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vi • Br i ef Ta b l e o f Co n t e n t s
Chapter 7 Service Providers................................................................177

Professional Helpers.......................................................................179
Agency Volunteers..........................................................................189
Peer Helpers...................................................................................194
Unpaid Caregivers..........................................................................198
Chapter 8 Planned Change in Micro, Mezzo, and Macro
Systems................................................................................206
Change at the Micro Level: Individuals, Families, and
Small Groups..................................................................................208
Change at the Mezzo Level: Organizations....................................215
Change at the Macro Level: Communities.....................................222
PART 3 MEETING THE NEEDS OF CANADIANS

THROUGH PROGRAMS AND SERVICES............. 235
Chapter 9 The Social Welfare of Canadians Living in Poverty........237

Poverty in Canada..........................................................................238
The Effects of Poverty....................................................................245
Organized Responses to Poverty....................................................251
Working with Low-Income and Marginalized Groups...................263
Chapter 10 The Social Welfare of Children and Their Families........267
Meeting the Developmental Needs of Children and Youth...........270
Parental and Family Influences on Child Development................279
Family Violence..............................................................................285
Social Work with Families with Children.....................................295
Chapter 11 Social Welfare and Older Canadians...............................298
Organized Approaches to Meeting Seniors’ Needs........................301
Ensuring the Well-Being of Seniors...............................................310
Seniors’ Housing and Supports for Independence.........................317
Work and Participation..................................................................322
Gerontological Social Work...........................................................326
Chapter 12 The Social Welfare of Aboriginal Canadians. .................330
Historical Roots of Canada’s “Indian Policy”.................................333
Bridging the Divide between Government and Indigenous
Peoples...........................................................................................336
Healing and Wellness in Aboriginal Communities........................342
Issues and Achievements of Selected Groups................................351
Aboriginal Children and Youth......................................................356
Social Work with Aboriginal Peoples............................................361
Chapter 13 The Social Welfare of Recent Immigrants.......................365
Backgrounder: Canada’s Immigration Policy.................................367
The Settlement Process..................................................................373
Settlement Patterns and Issues......................................................379
Challenges for Selected Immigrant Groups...................................384
Social Workers and Settlement Practice........................................390
NEL
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B r i e f T a b l e of C on t e n t s • vii
Chapter 14 Social Welfare and People with Disabilities....................395

Disability in Canada.......................................................................398
Canada’s Disability Policy Agenda.................................................404
Achievements and Challenges in Selected Life Areas....................415
Implications for Social Work Practice...........................................422
Appendix A Historical Highlights........................................................427
Appendix B Globalization and Social Welfare....................................445
Glossary.......................................................................................................... 453
References..................................................................................................... 483
Index................................................................................................................ 537
NEL
Table of Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................xxi
PART 1 SOCIAL WELFARE IN CANADA:

AN OVERVIEW...................................................... 1
Chapter 1 The Nature of Canadian Social Welfare..............................3

Objectives...........................................................................................3
Introduction.......................................................................................3
1. The Scope and Purpose of the Social Welfare System...................4
Measuring Social Well-Being.................................................................... 5
The Primary Functions of the Social Welfare System................................ 7
Identifying Human Needs............................................................... 7
Meeting Human Needs................................................................... 8
Discussion Questions: The Scope and Purpose of the Social
Welfare System.................................................................................10
2. Social Welfare Programs and Services.........................................10
Income Security Programs...................................................................... 11
Social Services........................................................................................ 12
Program Eligibility.................................................................................. 13
Targeted Programs....................................................................... 13
Universal Programs..................................................................... 15
Discussion Questions: Social Welfare Programs and Services........17
3. Social Welfare Provision: Ideology and Approaches...................18
Political Ideology..................................................................................... 18
Conservatism.......................................................................................... 18
Social Democracy................................................................................... 20
Liberalism............................................................................................... 21
Approaches to Social Welfare Provision.................................................. 22
Residual Approach to Social Welfare............................................ 22
Institutional Approach to Social Welfare...................................... 23
Social Investment Approach to Social Welfare.............................. 26
Discussion Questions: Social Welfare Provision:
Ideology and Approaches.................................................................27
Summary..........................................................................................27
Key Terms........................................................................................28
Chapter 2 Social Welfare Policy. ........................................................29
Objectives.........................................................................................29
Introduction.....................................................................................29
1. Stage 1: Identifying Social Problems and Issues..........................31
From Social Conditions to Social Issues and Problems............................ 32
Changing Perceptions of Social Problems................................................ 33
NEL ix
x • T a b l e of Co n t e n t s
Discussion Questions: Stage 1: Identifying Social Problems

and Issues.........................................................................................34
2. Stage 2: Understanding Social Issues and Problems....................34
Social Knowledge.................................................................................... 34
Defining and Measuring Social Problems................................................ 37
Discussion Questions: Stage 2: Understanding Social Issues
and Problems....................................................................................38
3. Stage 3: Consulting and Reviewing..............................................39
Government Participants........................................................................ 40
Federalism and Cost-Sharing Arrangements................................ 40
Regional Differences..................................................................... 41
Intergovernmental Cooperation.................................................... 42
Non-Government Participants................................................................ 44
Citizens........................................................................................ 45
Interest Groups............................................................................ 45
International Bodies..................................................................... 46
Discussion Questions: Stage 3: Consulting and Reviewing.............48
4. Stage 4: Formalizing Policy..........................................................48
Deciding on the Mix of Policies............................................................... 49
Choosing an Approach............................................................................ 50
Authorizing Social Policy........................................................................ 50
Legislated Policies......................................................................... 50
Non-Binding Policies.................................................................... 52
Discussion Questions: Stage 4: Formalizing Policy.........................52
5. Stage 5: Implementing Policy.......................................................52
Discussion Questions: Stage 5: Implementing Policy......................53
6. Stage 6: Evaluating Policies..........................................................53
Models of Analysis.................................................................................. 54
A Logic Model.............................................................................. 54
A Process Model........................................................................... 55
Analysis Through Lenses......................................................................... 55
An Inclusion Lens......................................................................... 56
A Life-Course Lens....................................................................... 57
Amending, Replacing, or Repealing Policy.............................................. 58
Discussion Questions: Stage 6: Evaluating Policies.........................60
Summary..........................................................................................60
Key Terms........................................................................................62
Chapter 3 Historical Foundations. ......................................................63
Objectives.........................................................................................63
Introduction.....................................................................................63
1. The Early Phase (Colonial Times to Confederation)...................64
Social Welfare in New France................................................................ 64
The Protestant Work Ethic..................................................................... 66
Poor Law Principles and Public Relief..................................................... 67
Confederation......................................................................................... 70
NEL
T a b l e of C on t e n t s • xi
Discussion Questions: The Early Phase (Colonial Times to

Confederation).................................................................................70
2. The Transitional Phase (Confederation to Second
World War)......................................................................................70
Social Movements and Changing Attitudes............................................. 71
The Labour Movement and Workers’ Compensation.................... 71
Improving Conditions for Women and Children........................... 72
The First World War, Pensions, and Allowances.................................... 73
Income Security for Elderly Canadians................................................... 75
Rising Unemployment in the “Dirty Thirties”.......................................... 75
Unemployment Insurance....................................................................... 78
Discussion Questions: The Transitional Phase
(Confederation to Second World War)............................................78
3. The Interventionist Phase (Second World War to
Mid-1970s).......................................................................................79
The Marsh Report on Social Security...................................................... 79
Family Allowances Act of 1944.............................................................. 81
Solidifying Canada’s Retirement Income System..................................... 81
Canada Assistance Plan of 1966............................................................. 82
Poverty and the Notion of Guaranteed Income....................................... 83
Social Movements: Shaking Established Foundations.............................. 84
The Early 1970s: A Time for Review...................................................... 85
The Income Security Review of 1970............................................ 85
The Social Security Review (1973–1976)..................................... 86
Shifting of the Tide....................................................................... 87
Discussion Questions: The Interventionist Phase
(Second World War to Mid-1970s)..................................................88
Summary..........................................................................................88
Key Terms........................................................................................89
Chapter 4 Social Welfare in the Globalization Era...........................90
Objectives.........................................................................................90
Introduction.....................................................................................90
1. A Neoliberal Approach to Social Welfare....................................93
Progressive Conservatives and the End of Universalism.......................... 93
Cuts to Programs......................................................................... 93
Legacy of the Progressive Conservatives....................................... 94
A New Liberal Direction......................................................................... 95
Taking a Business Approach......................................................... 95
The 1995 Budget.......................................................................... 95
Discussion Questions: A Neoliberal Approach to
Social Welfare..................................................................................97
2. From Retrenchment to Reinvestment..........................................97
Federal Reforms...................................................................................... 97
Changes to Unemployment Insurance.......................................... 98
Out with CAP, In with the CHST................................................. 98
NEL
xii • T a bl e o f Co n t e n t s
Reforms at the Regional Level............................................................... 100

Social Assistance under Attack................................................... 102
From Passive to Active Programs.......................................................... 103
Welfare-to-Work Programs........................................................ 104
Activating the Unemployed........................................................ 104
Balanced Budgets.................................................................................. 105
The Social Deficit.................................................................................. 105
Budget Surpluses................................................................................... 106
Discussion Questions: From Retrenchment to Reinvestment........106
3. A Conservative Approach to Social Welfare..............................107
Lower Taxes......................................................................................... 107
Fiscalization......................................................................................... 108
Provincialization................................................................................... 109
Privatization......................................................................................... 110
The 2008–2009 Economic Recession.................................................... 111
Discussion Questions: A Conservative Approach to Social
Welfare...........................................................................................113
4. Taking Stock...............................................................................113
Declining Quality of Life....................................................................... 113
Income Inequality................................................................................. 114
Discussion Questions: Taking Stock..............................................116
Summary........................................................................................116
Key Terms......................................................................................118
PART 2 THE SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEM.. ..................... 119
Chapter 5 Service Sectors...................................................................121

Objectives.......................................................................................121
Introduction...................................................................................121
1. Service Sectors: Public, Commercial, and Voluntary
Domains.........................................................................................124
The Public Sector.................................................................................. 124
Federal Government................................................................... 124
Provincial and Territorial Governments..................................... 125
Municipal Government............................................................... 125
The Commercial Sector......................................................................... 126
The Voluntary Sector............................................................................ 127
Discussion Questions: Service Sectors: Public, Commercial,
and Voluntary Domains.................................................................129
2. New Directions in Service Delivery...........................................129
Alternative Service Delivery................................................................. 131
Privatization: Issues and Concerns....................................................... 132
Discussion Questions: New Directions in Service Delivery...........134
3. Forging a New Public–Voluntary Relationship..........................135
New Funding Mechanisms.................................................................... 136
NEL
T a b l e of C on t e n t s • xiii
Administrative Overload....................................................................... 138

Advocacy “Chill”................................................................................... 140
Loss of Autonomy and Identity............................................................. 141
Discussion Questions: Forging a New Public–Voluntary
Relationship....................................................................................142
4. The Social Economy...................................................................143
Relationship to the Voluntary Sector..................................................... 143
Social Economy Enterprises.................................................................. 144
Discussion Questions: The Social Economy..................................145
Summary........................................................................................146
Key Terms......................................................................................147
Chapter 6 Social Agencies. .................................................................148
Objectives.......................................................................................148
Introduction...................................................................................148
1. Community-Based Social Agencies............................................150
Residential Centres............................................................................... 151
Non-Residential Centres....................................................................... 153
Community System of Care.................................................................. 154
Discussion Questions: Community-Based Social Agencies............155
2. Agency Systems: Internal Structures and Functions.................155
A Strategic Framework......................................................................... 155
Understanding Community Conditions and Needs..................... 156
Assessing an Agency’s Sustainability........................................... 156
Establishing the Agency’s Direction............................................ 158
An Operational Framework: Direct Services........................................ 158
An Operational Framework: Indirect Services...................................... 159
Administration........................................................................... 160
Program Planning...................................................................... 161
Program Evaluation................................................................... 162
Policies and Procedures.............................................................. 163
Case Study: Intake Screening Process, Ontario Works............... 164
Discussion Questions: Agency Systems: Internal Structures
and Functions.................................................................................166
3. Organic Models of Organization................................................167
Hierarchical Structures......................................................................... 168
Flexibility.............................................................................................. 169
Diversity............................................................................................... 170
Innovation............................................................................................ 172
Cooperation.......................................................................................... 173
Cooperation within Organizations.............................................. 173
Cooperation among Organizations............................................. 173
Discussion Questions: Organic Models of Organization................175
Summary........................................................................................175
Key Terms......................................................................................176
NEL
xiv • Ta b l e o f Co n t e n t s
Chapter 7 Service Providers................................................................177

Objectives.......................................................................................177
Introduction...................................................................................177
1. Professional Helpers...................................................................179
Social Workers...................................................................................... 180
Social Work Values and Knowledge........................................... 180
Social Work Practice.................................................................. 181
Social Work Education............................................................... 181
Regulation of Social Work.......................................................... 183
Professional Identity................................................................... 184
Social Service Workers......................................................................... 186
Rewards and Challenges for Professional and
Paraprofessional Helpers...................................................................... 188
Discussion Questions: Professional Helpers..................................189
2. Agency Volunteers.....................................................................189
Benefits of Volunteering........................................................................ 190
Mandatory Volunteers.......................................................................... 191
Government Support of Volunteerism................................................... 192
Barriers to Volunteerism....................................................................... 193
Discussion Questions: Agency Volunteers.....................................194
3. Peer Helpers...............................................................................194
The Role of Peer Support...................................................................... 194
Self-Help Groups.................................................................................. 195
Peer Counsellors................................................................................... 197
Discussion Questions: Peer Helpers..............................................198
4. Unpaid Caregivers......................................................................198
The Personal Impact of Family Caregiving........................................... 200
Services for Caregivers.......................................................................... 200
Government Support of Caregivers....................................................... 202
Discussion Questions: Unpaid Caregivers.....................................203
Summary........................................................................................204
Key Terms......................................................................................205
Chapter 8 Planned Change in Micro, Mezzo, and Macro
Systems................................................................................206
Objectives.......................................................................................206
Introduction...................................................................................206
1. Change at the Micro Level: Individuals, Families,
and Small Groups...........................................................................208
Programs for Individuals...................................................................... 209
Family Services..................................................................................... 210
Social Group Work............................................................................... 213
The Role of Social Workers in Micro-Level Change.............................. 214
Discussion Questions: Change at the Micro Level:
Individuals, Families, and Small Groups.......................................215
NEL
T a b l e of C on t e n t s • xv
2. Change at the Mezzo Level: Organizations................................215

Identifying the Need for Change........................................................... 215
Preparing for Change........................................................................... 216
Developing a Vision.................................................................... 216
Building Knowledge.................................................................... 216
Committing to Change............................................................... 217
Implementing Change........................................................................... 218
Individual Change...................................................................... 218
Systemic Change........................................................................ 220
Evaluating Change................................................................................ 220
A Social Work Approach to Organizational Change............................. 221
Discussion Questions: Change at the Mezzo Level:
Organizations.................................................................................222
3. Change at the Macro Level: Communities.................................222
The Nature of Community Change....................................................... 222
Models of Community Change.............................................................. 223
Community Development........................................................... 225
Social Planning........................................................................... 228
Social Action.............................................................................. 229
Community Practice............................................................................. 232
Discussion Questions: Change at the Macro Level:
Communities..................................................................................233
Summary........................................................................................233
Key Terms......................................................................................234
PART 3 MEETING THE NEEDS OF CANADIANS

THROUGH PROGRAMS AND SERVICES............. 235
Chapter 9 The Social Welfare of Canadians Living in Poverty........237

Objectives.......................................................................................237
Introduction...................................................................................237
1. Poverty in Canada......................................................................238
What Is Poverty?.................................................................................. 239
Measurements of Poverty...................................................................... 239
Low-Income Measure (LIM)....................................................... 239
Market Basket Measure (MBM)................................................. 240
Low-Income Cut-Offs (LICOs)................................................... 240
Other Dimensions of Poverty...................................................... 240
Populations at Risk of Poverty.............................................................. 241
Risk Factors............................................................................... 242
Women....................................................................................... 242
Seniors....................................................................................... 243
Children..................................................................................... 244
Discussion Questions: Poverty in Canada.....................................245
NEL
xvi • Ta b l e o f Co n t e n t s
2. The Effects of Poverty................................................................245

Food Insecurity..................................................................................... 246
Homelessness........................................................................................ 246
The Cycle of Poverty............................................................................. 248
The Economic Costs of Poverty............................................................. 251
Discussion Questions: The Effects of Poverty...............................251
3. Organized Responses to Poverty................................................251
Understanding the Causes of Poverty................................................... 252
Taking a Two-Pronged Approach......................................................... 252
Social Assistance........................................................................ 253
Employment Insurance............................................................... 254
Asset Building............................................................................. 256
Housing Security........................................................................ 257
Food Security............................................................................. 259
Poverty-Reduction Plans............................................................. 261
Discussion Questions: Organized Responses to Poverty...............263
4. Working with Low-Income and Marginalized Groups...............263
Discussion Questions: Working with Low-Income and
Marginalized Groups......................................................................264
Summary........................................................................................264
Key Terms......................................................................................266
Chapter 10 The Social Welfare of Children and Their Families........267
Objectives.......................................................................................267
Introduction...................................................................................267
1. Meeting the Developmental Needs of Children
and Youth.......................................................................................270
A Focus on Young Children.................................................................. 270
National Children’s Agenda....................................................... 271
Child-Care Services.................................................................... 272
The Needs of Older Children and Youth............................................... 274
Mental Health............................................................................ 274
Youth Policy............................................................................... 276
Discussion Questions: Meeting the Developmental
Needs of Children and Youth.........................................................279
2. Parental and Family Influences on Child Development............279
Parenting Style..................................................................................... 279
Family Type......................................................................................... 280
Lone-Parent Families................................................................. 280
Families of Divorce.................................................................... 281
Stepfamilies................................................................................ 282
Discussion Questions: Parental and Family Influences on
Child Development........................................................................284
3. Family Violence..........................................................................285
Spousal Abuse....................................................................................... 285
Child Abuse and Neglect....................................................................... 287
NEL
T a b l e of C on t e n t s • xvii
Child Protection Services...................................................................... 289

Three Levels of Prevention......................................................... 290
Child Welfare Systems............................................................... 290
Out-of-Home Care..................................................................... 292
Children’s Rights and Child Welfare Services............................. 293
Criticisms and Reforms.............................................................. 294
Discussion Questions: Family Violence.........................................294
4. Social Work with Families with Children.................................295
Discussion Questions: Social Work with Families with
Children.........................................................................................296
Summary........................................................................................296
Key Terms......................................................................................297
Chapter 11 Social Welfare and Older Canadians...............................298
Objectives.......................................................................................298
Introduction...................................................................................298
1. Organized Approaches to Meeting Seniors’ Needs....................301
Gerontological Research........................................................................ 301
Ageism....................................................................................... 301
Diversity.................................................................................... 303
Government Initiatives.......................................................................... 305
International Action Plans.......................................................... 305
Shared Responsibility for Seniors................................................ 306
Seniors’ Groups..................................................................................... 306
Age-Friendly Communities................................................................... 308
Discussion Questions: Organized Approaches to Meeting
Seniors’ Needs................................................................................309
2. Ensuring the Well-Being of Seniors...........................................310
Health Issues......................................................................................... 310
Disability and Activity.......................................................................... 310
Mental Health....................................................................................... 311
Social Connectedness............................................................................ 313
Income Security.................................................................................... 313
Elder Abuse.......................................................................................... 316
Discussion Questions: Ensuring the Well-Being of Seniors...........317
3. Seniors’ Housing and Supports for Independence.....................317
Independent and Supportive Housing.................................................... 318
Home and Community Support............................................................ 319
Residential Care................................................................................... 321
Discussion Questions: Seniors’ Housing and Supports for
Independence.................................................................................322
4. Work and Participation..............................................................322
Seniors in the Workforce....................................................................... 322
Volunteering......................................................................................... 323
Political Activism and Consultation...................................................... 324
Discussion Questions: Work and Participation.............................326
NEL
xviii • Ta b l e o f Co n t e n t s
5. Gerontological Social Work.......................................................326

Discussion Questions: Gerontological Social Work.......................327
Summary........................................................................................328
Key Terms......................................................................................329
Chapter 12 The Social Welfare of Aboriginal Canadians. .................330
Objectives.......................................................................................330
Introduction...................................................................................330
1. Historical Roots of Canada’s “Indian Policy”.............................333
An Early Assimilation Plan................................................................... 333
Enfranchisement................................................................................... 334
The Role of Residential Schools............................................................. 335
Discussion Questions: Historical Roots of Canada’s
“Indian Policy”...............................................................................335
2. Bridging the Divide between Government and Indigenous
Peoples...........................................................................................336
A Shifting Balance of Power.................................................................. 336
Constitutional Recognition.................................................................... 338
The 1990s............................................................................................. 338
The Kelowna Accord............................................................................. 339
Federal–Aboriginal Relations under the Conservatives......................... 340
Discussion Questions: Bridging the Divide between
Government and Indigenous Peoples.............................................342
3. Healing and Wellness in Aboriginal Communities....................342
Colonization and the Residential School System.................................... 343
Traditional versus Mainstream Approaches to Helping......................... 344
Healing Strategies and Initiatives.......................................................... 346
Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement................................. 348
Discussion Questions: Healing and Wellness in Aboriginal
Communities..................................................................................348
4. Issues and Achievements of Selected Groups............................351
First Nations Living On-Reserve........................................................... 351
Aboriginal Peoples Living in Cities........................................................ 353
Aboriginal Women................................................................................ 354
Discussion Questions: Issues and Achievements of Selected
Groups............................................................................................356
5. Aboriginal Children and Youth..................................................356
Areas of Concern.................................................................................. 357
Initiatives Under the National Children’s Agenda................................. 357
Aboriginal Children in Care................................................................. 359
Aboriginal Child Welfare Services........................................................ 360
Discussion Questions: Aboriginal Children and Youth.................361
6. Social Work with Aboriginal Peoples........................................361
Discussion Questions: Social Work with Aboriginal Peoples........362
Summary........................................................................................363
Key Terms......................................................................................364
NEL
T a b l e of C on t e n t s • xix
Chapter 13 The Social Welfare of Recent Immigrants.......................365

Objectives.......................................................................................365
Introduction...................................................................................365
1. Backgrounder: Canada’s Immigration Policy.............................367
Racist Beginnings.................................................................................. 367
Canada’s Open Door Policy.................................................................. 369
Human Rights and Multiculturalism..................................................... 369
Reforming the Immigration Act............................................................. 370
Economic Priorities..................................................................... 371
The Federal Skilled Worker Class.............................................. 372
Discussion Questions: Backgrounder: Canada’s Immigration
Policy..............................................................................................373
2. The Settlement Process..............................................................373
Stages of Settlement.............................................................................. 373
Settlement Programs............................................................................. 375
A Modernized Approach to Settlement....................................... 375
Administration and Service Delivery.......................................... 376
Support for Refugees.................................................................. 377
Discussion Questions: The Settlement Process.............................378
3. Settlement Patterns and Issues..................................................379
The Distribution of Immigrants............................................................. 380
Ethnic Enclaves.......................................................................... 380
Racism and Marginalization................................................................. 382
Discussion Questions: Settlement Patterns and Issues..................383
4. Challenges for Selected Immigrant Groups...............................384
Children and Youth.............................................................................. 385
Immigrant Women............................................................................... 386
Immigrant Workers.............................................................................. 387
Discussion Questions: Challenges for Selected Immigrant
Groups............................................................................................390
5. Social Workers and Settlement Practice....................................390
Discussion Questions: Social Workers and Settlement
Practice...........................................................................................392
Summary........................................................................................393
Key Terms......................................................................................394
Chapter 14 Social Welfare and People with Disabilities....................395
Objectives.......................................................................................395
Introduction...................................................................................395
1. Disability in Canada...................................................................398
Prevalence and Types of Disabilities..................................................... 398
Disability Issues for Children and Youth............................................... 399
Disability and Aboriginal Peoples......................................................... 401
Women and Disability.......................................................................... 402
Discussion Questions: Disability in Canada..................................404
2. Canada’s Disability Policy Agenda.............................................404
An Era of Isolation and Exclusion......................................................... 404
NEL
xx • Ta bl e of Co n t e n t s
Deinstitutionalization and Social Movements........................................ 405

The Disability Community.................................................................... 406
Disability-Related Organizations................................................ 407
Parents....................................................................................... 407
The 1980s: Breaking Down the Barriers............................................... 408
The 1990s: Toward Full Citizenship..................................................... 409
Stepping Up the Focus on Accessibility.................................................. 411
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities........................... 412
Discussion Questions: Canada’s Disability Policy Agenda............412
3. Achievements and Challenges in Selected Life Areas................415
Housing................................................................................................ 415
Working with a Disability..................................................................... 417
Barriers to Employment............................................................. 417
Employment Initiatives and Best Practices................................. 418
The Disability Income System............................................................... 419
Discussion Questions: Achievements and Challenges in
Selected Life Areas.........................................................................422
4. Implications for Social Work Practice.......................................422
Accommodation.................................................................................... 423
Autonomy and Empowerment............................................................... 423
Adaptation of the Social and Physical Environment.............................. 424
Rights and Responsibilities.................................................................... 424
Discussion Questions: Implications for Social Work Practice.......424
Summary........................................................................................425
Key Terms......................................................................................426
Appendix A Historical Highlights........................................................427
Appendix B Globalization and Social Welfare....................................445
Globalization: Friend or Foe?............................................................... 445
Economic Dependence and Vulnerability.................................... 446
Loss of Democracy..................................................................... 446
A Blending of Cultures............................................................... 446
Global Economy: Global Risks.................................................... 447
Jobs and Job Security............................................................................ 447
Good Jobs, Bad Jobs.................................................................... 447
Down with Manufacturing, Up with Services............................. 448
Income Inequality....................................................................... 448
The Diminished Role of Social Welfare Programs................................. 450
Conclusion............................................................................................ 450
Key Terms......................................................................................451
Glossary.......................................................................................................... 453
References..................................................................................................... 483
Index................................................................................................................ 537
NEL
Preface
The structure of Canada’s social welfare system continues to shift. Determined
to “provincialize” social welfare, the federal government has relinquished many
social welfare programs and services. Any plans to create national strategies
related to child care, home support, poverty, or homelessness have been put to
rest. The Social Union Framework Agreement—with its emphasis on federal and
regional collaboration in social welfare development—is virtually dead. Even
federal funding for social welfare initiatives is at issue: in their quest for more
“innovative” ways of funding social welfare programs, the federal government is
calling upon business to finance programs that offer a social benefit.
As the federal and regional governments clarify their roles in social welfare
provision, many Canadians face ongoing challenges. The number of homeless
and food-insecure Canadians continues to rise. Unemployed adults have fewer
options and resources, and more working Canadians find themselves stuck in
poor paying, insecure jobs with few or no benefits. Reports confirm that income
inequality is on the rise while the standard of living is declining. As always, social
agencies are struggling to meet the growing demand for social services.
But there is also good news. For example, most provinces and territo-
ries have developed comprehensive poverty-reduction plans, and Canada’s
ratification of the UN’s Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
ensures the full inclusion of Canadians with disabilities. The body of knowl-
edge on social welfare issues and best practices keeps growing, while the
launch of large-scale longitudinal studies promises new insights into the needs
of specific populations. This fifth edition of Social Welfare in Canadian Society
takes a critical look at these and other developments and their influence on
the social well-being of Canadians.
Text Objectives
Specifically, this fifth edition aims to

• introduce the basic concepts and processes related to social welfare
• strike a balance between historical and current content
• explore a wide range of Canadian social welfare policies and programs
• provide real-life examples of social welfare initiatives from across the
country
• consider the impact of social welfare restructuring on Canadians
NEL xxi
xxii • Prefa c e
• emphasize the uniquely Canadian approach to social provision and

draw from Canadian research
• critically analyze social welfare issues, approaches, and initiatives
• discuss the role of social workers in the social welfare field
This fifth edition aims to meet these objectives and, in so doing, give
students grounding in Canadian social welfare and an appreciation of the
strengths and shortcomings of Canada’s approach to social well-being.
Organization
This edition retains the basic three-part structure of previous editions. Part 1
introduces readers to some of the fundamental aspects of Canada’s social
welfare system, including the nature of its programs and services and the
social policy development process. Chapters in this section also focus on the
ideological base and historical foundations of the social welfare system, and
political and economic trends that affect social provision.
Part 2 is devoted to social welfare’s service delivery system. Here, readers
learn about the various service sectors and the principal activities of social
agencies. This section also looks at the range of service providers in social
welfare settings and the knowledge and skills they bring to the helping
process. Concluding Part 2 is a chapter on planned change at the micro,
mezzo, and macro levels of society.
Part 3 examines the social issues and achievements of selected populations:
people living in poverty, families with children, seniors, Aboriginal peoples,
recent immigrants, and people with disabilities. This section explores the social
welfare programs and social work approaches related to each population.
Readers will be interested in the themes that weave through this new
edition and reflect the major trends in Canada’s social welfare system. For
example, this edition emphasizes the role of empirical research and best practices
in the development of social welfare theory and initiatives. A main theme
is the influence of neoliberalism, globalization, and the business model on
social welfare provision. This edition also sharpens its focus on issues related
to poverty, income inequality, an aging population, and Aboriginal peoples
in Canada. In terms of social work practice, more attention is given to anti-
oppressive approaches.
Chapters that have undergone significant revisions include Chapter 4, which
examines the effects of conservatism on social welfare policy and programs. A
new Chapter 9 provides current material on poverty and its consequences, and
NEL
Preface • xxiii
on poverty-reduction strategies in Canada. Additional content in Appendix A

expands the chronology of key events in Canadian history and in the evolution of
social welfare initiatives. Appendix B aims to enhance readers’ understanding
of the impact of globalization on social welfare in Canada. Finally, this new
edition updates social statistics and includes new content on social welfare
policies, initiatives, and related issues.
Pedagogical Features
Reviews of Social Welfare in Canadian Society suggest that certain features of

previous editions enhance the reader’s comprehension and enjoyment of the
book. These tried-and-true features include
• chapter-opening quotes, which set the tone for the content and inspire
reader interest and engagement
• a list of learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter to set the
direction of the content
• boldfaced key terms in the text and at the end of each chapter, with
their page references
• a variety of exhibits that expand on certain points and pull together
complex concepts
• photographs to enhance visual appeal and bring the content alive
• discussion questions in each chapter to draw readers’ attention to specific
content and issues, to encourage critical thinking, and to provoke
lively in-class discussions
• profiles and examples of Canadian social welfare programs, services,
and organizations
• examples of social work practice in social welfare settings
• chapter summaries
• a glossary of key terms to familiarize readers with words and phrases
specific to the social welfare field
• a thorough index to help the reader find information quickly and
easily
Unique to this book is access to the Social Welfare in Canadian Society
website at http://www.nelson.com/site/Chappell5e. At that website, stu-
dents will find links to the most current information on issues related to social
welfare.
NEL
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Arctic angels
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
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Title: Arctic angels
Author: A. DeHerries Smith
Illustrator: Clarence Rowe
Release date: April 25, 2024 [eBook #73460]
Language: English
Original publication: New York, NY: The Butterick Publishing

Company, 1928
Credits: Roger Frank and Sue Clark
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARCTIC

ANGELS ***
A Story of the Northwest Mounted
By A. DeHerries Smith
ARCTIC ANGELS
Howls floated out on the thin Arctic air, filling rock-walled Kannequoq
Inlet with dirge-like notes. A dozen gaunt huskies padded to and fro
near the red boulders to which they were tied; they eyed one another
in murderous speculation, straining uselessly at the tethering sticks
fastened to their shaggy necks.
Occasionally one of the animals halted its ceaseless trotting,
squatted and, elevating a long wolf snout, sent out another wail to
echo and re-echo back from the granite cliffs.
“Rotten! Rotten! Rotten!” Sergeant Richard Cleaver muttered to
himself, striding up and down the narrow confines of the Mounted
Police detachment building. “That brute Scarth is torturing those
dogs just for pure devilment; can’t be any other reason that I can
see. For five cents I’d go down there and shoot up the whole works.”
Peering through one of the little windows, he gazed down at the
trader’s roof, set on a lower rock ledge, and then at the whimpering
blurs beyond. A moon faced halfbreed, lounging in the post doorway,
glanced up at the huskies and spat contemptuously. Apparently the
man saw something humorous in the situation. Yellow teeth showed
momentarily when the native tore off another mouthful of tobacco
from a black plug.
Thin columns of smoke continued to well up undisturbed from the
huddle of skin tupiks, sheltering beneath the cliffs from the ever
present winds. But beyond the curling smoke there was no
movement; none of the Eskimo inhabitants took any notice of the
starving animals’ plea for food.
With a curse, the sergeant swung away from the window to glare
at Constable Timothy Noonan’s thick frame stretched on his bunk.
“Helluva lot you care, you fat lobster!” Cleaver threw out at the
slumbering man’s round, freckled face. “You don’t give a hoot about
the prestige of the service, do you? Said you’d never make a dog
man, and that goes! Blah!”
An angelic smile stole across the sleeper’s features. He rolled
over lazily, grunting his contentment. Sergeant Cleaver snorted and
stamped out of the cabin, crashing the door behind him.
Sergeant Cleaver shrugged his khaki service tunic up on wide

shoulders, staring across the inlet at the precipitous coastline
beyond. Already the brown hillsides were showing red where the
lichens were commencing to take on their summer hue. There was a
faint hint of green at the blue white glacier’s foot. A brilliant sun
shone down out of an amazingly blue sky.
“Spring, all right,” he mumbled to himself as gray eyes roved over
the ice pans and bergs tinkling together in the bay. “Another eight
months’ winter over, and I ought to be tickled pink. Damn Scarth and
his dogs, anyhow!”
The supply ship would probably be coming in another month or
so, but he couldn’t go out on leave with all these sick and starving
Eskimos on his hands, the sergeant ruminated, when his gaze
swung about to the huddle of tupiks. Had to look after the poor devils
somehow.
“I’ll make him feed those dogs, at any rate,” he said with sudden
decision.
Quick fingers fastened the glinting brass buttons of the faded
tunic, as soft stepping sealskin boots carried him downward in long
strides.
A sudden chorus of expectant howls broke out from the watching
huskies when Cleaver passed Scarth’s fish cache, and swung in at
the trader’s open door.
The sergeant’s keen ears picked up a low whistle when he
stepped into the post’s dim interior and stood, motionless, waiting for
his eyes to become accustomed to the gloom.
“That you, Uluk?” he queried, blundering forward.
Twin grunts answered and, following the direction, he made out
two lounging blurs behind the wood heater’s rounded shape.
“Look here, Scarth, you’ll have to feed those dogs,” Cleaver
announced, pushing forward until he was looking down at the
trader’s narrow face and flickering eyes.
“Huh—huh,” Scarth grunted, giving the faintly grinning Uluk a soft
kick on the leg with his sealskin mukluks. “What the heck am I goin’
to feed ’em on, eh? You Arctic angels goin’ to tumble down a bunch
of manna, eh?”
The trader’s narrow shoulders quivered slightly. To cover the
motion he jumped erect, pulling up his ever slipping and dirty
mackinaw shirt. A yellow hand waved toward his empty shelves.
“Yes, I know you’re traded out,” Sergeant Cleaver agreed,
ignoring the tone as he followed the gesture. “No grub left. You can
fish though, can’t you?”
“Nothin’ doin’,” Scarth laughed. “That’s a native’s job. Think I’m
goin’ to have the Esks see me an’ lose my white man’s rep? Not so’s
you’d notice it.”
“Well, what about Uluk?”
“Uluk?” Scarth replied, a note of feigned astonishment in his tone.
“Why, the lad’s half white, ain’t he? Got to look after his rep too.
Don’t want to have the Esks see him workin’. No, sir.”
The halfbreed grinned faintly in response to the trader’s nudge.
“Well if it wasn’t for the fact that you’d report it and I’d be replying
to fool questions from headquarters for the next two years, I’d shoot
your blasted huskies,” Cleaver rumbled.
He wheeled away, pacing up and down the post’s earthen floor,
followed by two pairs of amused eyes. Only just enough dog feed left
to keep the police huskies going until the supply ship got in, the
Mountie reflected. Out of the question to feed Scarth’s animals on
his team rations. And the hungry Eskimos had eaten their sled dogs
long since.
“Hey!” Scarth’s thin voice came suddenly. “Lookit, Cleaver. That
skin boat of your’n is the only thing left in Kannequoq that’ll float.
There’s walrus out there on the floes. Red meat. Why don’t you go
out an’ belt one down for the Esks? I’ll buy the scraps for the dogs.
How’s that?”
Again Cleaver sensed thinly covered insult in the little man’s
tones and again he ignored it. Under other conditions he would have
quickly removed the sneer from that weasel face, but now only one
thought pulsed through his brain—how to feed the Eskimos and
those yowling brutes up on the rocks.
Followed by twin grins of satisfaction, the Mountie padded to the

door to stare out across the ice filled inlet. Yes, there were walrus out
on the float ice; he had seen them through the glasses. It was as
much as a man’s life was worth, though, to venture out among those
razor edged pans in a frail skin boat.
Cleaver clenched brown fists, swung away from the post and,
padding across the ice polished rocks, reached the first of the tupiks.
For a moment he stood with one hand on the caribou skin that
served for a door, his sunburned face wrinkled in disgust.
Abominable odors floated out on the crisp air from the tupik; the
stench of unwashed humans, half tanned deerskins, moldy furs.
Cleaver pulled out a handkerchief and, holding it across his
mouth and nostrils, ducked his long body and came upright in the
tupik. The foul smelling interior was littered with the Eskimos’
priceless possessions; they were too far gone now with the coast
sickness to care. Wooden pans sewn with rawhide, and stone
cooking pots were thrown about in confusion. The floor was a wild
jumble of feverish natives rolling about on bearskins, sealing spears,
snowshoes and mukluks.
“By Christopher, they’ve got to have red meat or they’ll all kick
out,” the Mountie said to himself, staring down on the emaciated,
yellow faces. “Guess I’ve got to do it.”
“Oh, Kanneyok,” Cleaver called in the Innuit tongue. “I come
bearing a message. Listen well, O you people of the ice.”
Three tousled heads were elevated for a moment above the
skins; a thin arm waved to signify that the message had been heard.
“Thus and thus,” the sergeant called in Innuit through his
handkerchief. “There must be red meat or you will all pass to the
shadow hills. Therefore, because the great white king does not
forget his people, I and the fat one go to hunt walrus. With the new
sun we bring meat. I have spoken.”
Faint clucking sounded when the Eskimos passed this satisfying
information along. A chorus of grunts.
“That’s the way to shoot it to ’em,” Scarth’s nasal tones came
suddenly from the doorway. “You police sure knows your onions. Fall
for this white king stuff, don’t they? But, by cripes, you’d better make
good, Cleaver, or the Esks’ll give you the hee-haw from Alaska to
Greenland—”
“Anumlatciaq tamna oomiak!” a laughing voice broke in on Scarth
in the Eskimo tongue.
There followed a crisp oath from the trader, the sound of a blow,
and a yelp from Uluk.
“Anumlatciaq tamna oomiak! The skin boat it never goes out!”
Cleaver translated the halfbreed’s phrase slowly, subconsciously
aware that the sick Eskimos had heard and understood the words.
Several of them were sitting upright, bony faces staring over at the
door flap.
“By God, I’ve stood all I’m going to take from you and that
grinning breed of yours!” the Mountie roared, gripped by long
suppressed passion.
One leap carried him across the littered tupik. Two hard hands
fastened on Scarth’s scrawny throat. The sergeant dragged the little
man out into the glaring sunshine, shook him viciously for a long
moment, and then sent him spinning with a well placed kick.
The trader was on his feet again in a moment, close set eyes
darting fire. He opened his slit of a mouth; then thinking better of it,
he wheeled away and padded off for the post, mumbling to himself.
Cleaver watched him pass out of sight; then once more he
ducked back into the tupik, calling:
“Oh, Kanneyok, I have made a true talk; I am a redcoat and you
are the children of the great white king. The skin boat goes out.
There will be red meat before the sun comes again. I have spoken.”
“Ai! Ai!”
A chorus of grunts answered him, but Cleaver sensed that the
natives’ tones lacked conviction. Swearing softly to himself, the
Mountie plunged out into the clean air and made his way up to the
detachment building.
“Ain’t no way for a buck to talk to his superior, but that was a damn’
fool play,” Constable Noonan offered from his perch on the bunk.
“You got us in dutch, Sergeant dear. We’ll never be able to handle
the Esks again if we falls down on this job, an’ I got a hunch that’s
what Mr. Scarth is after. Suit his tradin’ fine if the natives go wild an’
woolly. I ain’t no Sherlock Holmes, but if this ain’t a plant I’m a
Hindoo philosopher.”
“Oh, shut up!” Cleaver put in irritably. “I’ve got enough on my
hands without scrapping with you. We’re going out in the skin boat in
the morning, ice or no ice, and we’re going to bring back a walrus.
I’ve given the king’s word for that. It’s getting dark. Any intention of
feeding the dogs tonight?”
“Thought you said I weren’t no dog man—”
“You’ve got enough brains to feed them some tallow, at any rate,”
the sergeant cut in on him. “Go out, Timothy Noonan, or I’ll throw you
out!”
Constable Noonan dodged about the heater, grabbed his parka
off a peg and slid through the door. Once outside he listened for a
moment to the ice pans’ tinkling and the mournful wailing of Scarth’s
huskies. Then with an expressive shoulder shrug, Noonan made his
way up to the little storehouse.
The key grated in the lock, and with that well known sound eager
whines burst from the dogs penned in the corral. Scarth’s starving
brutes heard those expectant whimpers and filled the night air with
agonized howling.
It was a good three hours later when Noonan pushed in the door
of the detachment building and grinned over at his chief. Cleaver
was stretched on his bunk, khaki shirted, body bathed in yellow
lamplight, and deep in “Soldiers Three”. The sergeant threw the book
down and glared at the rubicund face.
“Look here, you nighthawk,” he called. “Haven’t you got any
savvy at all? You stay away from that girl, or I’ll—”
“Nix on the gentle sentiment tonight,” the constable broke in.
“Love’s off; murder’s on. Been prowlin’. We won’t possess any skin
boat in the mornin’; the Esks will have it that the great white king ain’t
the caribou’s chin whiskers no longer, an’ Scarth will be known as
the very strong man from here to Hoboken.”
“What’s the matter with you?” Cleaver boomed, jerking bolt
upright. “Scarth wouldn’t dare break up that boat; not after that three
months I got him for monkeying with our schooner last year.”
“Oh, you’d be surprised!” Noonan mocked his superior. “There’s
more ways of killin’ a polar bear than choking it with chocolate
eclairs. Climb into your parka an’ mukluks an’ we’ll take in the movie.
It’s a real fifty cent show. Come on.”
Mumbling uncomplimentary things regarding his companion’s

mentality, Cleaver vaulted off the bunk, pulled on his sealskin boots
and parka, and followed Noonan’s squat figure out into the night.
A bright moon bathed Kannequoq Inlet, flooding the open spaces
with soft radiance, softening the rugged coast’s raw contours. The
two men stood motionless, ears filled with the subdued tinkling of the
ice pans and the distant honking of some migrant geese seeking
open water.
Noonan caught the other man’s sleeve and pointed down to
Scarth’s trading post. Cleaver nodded. Yes, the lights were out—and
for the first time in a month the unfortunate huskies had ceased
howling. He turned to peer down at the constable, but Tim avoided
the glance, padding off and beckoning his comrade to follow.
Swinging wide of the settlement below, the little man made his
way over the moonlight bathed ridges until at length he arrived at
one of the giant boulders that studded the beach. Beyond him, and
less than a dozen yards away, the police skin boat lay overturned on
the white sands.
“Well?” the sergeant’s glance read as he lowered himself to the
cold shingle alongside his comrade.
Noonan made no offer to enlighten him, signaling for silence.
The sergeant and the constable lay motionless, staring up at the
stars.
All at once the constable twisted over on his face, when Cleaver’s
hard hand gripped his thick arm.
A new sound had been added to the faint night noises. Both
Mounties knew what it was; the soft slithering of sealskin boots over
the rocks.
Then suddenly two upright figures were blurred against the ice
filled waters when Scarth and the halfbreed stepped down from the
rocks and padded over to the skin boat. Each man was leading a
number of the trader’s huskies.
“Pst!”
Noonan pulled Cleaver’s head down to him, whispering:
“You’ve seen hungry dogs up here chewin’ the rawhide lashings
off sleds, ain’t you? You’ve seen ’em eatin’ the sides outa skin
houses, an’ gnawin’ old sealskin boots? Sure. Well, now they’re
changin’ the diet; goin’ to scoff our old skin boat.”
Cleaver’s right hand jerked back toward his revolver holster, but
before it reached the weapon Tim’s fingers fastened on his wrist.
“Not yet! Not yet!” Tim Noonan urged. “See the whole show.
Comic’s comin’. Savvy what it is, Dick? We’ve given the king’s word
that there’ll be red meat for the sick Esks in the mornin’ an’ Scarth
has passed the talk around that there won’t be any. If there ain’t no
meat our name is mud, frozen mud at that. An’ how the heck can we
get walrus without a boat?”
Cleaver glared down at the constable’s grinning face. What was
he repeating that for, and why the blazes was he so happy about it?
The sergeant wrenched his hand free, thrusting the revolver
forward. At the same moment a low oath sounded from one of the
two men, and Cleaver’s trigger finger relaxed.
Scarth tugged the lines off the dogs he was leading, kicking one of
the starving brutes toward the walrus hide covering the oomiak. But
instead of rushing forward and tearing at the skin the dog squatted
on the shingle, staring up at its master. Three more of the released
huskies lay down and curled up for immediate sleep. Some of the
others commenced to wander along the beach. None of the animals
took the least notice of the skin boat.
Scarth’s rumbled cursing and the halfbreed’s clucking sounded
dimly in the sergeant’s ears as he rolled over to stare in amazement
at the bursting Noonan.
“Oh, my fat sides,” Tim groaned. “Seventeen dried fish, eleven
tins of bully beef, five lumps of tallow, an’ a chunk of pemmican as
big as a battleship. An’ they polished off the whole works. An’ now
Scarth’s offerin’ ’em a dried up old walrus skin for dessert. A dog’s
life, that’s what it is.”
Sudden realization stabbed Cleaver’s mind. Tim had sneaked out
and fed Scarth’s starving huskies so that they would not attack the
skin boat!
“Listen,” Noonan’s voice came again. “Yesterday a big floe
grounded beyond the point. There was a walrus on it as big as the
side of a house. Uluk shot it. Get the idea? With the skin boat gone
we couldn’t pull the Arctic angel stuff, and when we fell down on the
job Scarth would lug in his walrus an’ get the glad hand from the
Esks. Cripes, you’re in a hurry, eh?”
Cleaver had vaulted from the icy ground with a catlike leap. As
Noonan lumbered to his feet he heard Scarth’s surprised cry and the
halfbreed’s yelp of dismay.
The trader threw himself face down on the beach when the white
faced sergeant raced across the slippery shingle. A single lunge
brought Scarth to his feet.
Then sounded the slithering of Noonan’s mukluks on the shingle
as the little man raced after the grunting halfbreed.
“I take it all back about the dogs, Timsy,” Cleaver yelled at the
flying figure. “Damn it, I’ll recommend you for corporal’s stripes for
this!”
“Keep ’em!” Noonan’s voice panted. “I’m the detective sergeant of
this man’s army, an’ that’s good enough for me. All right, you blubber
chewer, try a taste of that!”
Whug! Whug!
Cleaver laughed softly, turning back to the squirming Scarth.
“Look here, you insignificant fragment of decayed whale meat,”
he growled at the trader. “You’re too small to pound, but I have
something nice in store for you. It’ll be daylight in an hour. You and
the breed will cut up that walrus and bring it down here. Then you’ll
keep on making soup for the Esks until they’re well again. On top of
that you’re going to wash all their clothes and clean up the tupiks.
That’s slow motion death, if you ask me. Not a word, you rat. Move!”
As he shoved Scarth forward, Cleaver saw his comrade come
upright and fan himself vigorously. Surrounding him were four of the
satiated huskies. They sniffed gratefully at Noonan’s legs.
THE END
Transcriber’s Note: This story appeared in the November 15,

1928 issue of Adventure magazine.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ARCTIC
ANGELS ***
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(Original PDF) Social Welfare in

Canadian Society 5th Edition

(eBook PDF) Social Work, Social Welfare and American

(eBook PDF) Empowerment Series: Introduction to Social

The Reluctant Welfare State: Engaging History to

(eBook PDF) Social Inequality and Social Stratification

(eBook PDF) Understanding Social Welfare: A Search for

(eBook PDF) A New History of Social Welfare 7th Edition

(eBook PDF) Technology and Society Social Networks,

(eBook PDF) Understanding Social Problems 5th Canadian

Chapter 7 Service Providers................................................................177

PART 3 MEETING THE NEEDS OF CANADIANS

Chapter 9 The Social Welfare of Canadians Living in Poverty........237

Chapter 14 Social Welfare and People with Disabilities....................395

PART 1 SOCIAL WELFARE IN CANADA:

Chapter 1 The Nature of Canadian Social Welfare..............................3

Discussion Questions: Stage 1: Identifying Social Problems

Discussion Questions: The Early Phase (Colonial Times to

Reforms at the Regional Level............................................................... 100

PART 2 THE SERVICE DELIVERY SYSTEM.. ..................... 119

Chapter 5 Service Sectors...................................................................121

Administrative Overload....................................................................... 138

Chapter 7 Service Providers................................................................177

2. Change at the Mezzo Level: Organizations................................215

PART 3 MEETING THE NEEDS OF CANADIANS

Chapter 9 The Social Welfare of Canadians Living in Poverty........237

2. The Effects of Poverty................................................................245

Child Protection Services...................................................................... 289

5. Gerontological Social Work.......................................................326

Chapter 13 The Social Welfare of Recent Immigrants.......................365

Deinstitutionalization and Social Movements........................................ 405

Specifically, this fifth edition aims to

• emphasize the uniquely Canadian approach to social provision and

on poverty-reduction strategies in Canada. Additional content in Appendix A

Reviews of Social Welfare in Canadian Society suggest that certain features of

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PART 3 MEETING THE NEEDS OF CANADIANS