5 2
2. Dual table
SQL> desc dual;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
DUMMY VARCHAR2(1)
SQL> select * from dual;
D
-
X
SQL> select 2*3 from dual;
2*3
----------
6
SQL> select 2/3 from dual;
2/3
28
----------
.666666667
SQL> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE
---------
01-FEB-07
SQL> select round(15.91) from dual;
ROUND(15.91)
------------
16
SQL> SELECT TO_NUMBER('12345') FROM DUAL;
TO_NUMBER('12345')
------------------
12345
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(12345,'$099,999') FROM DUAL;
TO_CHAR(1
---------
$012,345
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(123,'$0999') FROM DUAL;
TO_CHA
------
$0123
SQL> CREATE TABLE T1(DT DATE);

Table created.
SQL> INSERT INTO T1 VALUES('12-JUN-2006');

1 row created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM T1;

DT
---------
12-JUN-06
29
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(DT,'MONTH DD,YYYY') "NEW DATE FORMAT"

FROM T1;
NEW DATE FORMAT
-----------------
JUNE 12,2006
SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(DT,'MONTH DD,YY') "NEW DATE FORMAT" FROM
T1;
NEW DATE FORMAT

---------------
JUNE 12,06
SQL> CREATE TABLE T2(ID CHAR(1),DOB DATE);

Table created.
SQL> INSERT INTO T2 VALUES('1',TO_DATE('30-JUL-2006 10:30 A.M.','DD-

MON-YY HH:MI A.M.'));
1 row created.
I DOB
- ---------
1 30-JUL-06
SQL> SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,4) FROM DUAL;
ADD_MONTH
---------
03-DEC-06
SQL> SELECT SYSDATE,LAST_DAY(SYSDATE) FROM DUAL;
SYSDATE LAST_DAY(
--------- ---------
03-AUG-06 31-AUG-06
SQL> SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN('21-FEB-2006','23-JAN-2007') FROM

DUAL;
MONTHS_BETWEEN('21-FEB-2006','23-JAN-2007')
-------------------------------------------
-11.06452
30
SQL> SELECT MONTHS_BETWEEN('21-FEB-2008','23-JAN-2007') FROM

DUAL;
MONTHS_BETWEEN('21-FEB-2008','23-JAN-2007')
-------------------------------------------
12.935484
SQL> SELECT NEXT_DAY('03-AUG-2006','SATURDAY') FROM DUAL;
NEXT_DAY(
---------
05-AUG-06
I DOB
- ---------
1 30-JUL-06
2 22-JAN-05
3 03-APR-03
SQL> SELECT ID,TO_CHAR(DOB,'DD-MM-YY') FROM T2 ORDER BY

TO_CHAR(DOB,'MM');
I TO_CHAR(
- --------
2 22-01-05
3 03-04-03
1 30-07-06
SQL> SELECT ID,TO_CHAR(DOB,'DDTH-MON-YY') FROM T2;
I TO_CHAR(DOB
- -----------
4 22ND-MAY-98
SQL> SELECT ID,TO_CHAR(DOB,'DDSP') FROM T2;
I TO_CHAR(DOB,
- ------------
4 TWENTY-TWO
SQL> SELECT ID,TO_CHAR(DOB,'DDSPTH') FROM T2;
I TO_CHAR(DOB,'D
- --------------
4 TWENTY-SECOND
31
SQL> SELECT UID FROM DUAL;
UID
---------
510
SQL> SELECT USER FROM DUAL;

USER
------------------------------
BHAVINI
3. Aggregation Functions:
SQL> select count(idno) from student;
COUNT(IDNO)
-----------
3
SQL> select count(marks) from student;

COUNT(MARKS)
------------
3
SQL> select count(idno) from student where name like 'y%';
COUNT(IDNO)
-----------
1
SQL> select count(idno) from student where name like 'y%';
COUNT(IDNO)
-----------
1
SQL> select sum(marks) totalmarks from student;
TOTALMARKS
----------
202
SQL> select sum(marks)/count(idno) avgmarks from student;
32
AVGMARKS
----------
67.3333333
SQL> select avg(marks) avgmarks from student;
AVGMARKS
----------
67.3333333
SQL> select max(marks) from student;
MAX(MARKS)
----------
89
SQL> select min(marks) from student;
MIN(MARKS)
----------
35
SQL> select * from student;
IDNO CPI NAME MARKS

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 6.8 yash 78
2 8.6 raj 89
3 4.7 chicks 35
SQL> select * from student where name like '_a%';
IDNO CPI NAME MARKS

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
1 6.8 yash 78
2 8.6 raj 89
SQL> create table std(idno number(1),name varchar(10),marks number(3));

Table created.
SQL> select * from std;
IDNO NAME MARKS

---------- ---------- ----------
33
1 ramesh 78
2 ram 56
2 ram 56
3 syam 70
SQL> select distinct * from std;
IDNO NAME MARKS

---------- ---------- ----------
1 ramesh 78
2 ram 56
3 syam 70
SQL> select distinct idno,name from std;
IDNO NAME
---------- ----------
1 ramesh
2 ram
3 syam
34
 Practical Set
1. Give details of account no. and deposited rupees of customers having

account opened between dates 01-01-06 and 25-07-06.
2. Display employee no, name and department details of those employee
whose department lies in(10,20)
3. Display all employee whose name start with ‘A’ and third character is ‘a’.
4. Display name, number and salary of those employees whose name is 5
characters long and first three characters are ‘Ani’.
5. Display the non-null values of employees and also employee name second
character should be ‘n’ and string should be 5 character long.
6. Display the null values of employee and also employee name’s third
character should be ‘a’.
7. What will be output if you are giving LIKE predicate as ‘%\_%’ ESCAPE ‘\’
8. Update the value dept_no to 10 where second character of emp_name is ‘m’.
9. Insert the data into sup2 from employee whose second character should be
‘n’ and string should be 5 characters long in employee name field.
10. Calculate and display the result of 2*2.
11. Write a query to display the current date. Label the column Date
12. List total deposit from deposit.
13. List total loan from karolbagh branch
14. Give maximum loan from branch vrce.
15. Count total number of customers
16. Count total number of customer’s cities.
17. Display name and salary of employee whose department no is 20. Give alias
name to name of employee.
35
PRACTICAL NO: 5
OBJECTIVE: To study Single-row functions
Commands:
Concatenation of data from table

SQL> select name || ' has social security number ' || ssn || ' and woking in dept. no ' ||
dno from empl;
NAME||'HASSOCIALSECURITYNUMBER'||SSN||'ANDWOKINGINDEPT.NO'||DNO
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
john has social security number 1 and woking in dept. no 5
frank has social security number 2 and woking in dept. no 5
alicia has social security number 3 and woking in dept. no 4
jenifer has social security number 4 and woking in dept. no 4
ramesh has social security number 5 and woking in dept. no 5
joyce has social security number 6 and woking in dept. no 5
ahmad has social security number 7 and woking in dept. no 4
james has social security number 8 and woking in dept. no 1
8 rows selected.
 Practical Set
1. For each employee, display the employee number, job, salary, and salary
increased by 15% and expressed as a whole number. Label the column New
Salary
2. Modify your query no 4.(1) to display the subtraction of the old salary from the
new salary. Label it as Increase.
3. Write a query that displays the employee’s names with the first letter
capitalized and all other letters lowercase, and the length of the names, for all
employees whose name starts with J, A, or M. Give each column an
appropriate label. Sort the results by the employees’ last names.
4. Write a query that produces the following for each employee: <employee first
name> earns <salary> monthly. (Hint: use CONCAT() function).
5. Display the date on which the account was opened of customer in a format
that appears as Seventh of June 1994 12:00:00 AM. (Hint: use
TO_CHAR(date, 'fmDdspth "of" Month YYYY fmHH:MI:SS AM' )
6. Write a query to calculate the annual compensation of all employees
(sal+comm.).
36
PRACTICAL NO: 6
OBJECTIVE: Displaying data from Multiple Tables (join)
Commands:
INNER JOIN
Query 1: retrieve name of the manager of each department.
Method 1:Theta-style
SQL> select dname,name from empl,deprt where empl.ssn=deprt.mgrssn;

DNAME NAME
-------- --------
research frank
admin jenifern
headqatr james
Method 2:Ansi-style
SQL> select dname,name from empl inner join deprt on empl.ssn=deprt.mgrssn;

DNAME NAME
-------- --------
research frank
admin jenifer
headqatr james
Query 2:
Method 1:Theta-style
SQL> select dname,name from empl,deprt where empl.ssn=deprt.mgrssn and

empl.name like 'j%';
DNAME NAME
-------- --------
admin jenifer
headqatr james
Method 2:Ansi-style
SQL> select dname,name from empl inner join deprt on empl.ssn=deprt.mgrssn

where empl.name='frank';
DNAME NAME
37
-------- --------
research frank
Query 3:

empl.name
like 'j%' order by empl.name;
DNAME NAME
-------- --------
headqatr james
admin jenifer

empl.name
like 'j%' order by deprt.dname;
DNAME NAME
-------- --------
admin jenifer
headqatr james
OUTER JOIN
[1] LEFT OUTER JOIN
Query: list of all employee names & also name of departments they manage.
SQL> select e.name,d.dname from empl e,deprt d where e.ssn=d.mgrssn(+);
NAME DNAME
-------- --------
john
frank research
alicia
jenifer admin
ramesh
joyce
ahmad
james headqatr
8 rows selected.
[2] RIGHT OUTER JOIN
Query: list of all employee names & also name of departments they manage.
38
SQL> select e.name,d.dname from empl e,deprt d where d.mgrssn(+)=e.ssn;

NAME DNAME
-------- --------
john
frank research
alicia
jenifer admin
ramesh
joyce
ahmad
james headqatr
8 rows selected.
CROSS JOIN
Query: to retrieve for each employee a list of the names of their dependants.
SQL> select e.name,d.depname from empl e cross join depen d where

e.ssn=d.essn;
NAME DEPNAME
-------- --------
frank alice
frank theod
frank joy
jenifer abner
john michel
john alice
john eliza
7 rows selected.
Query: supervisor of each employee
SQL> select e.name "employee",s.name "supervisor" from empl e,empl s where

e.superssn=s.ssn;
employee supervis
-------- --------
john frank
frank james
alicia jenifer
jenifer james
ramesh frank
joyce frank
ahmad jenifer
39
7 rows selected.
 Practical Set
1. Give details of customers ANIL.

2. Give name of customer who are borrowers and depositors and having living
city Nagpur.
3. Display the customer name and city at which the customer has account.
4. Display the employee name, department number and designation of
employees whose names start with letter S.
5. Display the name, department number and salary of all employees who work
in ‘Bombay’.
40
PRACTICAL NO: 7
OBJECTIVE: To apply the concept of Aggregating Data using Group functions.
Commands:
SQL> create table empl(name varchar(8),ssn number(1),salary number(6),superssn

number(1),dno number(1),primary key(ssn));
Table created.
SQL> create table deprt(dname varchar(8),dnumber number(1),mgrssn number(1));

Table created.
SQL> create table d_loc(dnumber number(1),dloc varchar(8),foreign key(dnumber)

references deprt(dnumber));
Table created.
SQL> create table prjt(pname varchar(8),pnumber number(2),dnum

number(1),primary
key(pnumber),foreign key(dnum) references deprt(dnumber);
Table created.
SQL> create table w_n(essn number(1),pno number(2),foreign key(essn) references

empl(ssn),foreign key(pno) references prjt(p
Table created.
SQL> create table depen(essn number(1),depname varchar(8),foreign key(essn)

references empl(ssn);
Table created.
SQL> select * from empl;
NAME SSN SALARY SUPERSSN DNO

-------- --------- --------- --------------- ---------
john 1 30000 2 5
frank 2 40000 8 5
alicia 3 25000 4 4
jenifer 4 43000 8 4
ramesh 5 38000 2 5
joyce 6 25000 2 5
8 rows selected.
SQL> select * from deprt;
DNAME DNUMBER MGRSSN
41
-------- --------- ---------

research 5 2
admin 4 4
headqatr 1 8
SQL> select * from w_n;
ESSN PNO
--------- ---------
1 1
1 2
5 3
6 1
6 2
2 2
2 3
2 10
2 20
3 30
3 10
7 10
7 30
4 30
4 20
8 20
16 rows selected.
SQL> select * from prjt;
PNAME PNUMBER DNUM

-------- --------- ---------
p-x 1 5
p-y 2 5
p-z 3 5
c 10 4
r 20 1
n 30 4
SQL> select * from depen;
ESSN DEPNAME
--------- --------
2 alice
2 theod
42
2 joy
4 abner
1 michel
1 alice
1 eliza
7 rows selected.
SQL> select * from d_loc;
DNUMBER DLOC
--------- --------
1 hos
4 staffrd
5 bell
5 sugland
5 hos
SQL> select dno,count(ssn) " no of emps",avg(salary) "avg. salary" from empl group
by
dno;
DNO no of emps avg. salary
---------- ----------- -----------
1 1 55000
4 3 31000
5 4 33250
by
dno having avg(salary)>32000;

------------- ----------- -----------
1 1 55000
5 4 33250
by
dno having count(ssn)=1;

---------- ----------- -----------
1 1 55000
43
by
rollup(dno,ssn);

---------- ----------- -----------
1 1 55000
1 1 55000
4 1 25000
4 1 43000
4 1 25000
4 3 31000
5 1 30000
5 1 40000
5 1 38000
5 1 25000
5 4 33250

---------- ----------- -----------
8 35125
12 rows selected.
by
cube(dno,ssn);

---------- ----------- -----------
1 1 55000
1 1 55000
4 1 25000
4 1 43000
4 1 25000
4 3 31000
44
 Practical Set
1. List total deposit of customer having account date after 1-jan-96.

2. List total deposit of customers living in city Nagpur.
3. List maximum deposit of customers living in bombay.
4. Display the highest, lowest, sum, and average salary of all employees. Label
the columns Maximum, Minimum, Sum, and Average, respectively. Round
your results to the nearest whole number.
5. Write a query that displays the difference between the highest and lowest
salaries. Label the column DIFFERENCE.
6. Create a query that will display the total number of accounts opened in 1995,
1996, 1997, and 1998.
7. Find the average salaries for each department without displaying the
respective department numbers.
8. Write a query to display the total salary being paid to each job title, within
each department.
9. Find the average salaries > 2000 for each department without displaying the
respective department numbers.
10. Display the job and total salary for each job with a total salary amount
exceeding 3000, in which excludes lecturer and sorts the list by the total
salary.
11. List the branches having sum of deposit more than 5000 and located in city
bombay.
45
PRACTICAL NO: 8
OBJECTIVE: To solve queries using the concept of sub query.
Commands:
SUBQUERIES
SQL> create table stdt(id number(1),name varchar(8));

Table created.
SQL> select * from stdt;
ID NAME
---------- --------
1 abc
2 pqr
3 xyz
4 def
5 ijk
SQL> create table stadd(id number(1),addr varchar(15),cpi number(4,2));

Table created.
SQL> select * from stadd;
ID ADDR CPI
---------- --------------- ----------
1 anand 8
2 baroda 7
3 ahmedabad 8.9
4 surat 5.9
5 rajkot 7.8
SQL> alter table stdt add primary key(id);

Table altered.
SQL> alter table stadd add constraint dev foreign key(id) references stdt;
Table altered.
SQL> select id,addr from stadd where id in(select id from stdt where name='def');
ID ADDR
---------- ---------------
4 surat
46
SQL> select id,addr from stadd where id not in(select id from stdt where name='def');
ID ADDR
---------- ---------------
1 anand
2 baroda
3 ahmedabad
5 rajkot
MULTI COLUMN SUBQUERY
Query: all the teacher having same name as student.
SQL> create table teacher(tid number(1),fname varchar(8),lname varchar(8));

Table created.
SQL> select * from teacher;
TID FNAME LNAME

--------- -------- --------
1 yash patel
2 raj dave
SQL> create table stu(id number(1),fname varchar(8),lname varchar(8));

Table created.
SQL> select * from stu;
ID FNAME LNAME
--------- -------- --------
1 sunil shah
2 yash patel
SQL> select fname,lname from teacher where(fname,lname) in(select fname,lname

from
stu);
FNAME LNAME
-------- --------
yash patel
USING EXISTS / NOT EXISTS OPERATOR
47
SQL> select id,fname,lname from stu s where exists(select fname from teacher
where
tid=s.id);
ID FNAME LNAME
--------- -------- --------
1 sunil shah
2 yash patel
SQL> select id,fname,lname from stu s where exists(select fname,lname from

teacher
where tid=s.id);
ID FNAME LNAME
--------- -------- --------
1 sunil shah
2 yash patel
ID FNAME LNAME
--------- -------- --------
1 sunil shah
2 yash patel
3 syam jain
4 akash gosai
TID FNAME LNAME

--------- -------- --------
1 yash patel
2 raj dave
SQL> select id,fname,lname from stu s where exists(select fname from teacher
where
tid=s.id);
ID FNAME LNAME
--------- -------- --------
1 sunil shah
2 yash patel
48

teacher
where tid=s.id);
ID FNAME LNAME
--------- -------- --------
1 sunil shah
2 yash patel
TID FNAME LNAME

--------- -------- --------
1 yash patel
2 raj dave
3 gaurav panchal
ID FNAME LNAME
--------- -------- --------
1 sunil shah
2 yash patel
3 syam jain
4 akash gosai

teacher
where tid=s.id);
ID FNAME LNAME
--------- -------- --------
1 sunil shah
2 yash patel
3 syam jain
SQL> select id,fname,lname from stu s where not exists(select fname,lname from
teacher
where tid=s.id);
ID FNAME LNAME
--------- -------- --------
4 akash gosai
49
USING SUBQUERY IN THE FROM CLAUSE
SQL> create table acct_mstr(accno char(3),branchno char(2),curbal number(8));

Table created.
SQL> select * from acct_mstr;
ACC BR CURBAL
--- -- ---------
sa1 b1 25000
sa2 b2 350000
sa3 b1 3200
ca1 b1 450000
ca2 b1 112000
ca3 b2 2100
6 rows selected.
Query: list accounts along with the current balance, the branch to which it belongs &
avg. balance of that branch, to which the account belongs.
SQL> select a.accno,a.curbal,a.branchno,b.avgbal from acct_mstr a,(select

branchno,avg(curbal) avgbal from acct_mstr group by branchno) b where
a.branchno=b.branchno;
ACC CURBAL BR AVGBAL

--- --------- -- ---------
sa1 25000 b1 147550
sa3 3200 b1 147550
ca1 450000 b1 147550
ca2 112000 b1 147550
sa2 350000 b2 176050
ca3 2100 b2 176050
6 rows selected.
USING CORRELATED SUB-QUERIES
Query: list accounts along with the current balance & the branch no which it belongs,
having a balance more than the average balance of the branch, to which the account
belongs.
SQL> select accno,curbal,branchno from acct_mstr a where curbal>(select

avg(curbal) from acct_mstr where branchno=a.branchno);
ACC CURBAL BR
--- --------- --
50
sa2 350000 b2
ca1 450000 b1
USING SUBQUERY IN AN ORDER BY CLAUSE
SQL> create table branch_mstr(branchno char(2),name varchar(15));

Table created.
SQL> select * from branch_mstr;

BR NAME
-- ---------------
b1 abc
b2 def
b3 pqr
b4 xyz
b5 lmn
b6 ijk
6 rows selected.
SQL> alter table branch_mstr add primary key(branchno);
Table altered.
SQL> create table emp_mstr(empno char(2),branchno char(2),fname

varchar(10),lname varchar(10),dept varchar(10),primary key(empno),foreign
key(branchno) references branch_mstr);
Table created.
SQL> select * from branch_mstr;
BR NAME
-- ---------------
b1 abc
b2 def
b3 pqr
b4 xyz
b5 lmn
b6 ijk
6 rows selected.
SQL> select * from emp_mstr;
EM BR FNAME LNAME DEPT

-- -- ---------- ---------- ----------
e1 b1 yash patel marketing
e2 b1 mahesh panchal loan
e3 b2 ramesh dave admin
51
e4 b3 suresh parmar loan
Query: List the employees of the bank in the order of the branch names at which
they are employed
SQL> select empno,(fname || '' ||lname) "name" ,dept from emp_mstr e order
by(select
name from branch_mstr b where e.branchno=b.branchno);
EM name DEPT
-- -------------------- ----------
e1 yashpatel marketing
e2 maheshpanchal loan
e3 rameshdave admin
e4 sureshparmar loan
 Practical Set
1. Write a query to display the name and salary of any employee in the same
department as smith. Exclude smith.
2. Give name of customers who are depositors having same branch city of mr.
anil.
3. Give deposit details and loan details of customer in same city where pramod
is living.
4. Create a query to display the employee numbers and last names of all
employees who earn more than the average salary. Sort the results in
ascending order of salary.
5. Give names of depositors having same living city as mr. anil and having
deposit amount greater than 2000.
6. Display the department number, name, and job for every employee with job
same of snehal.
7. List the name of branch having highest number of depositors.
8. Give the name of cities where in which the maximum numbers of branches
are located.
9. Give name of customers living in same city where maximum depositors are
located.
52
PRACTICAL NO: 9
OBJECTIVE: To solve queries by manipulating Data.
 Practical List
1. Give 10% interest to all depositors.

2. Give 10% interest to all depositors having branch vrce
3. Give 10% interest to all depositors living in nagpur and having branch city
bombay.
4. Write a query which changes the department number of all employees with
empno 7788’s job to employee 7844’current department number.
5. Give 100 Rs more to all depositors if they are maximum depositors in their
respective branch.
6. Delete depositors of branches having number of customers between 1 to 3.
7. Delete deposit of vijay.
8. Delete borrower of branches having average loan less than 1000.
53
PRACTICAL NO: 10
OBJECTIVE: To apply the concept of security and privileges.
THEORY: oracle provides security in oreder to safeguard information stored in

table,view.depending on user’s status & responcibility ,appropriate rights on
oracle’s reasource can be assigned to user by DBA.they are called privileges.
Commands:
[1] GRANT
User1: bhavini
SQL> desc s;
Name Null? Type
------------------------------- -------- ----
SNO NOT NULL CHAR(3)
SNAME VARCHAR2(8)
SQL> select * from s;
SNO SNAME
--- --------
s1 abc
s2 def
s3 pqr
s4 xyz
s5 ijk
s6 lmn
6 rows selected.
SQL> grant select on s to a1;
Grant succeeded.
User2: a1
SQL> select * from bhavini.s;
SNO SNAME
----- -------
s1 abc
s2 def
s3 pqr
54
s4 xyz
s5 ijk
s6 lmn
6 rows selected.
SQL> insert into bhavini.s values('s7','dgh');

insert into bhavini.s values('s7','dgh')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
User1: bhavini
SQL> grant insert on s to a1;

Grant succeeded.
User2: a1
SQL> insert into bhavini.s values('s7','dgh');

1 row created.
SQL> select * from bhavini.s;
SNO SNAME
--- --------
s1 abc
s2 def
s3 pqr
s4 xyz
s5 ijk
s6 lmn
s7 dgh
7 rows selected.
User1: bhavini
SNO SNAME
------- --------
s1 abc
s2 def
55
s3 pqr
s4 xyz
s5 ijk
s6 lmn
6 rows selected.
User2: a1
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
User1: bhavini
SNO SNAME
--- --------
s1 abc
s2 def
s3 pqr
s4 xyz
s5 ijk
s6 lmn
s7 dgh
7 rows selected.
[2] REVOKE
User1: bhavini
SQL> revoke insert on s from a1;
Revoke succeeded.
User2: a1
SQL> insert into bhavini.s values('s8','asd');

insert into bhavini.s values('s8','asd')
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01031: insufficient privileges
56
PRACTICAL NO: 11
OBJECTIVE: To study Transaction control commands.
TCL (TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE)

COMMIT
ROLL BACK
SAVE POINT
PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert the record into table
STEP 4: Update the existing records into the table
STEP 5: Delete the records in to the table
STEP 6: use save point if any changes occur in any portion of the record to undo its
original state.
STEP 7: use rollback for completely undo the records
STEP 6: use commit for permanently save the records.
COMMIT:
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: COMMIT command is used to save the
Records.
ROLLBACK:
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: ROLL BACK command is used to undo the
Records.
SAVE POINT:
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: SAVE POINT command is used to undo the
Records in a particular transaction.
57

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Government Engineering College, Patan

Computer Science and Engineering Department

6 02 To study various Data Constraints. 12 12

10 06 To Display data from Multiple Tables (join). 40 03

REVISION RECORD SHEET

SR.NO. EXPERIMENT NAME OF EXPERIMENT DATE OF NO.

CONTROL COPY HOLDER

SR.NO EXPT. CONTROL COPY REVISION ISSUE

1. Start computer only after obtaining permission of the concerned

OBJECTIVE: To study various DDL commands and DML-insert command.

 Structured Query Language (SQL) is a language that provides an interface to

 Basic SQL Data types:

(2) Varchar2(size): Used to store variable length alphanumeric data.

Syntax for describing the table:

DESC <TABLE NAME>;

2. Modifying the structure of tables.

a) Add new columns

SQL> desc emp;

b) Dropping a column from a table.

SQL> desc emp;

c) Modifying existing columns.

SQL> desc emp;

3. Renaming the tables

SQL> desc emp1;

4. Truncating the tables.

a) All rows and all columns

a) Selected columns and all rows:

b) Selected rows and all columns:

c) Selected columns and selected rows

Create tables according to the following definition.

From the above given tables perform the following queries:

1. Describe tables deposit and branch.

OBJECTIVE: To study various Data Constraints.

CONSTRAINTS CAN BE CREATED IN THREE WAYS:

SQL> insert into std1 values(&idno,'&name');

old 1: insert into std1 values(&idno,'&name')

SQL> insert into st1 values(&idno,'&name');

c) Composite Primary Key

SQL> create table p_s1(idno number(1), name varchar(10), primary

SQL> desc p_s1

SQL> insert into p_s1 values(&idno,'&name');

->at column level CPK is not possible

2. Foreign key/references: is used create referential integrity with other table.

SQL> insert into f_std1 values(&idno,&cpi);

new 1: insert into f_std1 values(1,6.89)

SQL> create table std1(idno number(1),name varchar(10),cpi number(4,2)

check (cpi>=0.0 and cpi<=10.0));

SQL> create table std1(idno char(2) check(idno like 'i%'),name varchar(10),

SQL> insert into std1 values('&idno','&name',&cpi);

old 1: insert into std1 values('&idno','&name',&cpi)

SQL> create table std1(idno number(1),name varchar(10),cpi

SQL> create table std1(idno char(2),name varchar(10),cpi number(4,2),

SQL> drop table f_std1;

SQL> drop table std1;

SQL> create table std1(idno number(1) unique,name varchar(10));

SQL> insert into std1 values(&idno,'&name');

ORA-00001: unique constraint (DINESH.SYS_C008981) violated

SQL> insert into std1(name) values('def');

SQL> select * from std1;

SQL> drop table std1;

->more than one unique key is possible

SQL> create table std1(idno number(1),name

5. Not null: is used to disallow null values for attribute.

SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP13