Mali

Mali
Mali,[c] officially the Republic of Mali,[d] is a

landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the Republic of Mali
eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of Official names
Bambara: Mali ka Fasojamana / ߊߞ ߌߟߊ߬ߡ
over 1,241,238 square kilometres
ߊߣߊߡߊߖߏߛߊߝ[1]
(479,245 sq mi).[15] The country is bordered to the
Fula: Republik bu Maali / 𞤳𞤭𞤤𞤦𞤵𞤨𞤫𞤈
north by Algeria, to the east by Niger, to the 𞤭𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤃 𞤵𞤦
northwest by Mauritania, to the south by Burkina Hassaniya: ‫( ُج ْمُهو ِرَّيْة َماِلي‬Jumhūriyyet Māli)
Faso and Ivory Coast, and to the west by Guinea Soninke: Mali T ɔ g ɔ badugu
and Senegal. The population of Mali is 21.9 Tamasheq: Tagduda n Mali / ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ
million,[16][17] 67% of which was estimated to be ⵎⴰⵍⵉ
under the age of 25 in 2017.[18] Its capital and
largest city is Bamako. The country has 13 official
languages, of which Bambara is the most
commonly spoken.
The sovereign state of Mali consists of 19 regions; Flag Coat of arms

its borders on the north reach deep into the middle Motto: "Un peuple, un but, une foi" (French)
of the Sahara Desert. The country's southern part, "One people, one goal, one faith"
where the majority of inhabitants live, is in the
Anthem: "Le Mali" (French)
Sudanian savanna and both the Niger and Senegal
rivers pass through. The country's economy centres 0:00 / 0:00
on agriculture and mining. Its most prominent
natural resources include gold, of which it is the
third largest producer in Africa,[19] as well as
salt.[20]
Mali was once part of three extremely powerful and

wealthy West African empires that controlled trans-
Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire (for which Ghana
is named), the Mali Empire (for which Mali is
named), and the Songhai Empire. At its peak in
1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country
in Africa[21] and one of the wealthiest on earth,
with its 14th-century emperor Mansa Musa believed
to be one of the wealthiest individuals in Location of Mali (green)
history.[22][23][24] Besides being an economic Capital Bamako
powerhouse, medieval Mali was a centre of Islam, and largest city 12°39′N 8°0′W
culture and knowledge, with Timbuktu becoming a Official languages 13 national languages[2][3]
renowned place of learning with its university, one Bambara
of the oldest in the world still active. The expanding Bobo
Songhai Empire absorbed the empire in 1468, Bozo
followed by a Saadian army which defeated the Dogon, Toro So
Songhai in 1591. In the late 19th century, during the Fula
Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, Hassaniya
making it a part of French Sudan; as the Sudanese Kassonke
Republic, a brief federation with Senegal was Maninke
formed, achieving independence in 1960. After Minyanka
Senegal's withdrawal, the Republic of Mali was Senufo, Senara
established. After a long period of one-party rule, a Songhay, Koyraboro Senni
coup in 1991 led to a new constitution and the Soninke
establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party Tamasheq
state. Working language French (de facto)[4]
In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in Spoken Bambara[a] · Fula · Dogon ·
northern Mali, in which Tuareg rebels took control languages Soninke · Songhay ·
of a territory in the north, and in April declared the Mandinka · Minyanka ·
Tamasheq · Senufo · Bobo ·
secession of a new state, Azawad.[25] The conflict Bozo · Kassonke · Maure ·
was complicated by a military coup in March Samogo · Dafing · Arabic ·
2012[26] and later fighting between Tuareg and Hausa
other rebel factions. In response to territorial gains, Ethnic groups 33.3% Bambara
the French military launched Operation Serval in 13.3% Fula
January 2013.[27] A month later, Malian and French 9.6% Soninke
forces recaptured most of the north, although the 9.6% Senufo / Bwa
conflict continued. Presidential elections were held 8.8% Malinke
on 28 July 2013, with a second-round run-off held 8.7% Dogon
on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 5.9% Songhai
24 November and 15 December 2013. In the early 3.5% Tuareg
2020s, Mali experienced two military takeovers by 2.1% Bobo
Assimi Goïta. 4.5% Others[6]
Religion (2021)[7] 95% Islam

Etymology 5% Others[b]
The name Mali is taken from the name of the Mali
Demonym(s) Malian
Empire. It means "the place where the king
lives"[28] and carries a connotation of strength.[29] Government Unitary presidential republic
under a military junta[8]
Fourteenth-century Maghrebi traveller Ibn Battuta • President Assimi Goïta (interim)
reported that the capital of the empire was called • Prime Minister Choguel Kokalla Maïga
Mali.[30][31] One Mandinka tradition tells that the (interim)
legendary first emperor Sundiata Keita changed Legislature National Assembly
himself into a hippopotamus upon his death in the
Formation
Sankarani River and that it was possible to find
• Mali Empire 1235
villages in the area of this river called "old Mali". A
• Establishment of 24 November 1958
study of Malian proverbs noted that in old Mali, the Sudanese
there is a village called Malikoma, which means Republic
"New Mali", and that Mali could have formerly • Merger with 4 April 1959
been the name of a city.[32] Senegal to
create the Mali
Federation
Another theory suggests that Mali is a Fulani • Independence 20 June 1960
pronunciation of the name of the Mande from France
• Dissolution of the 20 August 1960
peoples.[33][34] It is suggested that a sound shift led Mali Federation
to the change, whereby in Fulani the alveolar • Declaration of 22 September 1960
segment /nd/ shifts to /l/ and the terminal vowel the Republic of
denasalizes and raises, leading "Manden" to shift to Mali
/mali/.[32] Area
• Total 1,241,238[9] km2
History • Water (%)
(479,245 sq mi) (23rd)
1.6
Population
• 2023 estimate 21,359,722[10] (61st)
• Density 11.7/km2 (30.3/sq mi)
(215th)
GDP (PPP) 2023 estimate

• Total $61.625 billion[11] (115th)
• Per capita $2,639[11] (174th)
The extent of the Mali Empire's peak
GDP (nominal) 2023 estimate
• Total $21.309 billion[11] (123rd)
• Per capita $912[11] (175th)
Gini (2010) 33.0[12]

medium
HDI (2022) 0.410[13]

low (188th)
Currency West African CFA franc

The pages above are from Timbuktu (XOF)
Manuscripts written in Sudani script
Time zone UTC (GMT)
(a form of Arabic) from the Mali
Empire showing established Date format dd/mm/yyyy
knowledge of astronomy and
Driving side right[14]
mathematics. Today there are close
to a million of these manuscripts Calling code +223
found in Timbuktu alone.
ISO 3166 code ML
Internet TLD .ml
The rock art in the Sahara suggests that northern Mali has been
inhabited since 10,000 BC, when the Sahara was fertile and rich in
wildlife. Early ceramics have been discovered at the central Malian
site of Ounjougou dating to about 9,400 BC, and are believed to
represent an instance of the independent invention of pottery in the
region.[35] Farming took place by 5000 BC and iron was used
around by 500 BC. In the first millennium BC, early cities and
Griots of Sambala, king of Médina
(Fula people, Mali), 1890
towns were created by Mande peoples related to the Soninke
people, along the middle Niger River in central Mali, including Dia
which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around
600 BC,[36] and Djenne-Djenno, which lasted from around 300 BC to 900 AD. By the sixth century AD,
the lucrative trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt and slaves had begun, facilitating the rise of West Africa's
great empires.
There are a few references to Mali in early Islamic literature. Among these are references to "Pene" and
"Malal" in the work of al-Bakri in 1068,[37] the story of the conversion of an early ruler, known to Ibn
Khaldun (by 1397) as Barmandana,[38] and a few geographical details in the work of al-Idrisi.[39]
Mali was once part of three famed West African empires which controlled trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt,
other precious commodities, and slaves majorly during the reign of Mansa Musa from c. 1312 – c. 1337.[40]
These Sahelian kingdoms had neither rigid geopolitical boundaries nor rigid ethnic identities.[40] The
earliest of these empires was the Ghana Empire, which was dominated by the Soninke, a Mande-speaking
people.[40] The empire expanded throughout West Africa from the eighth century until 1078, when it was
conquered by the Almoravids.[41]
The Battle of Kirina in 1235, culminated in a victory for the Mandinka under the command of the exiled
prince Sundiata Keita, which led to the downfall of the Sosso Empire.
The Mali Empire later formed on the upper Niger River, and reached
the height of power in the 14th century.[41] Under the Mali Empire,
the ancient cities of Djenné and Timbuktu were centers of both trade
and Islamic learning.[41] The empire later declined as a result of
internal intrigue, ultimately being supplanted by the Songhai
Empire.[41] The Songhai had long been a major power in West
Africa subject to the Mali Empire's rule.[41]
In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence

from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire
eastern portion of the Mali Empire.[41] The Songhai Empire's
Map of the Pashalik of Timbuktu
eventual collapse was largely the result of the Moroccan invasion of
(yellow-striped) as part of the Saadi
1591 under the command of Judar Pasha.[41] The fall of the Songhai dynasty of Morocco (outlined
Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading black) within the Songhai Empire
crossroads.[41] Following the establishment of sea routes by the (outlined red), c. 1591
European powers, the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance.[41]
At that time, the Mali Empire's abundance in wealth expanded its
commercial assets of salt and gold.
One of the worst famines in the region's recorded history occurred in the 18th century. According to John
Iliffe, "The worst crises were in the 1680s, when famine extended from the Senegambian coast to the
Upper Nile and 'many sold themselves for slaves, only to get a sustenance', and especially in 1738–1756,
when West Africa's greatest recorded subsistence crisis, due to drought and locusts, reportedly killed half
the population of Timbuktu."[42]
French colonial rule

Mali fell under the control of France during the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century.[41] By 1905,
most of the area was under firm French control as a part of French Sudan.[41]
In November 1915, a large anti-French uprising broke out among the tribes
in the regions of present-day Mali and Burkina Faso.[43] The last resistance
was suppressed only in September 1916. During the suppression of the
uprising, over 100 villages were destroyed by French colonial troops.[44]
On 24 November 1958, French Sudan (which changed its name to the

Sudanese Republic) became an autonomous republic within the French
Community.[45] In January 1959, Mali and Senegal united to become the
Mali Federation.[45] The Mali Federation gained independence from France
on 20 June 1960.[41]
Senegal withdrew from the federation in August 1960, which allowed the Cotton being processed in
Niono into 180 kg (400 lb)
Sudanese Republic to become the independent Republic of Mali on 22
bales for export to other
September 1960, and that date is now the country's Independence Day.[46] parts of Africa and to
Modibo Keïta was elected the first president.[41] Keïta quickly established a France, c. 1950
one-party state, adopted an independent African and socialist orientation
with close ties to the East, and implemented extensive nationalization of
economic resources.[41] In 1960, the population of Mali was reported to be about 4.1 million.[47]
Moussa Traoré
On 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Keïta regime was overthrown in a
bloodless military coup led by Moussa Traoré,[48] a day which is now commemorated as Liberation
Day.[49] The subsequent military-led regime, with Traoré as president, attempted to reform the economy.
His efforts were frustrated by political turmoil and a devastating drought between 1968 and 1974,[48] in
which famine killed thousands of people.[50] The Traoré regime faced student unrest beginning in the late
1970s and three coup attempts. The Traoré regime repressed all dissenters until the late 1980s.[48]
The government continued to attempt economic reforms, and the populace became increasingly
dissatisfied.[48] In response to growing demands for multi-party democracy, the Traoré regime allowed
some limited political liberalization. They refused to usher in a full-fledged democratic system.[48] In 1990,
cohesive opposition movements began to emerge, and was complicated by the turbulent rise of ethnic
violence in the north following the return of many Tuaregs to Mali.[48]
Anti-government protests in 1991 led to a coup, a transitional

government, and a new constitution.[48] Opposition to the corrupt
and dictatorial regime of General Moussa Traoré grew during the
1980s. During this time strict programs, imposed to satisfy demands
of the International Monetary Fund, brought increased hardship
upon the country's population, while elites close to the government
supposedly lived in growing wealth. Peaceful student protests in
January 1991 were brutally suppressed, with mass arrests and
torture of leaders and participants.[51] Scattered acts of rioting and WWI Commemorative Monument to
vandalism of public buildings followed, but most actions by the the "Armée Noire"
dissidents remained nonviolent.[51]
March Revolution
From 22 March through 26 March 1991, mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationwide strike was held in
both urban and rural communities, which became known as les évenements ("the events") or the March
Revolution. In Bamako, in response to mass demonstrations organized by university students and later
joined by trade unionists and others, soldiers opened fire indiscriminately on the nonviolent demonstrators.
Riots broke out briefly following the shootings. Barricades as well as roadblocks were erected and Traoré
declared a state of emergency and imposed a nightly curfew. Despite an estimated loss of 300 lives over the
course of four days, nonviolent protesters continued to return to Bamako each day demanding the
resignation of the dictatorial president and the implementation of democratic policies.[52]
26 March 1991 is the day that marks the clash between military soldiers and peaceful demonstrating
students which climaxed in the massacre of dozens under the orders of then President Moussa Traoré. He
and three associates were later tried and convicted and received the death sentence for their part in the
decision-making of that day. Nowadays, the day is a national holiday in order to remember the tragic events
and the people who were killed.[53][54] The coup is remembered as Mali's March Revolution of 1991.[55]
By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned
into a full-scale tumult, and resulted in thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-
democracy movement. That afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Touré announced on the
radio that he had arrested the dictatorial president, Moussa Traoré. As a consequence, opposition parties
were legalized and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a new democratic
constitution to be approved by a national referendum.[52]
Amadou Toumani Touré presidency

In 1992, Alpha Oumar Konaré won Mali's first democratic, multi-party presidential election, before being
re-elected for a second term in 1997, which was the last allowed under the constitution. Amadou Toumani
Touré, a retired general who had been the leader of the military aspect of the 1991 democratic uprising, was
elected in 2002.[56] During this democratic period Mali was regarded as one of the most politically and
socially stable countries in Africa.[57]
Slavery persists in Mali today with as many as 200,000 people held in direct servitude to a master.[58] In the
Tuareg Rebellion of 2012, ex-slaves were a vulnerable population with reports of some slaves being
recaptured by their former masters.[59]
Northern Mali conflict

In January 2012 a Tuareg rebellion began in Northern Mali, led by
the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA).[60]
In March, military officer Amadou Sanogo seized power in a coup
d'état, citing Touré's failures in quelling the rebellion, and leading to
sanctions and an embargo by the Economic Community of West
African States.[61] The MNLA quickly took control of the north,
declaring independence as Azawad.[62] However, Islamist groups
including Ansar Dine and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
(AQIM), who had helped the MNLA defeat the government, turned Tuareg separatist rebels in Mali,
on the Tuareg and took control of the North[63] with the goal of January 2012
implementing sharia in Mali.[64][65]
On 11 January 2013, the French Armed Forces intervened at the request of the interim government. On 30
January, the coordinated advance of the French and Malian troops claimed to have retaken the last
remaining Islamist stronghold of Kidal, which was also the last of three northern provincial capitals.[66] On
2 February, French president François Hollande joined Mali's interim president Dioncounda Traoré in a
public appearance in recently recaptured Timbuktu.[67]
In August 2013, Ibrahim Boubacar Keita was elected as the new

president of Mali in the second round of the election.[68]
Conflict in Central Mali

In the central Mali province of Mopti, conflict has escalated since
2015 between agricultural communities like the Dogon and the
Bambara, and the pastoral Fula (or Fulani) people.[69][70]
Historically, the two sides have fought over access to land and
water, factors which have been exacerbated by climate change as
the Fula move into new areas.[71] The Dogon and the Bambara
Map showing the fullest extent of
communities have formed "self-defense groups"[70] to fight the rebel-held territory in January 2013
Fula. They accuse the Fula of working with armed Islamists linked
to al-Qaeda.[70] While some Fula have joined Islamist groups,
Human Rights Watch reports that the links have been "exaggerated and instrumentalized by different actors
for opportunistic ends".[70]
Added a top Mali military commander:
"I’ve discussed the growing violence with my commanders and with village chiefs from all
sides. Yes, sure, there are jihadists in this zone, but the real problem is banditry, animal theft,
score settling – people are enriching themselves using the fight against terrorists as a cover."[70]
The conflict has seen the creation and growth of Dogon and Bambara militias. The government of Mali is
suspected of supporting some of these groups under the guise of being proxies in the war against Islamists
in the Northern Mali conflict.[72] The government denies this.[72] One such militia is the Dogon group Dan
Na Ambassagou, created in 2016.[70]
2018 elections
Presidential elections were held in Mali on 29 July 2018.[73][74] In
July 2018, the Constitutional Court approved the nomination of a
total of 24 candidates in the election.[75] As no candidate received
more than 50% of the vote in the first round, a runoff was held on
12 August 2018 between the top two candidates, incumbent
president Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta of the Rally for Mali and
Soumaïla Cissé of the Union for the Republic and Democracy.
Keïta was subsequently re-elected with 67% of the vote.[76]
Modibo Sidibe voting in Bamako,
2018 Malian presidential election
2018 ceasefire and aftermath
In September 2018, the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue negotiated a unilateral ceasefire with Dan Na
Ambassagou "in the context of the conflict which opposes the group to other community armed groups in
central Mali".[77] However, the group has been blamed for the 24 March 2019 massacre of 160 Fula
villagers.[78] The group denied the attack, but afterwards Malian president Keita ordered the group to
disband.[79]
The UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, Adama Dieng, warned of a growing ethnicization
of the conflict.[80] By 2020, more than 600,000 people had been displaced by the conflict in Mali.[81]
The United Nations reported that the number of children killed in the conflict in the first six months of 2019
was twice as many for the entire year of 2018. Many of the children have been killed in intercommunal
attacks attributed to ethnic militias, with the majority of attacks occurring around Mopti. It is reported that
around 900 schools have closed down and that armed militias are recruiting children.[82]
During the first week of October 2019, two jihadist attacks in the towns of Boulikessi and Mondoro killed
more than 25 Mali soldiers near the border with Burkina Faso.[83] President Keïta declared that "no military
coup will prevail in Mali", continuing by saying that he doesn't think it "is on the agenda at all and cannot
worry us".[84]
In February 2020, Human Rights Watch documented atrocities against civilians in Central Mali and said
that at least 456 civilians were killed, while hundreds were injured from January 2019 until November.[85]
2020 coup d'état and aftermath

Popular unrest began on 5 June 2020 following irregularities in the
March and April parliamentary elections, including outrage against
the kidnapping of opposition leader Soumaïla Cissé.[86][87]
Between 11 and 23 deaths followed protests that took place from 10
to 13 June.[88] In July, President Keïta dissolved the constitutional
court.
Members of the National Committee
Members of the military led by Colonel Assimi Goïta and Colonel- for the Salvation of the People,
Major Ismaël Wagué in Kati, Koulikoro Region, began a mutiny on directory of the ruling junta in Mali
18 August 2020. [88] President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta and Prime
Minister Boubou Cissé were arrested, and shortly after midnight
Keïta announced his resignation, saying he did not want to see any bloodshed.[88] Wagué announced the
formation of the National Committee for the Salvation of the People (CNSP) and promised elections in the
future. A curfew was begun and the streets of Bamako were quiet.[88]
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) condemned the coup and demanded the
reinstallation of President Keïta.[89]
On 12 September 2020, the National Committee for the Salvation of the People (CNSP) agreed to an 18-
month political transition to civilian rule. Shortly after, Bah N'daw was named interim president by a group
of 17 electors, with Goïta being appointed vice president. The government was inaugurated on 25
September 2020.
On 18 January 2021, the transitional government announced that the CNSP had been disbanded, almost
four months after had been promised under the initial agreement.[90]
2021 coup d'état

Tensions have been high between the civilian transitional government and the military since the handover of
power in September 2020.
On 24 May, tensions came to a head after a cabinet reshuffle, where two leaders of the 2020 military coup –
Sadio Camara and Modibo Kone – were replaced by N'daw's administration.[91] Later that day, journalists
reported that three key civilian leaders – President N'daw, Prime Minister Moctar Ouane and Defence
Minister Souleymane Doucouré, were being detained in a military base in Kati, outside Bamako.[92] On 7
June 2021, Mali's military commander Assimi Goïta was sworn into office as the new interim president.[93]
Assimi Goïta junta

In 2022 and 2023, the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara saw
major gains in the Mali War, occupying large swathes of territory in
southeastern Mali. Ansongo and Tidermène were also captured by
the group.[94] By mid-2023, the militant group had doubled the
amount of territory it controlled since the overthrow of the previous
government and establishment of the junta.[95]
On 10 January, Mali announced the closure of its borders and

recalled several ambassadors to ECOWAS countries, in response to
sanctions placed on Mali for deferring elections for four years.[96]
On 4 February, France's ambassador was expelled.[97] According to
Military situation in Mali (2023). For a
Human Rights Watch, Malian troops and suspected Russian detailed map, see here.
mercenaries from the Wagner Group executed around 300 civilian
men in central Mali in March 2022. France had started withdrawing
French troops from Mali in February 2022, commencing the end of Operation Barkhane.[98] On 2 May, the
military government announced breaking its defence accords concluded in 2013 with France, constituting
an additional step in the deterioration of Malian-French relations.[99] This latest announcement has been
criticized by French authorities and considered as "illegitimate".[100] A UN panel reported that in the first
three months of 2022, 543 civilians were killed and 269 wounded, warning the 2015 peace agreement
between the government and pro-independence groups was threatened by a potential risk of confrontation
for the first time in five years. The report also noted a sharp increase in the number of people needing
humanitarian assistance over the previous year.[101]
Sergey Lavrov, the Russian foreign minister, visited Bamako on 7 February 2023 and said that Moscow
would continue to help Mali improve its military capabilities.[102]
In June 2023 Mali removed French, the language of its former colonizer, as an official language with the
approval of a new constitution by 97% of voters in a referendum conducted by the junta.[103]
Geography
Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa, located southwest of
Algeria. It lies between latitudes 10° and 25°N, and longitudes
13°W and 5°E. Mali borders Algeria to the north-northeast, Niger to
the east, Burkina Faso to the south-east, Ivory Coast to the south,
Guinea to the south-west, and Senegal to the west and Mauritania
to the north-west.[104]
At 1,242,248 square kilometres (479,635 sq mi), Mali is the world's

24th-largest country and is comparable in size to South Africa or
Angola. Most of the country lies in the southern Sahara Desert,
which produces an extremely hot, dust-laden Sudanian savanna Satellite image of Mali
zone.[105] Mali is mostly flat, rising to rolling northern plains
covered by sand. The Adrar
des Ifoghas massif lies in
the northeast.
Mali lies in the torrid zone

and is among the hottest
countries in the world. The
thermal equator, which
matches the hottest spots
Mali map of Köppen climate
Landscape in Hombori year-round on the planet classification
based on the mean daily
annual temperature, crosses
the country. [105] Most of Mali receives negligible rainfall and droughts are very frequent.[105] Late April to
early October is the rainy season in the southernmost area. During this time, flooding of the Niger River is
common, creating the Inner Niger Delta.[105] The vast northern desert part of Mali has a hot desert climate
(Köppen climate classification BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and scarce rainfall which decreases
northwards. The central area has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh) with very high
temperatures year-round, a long, intense dry season and a brief, irregular rainy season. The southern areas
have a tropical wet and dry climate. (Köppen climate classification Aw) In review, Mali's climate is tropical,
with March to May being the hot, dry season. June to October is rainy, humid and mild. November to
February is the cool, dry season.
Mali has considerable natural resources, with gold, uranium, phosphates, kaolinite, salt and limestone being
most widely exploited. Mali is estimated to have in excess of 17,400 tonnes of uranium (measured +
indicated + inferred).[106][107] In 2012, a further uranium mineralized north zone was identified.[108] Mali
faces numerous environmental challenges, including desertification, deforestation, soil erosion, and
inadequate supplies of potable water.[105]
Five terrestrial ecoregions lie within Mali's borders: Sahelian Acacia savanna, West Sudanian savanna,
Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna, South Saharan steppe and woodlands, and West Saharan montane xeric
woodlands.[109] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.16/10, ranking
it 51st globally out of 172 countries.[110]
Regions and cercles

Since 2016, Mali has been divided into ten
regions and the District of Bamako.[111] Each
region has a governor.[112] The implementation
of the two newest regions, Taoudénit (formerly
part of Tombouctou Region) and Ménaka
(formerly Ménaka Cercle in Gao Region), has
been ongoing since January 2016;[113][114] a
governor and transitional council has been
appointed for both regions.[115] The ten regions
in turn are subdivided into 56 cercles and 703
communes.[116]
The régions and Capital District are:
Population Population
Region name Area (km2) Census 1998 Census 2009
Kayes 119,743 1,374,316 1,993,615
Koulikoro 95,848 1,570,507 2,422,108

Bamako
252 1,016,296 1,810,366
Capital District
Sikasso 70,280 1,782,157 2,643,179
Ségou 64,821 1,675,357 2,338,349

Mopti 79,017 1,484,601 2,036,209
Tombouctou 56,435 442,619 674,793
Gao 89,532 341,542 542,304

Kidal 151,430 38,774 67,739
Taoudénit 440,176 – 18,160
Ménaka 81,040 – 54,456
Extent of central government control

In March 2012, the Malian government lost control over Tombouctou, Gao and Kidal Regions and the
north-eastern portion of Mopti Region. On 6 April 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of
Azawad unilaterally declared their secession from Mali as Azawad, an act that neither Mali nor the
international community recognised.[117] The government later regained control over these areas.
Wildlife
Politics and government
Government
Until the military coup of 22 March 2012,[26][118] Mali was a
constitutional democracy governed by the Constitution of 12
January 1992, which was amended in 1999.[119] The constitution
provides for a separation of powers among the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches of government.[119] The system of
government can be described as "semi-presidential".[119] Executive
power is vested in a president, who is elected to a five-year term by Assimi Goita, interim president of
universal suffrage and is limited to two terms.[119][120] Mali since 2021 Malian coup d'état
The president serves as a chief of state and commander in chief of

the armed forces.[119][121] A prime minister appointed by the president serves as head of government and in
turn appoints the Council of Ministers.[119][122] The unicameral National Assembly is Mali's sole legislative
body, consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms.[123][124] Following the 2007 elections, the Alliance
for Democracy and Progress held 113 of 160 seats in the assembly.[125] The assembly holds two regular
sessions each year, during which it debates and votes on legislation that has been submitted by a member or
by the government.[123][126]
Mali's constitution provides for an independent judiciary,[123][127] but the executive continues to exercise
influence over the judiciary by virtue of power to appoint judges and oversee both judicial functions and
law enforcement.[123] Mali's highest courts are the Supreme Court, which has both judicial and
administrative powers, and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts
and serves as an election arbiter.[123][128] Various lower courts exist, though village chiefs and elders
resolve most local disputes in rural areas.[123]
The transition government pushed back the timetable for a new election, initially to be held in February
2022, to February 2024.[129] In exchange for the government's commitment to a 2024 election, ECOWAS
agreed to lift sanctions on the country.[130]
Foreign relations
Until 2012, Mali's foreign policy orientation had become increasingly pragmatic and pro-Western over
time.[131] Since the institution of a democratic form of government in 2002, Mali's relations with the West
in general and with the United States in particular have improved significantly.[131] Mali has a longstanding
yet ambivalent relationship with France, a former colonial ruler.[131] Mali was active in regional
organizations such as the African Union until its suspension over the 2012 Malian coup d'état.[131][132]
Working to control and resolve regional conflicts, such as in Ivory
Coast, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, is one of Mali's major foreign
policy goals.[131] Mali feels threatened by the potential for the
spillover of conflicts in neighboring states, and relations with those
neighbors are often uneasy.[131] General insecurity along borders in
the north, including cross-border banditry and terrorism, remain
troubling issues in regional relations.[131]
In early 2019, Al Qaeda claimed responsibility for an attack on a Former President of Mali Amadou
United Nations base in Mali that killed 10 peacekeepers from Chad. Toumani Touré and Minister-
25 people were reported to have been injured in the attack. Al president of the Netherlands Mark
Qaeda's stated reason for the attack was Chad's re-establishing Rutte
diplomatic ties with Israel. The base was attacked in Anguelhok, a
village located in an especially unstable region of the
country.[131][133]
Military
Mali's military forces consist of an army, which includes land forces
and air force,[134] as well as the paramilitary Gendarmerie and
Republican Guard, all of which are under the control of Mali's
Ministry of Defense and Veterans, headed by a civilian. Representatives of Mali and Russia
at the 2nd International
Parliamentary Conference “Russia-
Economy Africa” in Moscow, 19 March 2023
The Central Bank of West African States handles the financial
affairs of Mali and additional members of the Economic
Community of West African States. Mali is considered one of the
poorest countries in the world.[134] The average worker's annual
salary is approximately US$1,500.[135]
Mali underwent economic reform, beginning in 1988 by signing

agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary
Fund.[135] During 1988 to 1996, Mali's government largely A market scene in Djenné
reformed public enterprises. Since the agreement, sixteen
enterprises were privatized, 12 partially privatized, and 20
liquidated.[135] In 2005, the Malian government conceded a
railroad company to the Savage Corporation.[135] Two major
companies, Societé de Telecommunications du Mali (SOTELMA)
and the Cotton Ginning Company (CMDT), were expected to be
privatized in 2008.[135]
Between 1992 and 1995, Mali implemented an economic

adjustment programme that resulted in economic growth and a A proportional representation of Mali
reduction in financial imbalances. The programme increased social exports, 2019
and economic conditions, and led to Mali joining the World Trade
Organization on 31 May 1995.[136]
Mali is also a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of
Business Law in Africa (OHADA).[137] The gross domestic product
(GDP) has risen since. In 2002, the GDP amounted to US$3.4 billion,[138]
and increased to US$5.8 billion in 2005,[135] which amounts to an
approximately 17.6% annual growth rate.
Mali is a part of the "Franc Zone" (Zone Franc), which means that it uses
the CFA franc. Mali is connected with the French government by
agreement since 1962 (creation of BCEAO). Today all seven countries of
BCEAO (including Mali) are connected to French Central Bank.[139]
Mali was ranked 129th out of 132 in the Global Innovation Index in
2023.[140] Kalabougou potters
Agriculture
Mali's key industry is agriculture. Cotton is the country's largest
crop export and is exported west throughout Senegal and Ivory
Coast.[141][142] During 2002, 620,000 tons of cotton were
produced in Mali but cotton prices declined significantly in
2003.[141][142] In addition to cotton, Mali produces rice, millet,
corn, vegetables, tobacco, and tree crops. Gold, livestock and
agriculture amount to 80% of Mali's exports.[135] Cotton processing at CMDT
Eighty percent of Malian workers are employed in agriculture. 15%

of Malian workers are employed in the service sector.[142] Seasonal
variations lead to regular temporary unemployment of agricultural
workers.[143]
Mining
In 1991, with the assistance of the International Development
Association, Mali relaxed the enforcement of mining codes which
led to renewed foreign interest and investment in the mining GDP per capita development of Mali
industry.[144] Gold is mined in the southern region and Mali has the
third highest gold production in Africa (after South Africa and Ghana).[141]
The emergence of gold as Mali's leading export product since 1999 has helped mitigate some of the
negative impact of the cotton and Ivory Coast crises.[145] Other natural resources include kaolin, salt,
phosphate, and limestone.[135]
Energy
Electricity and water are maintained by the Energie du Mali, or EDM, and textiles are generated by Industry
Textile du Mali, or ITEMA.[135] Mali has made efficient use of hydroelectricity, consisting of over half of
Mali's electrical power. In 2002, 700 GWh of hydroelectric power were produced in Mali.[142]
Energie du Mali is an electric company that provides electricity to Mali citizens. Only 55 percent of the
population in cities have access to EDM.[146]
Transport infrastructure
In Mali, there is a railway that connects to bordering countries. There are also approximately 29 airports, of
which 8 have paved runways.[147] Urban areas are known for their large quantity of green and white
taxicabs. A significant sum of the population is dependent on public transportation.
Demographics
Population in In 2021, Mali's population was an estimated
Mali[16][17] 21.9 million[16][17]. Mali's population grew from
Year Million 7.7 million in 1982 to 19.9 million in 2018.[148] The
1950 4.7 population is predominantly rural (68% in 2002), and
5%–10% of Malians are nomadic.[5] More than 90% of
2000 11
the population lives in the southern part of the country,
2021 21.9 especially in Bamako, which has over 2 million
residents.[5]
In 2007, about 48% of Malians were younger than 12 years old, 49% were
15–64 years old, and 3% were 65 and older.[134] The median age was 15.9
years.[134] The birth rate in 2014 was 45.53 births per 1,000, and the total
fertility rate (in 2012) was 6.4 children per woman.[134][149] The death rate
in 2007 was 16.5 deaths per 1,000.[134] Life expectancy at birth was 53.06 A Bozo girl in Bamako
years total (51.43 for males and 54.73 for females).[134] Mali has one of the
world's highest rates of infant mortality,[5] with 106 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2007.[134]
Largest cities in Mali

Largest cities or towns in Mali
According to the 2009 Census[150]
Rank Name Region Municipal pop.
1 Bamako Bamako 1,810,366
2 Sikasso Sikasso 226,618
3 Koutiala Sikasso 141,444
4 Ségou Ségou 133,501
Bamako 5 Kayes Kayes 126,319
6 Mopti Mopti 120,786
7 Kalabancoro Koulikoro 96,173
8 Gao Gao 86,353
9 Kati Koulikoro 84,500
Sikasso 10 San Ségou 66,967
Ethnic groups
Mali's population encompasses a number of sub-Saharan ethnic
groups. The Bambara (Bambara: Bamanankaw) are by far the
largest single ethnic group, making up 36.5% of the population.[5]
Collectively, the Bambara, Soninké, Khassonké, and Malinké (also

called Mandinka), all part of the broader Mandé group, constitute
50% of Mali's population.[134] Other significant groups are the Fula
(French: Peul; Fula: Fulɓe) (17%), Voltaic (12%), Songhai (6%),
The Tuareg are historic, nomadic and Tuareg and Moor (10%).[134] In Mali as well as Niger, the
inhabitants of northern Mali.
Moors are also known as Azawagh Arabs, named after the
Azawagh region of the Sahara. They speak mainly Hassaniya
Arabic which is one of the regional varieties of Arabic.[151]
In the far north, there is a division between Berber-descended Tuareg nomad populations and the darker-
skinned Bella or Tamasheq people, due to the historical spread of slavery in the region.
An estimated 800,000 people in Mali are descended from slaves.[58] Slavery in Mali has persisted for
centuries.[152]
The Arabic population kept slaves well into the 20th century, until slavery was suppressed by French
authorities around the mid-20th century. There still persist certain hereditary servitude
relationships,[153][154] and according to some estimates, even today approximately 200,000 Malians are still
enslaved.[155]
Some mixed European/African descendants of Muslims of Spanish, as well as French, Irish, Italian and
Portuguese origin, live in Mali, where they are known as the Arma people (1% of the nation's
population).[156]
Although Mali has enjoyed reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on a long history of
coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between
settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north.[5] Due to a backlash against the northern population after
independence, Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of
the other group.[157] This conflict also plays a role in the continuing Northern Mali conflict where there is a
tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government, and the Tuaregs and radical Islamists who are
trying to establish sharia law.[158]
Languages
In January 2022, due to deteriorating relations
Spoken Languages in Mali (2009 Census)[159]
between Mali and the French government, the Mali Spoken Languages percent
government announced making Bambara the official Bambara 51.82%
language.[160] In July 2023, French was dropped as Fula 8.29%
Dogon 6.48%
an official language, becoming instead a working
Maraka / Soninké 5.69%
language.[2] At the same time, the 13 national Songhai / Zarma 5.27%
languages,[3] namely Bambara, Bobo, Bozo, Mandinka 5.12%
Dogon, Fula, Hassaniya Arabic, Kassonke, Minyanka 3.77%
Maninke, Minyanka, Senufo, the Songhay Tamasheq 3.18%
Senufo 2.03%
languages, Soninke and Tamasheq, became official
Bobo 1.89%
languages.[2] The lingua franca in Mali is mainly Bozo 1.58%
Bambara, which about 80 percent of the population Kassonké 1.07%
Maure 1%
can communicate in.[5] Over 40 other African
Samogo 0.43%
languages are spoken by the various ethnic groups Dafing 0.41%
of Mali.[5] Arabic 0.33%
Hausa 0.03%
According to the 2009 census, the languages spoken Other Malian 0.49%
natively in Mali were Bambara by 51.5%, Fula Other African 0.18%
(8.3%), Dogon (6.6%) Soninké (5.7%), Songhai Other foreign 0.18%
Not Stated 0.75%
(5.3%), Mandinka (5.2%), Minianka (3.8%),
Tamasheq (3.2%), Sénoufo (2%), Bobo (1.9%),
Tieyaxo Bozo (1.6%), Kassonké (1.1%), Maure (1%),
Mother Tongues in Mali (2009 Census)[159]
Dafing (0.4%), Samogo (0.4%), Arabic (Hassaniya) Mother Tongues percent
(0.3%), other Malian languages (0.5%), other African Bambara 46.5%
languages (0.2%), and other non-African languages Fula 9.39%
Dogon 7.12%
(0.2%); 0.7% did not declare their first language.[161]
Maraka / Soninké 6.33%
Mandinka 5.6%
Songhai / Zarma 5.58%
Religion
Minianka 4.29%
Islam was introduced to West Africa in the 11th century Tamasheq 3.4%
and remains the predominant religion in much of the Senufo 2.56%
Bobo 2.15%
region. An estimated 90% of Malians are Muslim
Bozo 1.85%
(mostly Sunni[163]), approximately 5% are Christian Kassonké 1.17%
(about two-thirds Roman Catholic and one-third Maure 1.1%
Protestant) and the remaining 5% adhere to traditional Samogo 0.5%
African religions such as the Dogon religion.[162] Dafing 0.46%
Atheism and agnosticism are believed to be rare among Arabic 0.34%
Hausa 0.04%
Malians, most of whom practice their religion Other Malian 0.55%
daily.[164] Other African 0.31%
Other Foreign 0.08%
The constitution establishes a secular state and provides Not Stated 0.69%
for freedom of religion, and the government largely
respects this right.[164]
Religion in Mali[162]
Islam as historically practiced in Mali has been malleable Religion Percent
and adapted to local conditions; relations between Islam 90%
Christianity 5%
Muslims and practitioners of minority religious faiths
Indigenous 5%
have generally been amicable.[164] After the 2012
imposition of sharia rule in northern parts of the country,
however, Mali came to be listed high (number 7) in the Christian persecution index published by Open
Doors, which described the persecution in the north as severe.[165][166]
Education
Public education in Mali is in principle provided free of charge and is compulsory for nine years between
the ages of seven and sixteen.[164] The system encompasses six years of primary education beginning at
age 7, followed by six years of secondary education.[164] Mali's actual primary school enrolment rate is
low, in large part because families
are unable to cover the cost of
uniforms, books, supplies, and other
fees required to attend.[164]
In 2017, the primary school

enrolment rate was 61% (65% of
males and 58% of females).[167] In
the late 1990s, the secondary school
High school students in Kati
enrolment rate was 15% (20% of
males and 10% of females).[164]
The education system is plagued by a lack of schools in rural areas, as well
as shortages of teachers and materials.[164]
An entrance to the
Estimates of literacy rates in Mali range from 27–30 to 46.4%, with literacy Djinguereber mosque
rates significantly lower among women than men.[164] The University of
Bamako, which includes four constituent universities, is the largest
university in the country and enrols approximately 60,000 undergraduate and graduate students.[168]
Health
Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and
sanitation.[164] Mali's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world.[164] Life
expectancy at birth is estimated to be 53.06 years in 2012.[169] In 2000, 62–65% of the population was
estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69% to sanitation services of some kind.[164] In
2001, the general government expenditures on health totaled about US$4 per capita at an average exchange
rate.[170]
Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging
women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the International Crops Research Institute
for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make
equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè (comprising peanut paste, honey
and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women
could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local
heritage.[171]
Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in

short supply.[170] Malaria and other arthropod-borne diseases are
prevalent in Mali, as are a number of infectious diseases such as
cholera and tuberculosis.[170] Mali's population also suffers from a
high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of immunization.[170]
An estimated 1.9% of the adult and children population was
afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year, among the lowest rates in Sub-
Village in the Sahel region
Saharan Africa.[170] An estimated 85%–91% of Mali's girls and women have had female genital mutilation
(2006 and 2001 data).[172][173]
Gender equality
In 2017, Mali ranked 157th out of 160 countries in the gender inequality index as reported by the United
Nations Development Programme.[174] The Malian Constitution states that it protects women's rights,
however many laws exist that discriminate against women.[175] Provisions in the laws limit women's
decision-making power after marriage, in which the husband becomes superior to his wife.[175] Women are
blamed for not maintaining the appearance of their husbands and are also blamed for the actions of their
children if they misbehave, which encourages the cultural attitude that women are inferior to men.[175] The
lack of participation of women in politics is due to the idea that politics is associated with men and that
women should avoid this sector.[175] Education is also an area in which boys dominate, since it is a better
investment for the parents.[175] As traditional values and practices have contributed to gender inequality in
Mali, conflict and lawlessness have also influenced the growing gap in gender through gender-based
violence.[176] The unstable government of Mali has led to organizations like USAID attempting to improve
the lives of the people, mainly women and girls' rights in order to re-engage the development of the
country.[176]
Gender relations
Religion, the patriarchal norms, and gender-based violence are major negative factors shaping the life of
women in Mali.[177] Patriarchal norms cause major gender inequalities and lead to male domination within
the household.[177] Girls learn household activities like chores, cooking, childcare, etc. at a young age and
are expected to take the main responsibility of household chores throughout their life. This hampers
women's ability to enter the formal workforce and leads to a lack of education of girls.[177] Gender-based
violence in Mali happens both on a national and a family level. At the national level, in 2012 the conflict in
the Northern part of the country increased cases of kidnappings and rapes.[176] The conflict also reduced
women's access to resources, economy, and opportunities.[176] At the household level, Malian women face
gender-based violence through domestic violence, forced marriages, and marital rape.[175] The
Demographic Health Survey for Mali in 2013 stated that 76% of women and 54% of men believed physical
harm towards women was acceptable if the women burnt food, argued back, went out without notifying her
husband, or refused sexual relations with her husband.[176]
Area of opportunity
The lack of education has increased gender inequality in Mali because not many women are working
outside the household are even participating in the Public Administration sector.[177] After adjusting the
entrance requirements and access to education, girls still have lower enrollment rates and less access to
formal education.[177] Drop-out rates for girls are 15% higher than that of boys because they have a higher
responsibility at home and most parents refuse to allow all their children to go to school, so boys tend to
become educated.[177] Similarly, technical and vocational education has a lower numbers of girls
participating and are inadequately distributed in the country because the training centers are focused in the
urban cities.[177] Finally, higher education for girls consist of short programs because early marriages
prevent most girls from pursuing a longer term education program like those in science.[177] Although
women do not have the same access of education, in recent decades women have been entering and
representing in decision-making positions in the Public Administration sector.[177] Out of 147 members of
Parliament, 15 were women in 2010.[177] Recent decades show that women are slowly joining important
decision-making positions which is changing the attitude and status of women in Mali, which has led to the
promotion of women's rights in the political sphere.[177]
Efforts
Legislation at the international and national levels have been implemented over the decades to help promote
women's rights in Mali.[177] At the international, Mali signed the Beijing Platform for Action which suggest
that women should participate in decision-making and the convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women which is the foundation to women's rights promotion.[177] At the national
level, Mali's Constitution has the Decree No. 092-073P-CTSP that claims equality to all Malian citizens and
discrimination is prohibited, which has not been followed.[177] The Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme
(PRSP) and the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme under the Malian Government seek to
improve the well-being of the citizens, and changes to governance and gender in the country.[177] The
Ministry for Advancement of Women, Children and the Family was created specifically for women and
children so that their basics rights and needs get met under the law.[177] Although there exists legislation
and policy for gender equality the institutionalization of the National Gender Policy of Mali is necessary to
support the importance of women's rights.[177] Strengthening and the support of girls' and women's access
to education and training is recommended to improve gender equality in Mali.[177] The involvement of
international organizations like USAID assist Mali financially to enhance their development through the
efforts of the improvement of women's rights.[176]
Culture
The varied everyday culture of Malians reflects the country's ethnic and
geographic diversity.[178] Most Malians wear flowing, colorful robes called
boubous that are typical of West Africa. Malians frequently participate in
traditional festivals, dances, and ceremonies.[178]
Music
Malian musical traditions are
derived from the griots, who are
known as "Keepers of
Memories". [179] Malian music is
diverse and has several different
genres. Some famous Malian
influences in music are kora Konoguel Mosque tower
Mali Dogon Dance virtuoso musician Toumani Diabaté,
the ngoni with Bassekou Kouyate
the virtuoso of the electric jeli ngoni, the late roots and blues
guitarist Ali Farka Touré, the Tuareg band Tinariwen, Khaira Arby, and several Afro-pop artists such as
Salif Keita, the duo Amadou et Mariam, Oumou Sangare, Fatoumata Diawara, Rokia Traore, and Habib
Koité. Dance also plays a large role in Malian culture.[180] Dance parties are common events among
friends, and traditional mask dances are performed at ceremonial events.[180]
Literature
Though Mali's literature is less famous than its music,[181] Mali has always been one of Africa's liveliest
intellectual centers.[182] Mali's literary tradition is passed mainly by word of mouth, with jalis reciting or
singing histories and stories known by heart.[182][183] Amadou Hampâté Bâ, Mali's best-known historian,
spent much of his life writing these oral traditions down for the world to remember.[183]
The best-known novel by a Malian writer is Yambo Ouologuem's Le devoir de violence, which won the
1968 Prix Renaudot but whose legacy was marred by accusations of plagiarism.[182][183] Other well-
known Malian writers include Baba Traoré, Modibo Sounkalo Keita, Massa Makan Diabaté, Moussa
Konaté, and Fily Dabo Sissoko.[182][183]
Sport
The most popular sport in Mali is association football,[184][185]
which became more prominent after Mali hosted the 2002 African
Cup of Nations.[184][186] Most towns and cities have regular
games;[186] the most popular teams nationally are Djoliba AC,
Stade Malien, and Real Bamako, all based in the capital.[185]
Informal games are often played by youths using a bundle of rags
as a ball.[185]
Malian children playing football in a
Basketball is another major sport;[185][187] the Mali women's Dogon village
national basketball team, led by Hamchetou Maiga, competed at the
2008 Beijing Olympics.[188] Traditional wrestling (la lutte) is also
somewhat common, though popularity has declined in recent years.[186] The game wari, a mancala variant,
is a common pastime.[185]
Mali featured a men's national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 CAVB Beach
Volleyball Continental Cup.[189]
Cuisine
Rice and millet are the staples of Malian cuisine, which is heavily
based on cereal grains.[190][191] Grains are generally prepared with
sauces made from edible leaves, such as spinach or baobab, with
tomato peanut sauce, and may be accompanied by pieces of grilled
meat (typically chicken, mutton, beef, or goat).[190][191] Malian
cuisine varies regionally.[190][191] Other popular dishes include
fufu, jollof rice, and maafe.
Malian tea
Media
In Mali, there are several newspapers such as Les Echos, L'Essor, Info Matin, Nouvel Horizon, and Le
Républicain.[192] Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision du Mali is the state-owned service.
Telecommunications in Mali include 869,600 mobile phones, 45,000 televisions and 414,985 Internet
users.[193]
See also
Mali portal
Africa portal
Index of Mali-related articles

Outline of Mali
Notes
a. Bambara serves a lingua franca spoken by around 80% of the population.[5]
b. Includes Christianity, No religion, Traditional African religions.
c. /ˈmɑːli/ ; Bambara pronunciation: [ma.li]
N'Ko script: ߌߟߊߡ
Fula: 𞤭𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤃
Arabic: ‫مالي‬
d. Bambara: Mali ka Fasojamana, N'Ko script: ߊߣߊߡߊߖߏߛߊߝ ߊߞ ߌߟߊߡ

Fula: 𞤭𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤃 𞤭𞤣𞤲𞤢𞥄𞤣𞤲𞥆𞤫𞤈, romanized: Renndaandi Maali
Arabic: ‫جمهورية مالي‬, romanized: Jumhūriyyāt Mālī
References
1. [https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel Académie N’Ko Mali ߎߓߎ߲ߘ ߏ߫ߞߏ߲ߟ ߏߞߒ ߌߟߊ߰ߡ ] Archived (https://
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L'ORGANISATION ET LES MODALITES DE FONCTIONNEMENT DES STRUCTURES
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langues nationales du Mali sont : (...)" [According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the
national languages of Mali are: (...)]
GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT
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0/http://primature.ml/) 9 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
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OpenStreetMap
Mali (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/). The World Factbook. Central
Intelligence Agency.
Mali (https://curlie.org/Regional/Africa/Mali) at Curlie
Mali profile (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13881370) from the BBC News
Possibilities and Challenges for Transitional Justice in Mali (https://www.ictj.org/publication/p
ossibilities-and-challenges-transitional-justice-mali) from the ICTJ
Facebook group about Ngoni (https://www.facebook.com/Ngonifamily), considered a
traditional instrument of Mali; also known as Xalam, Jeli N'goni, Hoddu, Khalam, Tehardent,
or Gambare
Trade
Mali 2012 Trade Summary Statistics (http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/MLI/Y
ear/2012/Summary)
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Mali

Mali,[c] officially the Republic of Mali,[d] is a

The sovereign state of Mali consists of 19 regions; Flag Coat of arms

Mali was once part of three extremely powerful and

Religion (2021)[7] 95% Islam

GDP (PPP) 2023 estimate

Gini (2010) 33.0[12]

HDI (2022) 0.410[13]

Currency West African CFA franc

Internet TLD .ml

In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence

French colonial rule

On 24 November 1958, French Sudan (which changed its name to the

Anti-government protests in 1991 led to a coup, a transitional

Amadou Toumani Touré presidency

Northern Mali conflict

In August 2013, Ibrahim Boubacar Keita was elected as the new

Conflict in Central Mali

Added a top Mali military commander:

2020 coup d'état and aftermath

2021 coup d'état

Assimi Goïta junta

On 10 January, Mali announced the closure of its borders and

At 1,242,248 square kilometres (479,635 sq mi), Mali is the world's

Mali lies in the torrid zone

Regions and cercles

The régions and Capital District are:

Kayes 119,743 1,374,316 1,993,615

Koulikoro 95,848 1,570,507 2,422,108

Sikasso 70,280 1,782,157 2,643,179

Ségou 64,821 1,675,357 2,338,349

Tombouctou 56,435 442,619 674,793

Gao 89,532 341,542 542,304

Taoudénit 440,176 – 18,160

Ménaka 81,040 – 54,456

Extent of central government control

Politics and government

The president serves as a chief of state and commander in chief of

Mali underwent economic reform, beginning in 1988 by signing

Between 1992 and 1995, Mali implemented an economic

Eighty percent of Malian workers are employed in agriculture. 15%

Largest cities in Mali

Collectively, the Bambara, Soninké, Khassonké, and Malinké (also

In 2017, the primary school

Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in

Index of Mali-related articles

d. Bambara: Mali ka Fasojamana, N'Ko script: ߊߣߊߡߊߖߏߛߊߝ ߊߞ ߌߟߊߡ

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