Readings in Philippine History: Learning Modules For GE 2

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Republic of the Philippines

GLAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Municipality of Glan, Province of Sarangani
9517 Philippines
[email protected]
Readings
in
Philippine
History
Learning Modules for GE 2
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Name of Student: ________________________________________________

Course, Year & Section: ___________________________________________
Semester and School Year: _________________________________________
Name of Teacher: DAVE NICK D. BESANA, MAEd
COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
• Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity and provenance

• Analyze the context, content and perspective of different kinds of primary sources
• Determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in understanding Philippine
history
• Develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources
• Demonstrate the ability to use primary sources to argue in favor or against a particular issue
• Effectively communicate, using various techniques and genres, their historical analysis of a
particular event or issue that could help others understand the chosen topic
CHAPTERS
– The Meaning of History, Sources of Historical Data, Historical Criticisms

– Knowing the Philippine History and Philippine Geographical and Historical Foundation
– Colonization of the Philippines and the Conflicting Views: Site of the First Mass
– Spanish Era in the Philippines
– Taxation and the Early Filipino Revolts Against the Tribute
– Awakening of the Filipino Nationalism
– Propaganda Movement
– Start of Filipino Armed Struggle
– Philippine Revolution under Aguinaldo’s Leadership
– The Start of American Era
– Preparation for the Philippine Commonwealth Government
–Philippine Commonwealth Government
– The Japanese Occupation in the Philippines
– The Beginning of the Philippine Third Republic
– The People Power Revolution
AUTHORS
Gerlie P. Sevilla, Lecturer, Political Science Department and Ghiebert Son L. Octavio, MAED, LPT,
Faculty, ColleGe of Teacher Education
THE MEANING OF HISTORY, SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA,
CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL CRITICISM
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In this chapter, History as discipline and as a narrative is being introduced. It discusses

the limitation of historical knowledge, history as the subjective process of recreation, and
historical method and historiography. This module also presents the sources of historical
Description data, the written and non-written sources of history, as well as the differentiation of
primary and secondary sources of information data. Historical criticisms such as external
and internal criticisms are also being discussed here. These are important aspects in
ascertaining the authenticity and reliability of primary sources upon narratives are crafted.
At the end of this module, students should be able to:

Explain the meaning of history.
Objectives Identify the importance of studying history
Differentiate primary and secondary sources
Understand the concept of historical criticism
MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS
MEANING OF HISTORY
SOURCES OF HISTORY
HISTORICAL CRITICISMS
BIRTH OF PHILIIPINE HISTORY
REQUIRED READING/S
Levin, M., & Pforr, B. (1962). Ethnographic and Anthropological Materials as Historical Sources. Arctic
Anthropology, 1(1), 51-57. www.jstor.org/stable/40315540
Baumgartner, J. (1981). NEWSPAPERS AS HISTORICAL SOURCES. Philippine Quarterly of Culture
and Society, 9(3), 256-258. www.jstor.org/stable/29791732
Meaning of History
As everyone knows, History is derived from the Greek word “historia” which means learning by inquiry.
Aristotle, the Greek Philosopher, looked upon at the history as systematic accounting of a set of natural
phenomena, that is, taking into consideration the chronological arrangement of the account. This explain
that knowledge is derived through conducting a process of scientific investigation of past events.
There are theories constructed by historians in investigating history: the factual history and speculative
history. Factual history presents readers the plain and basic information vis-à-vis the events that took
place (what), the time and date with which the events happened (when), the place with which the events
took place (where), and the people that were involved (who). Speculative history, on the other hand
goes beyond facts because it is concerned about the reasons for which events happened (why), and the
way they happened (how).
Sources of Historical Data
As we go along on the discussion, let us now focus on the sources of historical data.
Historical data are source from artifacts that have been left by the past. These artifacts can either be
relics or remains, or the testimonies of witnesses to the past. Therefore, historical sources are those
materials from which the historians construct meaning. The historian deals with the dynamic (the
becoming) as well as the static (the being) and aims at being interpretative (explaining why and how
things happened and were interrelated) as well as descriptive (telling what happened, when and where,
and who took part). Besides, such descriptive data as can be derived directly and immediately from
surviving artifacts are only small parts of the periods to which they belong.
There are written and non- written sources of history. Let us explain each.
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First, written sources of history are usually categorized in three ways: (1) narrative or literary, (2)
diplomatic or juridical, and (3) social documents.
Narrative or literature are chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form, written to impart a message
whose motives for his or her compositions vary widely.
Examples:, biography, novel or film, and hagiography
Diplomatic Sources are understood to be those which document/ record an existing legal situation or
create a replacement one, and it's these sorts of sources that professional historians once treated as the
purest, the “best” source. Example: Charter. Social documents are information concerning economic,
social, political, or judicial significance. They are records kept by bureaucracies.
Examples: government reports such as municipal accounts, research findings, and documents like these
parliamentary procedures, civil registry records, property registers, and records of census. Second,
unwritten sources - these are as essentials as written sources. There are two types: the fabric evidence
and oral evidence. Material evidence, also referred to as archaeological evidence is one among the
foremost important unwritten evidences. Examples: pottery, jewelry, dwellings, graves, churches, roads,
and others that tell a story about the past.
Oral evidence is additionally a crucial source of data for historians. Examples of this are tale sagas of an
ancient peoples and the folk songs or popular rituals from the pre-modern period of the Philippine
history.
Primary versus Secondary Sources
It is very important to know the difference between primary and secondary sources. These two concepts
will help readers for better understanding of the past.
Primary sources are original, first -hand account of an occasion or period that are usually written or
made during or on the brink of the event or period. These sources are basically original and factual.
Examples: Diaries, journals, letters, newspapers and magazines articles (factual accounts), government
records, photographs, maps, postcards, posters, recorded or transcribed speeches
Secondary sources are materials made by people long after the events. These sources provide valuable
interpretations of historical events. - interprets and scrutinizes primary sources. Examples: biographies,
histories, literary criticism
Historical Criticism
Historical Criticism examines the origins of the earliest text to appreciate the underlying circumstance
upon which the text came to be (Soulen & Soulen, 2001). It has two important goals:
First, to discover the original meaning of the text in its primitive or historical context and literal sense.
Second, to create a restoration of the historical situation of the author and receivers of the text.
There are two parts to historical criticisms.
External criticism determines the authenticity of the source. The authenticity of the fabric could also be
tested in two ways, by paleographical (the deciphering and dating of historical manuscripts) and
diplomatic criticism (critical analysis of historical paper to understand how the document came to be, the
information transmitted, and the relationships between the facts purported in the document and the
reality).
Internal criticism determines the historicity of the facts contained within the document. It is not necessary
to prove the authenticity of the material or document. However, the facts contained in the document
must first be tested before any conclusion pertaining to it can be admitted. In determining the worth of
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the facts, the characters of the sources, the knowledge of the author, and therefore the influences
prevalent at the time of writing must be carefully investigated
The Birth of the Philippine History
The history of the Philippines (according to H.O. Beyer’s Migration Theory) is believed to have taken off
with the arrival of the first humans using rafts or boats at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery
of Callao Man suggested. Negrito tribes first inhabited the isles and more groups later migrated to the
islands like the story of the Ten (10) Bornean Datus.
Philippines is rich in history however the written record started with the coming of the Spaniards. Many
believed that Spaniards destroyed the earlier records as completely as possible. The same scenario
happened when the Philippines was under the American and Japanese colonization. Many precolonial
records were lost and were no longer retrieved. Therefore, much of what is known about Pre- Spanish
days are still insufficient. There are still much to be uncovered. Other said that some of our recovered
records came from other countries which were in touch with the islands. Take for example,
MurilloVelarde Map. It was a hydrographical and chorographical chart of the Philippines Island drawn by
the Jesuit Father Pedro Murillo Velarde (1696-1753) and published in Manila in the year 1734. It was the
first and believed to be the most important map of the maritime routes from Manila to Spain and to those
colony of Spanish Empire in the new world. The map contains captions, it also shows of great from the
geographic point of view, and as an ethnographic document.
History as Records of the Past
The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past is very important
in order for us, readers to really understand history. Historians create their narratives through a survey
and analysis of primary sources available in the archives, libraries or the antique collections of document
enthusiasts. Relying on different materials and resources (both primary and secondary) will truly help us
to bring us back to the past events that may lead us for better understanding of the present.
REFERENCE
Ligan, V., Espino, L., Andrada, J., et. al. (2018) Readings in the Philippine History, Malabon City. Mutya
Publishing House, Inc. Chapter 1 (pages 1-15)
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before each number.
1. Incompleteness of records has limited man’s knowledge of history.
2. These are the raw materials out of which history maybe written.
3. This historical method, historians investigate, collects and examine sources.
4. Historian’s ability to reconstruct historical events
5. Historians aim of searching the truth, authenticity and plausibility.
6. Objects/things that have since been forgotten or the experience of generation long dead
7. The practice of historical writing
8. Learning by inquiry
9. Historical objectivity
10. The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals
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A. Verisimilitude G. Aristotle
B. Limitation of historical knowledge H. Historia
C. Interpretative I. Historical method
D. Historiography J. Historical analysis
E. Historical Impartiality F. Artifacts K. Historical bias
or Documents
Exercise No. 2
Define the following terms:
Diplomatics
Verisimilitude
Historiography
Paleography
Historical Criticism of the past.
CHAPTER 2 KNOWING PHILIPPINE HISTORY: PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHICAL AND

HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS
This chapter discusses the life of the early Filipinos before the conquest of the
Description Westerners. It aims to prove that our ancestors had a high level of culture even
before the coming of the Spaniards. How the Filipinos started building their
communities along the mouth of the river and coastal areas. It also presents here the
different archaeological records of the early Chinese and some Muslim scholars
narrating the existence of civilization in the archipelago even before Magellan landed.
Objectives Discuss how the physical environment of the Philippines shaped the socio-cultural,
political and economic facets of its society. Explain the traditional Filipino
communities
Analyze the culture and structure of the ancient Filipino society to determine the level
of civilization attained during the pre-colonial era.
Critique the strengths and weaknesses of the early Filipino society.
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Pre-Hispanic People
Early Philippine Society
REQUIRED READINGS
Macdonald, C. (2004). Folk Catholicism and Pre-Spanish Religions in the Philippines. Philippine Studies,
52(1), 78-93. www.jstor.org/stable/42633685
Philippines Before the Conquest
Philippine history writing started during Spanish time when Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippine
archipelago in the year 1521, followed by Filipinos like Dr. Jose Rizal who annotated Antonio Morga’s
book “Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas” (Events of the Philippine Islands) and Americans. But before the
Spaniards, there were archaeological records of the early Chinese and some Muslim scholars narrating
the existence of civilization in the archipelago even before Magellan landed. And if you have read the
Rizal’s annotation on
Morga’s book, we can tell that there was already an organized
Let us take a look on the life of the native people of Philippine archipelago prior to the arrival of the
Spaniards.
The Early Philippine Society
There were group of people that the historians believed they existed here in the Philippine Islands before
the colonization period. They are as follow:
Tabon Man. The Tabon Man skull cap was discovered by Dr. Robert Fox an American Anthropologist
within the Tabon subside Palawan in 1962. According to research this Man lived on the first days called
Stone Age and inside the cave. He also founded evidence that this early human already knew how to
make and use tools. Experts said skeletal remains found in Tabon was not a Negrito.
Negrito. Henry Otley Beyer, a known anthropologist introduced the “Theory of Migration” that the first
Human who came to the Philippine Archipelago through the Lan Bridges were Negritos, the ancestors of
the Aetas, but many anthropologist and experts opposed and disproved the belief.
Callao Man. Dr. Armand Mijares of University of the Philippines led the team of Archeologist in 2007.
They found a foot bone inside the Callao cave in Cagayan. They said this man existed 20,000 years
older than the Tabon man. They needed to consume almost three years to determine the age of the
bone. They used the method called Uranium Series Dating conducted in France. However, their team is
still planning to conduct more excavations and study to re- enforce their findings and theories.
The early Filipinos started building their communities along the mouth of the river or coastal areas. They
choose the place because of economic opportunities wherein they access the land and the water for
their everyday routines of life. Their community was a Barangay setup with 50 or 2000 people as
residents.
There are social classes in the barangay namely:

Maharlika (Noble People)
Timawa (Free men)
Alipin (Slaves)
Aliping Namamahay
Aliping Saguiguilid
The early Filipinos used caves for their housing until they learned to build houses outside using wood or
bamboo and nipa leaves or cogon grass for their roofing suited for our tropical climate. Later on, they
called Bahay Kubo. There were places in the Philippines particularly in the mountainous areas where
people make their houses at the top of the tree (tree house). This is to protect them from wild animals
that can hurt them. For those people residing beside the sea like the Badjao or sea gypsies, their boats
already serve as their houses.
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Early Filipinos did not have religion, but they believed that there is a powerful being from the sky and
that they called God. They were pagans, they believe in different gods and goddesses.
Even prior to the coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos were already believers of superstitious beliefs.
Among them include aswang, kapre, dwende, tiyanak, and tikbalang which until now still exist especially
in the remote places of different provinces.
The Baybayin or the Alibata was the pre- Hispanic writing system in the Philippines. Filipinos believed
that this system originated from Kawi (a Javanese old script with a large number of loanwords from
Sanskrit. (Java is a place in Indonesia and a Sanskrit is a classical language of India.)
The discovery of archeological artifacts in the Philippines manifested that during the Neolithic means the
last age of Stone Age and the beginning of Human development in technology. Since the beginning in
the Philippines, rice was already the principal crop aside from hunting, trapping animals, and fishing.
A traditional music and dance is the reflection of life and culture of people of one place. In music, we
have instruments like kudyapi, kalaleng, a tingguian Nose flute, slit drum. Some pre- Hispanic songs
were called Kundiman, Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno at Oyayi o Hele. Primitive dances of
the early Filipinos were linked with rituals and to their daily lives.
Preservation of the Pre-Hispanic Culture and Traditions

It is not new to us that even prior the arrival of the Westerners, the early people of the Philippine
archipelago had already built and established their unique customs and traditions. As we observe in the
present time, there are still some group of Indigenous tribes who are preserving their culture that we can
call ours and not brought by the colonizers.
REFERENCES
Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa City.
Panday-Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (pages 2-4; 16-22)
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1 | Multiple Choices
1. This class of people does not pay taxes in the community; they relatives of the Raja or the Datu
(The Nobles/Aristocrats).
a. Aliping Namamahay b. Maharlika c. Timawa d. Aliping Sagigilid
2. This evidence found in many places in the Philippines proves that Chinese were the first to trade
with us during the Tang Dynasty.
a. Stone b. . Musical Instrument c. Porcelain d. Balangay
3. It is the year when the Islam was introduced here in the Philippines by Karim ul’ Makhdum.
a. 1380 b. 1412 c. 1256 d. 1521
4. It refers to the symbolic ceremony and preservation of friendship between the two tribes.
a. Fiesta b. Sandugo c. War Dance d. Umalohokan
5. It is the two-stringed boat shape guitar of the Maguindanaoans.

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a. Kulintang b. Kalaleng c. Batikok-kok d. Gangsa
Exercise No. 2 | Essay

Describe the Philippines during the Neolithic Period.
In your own opinion, which among the three are early people in the Archipelago? (Tabon Man, Negrito,
or Callao Man). Justify your answer.
If the Spanish did not conquer our archipelago, what do you think is our culture now?
Do you believe in super natural creatures like aswang, kapre, tikbalang and tiyanak? Why or why not?
Justify your answer.
What is the importance of the discovery of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription to the Filipino?
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CHAPTER 3 COLONIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES AND

THE CONFLICTING VIEWS: Site of the First Mass
This chapter discusses the discovery of the Philippine archipelago and how
Ferdinand Magellan proved that the eastern part of the world can be
Description reached through a westerly route. The arrival of his expedition in the islands
and his relationship with the Filipino natives. It also presents here the
conflicting views about the site of the first mass – Butuan or Limasawa.
Explain how the radical changes that took place in Europe paved the way for
a new world historical epoch.
Discuss vividly the impact of the church’s influences in the political
Objectives affairs of Europe.
Explain fully the factors that led to the Age of Discovery and Exploration.
Describe how Magellan discovered a new sea route leading to Asia that
guided the succeeding explorers.

Magellan’s Expedition
Battle of Mactan
Site of the First Mass
REQUIRED READINGS
Bernard, M. E. (2002) “Butuan or Limasawa: The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines: A
Reexamination of the Evidence”, BUDHI A Journal of Ideas and Culture, Vol. 5No.
3.6.1.https://journals.ateneo.edu/ojs/index.php/budhi/article/view/582/579
LeRoy, J. (1903). The Friars in the Philippines. Political Science Quarterly, 18(4), 657- 680.
doi:10.2307/2140780
Two Powerful Countries in Europe
The colonization in the Philippines started when the two powerful countries – Portugal and Spain – had
cold rivalry in conquering lands to expand their empire and to look spices as one of the most prized
goods which is equivalent like gold. To pacify the situation, the Pope in Vatican City, Pope Alexander VI
mediated between the two to avoid further conflict (Portugal and Spain are both Catholic Nations).
In this discussion, let us find out how did Magellan end up here in the Philippine archipelago after long
voyage from Spain.
Discovery of the Philippine Archipelago
It was Magellan’s expedition that paved way to the discovery of the Philippines during 1521. Ferdinand
Magellan was born in Portugal in 1480. In 1517, he decided to move to Spain to look for an opportunity
to offer his service to the Spanish Court. Timely enough, through the Treaty of Tordesillas, King Charles
I (later became King Charles IV) of Spain was convinced about the proposed route plan of Magellan in
looking for the Spice Island and gave his blessing for a voyage under the Crown of Spain. The King
gave him a fleet of five ships called Armada and a rank commander of the expedition under the order of
Santiago
The Magellan’s Fleet:
The flagship Trinidad –under Magellan’s command

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San Antonio –commanded by Juan de Cartagena

Concepcion –commanded by Gaspas de Quesada
Santiago – commanded by Joăo Serrăo
Victoria – named after the Church of Sta Maria de la Victoria de Triana, where Magellan took an oath of
allegiance to King Charles V; commanded by Luis Mendoza
From among the five ships sent by King Charles I, only three left to continue the mission of expedition,
the Trinidad, Concepcion, and Victoria. It was the first time for the European to sail in Pacific Ocean.
Magellan named it Mar Pacifico for its peace and calm unlike other oceans that they travelled where the
water was extremely rough.
On March 16, 1521, they reached the island of Homonhon at the eastern part of the province of Samar.
They landed there to gather food and also refresh the crew after their long voyage from the Pacific
Ocean.
Magellan had good relationship to the two kings named Rajah Kulambo and Rajah Humabon. Aside
from the spice island, other missions of Magellan expedition were to circumnavigate the worlds and to
spread Christianity. When they entered the Archipelago in 1521, their priority was to Christianize all the
early Filipinos they would meet. And Rajah Humabon was the first native chieftain who embraced
Christianity.
Many native leaders accepted Spain’s offer of friendship. However, there was one leader named
LapuLapu (Leader of Mactan) who did not accept the friendship of Magellan. This rejection angered
Magellan and he devised a plan to subdue the native king.
Unfortunately, Magellan did not expect that the people from Mactan were already anticipating the battle
and was ready to fight. Caught off-guard and outnumbered, most of the Spaniards got injured and was
forced to retreat. Magellan was killed in the battle.
The defeat of the Spaniards in Mactan and with the series of unfortunate events, Magellan’s troops
finally decided to leave the island and continue their journey to Moluccas island.
Among the five ships at the beginning of the expedition, only Victoria was able to successfully went back
to Spain.
There was controversy regarding where the site of the first mass was held in the Philippines when
Ferdinand Magellan reached our archiplegao – in (Masao) Butuan or Limasawa (Leyte)?
Magellan’s Contribution in the World History
The expedition initiated of Ferdinand Magellan was regarded as the greatest of all expedition made by
man. For the first time in history, man has circumnavigated the world and has proven that the earth was
round and not flat. The expedition also proved that the largest ocean in the world was the Pacific Ocean.
This new knowledge in geography provoked Europeans to explore more territories and lands especially
in the East. This journey also paved way for the conquest of the Philippine archipelago and the
conversion of the Filipinos to Christianity.
REFERENCES
Panday-Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (pages 6-13; 26-30)
EXERCISE
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Exercise No. 1 | Essay
What is the significance of knowing where the first mass in the Philippines was held for us Filipinos?
When was the Philippine discovered? What events paved the way for its discovery?
By making a timeline, trace the expedition of Magellan from the time that he left Spain until his death.
Exercise No. 2
Write a position paper about the site of the first mass. Where do you believe it happened? Butuan or
Limasawa? Justify your answer by providing related information and evidences in your writing.
CHAPTER 4
SPANISH ERA IN THE PHILIPPINES
Chapter 4 of this module deals with the arrival of Spanish forces to establish their
colonial government in the Philippines. This part of module expounds on the
different policies carried out by the Spaniards to control the lives of the Filipinos
especially in the political – (the establishment of national and local government)
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economic – (the imposition of different taxes and policies) and cultural –

Description (establishment of schools, constructions of churches, convents, etc.) aspects.
However, in spite of all the changes that transpired, different reactions were
witnessed from the Filipinos. This also takes into account the involvement of other
countries like Portugal, Chinese, and British.
Compare and contrast the early Filipino society with that under Spanish rule.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages in the discovery of the Philippines.
Illustrate how Legazpi succeeded in bringing the entire country under the Spanish
Objectives rule.
Identify the different Spanish colonial system and analyze the causes and effects of
Spanish colonization.
Differentiate the possible reasons why some places in the Philippines easily
conquered by Spaniards.

Legaspi’s Expedition
Colonial Government Structure
Other Invasion Attempts
REQUIRED READINGS
Skowronek, R. (1998). The Spanish Philippines: Archaeological Perspectives on Colonial Economics

and Society. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 2(1), 45-71. www.jstor.org/stable/20852896
Spain’s Series of Expedition
After the Spain had celebrated El Cano’s return, King Charles I decided that the Spain should conquer
the Philippines. Five subsequent expeditions where then sent to the Islands.
Garcia Jofre Loiasa (1525)

Sebastian Cabot (1526)
Alvaro de Saavedra (1527)
Ruy Lopez de Villabos (1542)
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1564)
*Only the last two actually reached the archipelago, and only Legaspi succeeded colonizing the
Philippines.
When King Philip succeeded his father to his throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy
of Mexico, to organize another expedition – to be headed by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, who would be
accompanied by Andres Urdaneta (a priest who had survived the Loaisa mission.
Establishment of the Spanish Government in the Philippines
Legaspi’s expedition landed in Cebu island on February 13, 1565. After a diminutive struggle with the
natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made a blood compact
with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a symbol of friendship. On April 27, 1565, Legaspi returned to Cebu;
destroyed the town of Rajah Tupas and established a settlement.
As per King’s order, 2100 men arrived from Mexico. They build the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which
became the outpost and stronghold for the region. Hearing the riches of Manila, an expedition of 300
men headed by Martin de Goiti left Cebu for Manila They found the islands of Panay and Mindoro. Goiti
arrived on May 8, 1570.
The hierarchical political set-up of the Philippines during Spanish regime may be seen in the political
institutions established by the colonial power. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was a captaincy-
general administered by the Spanish King through the viceroyalty of Nueva España (Mexico). All
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Spanish possessions were governed by the Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias (Royal Supreme and
Council of the Indies) established in 1524 by Charles V. It was next to the King, the paramount lawmaker
and administrator over-seeing the colonies of the Spanish empire.
The form of government that they introduced to the early Filipinos was called Encomienda. (The word
encomienda came from the word encomendar which means to entrust.) The granting of encomienda
made its first appearance during Columbus’ time. Land discovered did not always prove bountiful as was
expected and so, in order to make the possession pay attractive, the system of parceling out lands to
conquerors was instituted. The system attracted many adventures from the Mother Country who
undertook expeditions either for private interest or some governor who later recompense the service with
a grant of land. Later, grants of encomienda were made not only to individuals who participated in the
conquest of territory, but also to civilians who would settle in the newly conquered colony.
When Philippines became official colony of Spain, they introduced some policies to control the people in
the archipelago such as Reduccion, Repartiamento and Instruccion.
Reduccion. They built a pueblo or town and forcibly obliged everyone and families to move in the town
they created. Then Spanish authorities built their outpost encircling the town for them to monitor all
movements confined in the said area.
Repartiamento. System of a forced labor to the natives of the colony. It was similar to a Polo y servicio
or a Tributo (Tribute). The natives were obliged to provide the basic needs of Spaniards (the
conquistadores).
Instruccion. The early education of Filipinos during Spanish period was through religion. It was primarily
exclusive for elite Filipinos to go to formal schools operated by friars from different congregations in the
first year of their operation.
There were six (6) Catholic Congregations who came here in the Philippines. Augustinians
Franciscans
Jesuits
Dominicans
The Recollects
Benedictines
Spain established a Central Government that was located in Intramuros Manila. The King of Spain was
the central ruler and designated his alter ego – the Viceroy to Mexico which was also under Spain. Its
function is to supervise all the colony of Spain with his Council of Indies. In 1821, Mexico regained its
Independence over Spain. All remaining colonies went directly under Spain. The King immediately sent
its Governor General to govern every colony.
Colonial Structure of Government
Governor General. The highest ranking official in the Colony appointed by the King of Spain, he
also served as the Kings alter ego.
Residencia. A special judicial court whose mandate was to investigate the performance of the Governor
General during the term and before he would replace in the position. The report of the investigation
would be directly submitted to the King of Spain.
The Visita. Headed by a visitador general from the Council of Indies in Spain, he would conduct a
surprise visit to any from among the colonies of Spain to personally observe the conditions in the colony
under the leadership of Governor General.
The Royal Audiencia. The highest court of justice in the colony. It was an institution that help the
Governor General in governing the colony by securing the people from those abusive Spanish Officials.
Alcadias (Provincial Government). It was headed by the Alcalde Mayor. The position was exclusive only
for Spanish and Mestizos.
Corregimentos (Uncontrolled Provinces). Headed by designated Army Officers by the Governor

General. The province they held was not yet totally under their governance, there were resistance from
some Filipinos. Ayuntamiento (The City Government). Headed by an Alcalde. It was a former town but
when it became the center of trade and commerce, it turned into a City. Municipal or Pueblo de Indios.
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The leader was called Gobernadorcillo - highest political position that the Filipino can have during those
times.
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During the Spanish Era in the Philippines, there were also some invasion attempts such as:
Chinese Invasion through Limahong (The Chinese Pirate)

British Invasion
Portuguese Invasion
Motives in the Conquest
There were three important motives that European countries like Spain drove to conquer new lands. –
God, Gold, and Glory. The first motive had something to do with the proliferation of Christianity. The
second motive was about the acquisition of natural resources and other economic benefits from the
colony. Third and last, they want to prove that they were more powerful compared to other countries in
the West.
REFERENCES
Agoncillo, T., (1990) History of the Filipino People (8th Edition), Quezon City, Garotech Publishing.
(7578)
Panday-Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (32-41)
Diamonon, V., (1919) A Study of the Philippines during the Spanish Regime. MA (Masters of Arts)
Thesis, State University of Iowa, https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4112&context=etd
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Multiple Choices. Choose and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Where can you find the tomb of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in the Philippines?
a. Cebu Cathedral c. Manila Cathedral
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b. St, Augustine Church d. Port San Filipe

2. The word encomienda came from the word encomendar which means .
a. To govern c. To collect tribute
b. To entrust d. to be the highest
3. The highest ranking official in the Philippines appointed by the King of Spain.
a.The Visitador General c. Residencia
b.Governador General d. Viceroy 4. The patron saint of the
Philippine navy
a. Our Lady of Perpetual Help c. Our Lady of la Naval
b. Our Lady of Manoag d. Our Lady of Antipolo
5. It was a system of forced labor to the natives which men from age 16-60 were to render free service
to the government.
a. Intruccion c. Reduccion
b. Ayuntamiento d. Repartamiento
6. The first religious congregation that entered the Philippines in 1565.
a. Augustianians c. Jesuits
b. Dominicans d. Benedictines
7. The uncontrolled provinces of Spain in the Philippines
a. Alcaldias c. Pueblo
b. Corregimentos d. Audiencia
8. The second religious order in the Philippines in 1578.
a. Intruccion c. Reduccion
b. Ayuntamiento d. Repartamiento
9. He was the head of Municipal or Pueblo.
a. Gobernadorcillo c. Alcalde Mayor
b. Cabeza de Barangay d. Corregidores
10. The date when Spain promulgated an educational decree for reforming the educational system in
the Philippines
a. Educational Decree of 1889 c. Educational Decree of 1901
b. educational Decree of 1886 d. Educational Decree of 1801
Exercise No. 2
Write a position paper about your viewpoint why the Philippines was easily conquered? Justify your
answer by providing related information and evidences in your writing.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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TAXATION AND EARLY FILIPINO REVOLTS AGAINST TRIBUTE

CHAPTER 5
This chapter discusses the monatiscal supremacy in the Philippines during

Spanish Era by understanding the pamphlet written by Marcelo H. del Pilar
“La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas”. The taxation imposed during the
Description Spanish colonization and its effect to the people especially to the natives. The
different revolts of Filipino related to the imposition of taxes in the entire
archipelago and the abused of authority of other government officials as well
as the members of the church.

Describe the condition in the Philippines and that in the Western world during
the latter part of the 19th century.
Objectives Explain the major causes of the various Filipino revolts during the Spanish
colonization.
Explain and understand the message that the author wanted to
convey on his writing “La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas”

Philippines in 19th Century
Filipino Revolts during Spanish Colonization
La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas by Marcelo H. del Pilar
REQUIRED READINGS
Plehn, C. (1901). Taxation in the Philippines. I. Political Science Quarterly, 16(4), 680-711.
doi:10.2307/2140422
Plehn, C. (1902). Taxation in the Philippines. II. Political Science Quarterly, 17(1), 125-148.
doi:10.2307/2140383
Marcelo H. del Pilar: La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas
One of the best patriots in the history was Marcelo H. del Pilar, one of his writings that awaken the
Filipinos nationalism was his pamphlet “La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas” It discusses the political,
religious and economic aspects that affect the lives of the people here in the Philippines during 19th
century.
Tributes from Natives
Spanish government enjoyed revenues for more than three hundred years of their occupation of the
Philippine archipelago. Taxation during the Spanish period was compulsory, All Spanish colonies in
America and therefore the Philippines were required to pay taxes for two (2) reasons: as recognition of
Spain’s sovereignty over the colonies to defray the expenses of pacification (the act of forcibly
suppressing hostility within the colonies) and governance, thereafter.
Several colonial laws on taxation were made by the Real y Supremo Consejo de Las Indias (Royal and
Supreme Council of the Indies) for the Spanish monarch. These laws were embodied within the
compilation of legislations associated with the New World called the Recopilación de leyes de los reynos
de las Indias. It was a four- volume collection of laws relating to the Indies, which was published in
Madrid in 1861.Taxes during the Spanish period in the Philippines were the tribute, sanctorum, donativo,
caja de communidad, and servicio personal.
Tribute. was a general tax paid by the Filipinos to Spain which amounted to eight Reales. Those who
required to pay the tribute were the:
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18 – 50 years old males the carpenters, bricklayers, blacksmiths,

tailors, and shoe makers town workers such as those in road
construction, and is public in nature Sanctorum. Tax in amount of 3
reales. This was required for the cost of Christianization including the
construction of churches and purchase of materials for religious
celebrations.
These taxes gave too much sufferings to the people. For they really had to work hard so that they could
feed their families and at the same time complied to pay taxes imposed by the colonial government.
Who are the collectors during the Spanish Time?
Of course, there were collectors responsible in collecting taxes among the natives. They were cabeza de
barangay (barangay level), alcalde mayor (province level), mayor or corregidores, alcalde
(Ayuntamiento), and gobernadorcillos for municipality.
Why taxation is important? Paying taxes before is almost same why do we pay taxes at this present
time, the collection of money through taxation is used by the water carry out many functions like
expenditure on war, the enforcement of law and public order, protection of property; economic
infrastructure, public works, social engineering, subsidies, and therefore, the operation of the
government itself. However, during the Spanish time, most of the were not happy on paying their taxes
for obvious reasons. Revolts against paying tributes aroused. Cagayan and Dingras (1589)
Agustin Sumuroy’s Revolt (1649-1650)
Francisco Maniago’s Revolt (1660-1661)
Andres Malong Revolt (1660-1661)
Due to these series of revolts, one of the good reforms which Spain introduced in the 19th century was
the Tax Reform of 1884, as provided by the Royal Decree of March 6, 1884, this tax reform contained
two important provisions: Abolition of the hated tribute and its replacement of cedula tax
Reduction of the 40-day annual forced labor (polo) to 15 days. La Soberania Monacal
en Filipinas.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas, talks about the abuse of power of the friars
here in the Philippines. Friars who were supposed to guide people to Christianity but instead of doing
that they abused their powers given by the highest authority in Spain.
Undesirable Moments in the Philippines
We must admit that major changes in the Philippines were brought by the Spanish government however,
we must also accept the fact that major changes affect the lives of the Filipino people both positively and
undesirably. It can be observed as well during the undesirable moment in history, uprisings and revolts
were not successful in fighting for their cause. One of the reasons was the lack of the spirit of
nationalism during those times. Instead of uniting as one strong force to overpower the colonizers,
others sided with the Spaniards. Another reason was the lack of national leader who supposed to
encourage the natives to unite and carry out the goal of liberating the country from the hands of the
oppressors.
REFERENCES
Ligan, V., Espino, L., Andrada, J., et. al. (2018) Readings in the Philippine History. Malabon City. Mutya
Publishing House, Inc. (88-91)
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EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Identify what is being described in the following items.
1. He was the leader of the revolt in Pampanga, who led the revolt against the tribute, forced labor
and rice exploitation.____________________________
2. He was a Waray from the Palapag, the old Northern Samar, who led a revolt against forced
labor. __________________________________
3. It is a form of forced labor where able-bodied men were required to work in construction and
building of ships. ___________________________________
4. The council which was responsible for the making of laws particularly colonial laws on taxation.
_________________________________________
5. It is the decree which aimed to relieve the Filipino Catholics of tax burden by reducing the
number of feast days and having one patron saint only per diocese. ___________________________
6. A tax in the amount of half Real for the military campaign of the government against the Muslims.
____________________________________________
7. A tax in amount of 3 Reales. This was required for the cost of Christianization including the
construction of churches and purchase of materials for religious celebrations. _____________________
8. In the 1660s, he was coaxed by Maniago to revolt against the abuses of the Spaniards because they
were experiencing the same abuses. _____________________________________
9. First issued based on the Royal Decree on March 6, 1884. All men and women residents of the
islands -Spaniards, foreigners, and natives – who were over 18 years old were required to obtain
these. _____________________________________
10. A general tax paid by the Filipinos to Spain which amounted to eight Reales. _____________
Exercise No. 2
Give a concise explanation/ discussion on the following items.
What is the essential idea in this phrase, “poverty of the government and opulence of the vow of
poverty”?
How did the taxation start in the Philippines?

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Give at least 3 reasons why cedulas were so important during Spanish time.
CHAPTER 6
AWAKENING THE FILIPINO NATIONALISM
Chapter 6 of this module looks into the various factors that ignited the spirit of
nationalism and opened their eyes to the reality that the Filipinos became slaves in
their own land for more than three centuries of Spanish colonial rule. It presents
the different actions used by both Filipino elites and masses in order to attain the
Description freedom they were dreaming for the longest time.
It also discusses here the conflicting views in the Philippine History with regards to
Cavite Mutiny.
Organize the events and trends that led to the birth of Philippine nationalism.
Identify the leaders, specific cause and result of each revolt and as well as the
Objectives reasons why none of these were successful.
To understand and explain the conflicting views reading Cavite Mutiny.

Opening of Suez Canal
Liberalism in the Philippines during Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. Dela Torre
Martyrdom of GOMBURZA Cavite Mutiny
REQUIRED READINGS
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Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Filipino Version of Cavite Mutiny of 1872, Zaide 1990, vol. 7 pp. 274- 280)
Jose Montero y Vidal, Spanish Version of Cavite Mutiny of 1872, Zaide 1990, vol. 7 pp. 269-273) Rafael
Izquierdo, Official Report on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, Zaide 1990, vol. 7 pp. 281-286) Rafael, V.
(1990). Nationalism, Imagery, and the Filipino Intelligentsia in the Nineteenth Century. Critical Inquiry,
Spirit of Nationalism
The spirit of nationalism was developed in Manila, other provinces perhaps started during the revolts
against tribute, even in Spain and in other parts of the world particularly in Europe. The concept of
nationalism was also introduced when the Spain decided to open our country to the world trade. Another
contributory factor was the opening of the Suez Canal.
In this chapter, it discusses the short term of Carlos Ma. de la Torre being the Governor General who
brought liberalism in the country. It also states here how the Martyrdom of GOMBURZA affect the
relationship of the Filipino people and the Spaniards under the leadership of Gov. General Rafael
Izquierdo.
Liberalism arrived in the Philippines
Suez Canal was made in 1859 and finished within the year 1869; a synthetic water way with a sea level
located in Egypt from Mediterranean connecting to the Red Sea, and was officially opened on November
17 ,1869. It was considered to be the shortest and important link between the east and the west owing
to its unique geographic location. It helped the propagation of world trade. These also became an
avenue for the Filipinos to access the west and got influenced through their books, leaflets and other
reading materials to enter in the Philippines Archipelago. More Filipinos had the chance to go to Europe
to study.
As travel time from the Philippines to Spain and the other way around was shortened to 30 days from
quite two months, this helped to the expansion of agricultural exports, which brought economic
prosperity to native indios.
This development also paved the way for Filipinos “ilustrados” to send their children to universities in
Europe. The rise of the “illustrados” was inevitable and they became the new patrons of the arts that led
to the secularization of arts in the 19th century.
Ilustrados – the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century.
Aside from the positive effects brought by the opening of Suez Canal, liberalism was also brought here
in the Philippines when the Spanish Revolution happened on September 1868. It was the time when the
Spaniards established the Republic of Spain and for the first time, since Spanish occupation in the
country, Filipinos enjoyed their rights and freedom. One of the major effects of the founding of the
Spanish Republic was the appointment of Carlos Ma. de la Torre as the governor-general of the
Philippines. As an advocate of liberal ideas, he promised the Filipinos several reforms in the country. For
his two-year term, he abolished the censorship of the press and encourage the people to express their
ideas about politics without hesitations.
However, it was unfortunate that liberalism during the term of La Torre ended shortly when a
conservative monarch was enthroned in Spain. This event lead to the replacement of La Torre by the
conservative Governor General Rafael Izquierdo. He restored the traditional way of governing the
colony. One of the systems that re-established was the ban on the secularization or the Filipinization of
the parishes. One of the most critical events in the country was the uprising of that happened in Cavite
as well as the martyrdom of Gomburza, Cavite Mutiny happened on January 20, 1872, there had been
approximately 200 Filipino soldiers from Manila and Cavite who revolted against the Spanish
government. A Filipino Sergeant named La Madrid led the revolt. The signal of the attack by the group
from Cavite was the fireworks to be made by the group from Manila. However, on the night of the
attacked, a celebration was held. When the fireworks display done in the celebration, the soldiers from
Cavite mistook it as signal for the attack. The soldiers invaded the Spanish arsenal and killed some
Spanish soldiers.
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The uprising became an opportunity to the Spanish government to blame and accuse the Filipino priests
and leaders who were fighting for independence. All accused, together with the Filipino priests, Father
Mariano Gomez, Father Jose Burgos, Father Jacinto Zamora, were tried in a military court and were
charged of sedition and rebellion. Governor Izquierdo approved the death sentence of the 41 members
of the uprising and others were banished to Guam and Marianas. It was believed that the trial of
GOMBURZA was a hoax.
GOMBURZA Awakens the Filipinos National Consciousness
The execution of the GOMBURZA was considered as one of the biggest mistakes of the Spaniards. The
Catholic Church did not support the Spanish Colonial Government in the decision to execute the rebels.
The Filipinos were disappointed with the turn of events. The death of the martyrs triggered the
nationalistic feeling of the Filipinos and aimed at overthrowing the Spanish sovereignty in the
Philippines.
REFERENCES
Ligan, V., Espino, L., Andrada, J., et. al. (2018) Readings in the Philippine History, Malabon City. Mutya
Publishing House, Inc. (66-76)
Alcantara, V., (2009). Philippine History: Past and Present (Social Studies for First Year), Quezon City.
CJS Publishing. (159-164)
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Identify the following.

1. He is the only pure-blooded Tagalog priest among Gomburza.
2. It refers to the military governor of Cavite during the time of Mutiny.
3. He is a Filipino scientist; historical researcher and a scholar who wrote his version of Cavite Mutiny.
4. It refers to the term that Gen Izquierdo used in describing the Cavite Mutiny.
5. Date when the Cavity Mutiny happened.
6. Governor General of the Philippines before Gen, Izquierdo.
7. A Spanish historian, in his book entitled, Historia General de Filipinas.
8. Took charge of the causes in connection with the Cavite uprising, passed the sentence of death on
forty-one of the rebels.
9. Method by which the three martyr priests were executed.
10. A Filipino Sergeant who led the Cavite uprising.
Exercise No. 2
Give a concise explanation on the following:
Why is the voyage in Europe and the opening of the Suez Canal contributory in the awakening of the
spirit of Filipino nationalism?
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Why did the Cavite Mutiny fail?
How did the liberalism develop in the Philippines after the Spanish Revolution?
What the Filipino realize when Spain was defeated in the Seven Years War?
What was the implication of the death of the three martyr priests GOMBURZA to the Filipino?
CHAPTER 7
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
This chapter looks into the various factors that ignited the spirit of nationalism and
opened their eyes to the reality that the Filipinos became slaves in their own land for
more than three centuries of Spanish colonial rule. It presents the different actions
used by both Filipino elites and masses in order to attain the freedom they were
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Description dreaming for the longest time.
It also discusses here the conflicting views in the Philippine History with regards to
Retraction of Rizal.
Understand the aims and objectives of the propaganda movement
Acknowledge and appreciate the works and writings of the Ilustrados that paved
way in achieving freedom and independence
Objectives Make personal judgement with the to issue “Retraction of Jose
Rizal

Propaganda Movement
The Propagandists
Retraction of DR. Jose Rizal
REQUIRED READINGS
Anderson, W. (2010). Philippine Studies, 58(3), 434-436.

www.jstor.org/stable/42634645
Propaganda Movement
The years 1872 – 1892 were the period when the spirit of nationalism among the great Filipinos in
Europe were greatly evident. Little by little, they started propaganda to reveal the wrong doings of both
the Catholic Church and the Colonial Government. Most of the Ilustrados in Europe were there for some
important reasons: to study and to organize movement that would help achieve the fair treatment of
Spaniards to the Filipino people. The Propaganda movement was an organization that promoted reforms
in peaceful manner.
However, not all Filipinos who went in Spain joined the propaganda movement. Most of them went to
Spain in the hope of studying and becoming successful. Those who established and joined the
movement were young and serious men who offered their talent and service for the motherland.
Filipino Propagandists
The propaganda was two-sided movement, one rewarded in Spain for the extension to the Philippines of
open governmental institutions, for an honest administration and for the replacement of the friars by the
Filipino priests; and compensated in the islands themselves for the improvement of the educational
facilities, the removal of the spying upon the press and public opinion, and most of all, awakening of the
exhausted fellow Filipinos.
Prominent Filipino Propagandists
Marcelo H. del Pilar. He became the Editor-in-Chief of the Propaganda Newspaper La Solidaridad when
it already transferred from Barcelona to Madrid. He was also known as the father of Freemasonry and
Journalism in the Philippines.
Jose Rizal. He contributed numerous articles too the newspaper, La Solidaridad, published in Spain.
One of Rizal’s political plans was to integrate the Philippines as a province of Spain. Rizal returned to
the Philippines in June 26, 1892. He founded the La Liga Filipina, in Manila. Graciano Lopez- Jaena.
was known to publish a number of literary works that challenged the status quo. One of his well-known
works included the La Solidaridad, which was a newspaper that played a very significant part in the
propaganda movement that helped lead to the Philippine Revolution. Juan Luna. He was recognized as
the first Filipino artist. He won gold and silver medal in the 1884 Madrid Fine Arts Exposition. He used
his canvas to propagate the sentiments of the Filipino people.
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Felix Resurrection Hidalgo. He was also known as one of the great Filipino painters of the 19th century,
and is significant in Philippine history for having been an associate and inspiration for the members of
the Philippine propaganda movement which included Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Mariano Ponce and
Graciano Lopez- Jaena.
Mariano Ponce. He was a doctor by profession and one of the leaders of the movement that spread the
idea of Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule. He wrote in the newspaper and was one
among the founders of La Solidaridad and Asociacion Hispano- Filipino. Dr. Pio Valenzuela. He was the
Editor-in-Chief of the newspaper of the Katipunan entitled Kalayaan. He used nom de guerre or nom de
plume in writing articles in the newspaper to hide his identity to the Spanish authorities like Dimas
Arayan (Untouchable) and Madlang-Away (Public conflict).
Propaganda Groups
When the propagandists saw the advantage of combining all their knowledge and talents, they decided
to established an organization that would bring to the Spanish authorities the movement’s concerns.
Circulo Hispano- Filipino La Independencia

La Libertad Diariong Tagalog
La Solidaridad (Organization)
Free Masonry
La Liga Filipina
Revista del Circulo Hispano- Filipino
Propaganda Newspapers
Kalayaan
La Solidaridad (Newspaper)
Struggles of the Propaganda Movement
Propagandists were somehow succeeded on their goal of awakening the heart, mind and soul of the
Filipinos through their writings. However, due to lack of fund and other resources it was really hard for
them to continue the movement. The arrest of Rizal and the abolition of La Liga Filipina marked as the
end of the Propaganda Movement. The activities of the movement completely ended with the closing of
the La Solidaridad and the deaths of the two great founders – Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez-
Jaena due to death and disappointment.
REFERENCES
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Identify what is being referred to each item. Write your answer on the space provided.
1. He was the author of Fray Botod, a novel about an abusive friar.

2. He used pen names in his articles like Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning
3. A newspaper that was published on June 20, 1898 by Clemente Jose Zulueta.
4. It was the newspaper founded by Gen. Antonio Luna and came out on September 3, 1898.
5. The titles of the one of the articles of Rizal in Diariong Tagalog, that in English means
“Beloved Homeland”.
6. He wrote the Constitution and by Laws of La Liga Filipina
7. It was the novel written by Dr. Jose Rizal which he dedicated to the three martyr priests.
8. It was the official newspaper of Propaganda Movement.
9. He was the Governor General who ordered the arrest of Rizal.
10. He was the appointed President of the Asociacion Hispano – Filipina.
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Exercise No. 2
Make your stand/opinion about the issue on Retraction of Dr. Jose P. Rizal.
CHAPTER
8 THE START OF FILIPINO ARMED STRUGGLE
This chapter focuses on the creation of secret society initiated by Andres Bonifacio. It discusses here
the different challenges they faced to gain independence. This lesson also shows the internal conflict
Description among the Filipino leaders which caused deeper scars in the Philippine history.

Appreciate the bravery and sacrifices of the Filipino leaders achieving Philippine independence
Objectives through revolution.
Ignite the love of the youth today for the country by bringing up the history

Founding of Katipunan
Leaders of Katipunan
Official Organ of the Society
Death of the Supremo
REQUIRED READINGS
ILETO, R. (1984). BONIFACIO, THE TEXT, AND THE SOCIAL SCIENTIST.

Philippine Sociological Review, 32(1/4), 19-29. www.jstor.org/stable/41853618
Founding of Katipunan
The aims of the patriots to end up the three centuries colonization of the Spanish government did not
stop with the Propaganda Movement. When Jose Rizal was arrested after three days of founding La
Liga Filipina, Andres Bonifacio together with other men organized a secret meeting on the night of July
7, 1892 in the house in Azcaraga Street. The attendees of the meeting agreed to established a
revolutionary secret society Kataas taasang Kagalanggalangan na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or
simply known as Katipunan.
Leaders and Internal Conflicts in the Katipunan
Headed by Andres Bonifacio, the Katipunan had three objectives: political, civic and moral. Political had
something to do with the liberation of the Philippines from Spain; Moral aimed at the teaching of good
manners and right beliefs; and Civic aimed the principle of helping oneself.
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The founding of Katipunan marked the end of the peaceful means of asking for reforms from the
government. The Filipinos decided to achieve independence through a revolutionary government.
New recruits to the secret society underwent a rigorous initiation process, similar to Masonic practices.
Through the organizational structure of the Katipunan was constantly in flux. It is generally believed that
they formed small branches, governed by the sangguninag balangay, these small branches formed
larger provincial councils. All must be overseen/ supervised by the Supreme Council of the Katipunan.
The legislative body of the Katipunan was known as Katipunan Assembly. It eas composed of the
member of the Supreme Council, along with the head of the popular and provincial council. Katipunan
had a “Secret Chamber” composed of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Dr. Pio Valenzuela.
The Katipunan was not just entirely for men, it was during Ramon Basa when the secret society
organized a women auxiliary section called La Semilla. The women or the Katipuneras served as
caretakers of the important documents. They also served as distractions to the Spanish soldiers. If ever
there were secret meetings, women usually held parties in their home.
Kalayaan became the official organ of the society. Using pseudonyms, they were able to expressed their
love for the country through literary works which immediately influenced the people from Central Luzon.
The articles written by Jacinto and Bonifacio awakened and reminded the people about their rights and
responsibilities for the native land. The official organ paved way to increase the members of the secret
society from 300 to 3000.
The Katipunan discovered on August 19, 1896 when a member by the name Pedro Patiño revealed the
secret society. The Spanish government immediately took action to arrest the Katipuneros. Bonifacio,
Jacinto and other leaders managed to escape and proceeded to Caloocan and other nearby towns.
In the middle of struggle of the katipuneros fighting for freedom, internal conflict aroused in the
organization. Katipunan in Cavite established two factions – Magdiwang led by Gen. Mariano Alvarez
and Magdalo led by Gen Baldomero Aguinaldo. They fighting the same enemy but not helping one
another. The Supremo visited the province to mediate on the said conflict. After settling the problems of
the two factions, they proposed to the Supremo to formalize their group and form a Revolutionary
Government which had been approved by the latter. However, the decision of Andres Bonifacio to
Cavite and mediate was the beginning of his downfall being the Supremo of Katipunan.
A captain from Kawit, Cavite Emilio Aguinaldo became the new leader of the revolution replacing Andres
Bonifacio. He was gradually rose to prominence because of his triumphs in battles both in Cavite and
Batangas.
The Tejeros Convention brought Andres Bonifacio in vain. The leaders agreed to elect leaders of the
Revolutionary Government and it was Emilio Aguinaldo who was elected as President.
From the disagreement of Andres Bonifacio to the result of the convention and because of the insult
that he got from Aguinaldo’s men, the relationship of the two leaders broke up.
Aguinaldo took his Oath of Office as the President of the first Philippine Revolutionary Government.
Upon receiving the charges against Bonifacio, he immediately sent his men to arrest the Supremo.
On May 10, 1897, the Supremo and his brother Procorpio Bonifacio were executed by a firing squad on
Mt. Nagpatong. Some accounts said that Andres was hacked to death in his Hammock and his brother
was the one who was shot. He died at age of 34.
Death of the Supremo
While the Filipinos were belligerent from the tyranny of the Spaniards, they were also struggling from
each other. The conflict between the two leaders in Katipunan – Emilio Aguinaldo and Andres Bonifacio
brought death to the Supremo himself.
REFERENCES
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EXERCISES
Exercise No.1
Answer the following questions.
Do you believe about the charges that they made to Andres Bonifacio? Explain.
Compared the Katipunan and the Propaganda Movement.
Who composed the Supreme Council of the Katipunan?
Exercise No. 2
Make a position paper about the versions of the first cry of the revolution.
“Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin”.
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PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION UNDER AGUINALDO’S LEADERSHIP and the

CHAPTER 9 INFILTRATION OF THE AMERICANS
This chapter focuses on the phases of the Revolution. It talks about the
Description establishment of the Biak na Bato Government as well as the infiltration of the
Americans in the Philippines.

Explain the different struggles experienced by the Filipino leaders during their
Objectives fight against the colonizers
Understand the transition of colonization from Spanish to American and the
situation of the Philippines

Establishment of the Biak na Bato Government
The Pact of Biak na Bato
Aguinaldo in Hong Kong
Battle of Manila Bay
REQUIRED READINGS
LAURIE, C. (1989). The Philippine Scouts: America's Colonial Army, 1899-1913. Philippine Studies,
CANO, G. (2013). LeRoy's "The Americans in the Philippines" and the History of Spanish Rule in the
Philippines. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 61(1), 3-44.
Philippine Revolutionary Government
After the death of the Supremo in the hands of our fellow Filipino under the leadership of Aguinaldo, the
revolution continues. The battleground transferred from Manila to Cavite. It was the time when the two
factions – Magdalo and Magdiwang finally get united. They merged their forces to become one in the
Revolutionary Government fighting against the common enemy – the Spaniards.
Birth of Revolution
Tired of the endless battles, Gov. General Camilo de Polavieja asked his relief as Governor General and
was granted on April 15, 1987. He was replaced by Gov. General Fernando Primo de Rivera. When the
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new executive arrived in Manila he immediately conferred with the military commanders regarding the
general situation in the Philippines.
Biak na Bato Government
On October 1897, President Aguinaldo held a meeting in Biak na Bato where the attendees decided to
continue the cause of the revolution and established the Biak na Bato Government.
A Constitution was drafted and was patterned to Cuban Constitution and was ratified on November un 1,
1897. The said constitution stated that the Biak na Bato Republic should be dissolved after two years. It
also indicated that the objective was to liberate the country and be declared as an independent state.
The constitution also contained a Bill of Rights that would look after the rights of all individuals.
When Governor General Primo de Rivera realized that there was no way to prevent the revolution, the
Spaniards finally decided to make peace with the revolutionaries.
Pact of Biak na Bato
On December 14, 1897, they officially drafted the agreement between the Spanish government through
the Gov. General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the Biak na Bato, Republic by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo.
And to execute the pact, Gen. Aguinaldo and his men received money amounting of Php 400,000.00
and an amnesty by the Spanish Government. The pact contained three important documents as follows:
The first document known as the “Program” contained the provision that Gov. General Primo de Rivera
would pay all the revolutionaries of Php 800,000.00 and would allow Aguinaldo and other revolutionaries
to voluntarily exile themselves in Hongkong.
The second document known as “Act of Agreement” stressing the grant of general amnesty for all those
who would surrender and the promise that they would enjoy the privilege of living in the country or any
other place of their choice.
The third document contained the provision about the payment for the damages. According to the
provisions stated, Spain would have to pay Php1,700,000 where Php 800,000.00 were already stated in
the first document and the remaining Php 900,000.00 would be allocated to the Filipinos who were victim
of the war.
After the documents had been signed on December 14 and 15, 1897 Aguinaldo and the other
revolutionary leaders prepared to leave for Hongkong. He left together with other 28 revolutionists on
December 27, 1897.
Maybe others might think that these group of men just saved themselves and left their fellow countrymen
in the hands of the Spaniards while others might think that they did heroic thing for the country. For there
were some revolutionists who did agreed in the said pact like Gen. Miguel Malvar and Gen. Mamerto
Alejandrino Natividad, Jr.
American Infiltration in the Philippines
Due to that explosion on April 21, 1898, the United States declared war against Spain. The causes of
their conflict were many, but according to the American government the immediate one was the first
overseas war fought by the United States using their steel ships that brought superiority to the name of
America in their naval forces in the world at that time.
Again the question is how the Philippines got into this conflict. The American Spanish War was because
of Cuba.
The Philippines was silent after the Pact of Biak na Bato, because all of the tough revolutionary leaders
of the Philippines led by General Emilio Aguinaldo were exiled in Hong Kong. But even though they went
into silence, according to Aguinaldo the fight still continued. They re- established their grouped and they
called themselves and looked for the proper timing to come back here in the Philippines to once again
fight for the Philippine Independence Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo continued the operation of the revolutionary
government in Hong Kong which became known as the Hong Kong Junta and later on as the “Supreme
Council of the Nation”.
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Perhaps because of the distance and means of communication, the revolutionists themselves again
subdivided through misunderstandings. Discontentment arose that made several changes in the
membership due to resignation of some members both in the Philippines and Hong Kong.
While in abroad, Aguinaldo continued his aim of reclaiming the Independence from Spain. He went to
Singapore to meet a friend and somehow to ask update about the situation of the Philippines and the
gather news about the conflict between America and Spain.
It was known as the well-known Battle of Manila Bay, where the Spanish losses estimated at more than
370 troops and all their warship known as Armada, while American casualties were fewer than 10. The
victory in Manilla Bay cleared the way for the US occupation of Manila in August and the eventual
transfer of the Philippines from Spanish control.
The Battle of Manila Bay paved way to the Filipinos to get back their freedom from the Spaniards after
three centuries. However, unknown to the entire archipelago, the American and Spanish forces already
had a secret agreement that the Spaniards will surrender Manila to the Americans after mock battle.
REFERENCES
(167198)
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Discuss what the agreement in the “Pact of Biak na Bato”.

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Exercise No. 2
We all know that in history, it was Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo who became the 1st President of the
Philippines however, there are some historians that even today, consider the Supremo- Andres
Bonifacio as the Philippines First President.
Who do you believe is the first President? Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo or Andres Bonifacio? Make a stand
regarding this issue. Cite the references of your argue.
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CHAPTER 10
THE START OF THE AMERICAN ERA
This chapter discusses the cooperation of Filipino leaders to the American in

Description order to end the Spanish tyranny in the country.

Recognize other Filipino heroes who dedicated their lives in achieving the
Objectives country’s ultimate goal – Independence
To know the hidden Agenda of the Americans in the country

Establishment of the Biak na Bato Government
Treaty of Paris
Malolos Congess and Malolos Constitution
REQUIRED READINGS
HUNT, C. (1988). Education and Economic Development in the Early American Period in the
Philippines. Philippine Studies, 36(3), 352-364. www.jstor.org/stable/42633100
American’s Insinuation in the Philippines
One of the achievements when the Spanish – American War started was the dictatorial government
headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. When he was in Singapore, successive meetings with E. Spencer
Pratt and Rounceville Wildman were held. When he returned to Cavite, he convinced the Filipino to side
with the Americans in its fight against Spain.
But according to some documentaries, there was a denial of Spencer Pratt about the said claims of
Aguinaldo and he denied any “dealings of a political character” with Filipino General. Admiral George
Dewey also disproved Aguinaldo’s account, stating that he did not promise anything for the Philippines.
Declaration of the Philippine Independence
June 12, 1898 was the declaration of the Philippine Independence in Cavite el Viejo (Kawit, Cavite).
While the Philippine flag was being raised and displayed in the balcony of Aguinaldo’s house, the
Philippine National Anthem was being played and Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista played read the
Declaration of Independence.
On June 18, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government and on
June 21 of the same year, he issued another decree replacing dictatorial to aments.
revolutionary government (naming himself as President). It was Apolinario Mabini, the so called “Brains
of the Kaipunan” advised him for the said changes. Aguinaldo declared that there would be an election
of the representatives of the republican assembly that would serve as the legislative branch of the
government.
The Filipinos were not actually aware that a secret meeting was held between Juadenes, Deweys and
Meritt. They agreed that Spain would surrender Manila to the Americans after a so-called “Mock Battle”.
Americans immediately established military government right after they acquired Manila on August 14,
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1898 and appointed Gen. Wesley Meritt as the first Military Governor. It is founded for the purpose of
subduing different provinces that still express their resistance to the American rule and to maintain
peace and order in the entire country
The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898. One of its provisions was the secession of
Spain’s colonies to the United States of America which included the Philippines.
On September 15, 1898, the Malolos Congress was inaugurated at the Barasoain Church in Malolos,
Bulacan. Felipe Calderon headed the body that drafted the constitution. Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the
Malolos Constitution as the most important written law of the country. On January 23, 1899 the First
Republic or the Malolos Republic was proclaimed at the Barasoain Church.
The unintentional killing of an American soldier by a Filipino soldier marked the beginning of the
FilipinoAmerican War. Under the leadership of General Arthur McArthur, the American forces were able
to capture the seat of the Philippine government in Malolos. Emelio Aguinaldo managed to escape and
he transferred his government in the towns of San Fernando, Pampanga, Tarlac, Bayambang, and
eventually in Palanan, Isabela. The American finally captured Aguinaldo in his headquarters in Palanan,
Isabela.
General Gregorio del Pilar became known in our history as the Hero of Tirad Pass when he
courageously fought with the American until his death. The capture of Aguinaldo marked the end of the
republic that he founded. However, the battle whom General Miguel Malvar led convinced the Filipinos
to pursue the fight for independence. The last general to surrender to the Americans was General
Simeon Ola of Guinobatan, Albay.
America as the New Colonizer
It is awe-inspiring that finally after almost three centuries and three decades Filipinos got independence
from the Spanish government. They brought lot of changes in the country– in all aspects – political,
economic, cultural and social. However, we did not totally found the real sovereignty because American
took over after Spaniards. There were lot of brave Filipinos- who fought for us despite the fact that our
nation is not as matured as them when it comes to governance. From the propagandists to the
revolutionists, they sacrificed their lives for the motherland.
REFERENCES
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
As history tells us, lot of brave men sacrificed their lives in achieving Philippine independence from the
hands of the oppressors. Make a compilation of the following heroes focusing on their great
contributions in the country.
Apolinario Mabini
Gen. Antonio Luna
Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
Gen. Miguel Malvar
Mariano Sakay
Exercise No. 3
Essay
Do you think Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was deceived by the Americans in Singapore for their promise of
recognition to the Philippine Independence after giving them support to fight against the Spaniards?
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Give your own opinion about the real motive of America in the Philippines? Why did they focus in our
country than of Cuba?
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Preparation for the Philippine Commonwealth Government

CHAPTER 11
This chapter focuses on the e of assistance of the United States of America to

the Philippines to achieve self-governance. The arrival of different commissions
Description sent by the President of US helped to monitor the situation of our country.

To know the different laws implemented in the Philippines and its contribution to
Objectives the development of the country
Understand the Commonwealth Government

The Cooper Act of the Philippine Organic Act of 1902
The Jones Law
The National Socialist Party
REQUIRED READINGS
Powell, I. (1936). The Commonwealth of the Philippines. Pacific Affairs, 9(1), 33-43.
doi:10.2307/2751014
Conquest of the Philippines by the United States
After bringing independence from Spain, Filipino thought that finally we were free from the oppressors,
but they were wrong. Another series of colonization once again happened in the Philippine history.
Americans may not be strict as Spaniards but still they controlled the archipelago. But unlike Spaniards,
they did not fully express their intention to make Philippines a colony. According to the proclamation of
McKinley (US President, 1899) “The Philippines are ours, not to exploit, but to develop, to civilize, to
educate, to train in the science of self- government.” Known as the Benevolent Assimilation Policy,
President McKinley said that the Filipinos would be trained and prepared for self-rule while the
Americans are in the Philippines.
The Philippine Commissions
To observe the military government in the Philippine, McKinley sent a commission to find out whether
the policies implemented were getting positive outcomes. US President appointed Schurman
Commission on January 20, 1899. Based on the observation, the commission headed by Jacob
Schurman recommended the following:
The ideals of democracy were considered the greatest legacy of the Americans to the Filipinos. As
American gave chance to us to assume positions in the government and participate in political affairs.
REFERENCES
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EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Compare the votes of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and Manuel Quezong during 1935 Elections, why do you
think, Quezon won over Aguinaldo? Explain.
CHAPTER 12
The Philippine Commonwealth Government
This chapter focuses on the development brought by the Americans through
Commonwealth Government in the Philippines. It tackles the various projects that
Description had been made and implemented by the Filipino lawmakers under the leadership
of the 1st Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon with the supervision of the
United States.
Identify the major projects during the Commonwealth Government To appreciate
Objectives the help and support of the American Government to the Filipino leaders.

Commonwealth Government
Achievements of President Manuel L. Quezon during his term
Succession of Sergio Osmeña after Quezon’s Death
REQUIRED READINGS
MacIsaac, S. (2002). The Struggle for Economic Development in the Philippine Commonwealth,
19351940. Philippine Studies, 50(2), 141-167. www.jstor.org/stable/42634458
Commonwealth Government
Although the Philippines experienced more freedom during the American period, they were still
determined in achieving absolute freedom from other countries. So, in preparation for the independence
from United States, there was a Commonwealth Government – a ten – year transitional government
from 1935 -1945. During this period, President Manuel Quezon (the first president of the Commonwealth
Government) advocated the social justice.
Achievements of Manuel L. Quezon Administration

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Commonwealth was the turning point in the history during American Period. It was the realization of the
Filipinos efforts to manage themselves and take initiative for their future. On November 15, 1935, the
Commonwealth Government inaugurated in front of the Legislative Building.
The secretary of War, George H. Dern read the speech in behalf of US President Roosevelt. The speech
was followed by the proclamation and sworn to office of the newly elected Manuel Quezon,
Sergio Osmeña and members of the National Assembly. Achievements of Manuel Quezon
Administration under the Commonwealth government were the following:
Restructuring the of the government through the creation of National Defense, Institute of National
Language and, National Council for Education, Filipinization of the Supreme Court and the lower courts
Women’s Suffrage Creation of the New Chartered Cities –
Promotion of national language based on Tagalog
Promotion of Social Justice
Required training for the youth in the Armed Forces under the leadership of Gen. Douglas McArthur
Creation of the Philippine Census of 1939
Development of the Philippine economy by promoting agriculture, commerce and industry
Creation of the Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine Affairs (JPCPA)
Granting of Philippine Independence on July 4, 1946 as indicated in Tydings MacDuffie Law
Expansion of the terms of preferential trade between the Philippines and United States until December
30, 1960
Passing of three amendments of 1935 Constitution as ratified by a National Plebiscite
Tenure of the President and Vice- President was four years with reelection for another term
Establishment of a Bicameral Congress of the Philippines
Creation of an Independent Commission on Elections composed of three members to supervise
Significant Legislations Enacted During Commonwealth Period
1935 Constitution
Commonwealth Act No. 178
National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) 1936
Commonwealth Act No. 461, 1937
Rural Program Administration
President Manuel Quezon failed to witness the reestablishment of the Commonwealth Government in
the Philippines because he already passed away in New York on August 1, 1944.
Sergio Osmeña took his oath of office as the new President of the Commonwealth.
Developments under Commonwealth Government
There were lot of development under the Commonwealth Government. As we can see, Filipinos were
able and capable of leading the country of their own. There were advancements in almost every aspect
such as Education
Public health and welfare
Trade, commerce, and industry
Transportation and Communication
Individual Freedom
Political Consciousness
Language and Literature
But of course, behind these positive results, there were also negatives and one of these was the mental
attitude that despises one’s own and loves anything foreign as the natural result of Americans “altruism”.
REFERENCES
Panday-Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (134-137).
(371380)
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CJS Publishing. (249-251) https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/tag/commonwealth-of-the-philippines/

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EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Enumeration. Give the accomplishments of President Manuel Quezon during his term in the
Commonwealth Government,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Exercise No. 2
Explain the following Legislations enacted during the Commonwealth
1935 Constitution
National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) 1936
Commonwealth Act No. 461, 1937
Rural Program Administration
CHAPTER 13
THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
This chapter discusses the conflict between America and Japan and how the
Philippines got involved. It focuses on the interruption of the Japanese in the tenyear
Description preparatory period of America to Philippines for self- rule which is called the
Commonwealth.
Learn and understand the tactics of Japan in invading the Philippines
Appreciate the sacrifices of the fallen soldiers of Bataan during Death March
Analyze the political situation during Japanese Occupation and the creation of the
Objectives puppet government in the leadership of the Filipino elites

Manila as Open City
Fall of Bataan
Death March
Philippines under Puppet Government
REQUIRED READINGS
Yu-Jose, L. (1996). World War II and the Japanese in the Prewar Philippines. Journal of Southeast
Asian Studies, 27(1), 64-81. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/20071758
Hayase, S. (1999). Japan and the Philippines. Philippine Studies, 47(1), 30-47. Retrieved July 26, 2020,
from www.jstor.org/stable/42634299
GOODMAN, G. (1988). The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines: Commonwealth Sustained.
Philippine Studies, 36(1), 98-104. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/42633066
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SERIZAWA, T. (2015). Japanese Solidarity Discourse on the Philippines during the Second World War.
Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 63(1), 71-100. www.jstor.org/stable/24672308
Beginning of World War II
Philippines is indeed a country reach in experiences of dealing with other countries. Unexpectedly, the
Commonwealth era in the Philippines was interrupted by the Japanese in early 1940s when the latter
country bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 8, 1941. Apparently, our country was not the
target of Japan – it was the America. It was just happened that America occupied some areas in the
Philippines for military base.
The Second World War II is being regarded as the biggest and most destructive war in the World
History. Even before the outbreak of the war in December 1941, Filipinos already made some
preparations. And as the tension grew, President Roosevelt called Gen. Douglas McArthur again for
active service and he became the head of United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE).
Japanese Attack in the Philippines
The largest Japanese force headed by Gen Masaharu Homma docked in Lingayen. President Manuel
Quezon together with his family and some members of the cabinet left Manila on Christmas eve and
transferred the seat of the Commonwealth to Corregidor. It was December 26, when McArthur declared
Manila as an Open City to avoid further destructions and killings of the civilians left in the city. Due to the
health and critical condition of President Manuel Quezon, US President Roosevelt that President Manuel
Quezon and his family be brought in US. Aside from Quezon family, Roosevelt also ordered the
departure of McArthur for Australia so that he could organize a new army that could possibly fight the
Japanese troops. Gen. McArthut left the Philippines and when he reached Australia, he mentioned his
most famous line “I shall return”. He was replaced by Gen. Jonathan Mainwright as head of USAFFE.
April 9, 1942 – Bataan fell in the hands of the Japanese. They had no choice but to surrender to avoid
and minimize the killings of the Filipino as well as the American soldiers. The Death March took place.
From Mariveles, Bataan, prisoners marched to San Fernando, Pampanga. From San Fernando
Pampanga, they boarded on the train and were brought to prison in Tarlac. The Fall of Bataan marked
the temporary end of American regime in the Philippines. Even Gen. Mainwright failed to defend
Corregidor from the Japanese troops.
When the Japanese finally took over the Philippines from America, Gen. Masahru Homma established a
military government in the city on January 3, 1942. They wanted to administer the political, economic
and cultural system of the country.
The Japanese planned to establish a puppet government and they succeed. The said government was
headed by the prominent Filipino in the society. The Philippine Executive Commission (PEC) was
established on January 23, 1942 with Jorge Vargas being the appointed Chairman. PEC abolished all
the political parties that were established during American times in the country on December 8, 1942, by
virtue of Proclamation No. 109 creating the “Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas”
(Association for Service to the New Philippines).
When the Japanese took over the Philippines, they actually, they actually expressed their main
objective- to liberate all the oppressed in East Asia and establish the Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity
Sphere for the development of the countries in the East.
The PCPI (Philippine Commission for Philippine Independence) elected its twenty representatives for the
framing of the constitution for the established Philippine Republic. The said commission was headed by
Jose P. Laurel.
The arrival of Gen. McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 marked the end of the Second Philippine
Republic. With him was a fleet of 700 Marine Vessels with 174,000 men on board. When the Japanese
Imperial Forces was informed of the coming of the American liberation forces, they feared the massive
assault might happen.
Gen. McArthur declared the Philippine liberation on July 5, 1945. The defeat of Japan happened when
two atomic bomb where launch in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. They formally surrendered in ceremony held
at the USS Missouri docked in Tokyo Bay.
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Results of Japanese Occupation
Japanese had the shortest period of stay here in the country but they really left scars in the Philippine
history. During their occupation, life was most trying and dangerous. According to Agoncillo - Men in the
cities and plains had five mortal enemies:
Japanese Military
Diseases
Guerillas
Hunger
Japanese -Filipino spies
Owing to McArthur who delivered his promise of coming back, the agony of the Filipino people stopped.
REFERENCES
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
ESSAY
Discuss how the Second Republic established in the Philippines during Japanese Occupation.
Exercise No. 2
Identify the following:
1. He was tasked by the Japanese to write the constitution of the Second Philippine Republic.
2. An organization that was established to carry the primary objectives of Japanese occupation in the
Philippines.
3. He was the leader of the Japanese forces when they occupied the Philippines.
4. Place which bombed by the Japanese that marked the beginning of the World War II.
5. He was the President of the Philippine Second Republic.
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6. In this place, the Japanese accepted their defeat and formally surrendered to the Americans.
7. He was appointed as the head of USAFFE when McArthur left the Philippines and moved to
Australia.
8. This commission had 20 representatives for the framing of the constitution for the established
Philippine Republic.
9. Date when Bataan fell in the hands of the Japanese.
10. This was the famous line of Gen. Douglas McArthur.
BEGINNING OF THE PHILIPPINE THIRD REPUBLIC

CHAPTER 14
This chapter presents the continuation of the interrupted commonwealth government

Description after the Japanese occupation and the accomplishments of the Philippine Presidents
of the Third Republic.

Know the different administration during the Third Republic
Objectives Understand the effects of projects and other programs to the Filipinos implemented by
the Presidents.
Assess the achievements of each of the President

Restoration of the Commonwealth Government
Sergio Osmeña
Elected Presidents of Third Republic
REQUIRED READINGS
Rabasa, A., Gordon, J., Chalk, P., Grant, A., McMahon, K., Pezard, S., . . . Zimmerman, S. (2011). The
Philippines. In From Insurgency to Stability: Volume II: Insights from Selected Case Studies (pp. 9-40).
RAND Corporation. www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg1111-2osd.10
TAKAGI, Y. (2014). The "Filipino First" Policy and the Central Bank, 1958–1961 Island of State Strength
and Economic Decolonization. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 62(2), 233-261.
Restoration of the Commonwealth Government
The Third Republic of the Philippines started after the defeat of Japanese here in the Philippines. Gen.
McArthur did his promise of returning to the country with enough troops to defeat the Japanese forces.
Puppet government was overthrown. There was a restoration of the Commonwealth Government and a
one- year transitional period in the preparation of independence. Political parties revived like
Nacionalista Party and the creation of new Political Party- Liberal Party which was able to produce the
first president of the Third Republic – Manuel Roxas.
Presidents of the Philippine Third Republic
One of the programs of the President Sergio Osmeña after the Japanese occupation was the
rehabilitation of the country. He actually asked financial assistance from United States regarding this
program for it requires budget.
April 23, 1946 – Commonwealth government decided to held last election. Sergio Osmeña of National
Party and Manuel Roxas of the new established Political Party ran for presidential post.
Manuel Roxas. He won the election and the Third Republic was officially inaugurated on 4th of July
1946. One of the most challenging part in Roxas’ administration was the rehabilitation of the Philippines.
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It was hard for him to ask financial aid from United States. During his term, he really tried to revived the
Philippine culture and also to maintain peace and order.
Elpidio Quirino. – After the untimely death of Roxas, Quirino became the president. He immediately
declared that he will continue all the projects and programs started by Roxas. President Quirino created
the President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration or PACSA, the Agricultural Credit Cooperative
Financing Administration or ACCFA, and the establishment or Rural bank nationwide.
Ramon Magsaysay. He won over Quirino as President in the succeeding elections. His simple and
humble lifestyle won him the title “Savior of Philippine Democracy” and “Man of the Masses”. He loved
by the Filipinos for he was the first President who focused on the Barrio’s rehabilitation. He prohibited
costly gatherings that would spend much money of the government. He made sure that all his
employees were with high moral standards to avoid corruption and nepotism. He initiated to wear
Barong Tagalog as symbol of nationalism.
During Magsaysay’s term, the country signed in several treaties and agreements like the Laurel-Langley
Agreement, Reparations Agreement and Treaty of San Francisco.
Carlos P. Garcia. He became the next president after the death of Pres. Magsaysay in a plane crash.
Some of the programs of Garcia were the protection of human rights and to promote democracy. One of
his remarkable policies was the “Filipino First Policy” - which aimed to help the Filipinos to strengthen
the business industries of the country.
Diosdado Macapagal. He became the fifth President of the Philippine Republic. He changed the date of
our celebration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. One of his programs was the Agricultural
Land Reform Code that aimed to sell lands to poor and small farmers at reasonable terms. President
Macapagal also used the Filipino language in government transaction and even in documents.
Marcos Era and the Declaration of Martial Law
Ferdinand Marcos. He took his office as the sixth president of the Philippines. Upon his oath, he
immediately faced the problem of the lack of funds in the national treasury due to the costly
administration of Macapagal. When Ferdinand Marcos and Fernando Lopez won in the election in 1969,
they were considered to be the first president and vice president to be reelected for the said positions.
President Marcos’ second term was met by many problems and challenges as compared to his first
term. Many Filipinos became unemployed and the peso devaluated. Added the corruptions in the
government and poverty of the majority of the Filipinos.
Martial Law is a measure used by a leader of a state to secure the welfare of the people against dangers
of violence, anarchy, rebellion or even conquest. President Marcos used Martial Law in order to extend
his term of office. Another reason of declaring Martial Law was that Marcos wanted to establish “New
Society”.
Marcos also founded the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) which was tasked to
administer and plan programs for the national economy. Inspite of these reforms, Filipinos still
experienced economic and political challenges. Majority of the people were in poverty.
Even though that Marcos reinstated democracy, he was still in control of the government. The Batasang
Pambansa that he created which was composed of 132 members were also under his supervision.
January 17, 1981, President Marcos signed Presidential Decree 2045 declaring the end of Martial Law
after eight years and four months. On June 16, 1981, the first elections after Martial Law was lifted, took
place. Of course, Marcos won.
The death of Senator Ninoy Aquino triggered the thirst of the Filipinos for real democracy. He was killed
at the Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983. President Marcos immediately ordered the trial of
Aquino – Galman case. Under the Sandiganbayan
Challenges Continue under the Philippine Presidents

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Different struggles stirred after we claim our independence from colonizers. After the ten-year program
of United States in the country through Commonwealth, finally there was the Third Republic. But the
crises did not stop, at first there were post- war problems followed by different challenges faced by
different administrations of the Third Republic.
REFERENCES
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Make a summary of the terms of office of the previous Presidents of the Philippines
President Vice- President Political Party Achievements Term of Office
Emilio Aguinaldo
Manuel L. Quezon
Sergio Osmeña
Manuel Roxas
Eldpidio Quirino
Ramon Magsaysay
Carlos Garcia
Diosdado
Macapagal
Ferdinand Marcos
Exercise No. 2
Essay
Ferdinand Marcos was the only President who was reelected, compare his first and second term.
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Why Ramon Magsaysay called “Man of the Masses” and “Savior Philippine Democracy”?
CHAPTER 15
THE PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION
This chapter talks about success of the bloodless revolution in Asia – EDSA
People Power and rebirth of democracy in our country after Martial Law. This topic
Description focuses on the great achievements of the presidents of the Fifth Republic.

Understand the situation of the Philippines during Martial Law under the
dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos
Objectives Know the different administration during the after People Power and their
achievements during their term (From C. Aquino – D. Duterte)
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Martial Law
EDSA People Power
Fifth Republic
REQUIRED READINGS
RINGUET, D., & ESTRADA, E. (2003). Understanding the Philippines' Economy and Politics since the
Return of Democracy in 1986. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 25(2), 233-250.
Clarke, G. (1993). PEOPLE POWER? NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS
AND PHILIPPINE POLITICS SINCE 1986. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, 21(3), 231-256.
Death of Ninoy Aquino and the People Power Revolution
To the millennials like us, for sure every time that the democracy of our state is at stake, we always
heard or see the whoop of “Never Again.” It’s like this phrase symbolizes the Marcos Regime in the
Philippine History – his dictatorship and the absence of democracy.
The death of Ninoy Aquino pushed the people to challenge the credibility of Ferdinand Marcos being the
President. To prove that Marcos is still in control he called for a special election which is the history’s
unforgettable “snap elections” of 1986. His opponent for the presidency was the wife of Ninoy Aquino-
Mrs. Corazon Aquino.
Presidents of the Philippine Fifth Republic and their Legacies
There was a widespread violence during the elections. There were opposite results between NAMFREL
(National Citizens Movement for Free Election) and COMELEC (Commission on Elections). NAMFREL
declared Aquino and Laurel as the winners in the elections but the COMELEC declared Marcos and
Tolentino as the President and Vice- President of the Republic of the Philippines. The CBCP
immediately ask support for the people to conduct protests against the result of elections.
As we all know, People Power held on February 24 and 25, 1986 along EDSA. The first bloodless
Revolution that ever happened in Asia. It was actually a peaceful merging of the church, the military, and
the Filipinos expressing their non-violent objection against the government.
Corazon Aquino sworn her oath of office being the first woman President of the Republic of the
Philippines on February 25, 1986. On the night of the same date, Marcos and his family left Malacañang
and went to Hawaii.
President Aquino restored the democracy in the country. She released the political prisoners during
Martial Law. Her administration was for the implementation of the land reform known as the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program.
Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines under 1987 Constitution after Pres. Corazon Aquino.
Fidel Ramos. He was inaugurated as the 12th President of the Philippines. Ramos introduced the
“Philippine 2000” policy. Under his administration, our country came to be known as a “Tiger Economy”
in Asia because of the remarkable growth in the economy and an increase of investors.
It was also Ramos administration when the government entered into peace negotiations with the New
People Army (NPA) and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) led by Nur Misuari. The President also
declared amnesty for the rebel officials of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM). Another
achievement of his administration was when our country hosted the 4th APEC (Asia Pacific Economic
Conference Summit Meeting in 1996.
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There were three historical events that took place in our country from May – June 1998
National Elections held on May 1998
100 Year Celebration of Philippine Independence
Oath- Taking of the newly elected President Joseph Ejercito- Estrada at Barasoain Church
Joseph Estrada. His first year of term as president was already shattered with lot of problems and
anomalies he got involved in. Estrada was the first President to be impeach. He did not finish his term.
When the evidence reveled against the President, People immediately proceed to EDSA to launch the
Second People Power. When the people marched towards the Malacañang Palace, Estrada and his
family was forced to leave. He was deposed to presidency and his Vice -President Gloria Macapagal –
Arroyo (daughter of former President Diosdado Macapagal) took an office as President on January 20,
2001 at the Edsa Shrine. Gloria Macapagal – Arroyo. The second woman president who assumed her
presidency in 2001 to continue the term of Estrada. She was bombarded with criticisms by former
president’s supporters albeit that the Supreme Court declared the legality of Arroyo’s presidency. In
spite of her declaration that she will not run for 2004 elections, she changed her mind and decided to run
for another term. Under 1987 Constitution of course it was legal for she just continued the unfinished
term of Estrada. She won in the elections held on May 10, 2004.
Benigno Simeon Aquino III. At first, he has no plan of running for presidency until her mother late
president Cory Aquino died. The supporters of the former president gathered in spirit of EDSA
Revolution once again revived. After the burial of his mother, people started to shout Noynoy for
President until consolidated larger number of peoples support for his candidacy and became known as
Noynoy Phenomenon.
Some of President Noynoy Aquino’s priority programs were: No "wang wang” policy to eliminate abusive
person in using their sirens for their personal interest; Reproductive Health Bill which is now a law known
as “Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (R.A. No. 10354); Enhance Defense
Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) which the Pres. Aquino signed the agreement bwtween our country and
United States of America to re- strengthen our military and defense alliance and other reforms.
There were also lot of criticisms about his term: The Manila Hostage Crisis, Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda),
and of course who will forget the 44 Fallen Heroes of Mamasapano Massacre.
Rodrigo Roa Duterte. His political slogan “Change is coming” made him the 16th president of the
Republic of the Philippines. Now is the 4th year of his term being the President. Before he became the
President, he was one among the longest- serving mayor in the country.
Some events that happened during his term are which we are fully aware are as follows:
Anti- Drug Campaign

Salary Increase of the AFP and PNP
Declaration of Martial Law in Mindanao
Philippines as a Democratic State
The Philippines was under the leadership of former President Ferdinand Marcos for almost 20 years.
Our country was praised worldwide in 1986, when the so-called bloodless revolution erupted, called
EDSA People Power’s Revolution - marked a significant national event that has been engraved in the
hearts and minds of every Filipino. This part of Philippine history gives us a strong sense of pride
especially that other nations had attempted to emulate what we have shown the world of the true power
of democracy. However, after regaining the democracy we can see that our presidents of different terms
still faced their own challenges on their respective administration.
REFERENCES
Panday-Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (178-204). https://www.philippine-history.org/edsa-people-power-
revolution.htm https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/aquino-administration/
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EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Give your assessment to the Philippine politics and government under President Rodrigo
“Digong” Duterte.
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Readings in Philippine History: Learning Modules For GE 2

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Readings in Philippine History: Learning Modules For GE 2

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Republic of the Philippines

Name of Student: ________________________________________________

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

• Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity and provenance

– The Meaning of History, Sources of Historical Data, Historical Criticisms

In this chapter, History as discipline and as a narrative is being introduced. It discusses

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

Sources of Historical Data

Primary versus Secondary Sources

There are two parts to historical criticisms.

The Birth of the Philippine History

History as Records of the Past

Historical Criticism of the past.

CHAPTER 2 KNOWING PHILIPPINE HISTORY: PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHICAL AND

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

Philippines Before the Conquest

The Early Philippine Society

There are social classes in the barangay namely:

Preservation of the Pre-Hispanic Culture and Traditions

Exercise No. 1 | Multiple Choices

a. Aliping Namamahay b. Maharlika c. Timawa d. Aliping Sagigilid

5. It is the two-stringed boat shape guitar of the Maguindanaoans.

a. Kulintang b. Kalaleng c. Batikok-kok d. Gangsa

Exercise No. 2 | Essay

or Callao Man). Justify your answer.

CHAPTER 3 COLONIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES AND

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

Two Powerful Countries in Europe

Discovery of the Philippine Archipelago

The flagship Trinidad –under Magellan’s command

San Antonio –commanded by Juan de Cartagena

Magellan’s Contribution in the World History

Exercise No. 1 | Essay

economic – (the imposition of different taxes and policies) and cultural –

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

Skowronek, R. (1998). The Spanish Philippines: Archaeological Perspectives on Colonial Economics

Spain’s Series of Expedition

Garcia Jofre Loiasa (1525)

Establishment of the Spanish Government in the Philippines

Colonial Structure of Government

Corregimentos (Uncontrolled Provinces). Headed by designated Army Officers by the Governor

Chinese Invasion through Limahong (The Chinese Pirate)

Motives in the Conquest

b. St, Augustine Church d. Port San Filipe

TAXATION AND EARLY FILIPINO REVOLTS AGAINST TRIBUTE

This chapter discusses the monatiscal supremacy in the Philippines during

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

Marcelo H. del Pilar: La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas

Tributes from Natives

18 – 50 years old males the carpenters, bricklayers, blacksmiths,

Who are the collectors during the Spanish Time?

Undesirable Moments in the Philippines

Identify what is being described in the following items.

Give a concise explanation/ discussion on the following items.

How did the taxation start in the Philippines?

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

Martyrdom of GOMBURZA Cavite Mutiny