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Test Bank For The Art of Reasoning An Introduction To Logic and Critical Thinking, Fourth Edition Download PDF Full Chapter
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The Art of Reasoning An Introduction to Logic and
Critical Thinking, Fourth Edition
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reasoning-an-introduction-to-logic-and-critical-thinking-fourth-edition/
CHAPTER 2: Definitions
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following does the text mention as a function of logical definitions?
a. They reveal the many layers of metaphorical meaning in a concept.
b. They allow the person who makes the definitions to have power over others.
c. They reveal the relationships between one concept and others.
d. They help to settle heated arguments over the meaning of a word.
e. They indicate how we should feel about the concept being defined.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 TOP: I. Functions of a definition
MSC: Factual
2. Which of the following does the text mention as a function of logical definitions?
a. They help us to sound intelligent.
b. They provide confidence in dealing with a concept.
c. They help to correct what the dictionaries get wrong.
d. They tell us what is and what is not included in the concept.
e. They help us to distinguish what is true from what is false.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 TOP: I. Functions of a definition
MSC: Factual
3. Which of the following does the text mention as a function of logical definitions?
a. They provide us with a sense of how a concept has developed over time.
b. They provide a list of paradigmatic examples for the concept.
c. They tell us what part of speech the concept is.
d. They provide a summary statement about the concept’s referents.
e. They tell us how to use the word in a grammatically correct way.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 TOP: I. Functions of a definition
MSC: Factual
4. Will every concept have obvious sharp borders that separate it from other concepts?
a. No, because every concept shares referents with all other concepts.
b. No, because for some concepts, sharp borders either are not obvious or do not exist.
c. Yes for concepts of visible things, but no for concepts of invisible things.
d. Yes for concepts of invisible things, but no for concepts of visible things.
e. Yes, such borders will always be obvious.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 TOP: I. Functions of a definition
MSC: Conceptual
5. When we teach someone what a concept means by pointing out a physical example and saying, “things
like that,” we are providing an ostensive definition, rather than a logical one. Is it possible to provide
an ostensive definition for every concept?
a. Yes, because every concept has physical examples.
b. Yes, because that is how we all learned the language as babies.
c. Yes, because everything with a logical definition also has an ostensive one.
d. No, because people won’t know whether we are pointing at the thing or its color.
e. No, because some concepts do not have physical examples at which to point.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 2.1 TOP: I. Functions of a definition
MSC: Conceptual
8. What is the most obvious way that the following definition violates the rules?
NutraSweet: an artificial sweetener that is not sugar
a. It uses negative terms unnecessarily. d. It uses obscure language.
b. It is too narrow. e. It has no genus.
c. It uses metaphorical language.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II. Rules for logical definitions MSC: Applied
9. What is the most obvious way that the following definition violates the rules?
bed: a piece of furniture
a. It is circular. d. It uses metaphorical language.
b. It has no genus. e. It has no differentia.
c. It is too narrow.
ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II. Rules for logical definitions MSC: Applied
10. What is the most obvious way that the following definition violates the rules?
moon: a large lump of rock
a. It uses obscure language. d. It does not state the essential attributes.
b. It is too narrow. e. It has no genus.
c. It is circular.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II. Rules for logical definitions MSC: Applied
11. What is the most obvious way that the following definition violates the rules?
gallon: the volume of matter required to fill a one-gallon jug
a. It is too broad. d. It has no differentia.
b. It uses obscure language. e. It uses metaphorical language.
c. It is circular.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II. Rules for logical definitions MSC: Applied
12. What is the most obvious way that the following definition violates the rules?
love: the music of life
a. It uses metaphorical language. d. It has no differentia.
b. It uses obscure language. e. It has no genus.
c. It is circular.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II. Rules for logical definitions MSC: Applied
13. What is the most obvious way that the following definition violates the rules?
motorcycle: a two-wheeled vehicle
a. It is circular. d. It uses metaphorical language.
b. It is too broad. e. It uses vague language.
c. It has no genus.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II. Rules for logical definitions MSC: Applied
14. What is the most obvious way that the following definition violates the rules?
lukewarm: the temperature at which something is heated enough
a. It doesn’t state the essential attributes. d. It uses obscure language.
b. It has no genus. e. It uses vague language.
c. It has no differentia.
ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II. Rules for logical definitions MSC: Applied
15. What is the most obvious way that the following definition violates the rules?
nose: a superficial protrusion harboring one terminus of the respiratory tract of a terrestrial
vertebrate
a. It is too broad. d. It uses vague language.
b. It uses negative terms unnecessarily. e. It uses obscure language.
c. It doesn’t state the essential attributes.
ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II. Rules for logical definitions MSC: Applied
16. What is the most obvious way that the following definition violates the rules?
soup: a warm, fluid food item made from a tomato base
a. It uses negative terms unnecessarily. d. It is circular.
b. It has no differentia. e. It uses obscure language.
c. It is too narrow.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II. Rules for logical definitions MSC: Applied
17. What is the most obvious way that the following definition violates the rules?
prune: what you get when you dry a plum
a. It has no genus. d. It uses metaphorical language.
b. It is circular. e. It uses negative terms unnecessarily.
c. It is too narrow.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2
TOP: II. Rules for logical definitions MSC: Applied
19. Can a definition violate more than one of the rules discussed in the chapter?
a. Yes, because violating any rule would necessarily involve violating another.
b. Yes, because every definition violates at least two rules.
c. Yes, because a definition might be very poorly constructed.
d. No, because the rules are all mutually exclusive.
e. No, because a flawed definition is always flawed in exactly one way.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II. Rules for logical definitions MSC: Conceptual
20. Can a definition violate one of the rules and still be meaningful?
a. No, since a violation of the rules would make the definition self-contradictory.
b. No, since a violation of the rules would reduce the definition to complete nonsense.
c. Yes, but only when the problem is that the definition is too narrow or too broad.
d. Yes, because it might still contain helpful information about the concept.
e. Yes, but only when the problem is that the definition lacks a genus.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2
TOP: II. Rules for logical definitions MSC: Conceptual
22. Which involves a higher level of abstraction, a definition’s genus or its differentia?
a. genus d. whichever appears first
b. differentia e. whichever appears second
c. they are equally abstract
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II.A. What a logical definition should include MSC: Conceptual
23. If a definition begins with “when” or “where,” this is often a sign that:
a. it will be an excellent definition d. it will not include a genus
b. it will be too broad e. it will be circular
c. it will be too narrow
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.2 TOP: II.A.1. Genus
MSC: Factual
38. Can a definition be both too broad and too narrow at the same time?
a. No, because these are opposites.
b. No, because if a concept has too many referents, it can’t also have too few.
c. No, because if it is too broad, it will be a genus, and if too narrow, it will be a species.
d. Yes, because it can both include referents incorrectly and exclude referents incorrectly.
e. Yes, because all definitions that are too broad must also be too narrow.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.2
TOP: II.B. What a logical definition should not be MSC: Conceptual
39. If a definition is neither too broad nor too narrow, will all of the referents of the concept also be
referents of the definition?
a. Yes, and all of the referents of the definition will also be referents of the concept.
b. Yes, but some of the referents of the definition will not be referents of the concept.
c. Yes, but none of the referents of the definition will also be referents of the concept.
d. No, because none will.
e. No, although most will.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2
TOP: II.B. What a logical definition should not be MSC: Conceptual
42. If a definition is too broad, will all of the referents of the concept also be referents of the definition?
a. Yes, always.
b. Yes, unless the definition is also too narrow.
c. Yes, but only if the definition is also too narrow.
d. No, unless the definition is also too narrow.
e. No.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2 TOP: II.B.1. Too broad
MSC: Conceptual
47. If we define humans as “religious animals,” which of the following would be a counterexample?
a. a Muslim d. a priest
b. an atheist e. a squirrel
c. a Catholic
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.2
TOP: II.B.2.a. C unterexamples MSC: Applied
48. If we define a photograph as “a two-dimensional image of a person,” which of the following would be
a counterexample?
a. a three-dimensional image of a person
b. a two-dimensional image of a cat
c. a two-dimensional image of Ozzy Osbourne
d. Ozzy Osbourne
e. a photo album
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II.B.2.a. Counterexamples MSC: Applied
49. If we define a rifle as “a handheld weapon,” which of the following would be a counterexample?
a. a tank d. a feather
b. a soldier e. a uniform
c. a bow and arrow
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2
TOP: II.B.2.a. Counterexamples MSC: Applied
50. Will there always be counterexamples when a definition is too broad or too narrow?
a. Yes.
b. Yes if it is too narrow, but no if it is too broad.
c. Yes if it is too broad, but no if it is too narrow.
d. No.
e. It depends on whether the concept itself has real referents in the world.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II.B.2.a. Counterexamples MSC: Conceptual
51. Counterexamples are used to show that a definition violates which rule?
a. A logical definition requires a genus.
b. A definition should not be circular.
c. A definition should not use negative terms unnecessarily.
d. A definition should not be too broad or too narrow.
e. A definition should not use language that is obscure.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II.B.2.a. Counterexamples MSC: Conceptual
54. Which of the following is the most essential attribute of the concept “heart”?
a. its sound d. its life expectancy
b. its color e. its smell
c. its circulation of blood
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.2
TOP: II.C. A definition should state the essential attributes MSC: Applied
55. Which of the following is the most essential attribute of the concept “dish detergent?”
a. viscous liquid d. pine-scented
b. used to clean dishes e. creates bubbles on surface of water
c. green
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II.C. A definition should state the essential attributes MSC: Applied
56. Which of the following definitions most obviously fails to state any essential attributes?
a. The Olympics is an international competitive sporting event.
b. An airplane is a flying machine that is used for transportation.
c. A regular octagon is a closed plane figure with eight equal sides and eight equal angles.
d. An angel is a divine messenger.
e. Cork is one of the major exports of Portugal.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2
TOP: II.C. A definition should state the essential attributes MSC: Applied
57. Which of the following definitions most obviously fails to state any essential attributes?
a. Venus is the second planet from the sun.
b. Diamond is a crystalline, carbon-based mineral.
c. Kiribati is an island nation in the South Pacific.
d. The giant panda is the emblem of the World Wildlife Fund.
e. Brackish water is water that is saltier than freshwater but less salty than seawater.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2
TOP: II.C. A definition should state the essential attributes MSC: Applied
63. Does a circular definition always lack a genus, or does it always lack a differentia?
a. genus
b. differentia
c. It always lacks both.
d. It never lacks either.
e. Circularity has nothing to do with lacking a genus or differentia.
ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II.D. A definition should not be circular MSC: Conceptual
64. Which of the following best expresses the rule about using negative terms in definitions?
a. No definition should ever have any negative terms in it.
b. Every definition should have at least one negative term so that we know what is excluded
from it.
c. Negative terms are usually okay, but should be avoided if they are confusing.
d. Negative terms are usually to be avoided, but are okay when defining inherently negative
concepts.
e. A definition should never have two negative terms, since that would be a double negative.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 2.2
TOP: II.E. A definition should not use negative terms unnecessarily
MSC: Factual
65. Which of the following definitions violates the rule against using negative terms?
a. Raw meat is meat that is uncooked.
b. An automobile is a horseless carriage.
c. Swiss cheese is a type of cheese with holes in it.
d. A free item is an item for which you don’t have to pay.
e. A convertible is a car with a roof that can be retracted or removed.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.2
TOP: II.E. A definition should not use negative terms unnecessarily
MSC: Applied
66. Which of the following definitions uses negative terms in an acceptable way?
a. A fluorescent light is a light without a tungsten filament.
b. A shark is a fish without scales.
c. A bachelor is a man who is unmarried.
d. A pine tree is a tree with no leaves.
e. An enemy is someone who doesn’t send you a birthday card.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 2.2
TOP: II.E. A definition should not use negative terms unnecessarily
MSC: Applied
67. Which of the following definitions violates the rule against using negative terms?
a. A clean driving record is a driving record with no violations listed.
b. Timelessness is the property of not being associated with any particular time.
c. A girl is a child who is not a boy.
d. Absence is the property of not being present.
e. Junk food is food that is not good for you.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II.E. A definition should not use negative terms unnecessarily
MSC: Applied
68. Which of the following definitions uses negative terms in an acceptable way?
a. A whale is an animal that lives in the water but is not a fish.
b. A team is a group of individuals who are not simply playing for their own benefit.
c. A lethargic person is a person who does not run or jog.
d. A silent film is a film without sound.
e. A king is a man who is not a peasant.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II.E. A definition should not use negative terms unnecessarily
MSC: Applied
69. Negative terms are usually only necessary when the concept being defined:
a. has no essential attributes. d. belongs to a very small genus.
b. is a negative concept. e. is a noun.
c. belongs to a very large genus.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 2.2
TOP: II.E. A definition should not use negative terms unnecessarily
MSC: Conceptual
74. Is a definition too vague if it uses the words “sometimes,” “something,” or “somewhere”?
a. Any of those three would make it too vague.
b. Only “sometimes” would make it too vague.
c. Only “something” would make it too vague.
d. Only “somewhere” would make it too vague.
e. It would depend on how those words are being used and on the concept being defined.
ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 2.2 TOP: II.F.1. Vague
MSC: Conceptual
78. If a definition uses the word “antidisestablishmentarianism,” then is the definition too obscure?
a. Only if the concept being defined is less obscure than antidisestablishmentarianism.
b. Only if the concept being defined is more obscure than antidisestablishmentarianism.
c. Only if the concept being defined is very complex.
d. Definitely yes.
e. Definitely no.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.2 TOP: II.F.2. Obscure
MSC: Conceptual
82. Could the same word be metaphorical in one definition and literal in another?
a. Yes, because no word could be used metaphorically in two different ways.
b. Yes, because no word could be used literally in two different ways.
c. Yes, because the word could be used differently between the two definitions.
d. No, because every word is either metaphorical or literal.
e. No, because then one of the definitions would not be a good definition.
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.2 TOP: II.F.3. Metaphorical
MSC: Conceptual
83. Is it possible to violate any of the rules for definitions when choosing a genus?
a. No, because all rule violations occur when choosing the differentia.
b. No, because no matter how broad the genus, the definition can be made good by providing
enough differentia.
c. No, because the rules only tell us that a genus is required, but say nothing about what the
genus must be.
d. Yes, because all rule violations involve choosing the wrong genus.
e. Yes, because, for example, the genus could make the definition circular.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: 2.2 TOP: III.A. Choosing a genus
MSC: Conceptual
88. When dealing with a concept about which there is controversy, it is usually best to:
a. provide several definitions that present different perspectives
b. provide a definition that is as neutral as possible
c. provide a definition that endorses your own thinking on the subject
d. provide a definition that endorses the majority’s thinking on the subject
e. avoid defining the concept until there is general agreement about it
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 TOP: III. Constructing definitions
MSC: Conceptual
89. A good definition should apply principally to:
a. every possible meaning of a word
b. all metaphorical uses of a word
c. most metaphorical uses of a word
d. both metaphorical and literal uses of a word
e. the literal meaning of the word
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 2.3 TOP: III. Constructing definitions
MSC: Conceptual
93. Which of the following would be the best genus for a definition of coin?
a. physical object d. disk
b. money e. collectible item
c. metal object
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 2.3 TOP: III.A. Choosing a genus
MSC: Applied
95. Which of the following would be the best genus for a definition of ice cream?
a. food d. compound
b. consumable e. dessert
c. substance
ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 2.3 TOP: III.A. Choosing a genus
MSC: Applied
96. Which of the following would be the best genus for a definition of ground pepper?
a. organism d. cayenne
b. plant e. black
c. spice
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.3 TOP: III.A. Choosing a genus
MSC: Applied
97. Which of the following would be the best genus for a definition of ice hockey?
a. activity d. sport
b. pastime e. event
c. Canadian
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 2.3 TOP: III.A. Choosing a genus
MSC: Applied
100. Shown below is a concept to define, followed by the genus that has been selected for the definition.
Please choose the differentia that best COMPLETES the definition. (The definition might not be
perfect, but choose the BEST one.)
rainbow: meteorological phenomenon
a. occurs after rain
b. more common in some regions than in others
c. spectrum of light in the sky
d. only observed during daylight hours
e. mentioned in a song from The Wizard of Oz
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 2.3 TOP: III.B. Choosing differentia
MSC: Applied
101. Shown below is a concept to define, followed by the genus that has been selected for the definition.
Please choose the differentia that best COMPLETES the definition. (The definition might not be
perfect, but choose the BEST one.)
door: architectural feature
a. has a door knob d. used to enter or to leave a room
b. usually 7 feet high e. comes in several varieties
c. swivels on hinges
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 2.3 TOP: III.B. Choosing differentia
MSC: Applied
102. Shown below is a concept to define, followed by the genus that has been selected for the definition.
Please choose the differentia that best COMPLETES the definition. (The definition might not be
perfect, but choose the BEST one.)
camera: a device
a. used to take pictures
b. handheld
c. zoom lens
d. consists of plastic, glass and metal components
e. digital
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 2.3 TOP: III.B. Choosing differentia
MSC: Applied
103. Shown below is a concept to define, followed by the genus that has been selected for the definition.
Please choose the differentia that best COMPLETES the definition. (The definition might not be
perfect, but choose the BEST one.)
tricycle: a vehicle
a. used by small children d. seats only one rider
b. has three wheels e. invented in the 18th century
c. moves very slowly
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 2.3 TOP: III.B. Choosing differentia
MSC: Applied
105. Having too many differentia could make a definition , whereas having too few differentia
could make it .
a. obscure; vague d. too broad; vague
b. circular; too narrow e. too narrow; too broad
c. circular; too broad
ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 2.3 TOP: III.B. Choosing differentia
MSC: Conceptual
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XV.
Moni tyttö häntä mielien katsoisi, kun uskaltaisi, mutta hän on niin
yksinäinen ja ylpeä, ettei kukaan uskalla häntä lähestyä.
Niin nuorisoseurako?
— Mitä?
— Älä.
— Se on tosi.
— Kenen se on?
Hän aukaisi oven. Mutta hän ei tahtonut uskoa todeksi, mitä näki.
Kirjoja pitkät hyllyt yhdellä seinällä ihan täynnä ja niin hyvässä
järjestyksessä. Tämähän on harvinaista, mietti Lauri Saha. Mihin
olen tullutkaan.
— Saanko luvan kysyä, miksi ette anna? kysyi Lauri Saha, sillä
hän päätteli mielessään: sittenkin ahdasmielinen, ehkä
uskonnollisten seikkain tähden vastustaa nuorisoseuraliikettä. Hän
varustautui odotettuun taisteluun.
— Kuinka?
— En, puhukaa!
— Kyllä tavallaan. Niin, ja jos sitten tuo joukko nyt vihdoinkin jotain
vaatii, vaikkapa vain saada osansa sivistyksestä nuorisoseuratyön
muodossa, niin tuota liikettä tuomitaan sen vuoksi, koska se vielä
maistuu raa'alle, koska siinä on vielä seassa todellakin raakuutta ja
tietämättömyyttä, sen vuoksi, koska se liike on tietämättömien liike,
jotka juuri silmänsä ovat auki saaneet ja vaativat ihmishengen
tuloksista osansa. Lauri Saha pysähtyi hiukan ja näytti miettivän.