FloEFD TM For Creo Tutorial Software Ver
FloEFD TM For Creo Tutorial Software Ver
Tutorial
Software Version 13
Rev. 09242013
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Contents
Intermediate Examples
Determination of Hydraulic Loss
Opening the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1-1
Model Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1-2
Creating a FloEFD Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1-3
Specifying Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1-7
Specifying Surface Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1-8
Running the Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1-9
Monitoring the Solver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1-10
Cloning the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1-11
Viewing Cut Plots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1-11
Working with Parameter List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1-14
Viewing the Goal Plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1-15
Working with Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1-16
Changing the Geometry Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1-18
Advanced Examples
Application of EFD Zooming
Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C1-1
The EFD Zooming Approach to Solve the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C1-3
The Local Initial Mesh Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C1-12
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C1-16
Textile Machine
Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2-1
Opening the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2-2
Creating a FloEFD Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2-3
Specifying Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2-4
Specifying Rotating Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2-5
Specifying Initial Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2-6
Specifying Goals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2-7
Results (Smooth Walls) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2-8
Displaying Flow and Particles Trajectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2-8
Modeling Rough Rotating Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2-10
Adjusting Wall Roughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2-11
Results (Rough Walls) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2-11
This chapter contains the list of the physical and interface features of FloEFD as they
appear in the tutorial examples. If you need to find an example of a certain feature or
function usage, look for the desired feature in the left column and in its row you can see in
which tutorial examples this feature is used. Usually, the first entrance of the feature in the
tutorial contains the most detailed description. The tutorial examples are listed in Features
List by their respective numbers. All tutorial examples are divided in three categories:
First Steps, Intermediate and Advanced.
In the First Steps examples you will learn the basic principles of the FloEFD structure
and interface.
A1 - Ball Valve Design
A2 - Conjugate Heat Transfer
A3 - Porous Media
On the Intermediate level you will learn how to solve engineering problems with
FloEFD, using some of the most common tasks as examples.
B1 - Determination of Hydraulic Loss
B2 - Cylinder Drag Coefficient
B3 - Heat Exchanger Efficiency
B4 - Mesh Optimization
In the examples for HVAC Module you can see how to use an additional capabilities of
the FloEFD to solve Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning tasks. This
functionality is available for the HVAC module users only.
D1 - 150W Halogen Floodlight
D2 - Hospital Room
D3 - Pollutant Dispersion in the Street Canyon
In the examples for Electronics Cooling Module and LED Module you can see how to
use an additional capabilities of the FloEFD to simulate a wide variety of electronic
components. This functionality is available for the Electronics Cooling and LED
modules users only.
E1 - Electronic components
E2 - LED lighting
In the examples for Advanced CFD Module you can see how to use an additional
capabilities of the FloEFD to solve specific engineering problems, such as the
combustion of gas-phase mixtures. This functionality is available for the Advanced
CFD module users only.
F1 - Combustion in a Tube
FL-2
First
Intermediate Advanced Modules
Steps
A A A B B B B C C C C C C C D D D E E F
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 1 2 1
DIMENSIONALITY
2D flow
3D flow
ANALYSIS TYPE
External analysis
Internal analysis
PHYSICAL FEATURES
Liquids
Gases
Non-Newtonian liquids
Combustible Mixtures
Multi-fluid analysis
Mixed flows
Separated flows
(as Fluid Subdomains)
Gravitational effects
Laminar only flow
Porous media
A A A B B B B C C C C C C C D D D E E F
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 1 2 1
Radiation
Absorption in solids
Spectrum
Roughness
Two-phase flows
(fluid flows with particles
or droplets)
Rotation
Global rotating
reference frame
Computational domain
Symmetry
Initial and ambient conditions
Velocity parameters
Dependency
Thermodynamic
parameters
Turbulence parameters
Concentration
Solid parameters
FL-4
First
Intermediate Advanced Modules
Steps
A A A B B B B C C C C C C C D D D E E F
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 1 2 1
Boundary conditions
Flow openings
Static pressure
Environment pressure
Wall
Real wall
Boundary condition
parameters
Transferred boundary
conditions
Fans
Contact resistances
Perforated plates
Volume conditions
Fluid Subdomain
Initial conditions
Velocity parameters
Dependency
A A A B B B B C C C C C C C D D D E E F
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 1 2 1
Solid parameters
Solid material
Semi-transparent
Porous medium
Heat sources
Surface sources
Heat generation rate
Volume sources
Temperature
Heat generation rate
Goal-dependent sources
Radiative conditions
Radiation sources
Radiative surfaces
Electronics module features (requires Electronics Cooling license)
Two-resistor
components
Heat pipe
Printed circuit board
LED module features (requires LED license)
LED components
FL-6
First
Intermediate Advanced Modules
Steps
A A A B B B B C C C C C C C D D D E E F
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 1 2 1
Initial mesh
Automatic settings
Level of initial mesh
Minimum gap size
Minimum wall
thickness
A A A B B B B C C C C C C C D D D E E F
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 1 2 1
Manual adjustments
Control planes
Solid/fluid interface
Narrow channels
Local initial mesh
Manual adjustments
Dependency
Custom units
Engineering database
User-defined items
Check geometry
Gasdynamic calculator
Toolbars
Filter
Component control
CALCULATION CONTROL OPTIONS
Finish conditions
Result resolution level
Solution adaptive
mesh refinement
FL-8
First
Intermediate Advanced Modules
Steps
A A A B B B B C C C C C C C D D D E E F
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 1 2 1
Calculate comfort
parameters
RUNNING CALCULATION
Batch run
MONITORING CALCULATION
Goal plot
Preview
GETTING RESULTS
A A A B B B B C C C C C C C D D D E E F
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 1 2 1
Display mode
Show/Hide model
geometry
Transparency
Apply lighting
OPTIONS
FL-10
A
First Steps
The First Steps examples presented below demonstrate the basic principles of the
FloEFD structure and interface. Its strongly recommended to complete these tutorials
examples first.
A1 - Ball Valve Design
A2 - Conjugate Heat Transfer
A3 - Porous Media
A-2
A1
Ball Valve Design
This tutorial deals with the flow of water through a ball valve assembly before and after
some design changes. The objective is to show how easy fluid flow simulation can be with
FloEFD and how simple it is to analyze design variations. These two factors make FloEFD
the perfect tool for engineers who want to test the impact of their design changes.
3 Highlight the lids by clicking the components in the Creo Elements/Pro & Creo
Parametric Model Tree (LID_1 and LID_2).
We utilize this model for the FloEFD simulation without any significant changes. The
user simply closes the interior volume using extrusions that we call lids. In this
example the lids are made semi-transparent so you may look into the valve.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the ball_valve.asm assembly located in the A1 -
Ball Valve\Ready To Run folder and run the desired projects.
Click Next.
3 Choose the system of units (SI for this
project). Please keep in mind that after
finishing the Wizard you can change the
unit system at any time by clicking Flow
Analysis > Units.
A1-2
4 Keep the default Internal analysis type.
Do not include any physical features.
Not only will FloEFD calculate the fluid flow, but can also take into account heat
conduction within the solid, including surface-to-surface radiation. Transient (time-
dependent) analyses are also possible. Gravitational effects can be included for
natural convection cases. Analysis of rotating equipment is one more option available.
We skip all these features, as none of them is needed in this simple example.
Click Next.
5 In the Fluids tree expand the Liquids item
and choose Water as the fluid. You can
either double-click Water or select the
item in the tree and click Add.
FloEFD has an integrated database containing properties of several liquids, gases and
solids. Solids are used in conjugate heat conduction analyses. You can easily create
your own materials. Up to ten liquids or gases can be chosen for each analysis run.
FloEFD can analyze any flow type: Turbulent only, Laminar only or Laminar and
Turbulent. The turbulent equations can be disregarded if the flow is entirely laminar.
FloEFD can also handle low and high Mach number compressible flows for gases. For
this demonstration we will perform a fluid flow simulation using a liquid and will keep
the default flow characteristics.
Click Next.
You can also specify a wall roughness value applied by default to all model walls. The
specified roughness value is the Rz value.
To set a heat transfer or roughness value for a specific wall, you can define a Real Wall
boundary condition.
7 Click Next accepting the default for the
initial conditions.
Result Resolution is a measure of the desired level of accuracy of the results. It controls
not only the resolution of the geometry by the mesh, but also sets many parameters for
the solver, e.g. convergence criteria. The higher the Result Resolution, the finer the
mesh will be and the stricter convergence criteria will be set. Thus, Result Resolution
determines the balance between results precision and computation time. Entering
values for the minimum gap size and minimum wall thickness is important when you
A1-4
have small features. Accurately setting these values ensures that the small features of
the model will not be “passed over” by the mesh. For our model we type the value of
the minimum flow passage as the minimum gap size.
Select the Manual specification of the minimum gap size check box. Type the value
of 0.0093 m for the Minimum gap size.
Click Finish.
Now FloEFD creates a new project with the FloEFD data attached.
The FloEFD Projects tree and the FloEFD Analysis tree appears in
the FloEFD Analysis tab of the Navigator panel.
Go to the FloEFD Analysis tab and expand all the items in the
FloEFD Analysis tree.
A boundary condition is required where fluid enters or exits the model and can be
specified as a Pressure, Mass Flow Rate, Volume Flow Rate or Velocity.
With the definition just made, we told FloEFD that at this opening 0.5 kilogram of
water per second is flowing into the valve. Within this dialog we can also specify
swirling of the flow, a non-uniform profile and time-dependent properties of the flow.
The mass flow rate at the outlet does not need to be specified due to the conservation of
mass; inlet mass flow rate equals outlet mass flow rate. Therefore, a different condition
must be specified, such as outlet pressure.
A1-6
6 Select the inner face of the LID_2 part as shown.
7 In the FloEFD Analysis Tree, right-click the
Boundary Conditions icon and select Insert
Boundary Condition.
Engineering goals are the parameters of interest. Setting goals is a way of conveying to
FloEFD what you are trying to get out of the analysis, as well as a way to reduce the
time FloEFD needs to reach a solution. By setting a parameter as a project goal you
give FloEFD information about parameters that are important to converge upon (the
parameters selected as goals) and parameters that can be computed with less accuracy
(the parameters not selected as goals) in the interest of the calculation time. Goals can
be set throughout the entire domain (Global Goals), within a selected volume (Volume
Goals), for a selected surface area (Surface Goals), or at given point (Point Goals).
Furthermore, FloEFD can consider the average value, the minimum value or the
maximum value of the goal. You can also define an Equation Goal that is a goal
defined by an equation involving basic mathematical functions with existing goals and
input data parameters as variables. The equation goal allows you to calculate the
parameter of interest (i.e., pressure drop) and keeps this information in the project for
later reference.
Click File > Save.
A1-8
Monitoring the Solver
We employ the Suspend option only due to extreme simplicity of the current example,
which otherwise could be calculated too fast, leaving you not enough time to perform
the subsequent steps of monitoring. Normally you can use the monitoring tools without
suspending the calculation.
2 Click Insert Goal Plot on the Solver toolbar. The Add/Remove Goals dialog box
appears.
3 Select the SG Average Static Pressure 1 in the
Select goals list and click OK.
A1-10
Click Apply and then Close.
The first step for results processing is to create a transparent view of the geometry, a
‘glass-body’. This way you can easily see where cut planes etc. are located with respect
to the geometry.
In Creo Parametric click View > Model Display > Appearance Gallery > More
Appearances. In the Appearance Editor adjust transparency to about 80.
A cut plot displays the distribution of the selected parameter on a certain plane. It can be
represented as a contour plot, isolines, vectors, or as arbitrary combination of the above
(e.g. contours with overlaid vectors).
1 In the FloEFD Analysis tree, right-click the Cut Plots icon
and select Insert.
3 Click OK .
You will see the plot like the one shown below.
A1-12
4 Change the contour cut plot to a vector cut plot. To do
this, right-click the Cut Plot 1 icon and select Edit
Definition.
6 Click OK .
You will see the plot like the one shown below.
This plot shows the pressure (or other parameter selected) distribution on all faces of
the valve in contact with the fluid. You can also select one or more single surfaces for
this plot, which do not have to be planar.
A1-14
Viewing Isosurface Plots
5 Click OK .
You will see the isosurfaces like the ones shown below.
The isosurface is a useful way of determining the exact 3D area, where the flow
reaches a certain value of pressure, velocity or other parameter.
Using Flow trajectories you can show the flow streamlines. Flow trajectories provide a
very good image of the 3D fluid flow. You can also see how parameters change along each
trajectory by exporting data into Microsoft® Excel®.
1 Right-click the Isosurfaces icon and select Hide.
2 Right-click the Flow Trajectories icon and select Insert.
For this plot we selected the outlet lid (any flat face or
sketch can be selected) and therefore every trajectory
crosses that selected face. Notice the trajectories that
are entering and exiting through the exit lid. This is
the reason for the warning we received during the
calculation. FloEFD warns us of inappropriate
analysis conditions so that we do not need to be CFD
experts. When flow both enters and exits the same
opening, the accuracy of the results will worsen. In a
case like this, one would typically add the next
component to the model (say, a pipe extending the
computational domain) so that the vortex does not occur at opening.
A1-16
Viewing XY Plots
s)/ 4
m
(
tyi
c SKETCH_1@Line1@Line2@Line3_1
lo
e 3
V
0
-0,04 -0,03 -0,02 -0,01 0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04
-1
Model X (m)
5 Click OK .
The XY Plot allows you to view any result along sketched lines. The data is put directly
into Excel or displayed as images in the bottom pane.
Surface Parameters is a feature used to determine the values of pressure, forces, heat
fluxes as well as many other variables on any face in your model contacting the fluid. For
this type of analysis, a calculation of the average static pressure drop from the valve inlet
to outlet would probably be of some interest.
1 Right-click the Surface Parameters icon and select Insert.
This section is intended to show you how easy it is to analyze design variations. The
variations can be different geometric dimensions, new features, new parts in an
assembly – whatever! This is the heart of FloEFD and this allows design engineers to
quickly and easily determine which designs have promise, and which designs are
unlikely to be successful. For this example, we will see how filleting two sharp edges
will influence the pressure drop through the valve. If there is no improvement, it will
not be worth the extra manufacturing costs.
A1-18
Cloning the Project
1 In the Model Tree, right-click the BALL icon and select Open. A new window opens
with the BALL part.
2 Click Tools > Family Table.
3 In the Family Table dialog box
click Insert a new instance at
columns .
A1-20
4 In the Family Items dialog box select Component
under Add Item and then select BALL.PRT in the
Model Tree.
5 Click OK. The new M45 BALL column is added to the
family table.
7 Click Tools > Replace Using > Family Member and select the
BALL_FILLETED instance containing the changed geometry
with the rounded edges.
8 Click OK.
In the previous sections we examined how you could compare results from different
geometries. You may also want to run the same geometry over a range of flow rates.
This section shows how quick and easy it can be to do that kind of parametric study.
Here we are going to change the mass flow to 0.75 kg/s.
Activate the Project 1 in the FloEFD Projects tree.
1 Create a copy of the Project 1 project by clicking Flow
Analysis > Project > Clone Project.
2 Type Project 3 for the new project name and click
OK.
FloEFD now creates a new project. All our input data are
copied, so we do not need to define our openings or goals
again. The Boundary Conditions can be changed, deleted or
added. All changes to the geometry will only be applied to
this new configuration, so the old results remain valid. After
changing the inlet flow rate value to 0.75 kg/s you would be
ready to run again. Please follow the previously described steps for solving and for
viewing the results.
Imagine being the designer of this ball valve. How would you make decisions concerning
your design? If you had to determine whether the benefit of modifying the design as we
have just done outweighted the extra costs, how would you do this? Engineers have to
make decisions such as this every day, and FloEFD is a tool to help them make those
decisions. Every engineer who is required to make design decisions involving fluid and
heat transfer should use FloEFD to test their ideas, allowing for fewer prototypes and
quicker design cycles.
A1-22
A2
Conjugate Heat Transfer
This tutorial covers the basic steps required to set up a flow analysis problem including
heat conduction in solids. This example is particularly pertinent to users interested in
analyzing flow and heat conduction within electronics devices, although the basic
principles are applicable to all thermal problems. It is assumed that you have already
completed the Ball Valve Design tutorial since it teaches the basic principles of using
FloEFD in greater detail.
1 Copy the A2 - Conjugate Heat Transfer folder into your working directory and
ensure that the files are not read-only since FloEFD will save input data to these files.
Run FloEFD. Click File > Open.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the enclosure_assembly.asm assembly located
in the A2 - Conjugate Heat Transfer\Ready To Run folder and run the project.
Heat Sink
Inlet Fan
PCBs
Small Chips
Main Chip
Capacitors
Motherboard
Power Supply
In a typical assembly there may be many features, parts or sub-assemblies that are not
necessary for the analysis. Prior to creating a FloEFD project, it is a good practice to check
the model to find components that can be removed from the analysis. Excluding these
components reduces the computer resources and calculation time required for the analysis.
The assembly consists of the following components: enclosure, motherboard and two
smaller PCBs, capacitors, power supply, heat sink, chips, fan, screws, fan housing, and
lids. You can highlight these components by clicking them in the Creo Elements/Pro &
Creo Parametric Model Tree. In this tutorial we will simulate the fan by specifying a Fan
boundary condition on the inner face of the inlet lid. The fan has a very complex geometry
that may cause delays while rebuilding the model. Since it is outside the enclosure, we can
exclude it by suppressing it.
1 In the Model Tree, select the FAN-412 subassembly and
Pattern 4 of SCREW item.
2 Right-click any of the selected items and select Suppress.
Then click OK to confirm suppressing.
Suppressing fan and its screws leaves open five holes in the
enclosure. Since we are going to perform an internal analysis,
all the holes must be closed with lids.
A2-2
To save your time, we created the lids and included them in this model. You just need
to unsuppress them. Please make sure that the Tree Filters settings allow you to see the
supressed objects in the Model Tree.
3 In the Model tree, select the INLET_LID and Pattern 5
of SCREWHOLE_LID_ items .
4 Right-click any of the selected items and select Resume.
By scrolling through the different groups in the Parameter tree you can see the units
selected for the parameters. Although most of the parameters have convenient units
such as ft/s for velocity and CFM (cubic feet per minute) for volume flow rate we will
change a couple of units to that are more convenient for this model. Since the physical
size of the model may be relatively small it is more convenient to choose inches instead
of feet as the length unit.
Click Next.
6 Set the analysis type to Internal. Under
Physical Features select the Heat
conduction in solids check box, then
click Next.
Click Next.
A2-4
8 Expand the Alloys folder and click Steel
Stainless 321 to assign it as the Default
solid.
Click Next.
We will use the FloEFD Analysis tree to define our analysis, just as you use the Model
Tree to design your models.
Right-click the Computational Domain icon and select Hide to
hide the wireframe box.
A2-6
Specifying the Fan
A Fan is one of the types of boundary condition that defines the flow. You can specify
Fans on the surfaces, free of Boundary Conditions and Heat Sources. At model
openings closed by lids you can specify Inlet or Outlet Fans. You can also specify fans on
any faces within the flow region as Internal Fans. A Fan is considered as an ideal device
creating a flow with a certain volume (or mass) flow rate, which depends on the difference
between the inlet and outlet pressures on the selected faces.
If you analyze a model with a fan, you should be familiar with the fan characteristics. In
this example, we use one of the pre-defined fans available in the Engineering Database. If
you cannot find an appropriate fan in the Engineering Database, you can define your own
fan in accordance with the fan specifications.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Fan. The Fan dialog box appears.
2 Select the inner face of the
INLET_LID part as shown.
(To access the inner face, set
Filter to Geometry and
right-click the INLET_LID
until the inner face is
highlighted, then click the
left mouse button).
3 Under Type, select External
Inlet Fan.
4 In the Fan list, under Pre-
Defined / Axial / Papst,
select the Papst 412 item.
5 Under Thermodynamic
Parameters check that the
Environment Pressure
corresponds to the
atmospheric pressure.
6 Accept Face Coordinate
System as the reference
Coordinate system and
X as the Reference axis.
Face coordinate system is created automatically in the center of a planar face when
you select this face as the face to apply the boundary condition or fan. The X axis of
this coordinate system is normal to the face. The Face coordinate system is created
only when one planar face is selected.
7 Click OK . The new Fans folder and the External Inlet Fan 1
item appear in the FloEFD Analysis tree.
Now you can edit the External Inlet Fan 1 item or add a
new fan using FloEFD Analysis tree. This folder remains
visible until the last feature of this type is deleted. You
can also make a feature folder to be initially available in
the tree. Right-click the project name item and select
Customize Tree to add or remove folders.
A boundary condition is required in any place where fluid enters or exits the model,
excluding openings where a fan is specified. A boundary condition can be set in form of
Pressure, Mass Flow Rate, Volume Flow Rate or Velocity. You can also use the
Boundary Condition dialog for specifying an Ideal Wall condition that is an adiabatic,
frictionless wall or a Real Wall condition to set the wall roughness and/or temperature
and/or heat conduction coefficient at the selected model surfaces. For internal analyses
with Heat conduction in solids enabled, you can also set thermal wall condition on outer
model walls by specifying an Outer Wall condition.
1 In the FloEFD analysis tree right-click the Boundary
Conditions icon and select Insert Boundary
Condition.
A2-8
2 Select the inner faces of all
outlet lids as shown.
3 Select Pressure Openings
and Environment Pressure.
5 Click OK .
Volume Heat Sources allow you to specify the heat generation rate (e.g. in Watts) or the
volumetric heat generation rate (e.g. in Watts per volume) or a constant temperature
boundary condition for a volume. It is also possible to specify Surface Heat Sources in
terms of heat transfer rate (e.g. in Watts) or heat flux (e.g. in Watts per area).
7 In the FloEFD analysis tree, right-click the Heat Sources icon and select Insert
Volume Source.
8 In the Model tree, select all
three CAPACITOR
components under the Pattern
3 of CAPACITOR item.
10 Click OK .
11 Click-pause-click the new VS
Temperature 1 item and
rename it to Capacitors.
A2-10
12 Following the same procedure
as described above, specify the
other volume heat sources as
follows: all chips on PCBs
(SMALL_CHIP components)
with the total heat generation
rate of 4 W,
POWER_SUPPLY with
the temperature of 120 °F.
The real PCBs are made of laminate materials consisting of several layers of thin metal
conductor interleaved with layers of epoxy resin dielectric. As for most laminate
materials, the properties of a typical PCB material can vary greatly depending on the
direction - along or across the layers, i.e. it is anisotropic. The Engineering Database
contains some predefined PCB materials with anisotropic thermal conductivity.
In this tutorial example anisotropic thermal conductivity of PCBs does not affect the
overall cooling performance much, so we will create a PCB material having the same
thermal conductivity in all directions to learn how to add a new material to the
Engineering Database and assign it to a part.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Tools > Engineering Database.
We also need to add a new material simulating thermal conductivity and other thermal
properties of electronic components.
5 Switch to the Items tab and click New Item on the toolbar.
6 Specify the properties of the chips material:
Name = Tutorial component package,
Comments = Component package,
Density = 2000 kg/m^3,
Specific heat = 120 J/(kg*K),
Conductivity type = Isotropic
Thermal conductivity = 0.4 W/(m*K),
Melting temperature = 390 K.
7 Click Save .
A2-12
8 Click File > Exit to exit the database.
You can enter the material properties in any unit system you want by typing the unit
name after the value and FloEFD will automatically convert the entered value to the SI
system of units. You can also specify temperature-dependent material properties using
the Tables and Curves tab.
The Solid Material feature is used to specify the material for solid parts in the assembly.
1 In the FloEFD analysis tree, right-click the Solid Materials icon and select Insert
Solid Material.
2 In the Model Tree, select the
MOTHERBOARD and both
PCB components.
3 In the Solid list, expand User
Defined and select Tutorial
PCB.
4 Click OK .
5 Following the same
procedure, specify solid
materials for other
components:
• for the Main Chip and all
Small Chips assign the
new Tutorial component
package material
(available under User Defined);
• the Heat Sink is made of Aluminum (available under Pre-Defined / Metals);
• the lids (INLET_LID and all lids in both the Pattern 2 of OUTLET_LID and
Pattern 5 of SCREWHOLE_LID patterns) are made of the Insulator material
(available under Pre-Defined / Glasses and Minerals).
To select a part, click it in the Model Tree or Creo Elements/Pro & Creo Parametric
graphics area.
6 Change the name of each assigned solid material. The new,
descriptive names should be:
PCB - Tutorial PCB,
Chips - Tutorial component package,
Heat Sink - Aluminum,
Lids - Insulator.
7 Click File > Save.
A2-14
14 Right-click the Goals icon and select Insert Volume Goals.
15 Select the Main
Chip item in the
FloEFD analysis
tree.
16 In the Parameter
table, select the
Max check box in
the Temperature
(Solid) row.
17 Click OK.
2 Click the
External Inlet
Fan 1 item to
select the face
where the goal is
going to be
applied.
3 In the Parameter
table select the
Av check box in
the Static
Pressure row.
4 Accept selected
Use for Conv.
check box to use
this goal for
convergence
control.
5 At the bottom of the Surface Goals dialog box click Inlet and then remove the
<Number> field from the Name Template box.
6 Click OK.
A2-16
1 Right-click the
Goals icon and
select Insert
Surface Goals.
2 Click the
Environment
Pressure 1 item to
select the faces
where the goal is
going to be
applied.
3 In the Parameter
table select the
first check box in the Mass Flow Rate row.
4 Accept selected Use for Conv. check box to use this goal for convergence control.
5 At the bottom of the Surface Goals dialog box, click Outlet and then remove the
<Number> field from the Name Template.
Next let us check the automatically defined geometry resolution settings for this project.
A2-18
Running the Calculation
1 Right-click the Goal Plots icon under Results and select Insert.
ENCLOSURE_ASSEMBLY.ASM [INLET_FAN]
Goal Name Unit Value Averaged Value Minimum Value Maximum Value
GG Av Static Pressure [lbf/in^2] 14,69677107 14,69677231 14,69677092 14,69677308
SG Inlet Av Static Pressure [lbf/in^2] 14,69653289 14,69653726 14,69653289 14,69653939
GG Av Temperature (Fluid) [°F] 61,37009916 61,30920925 61,18051182 61,40785695
SG Outlet Mass Flow Rate [lb/s] -0,007193183 -0,007190625 -0,007193183 -0,007189949
VG Small Chips Max Temp [°F] 89,24271231 89,14410831 88,65386757 89,445698
VG Chip Max Temperature [°F] 88,33986905 88,34641545 88,31882243 88,36898683
You can see that the maximum temperature in the main chip is about 88 °F, and the
maximum temperature over the small chips is about 89 °F.
To analyze the results in more detail let us use the various FloEFD results processing
tools. The best method for the visualization of how the fluid flows inside the enclosure is
to create flow trajectories.
In Creo Parametric click View > Model Display > Appearance Galery > More
Appearances. In the Appearance Editor adjust transparency to about 80.
A2-20
3 Set the Number of Points to 200.
4 Under Appearance, set Draw Trajectories as
Bands.
6 Click OK .
The new Flow Trajectories 1 item appears in the FloEFD Analysis tree.
This is the picture you should see.
Notice that there are only a few trajectories along the adjacent to the wall PCB and this
may cause problems with cooling of the chips placed on this PCB. Additionally the blue
color indicates low velocity in front of this PCB .
Right-click the Flow Trajectories 1 item and select Hide.
A2-22
Let us now look at the fluid temperature.
6 Right-click the Cut Plot 1 icon and select Edit Definition.
Right-click the Cut Plot 1 item and select Hide. Let us now display solid temperature.
A2-24
You can view and analyze the results further with the post-processing tools that were
shown in the Ball Valve Design tutorial. FloEFD allows you to quickly and easily
investigate your design both quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative results such as
the maximum temperature in the component, pressure drop through the cabinet, and air
temperature rise will allow you to determine whether the design is acceptable or not. By
viewing qualitative results such as air flow patterns, and heat conduction patterns in the
solid, FloEFD gives you the necessary insight to locate problem areas or weaknesses in
your design and provides guidance on how to improve or optimize the design.
A2-26
A3
Porous Media
In this tutorial we consider flow in a section of an automobile exhaust pipe, whose exhaust
flow is resisted by two porous bodies serving as catalysts for transforming harmful carbon
monoxide into carbon dioxide. When designing an automobile catalytic converter, the
engineer faces a compromise between minimizing the catalyst's resistance to the exhaust
flow while maximizing the catalyst's internal surface area and duration that the exhaust
gases are in contact with that surface area. Therefore, a more uniform distribution of the
exhaust mass flow rate over the catalyst's cross sections favors its serviceability. The
porous media capabilities of FloEFD are used to simulate each catalyst, which allows you
to model the volume that the catalyst occupies as a distributed resistance instead of
discretely modeling all of the individual passages within the catalyst, which would be
impractical or even impossible. Here, as a FloEFD tutorial example we consider the
influence of the catalysts' porous medium permeability type (isotropic and unidirectional
media of the same resistance to flow) on the exhaust mass flow rate distribution over the
catalysts' cross sections. We will observe the latter through the behavior of the exhaust gas
flow trajectories distributed uniformly over the model's inlet and passing through the
porous catalysts. Additionally, by coloring the flow trajectories by the flow velocity the
exhaust gas residence time in the porous catalysts can be estimated, which is also
important from the catalyst effectiveness viewpoint.
A3-2
3 In the Navigator pane click
Fluids.
You can click Finish at any moment, but if you attempt to close Wizard
without specifying all obligatory properties (such as project fluids), the
Wizard will not close and the page where you need to define a missing
property will be marked by the exclamation icon .
Now FloEFD creates a new project with the FloEFD data attached.
In the FloEFD Analysis tree, right-click the Computational Domain icon and select Hide
to hide the black wireframe box.
5 Click OK .
10 Click OK .
A3-4
Creating Isotropic Porous Medium in the Engineering Database
The material you are going to create is already defined in the Engineering Database under
the Pre-Defined folder. You can skip the definition of porous material and select the
pre-defined "Isotropic" material from the Engineering database when you will assign the
porous material to a component later in this tutorial.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Tools > Engineering Database.
2 In the Database tree select Porous Media /
User Defined.
Porosity is the effective porosity of the porous medium, defined as the volume fraction
of the interconnected pores with respect to the total porous medium volume; here, the
porosity is equal to 0.5. The porosity will govern the exhaust flow velocity in the porous
medium channels, which, in turn, governs the exhaust gas residence in the porous
catalyst and, therefore, the catalyst efficiency.
7 Choose Isotropic as the Permeability type.
First of all let us consider an Isotropic permeability, i.e, a medium with permeability
not depending on the direction within the medium. Then, as an alternative, we will
consider a Unidirectional permeability, i.e., the medium permeable in one direction
only.
8 Choose Pressure drop, Flowrate, Dimensions as the Resistance calculation
formula.
For our media we select the Pressure Drop, Flowrate, Dimensions medium
resistance to flow, i.e., specify the porous medium resistance as k = P×S /(m×L) (in
units of s-1), where the right-side parameters are referred to a tested parallelepiped
sample of the porous medium, having the cross-sectional area S and the length L in the
under the pressure difference of P between the sample opposite sides in this
selected sample direction, in which the mass flow rate through the sample is equal to m
at m=0 kg/s), S = 0.01 m2, L = 0.1m. Therefore, k = 200 s-1. Knowing S and L of the
13 Click Save .
14 Click File, Exit to exit the database.
Now we will apply the specified porous medium to the model components representing
the porous bodies.
Note that a porous medium is applied only to a component that is not treated by FloEFD as
a solid body. By default, all the components in the assembly considered are treated as
solids. If there is a component that is not supposed to be treated as solid, you have to
disable it in the Component Control dialog box. Components are automatically disabled
when you assign a porous media to them by creating the Porous Medium condition, so
you do not need to disable them manually.
A3-6
Specifying Porous Medium
4 Click OK .
To obtain the total pressure drop
between the model inlet and outlet
we will specify an Equation Goal
based on two Surface Goals.
Equation Goal is a goal defined by an analytical function of the existing goals and/or
parameters of input data conditions. This goal can be viewed as equation goal during the
calculation and while displaying results in the same way as the other goals. As variables,
you can use any of the specified goals, including another equation goals, except for goals
that are dependent on other equation goals, and parameters of the specified project’s input
data features (general initial or ambient conditions, boundary conditions, fans, heat
sources, local initial conditions). You can also use constants in the definition of the
equation goal.
1 Right-click the Goals icon and select Insert Equation Goal.
A3-8
5 From the Add Goal list select the SG Outlet Av Total Pressure 1 goal and click Add
. In the Expression box the resulting expression appears.
You can use goals (including previously specified Equation Goals), parameters of
input data conditions and constants in the expression defining an Equation Goal. If the
constants in the expression represent some physical parameters (i.e. length, area, etc.),
make sure that they are specified in the project’s system of units. FloEFD has no
information about the physical meaning of the constants you use, so you need to
specify the Equation Goal dimensionality by yourself.
To add an area or a volume of the model items (faces, components, etc.) as a variable,
previously create a corresponding goal on the desired surfaces or components by using
one of the following parameters: Area (Fluid), Area (Solid), Volume (Fluid), Volume
(Solid) and then add the created goal as a variable.
6 Make sure that Pressure & stress is selected in the Dimensionality list.
7 Click OK . The new Equation Goal 1 item appears in the FloEFD Analysis Tree.
After the calculation has finished, close the Monitor dialog box.
1 Right-click the Goal Plots icon under Results and select Insert.
An Excel spreadsheet with the goal results will open. The first
sheet will contain a table presenting the final values of the
goal.
You can see that the total pressure drop is about 120 Pa.
CAT ALYST .ASM [ISOT ROPIC]
Goa l Nam e Unit Va lue Avera ge d Value Minimum Value Max im um Value Progress [%] Use In Converge nce
Equation Goal 1 [Pa] 123,2906883 125,845 123,291 131,028 100 Yes
To see the non-uniformity of the mass flow rate distribution over a catalyst’s cross section,
we will display flow trajectories with start points distributed uniformly across the inlet.
A3-10
Viewing Flow Trajectories
5 Click OK .
6 Select the Hidden Line
view mode.
The material you are going to create now is already defined in the Engineering Database
under the Pre-Defined folder. You can skip this step and select the pre-defined
"Unidirectional" material from the Engineering database when assigning the porous
material to a component later in this tutorial.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Tools > Engineering Database.
2 In the Database tree select Porous Media / User Defined.
3 On the Items tab select the Isotropic item.
4 Click Copy .
A3-12
Specifying the Porous Medium - Unidirectional Type
Since all other conditions and goals remain the same, we can
start the calculation immediately.
When the calculation is finished, create the goal plot for the Equation Goal 1.
C A T A L Y S T .A S M [ U N I D I R E C T IO N A L ]
Goa l Na m e U n it V a lu e A v e ra g e d V a l u e M i n i m u m V a l u e M a x i m u m V a l u e P ro g re ss [%] U se I n C o n v e rg e n c e
E q u a t io n G o a l 1 [ P a ] 1 1 9 , 2 1 7 4 8 5 8 1 21 ,4 17 119,217 1 26 ,4 05 100 Y es
Comparing the trajectories passing through the isotropic and unidirectional porous
catalysts installed in the tube, we can summarize:
Due to the asymmetric position of the inlet tube with respect to the larger tube in which
the catalyst bodies are installed, the incoming flow is non-uniform. Since the incoming
flow is non-uniform, the flow inside the first catalyst body is non-uniform also. It is seen
that the catalyst type (isotropic or unidirectional) affects both the incoming flow
non-uniformity (slightly) and, more substantially, the flow within the catalysts (especially
the first catalyst body). In both the cases the gas stream mainly enters the first catalyst
body-closer to the wall opposite to the inlet tube. For the isotropic case, the gas flows into
the first body nearer to the wall than for the case of the unidirectional catalyst. As a result,
the flow in the initial (about one-third of the body length) portion of the first catalyst body
is noticeably more non-uniform in the isotropic catalyst. Nevertheless, due to the isotropic
permeability, the main gas stream expands in the isotropic catalyst and occupies a larger
volume in the next part of the body than in the unidirectional catalyst, which, due to its
unidirectional permeability, prevents the stream from expanding. So, the flow in the last
two-thirds of the first catalyst body is less non-uniform in the isotropic catalyst. Since the
distance between the two porous bodies installed in the tube is rather small, the gas stream
has no time to become more uniform in the volume between the catalyst bodies, although
in the unidirectional case a certain motion towards uniformity is perceptible. As a result,
the flow non-uniformity occurring at the first catalyst body's exit passes to the second
catalyst body. Then, it is seen that the flow non-uniformity does not change within the
second catalyst body.
Let us now consider the flow velocity inside the catalyst. This is easy to do since the flow
trajectories' colors indicate the flow velocity value in accordance with the specified
palette. To create the same conditions for comparing the flow velocities in the isotropic
and unidirectional catalysts, we have to specify the same velocity range for the palette in
both the cases, since the maximum flow velocity governing the value range for the palette
by default is somewhat different in these cases. It is seen that, considering the catalyst on
the whole, the flow velocities in the isotropic and unidirectional catalysts are practically
the same. Therefore, from the viewpoint of gas residence in the catalyst, there is no
difference between the isotropic and unidirectional catalysts.
We can conclude that the isotropic catalyst is more effective than the unidirectional
catalyst (of the same resistance to uniform flows), since the flow in it, as a whole, is more
uniform. In spite of specifying the same resistance of the catalysts to flow, the overall
pressure loss is lower by about 3% in the case of employing the unidirectional catalyst.
This difference is due to the different flow non-uniformity both in the catalyst bodies and
out of them.
A3-14
B
Intermediate Examples
B-2
B1
Determination of Hydraulic Loss
In engineering practice the hydraulic loss of pressure head in any piping system is
traditionally split into two components: the loss due to friction along straight pipe sections
and the local loss due to local pipe features, such as bends, T-pipes, various cocks, valves,
throttles, etc. Being determined, these losses are summed to form the total hydraulic loss.
Generally, there are no problems in engineering practice to determine the friction loss in a
piping system since relatively simple formulae based on theoretical and experimental
investigations exist. The other matter is the local hydraulic loss (or so-called local drag).
Here usually only experimental data are available, which are always restricted due to their
nature, especially taking into account the wide variety of pipe shapes (not only existing,
but also advanced) and devices, as well as the substantially complicated flow patterns in
them. FloEFD presents an alternative approach to the traditional problems associated with
determining this kind of local drag, allowing you to predict computationally almost any
local drag in a piping system within good accuracy.
Copy the B1 - Hydraulic Loss folder into your working directory and ensure that the files
are not read-only since FloEFD will save input data to these files. Run FloEFD.
Click File > Open. In the File Open dialog box, browse to the valve.asm model located in
the B1 - Hydraulic Loss folder and click Open.
In the Select Instance dialog box, select 40_DEGREES_SHORT_VALVE and click Open.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the valve.asm model located in the B1 -
Hydraulic Loss\Ready To Run folder and run the desired projects.
Model Description
The standard engineering convention for determining local drag is by calculating the
difference between the fluid dynamic heads measured upstream of the local pipe feature
(ball valve in our case) and far downstream of it, where the flow has become uniform
(undisturbed) again. In order to extract the pure local drag the hydraulic friction loss in the
straight pipe of the same length must be subtracted from the measured dynamic head loss.
In this example we will obtain pressure loss (local drag) in the ball valve whose handle is
turned by an angle of 40o. The Valve analysis represents a typical FloEFD internal analysis.
Internal flow analyses deal with flows inside pipes, tanks, HVAC systems, etc. The fluid
enters a model at the inlets and exits the model through outlets.
To perform an internal analysis all the model openings must be closed with lids, which are
needed to specify inlet and outlet flow boundary conditions on them. In any case, the
internal model space filled with a fluid must be fully closed. You simply create lids as
additional extrusions covering the openings. In this example the lids are semi-transparent
allowing a view into the valve.
B1-2
To ensure the model is fully closed click Flow Analysis >
Tools > Check Geometry. Under Analysis Type select
Internal. Then click Check to calculate the fluid and solid
volumes of the model. If the fluid volume is equal to zero,
the model is not closed.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Project > Wizard. The project wizard guides you through the
definition of a new FloEFD project.
2 In the Project Name dialog box, type a
new project name: Project 1.
B1-4
6 Since we do not intend to calculate heat
conduction in solids, in the Wall
Conditions dialog box you can specify
the thermal wall boundary conditions
applied by default to all the model walls
contacting with the fluid.
For this project accept the default
Adiabatic wall feature denoting that all
the model walls are heat-insulated.
Click Next.
7 In the Initial Conditions dialog box specify
initial values of the flow parameters. For
steady internal problems, the specification of
these values closer to the expected flow field
will reduce the analysis convergence time.
The FloEFD Analysis tree provides a convenient specification of project data and view
of results. You also can use the FloEFD Analysis tree to modify or delete the various
FloEFD features.
At the same time, a computational domain appears in the graphics window as a wireframe
box.
B1-6
Specifying Boundary Conditions
mass flow rate value is recalculated from the velocity or volume flow rate value
specified on an opening. To avoid problems with specifying boundary conditions, we
recommend that you specify at least one Pressure opening condition since the mass
flow rate on a Pressure opening is automatically calculated to satisfy the law of
conservation of mass.
5 Click OK .
By specifying this condition we define that at the ball valve
pipe exit the water has a static pressure of 1 atm.
P -
formula:
= ----------------
V 2
2
B1-8
2 Select the inner faces of the inlet lid and the outlet
lid (this can be done easily by holding down the
CTRL key and clicking the corresponding
boundary conditions in the FloEFD Analysis tree).
3 Select Create goal for each surface check box to
create two separate goals, i.e. one for each of the
selected faces.
4 In the Parameter table select the Av check box in
the Total Pressure row.
5 Accept selected Use for Conv. check box to use the goals being created for
convergence control.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Solve > Run. The Run dialog box appears.
2 Click Run to start the
calculation.
FloEFD automatically
generates a computational
mesh by dividing the
computational domain into
slices, which are further
subdivided into cells. The
cells are refined if necessary
to resolve the model
geometry properly. During
the mesh generation process,
you can see the current step
in the Mesh Generation
dialog box.
You can easily extend the ball valve inlet and outlet sections by changing offset distance
for the DTM3 and DTM4 features. Instead, we will simply clone the project to the pre-
defined 40_DEGREES_LONG_VALVE instance.
B1-10
Cloning the Project
1 Right-click the Cut Plots icon and select Insert. The Cut Plot
dialog box appears.
6 Click OK .
The new Cut Plot 1 item appears in the
FloEFD Analysis tree.
However, the cut plot cannot be seen
through the non-transparent model. In order
to see the plot, you can hide the model by
clicking Flow Analysis > Results >
Display > Geometry.
B1-12
Now you can see a contour plot of the velocity and the velocity vectors projected on the
plot.
For better visualization of the vortex you can scale small vectors:
1 In the FloEFD Analysis tree, right-click the Cut Plot
1 icon and select Edit Definition.
3 Click OK to save the changes and exit the Cut Plot dialog box. Immediately the
cut plot is updated.
You can easily visualize the vortex by displaying the flow relative to the X axis. For that,
you can display the x-component of velocity in a two-color palette and set the value,
separating two colors, at zero.
1 In the geometry area, double-click the palette bar or right-click on it and select Edit.
5 Click OK .
Now the distribution of the Velocity (X) parameter is
displayed in red-blue palette so that all the positive values are in red and all the negative
values are in blue. This means that the blue area show the region of reverse flow, i.e. half
of the vortex.
Next, we will display the distribution of total pressure within the valve.
By default the total pressure is not included in the list of parameters available to display.
To enable or disable a certain physical parameter for displaying, use Customize
Parameter List.
1 In the palette bar, click the caption with the name of the current
visualization parameter and select Add Parameter.
B1-14
2 In the opened Customize
Parameter List dialog box,
expand the Loads group and
select Total Pressure.
3 Click OK to save the changes.
4 In the geometry area double-click
the palette bar. In the opened
dialog box, change the
visualization parameter to Total
Pressure.
This will update the current cut plot to display the total
pressure contour plot.
While the cut plot shows you the flow pattern, we will use the surface goal plot to
determine the inlet and outlet values of total pressure required to calculate the loss.
2 Select All.
In fact, to obtain the pressure loss it would be easier to specify an Equation goal with the
difference between the inlet and outlet pressures as the equation goal’s expression.
However, to demonstrate the wide capabilities of FloEFD, we will calculate the pressure
loss with the FloEFD gasdynamic Calculator.
The Calculator contains various formulae from fluid dynamics, which can be useful
for engineering calculations. The calculator is a very useful tool for rough estimations
of the expected results, as well as for calculations of important characteristic and
reference values. All calculations in the Calculator are performed only in the
International system of units SI, so no parameter units should be entered, and FloEFD
Units settings do not apply in the Calculator.
B1-16
Density = 998.1934 (the water density at the specified temperature of 293.2 K),
Velocity = 1.
2 Open the goals1 Excel workbook and copy the Value of SG Av Total Pressure 1 into
the Clipboard.
3 Go to the Calculator, click the B2 cell and press Ctrl+V to paste the goal value from
the Clipboard.
4 Return to Excel, copy the Value of SG Av Total Pressure 2. Go to the Calculator,
click the C2 cell and press Ctrl+V. Click any free cell. Immediately the Total pressure
loss value appears in the Result column.
To obtain the pure local drag, it is necessary to subtract from the obtained value the total
pressure loss due to friction in a straight pipe of the same length and diameter. To do that,
we perform the same calculations in the ball valve model with the handle in the 0o angle
position. You can do this with the 00_DEGREES_LONG_VALVE configuration.
Since the specified conditions are the same for both 40_DEGREES_LONG_VALVE and
00_DEGREES_LONG_VALVE instance, it is useful to attach the existing FloEFD
project to the 00_DEGREES_LONG_VALVEinstance.
Clone the current project to the
00_DEGREES_LONG_VALVE instance.
Since at zero angle the ball valve becomes a simple straight
pipe, there is no need to set the Minimum gap size value
smaller than the default gap size which, in our case, is
automatically set equal to the pipe’s diameter (the automatic
minimum gap size depends on the characteristic size of the
faces on which the boundary conditions are set). Note that
using a smaller gap size will result in a finer mesh and, in
turn, more computer time and memory will be required for
calculation. To solve your task in the most effective way you
should choose the optimal settings for the task.
Now you can calculate the total pressure loss in a straight pipe.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Tools > Calculator.
2 In the Calculator menu, click File > Open. Browse to the folder where you saved the
calculator file earlier in this tutorial and select the ball valve.fwc file. Click Open.
3 Click the B4 cell and in the Calculator toolbar click to paste data from the
Clipboard.
4 Save the existing value of the total pressure loss: click the A2 cell, click , then click
the A7 cell and finally click .
5 Double-click the Name7 cell and
type 40 degrees. 26,71936 115177,2
102028,3
101829,4
26,71936
B1-18
6 Right-click the Total pressure at point 1 cell
8 Right-click the Total pressure at point 2 cell and select Add Relation. 102028,3
101829,4
9 Click the B5 cell. The value of total pressure is now taken from the B5
cell. Immediately the total pressure value is recalculated. 102028,3
102028,3
101829,4
Now you can calculate the local drag in the ball valve with the handle set at 40o.
Total Pressure loss (40 deg) Total Pressure loss (0 deg) Local Drag
2 6 ,7 2 0 ,4 0 2 6 ,3 2
B1-20
B2
Cylinder Drag Coefficient
Problem Statement
FloEFD can be used to study flow around objects and to determine the resulting lift and
drag forces on the objects due to the flow. In this example we use FloEFD to determine
the drag coefficient of a circular cylinder immersed in a uniform fluid stream. The
cylinder axis is oriented perpendicular to the stream.
UD
The computations are performed for a range of Reynolds numbers (1,1000,105), where
Re = ---------------- , D is the cylinder diameter, U is the velocity of the fluid stream, is the
density, and is the dynamic viscosity. The drag coefficient for the cylinder is defined as:
FD
1 U 2 DL
C D = ----------------------
-
---
2
where FD is the total force in the flow direction (i.e. drag) acting on a cylinder of diameter
D and length L.The goal of the simulation is to obtain the drag coefficient predicted by
FloEFD and to compare it to the experimental data presented in Ref.1.
Copy the B2 - Drag Coefficient folder into your working directory and ensure that the
files are not read-only since FloEFD will save input data to these files. Run FloEFD.Click
File > Open. In the File Open dialog box, browse to the cylinder_001m.asm assembly
located in the B2 - Drag Coefficient\cylinder 0.01m folder and click Open.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the cylinder_001m.asm assembly located in the B2 -
Drag Coefficient\cylinder 0.01m\Ready To Run or the cylinder_1m.asm assembly B2
- Drag Coefficient\cylinder 1m\Ready To Run folder and run the desired projects.
The Cylinder problem considered here represents a typical FloEFD External analysis.
External flows analyses deal with flows over or around a model such as flows over
aircrafts, automobiles, buildings, etc. For external flow analyses the far-field
boundaries are the Computational Domain boundaries. You can also solve a combined
external and internal flow problem in a FloEFD project (for example flow around and
through a building). If the analysis includes a combination of internal and external
flows, you must specify External type for the analysis.
The first step is to create a new FloEFD project.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Project > Wizard. The project wizard guides you through the
definition of a new FloEFD project. In this project we will analyze flow over the
cylinder at the Reynolds number of 1.
B2-2
2 In the Project Name dialog box, type a
new project name: Re 1.
Click Next.
The flow over a cylinder is steady at a Reynolds number Re < 40 (see the cylinder Re
definition above) and unsteady (time-dependent) at Re > 40. Since in this tutorial the
first calculation is performed at Re=1, to accelerate the run, we perform a steady-state
analysis.
Click Next.
Click Next.
B2-4
boxes), while and are the polar and azimuthal angles of spherical coordinate
Global Coordinate System for all data set in the Wizard and General Settings dialog
temperature of 293.2 K
11 Click OK. You will return to the Initial and Ambient
Conditions dialog box.
For most flows it is difficult to have a
good estimation of their turbulence a
priori, so it is recommended that the
default turbulence parameters be used.
The default turbulence intensity values
proposed by FloEFD are 0.1% for
external analyses and 2% for internal
analyses and these values are appropriate
for most cases. In this project we accept
the default value of 0.1%.
Click Next.
12 In the Result and Geometry Resolution
dialog box specify the result resolution
level of 7 and accept the automatically
defined minimum gap size and minimum
wall thickness.
Click Finish. The project is created and
the 3D Computational Domain is
automatically generated.
In this tutorial we are interested in determining only the drag coefficient of the cylinder,
without accounting 3D effects. Thus, to reduce the required CPU time and computer
memory, we will perform a two-dimensional (2D) analysis in this tutorial.
Specifying 2D simulation
6 Click OK .
Since the incoming flow is aligned with the X-axis direction,
the cylinder drag coefficient is calculated through the X-component of the force acting on
the cylinder.
The X-component of force can be determined easily by specifying the appropriate FloEFD
goal. In this case you will need to specify the Force (X) as a Global Goal. This ensures
that the calculation will not be finished until Force (X) is fully converged in the entire
computational domain (i.e. on the cylinder surface).
B2-6
Specifying a Global Goal
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Insert > Goals > Global Goals.
2 In the Parameter table select the first check
box in the Force (X) row.
3 Accept selected Use for Conv. check box to
use this goal for convergence control.
When the calculation is finished, you can manually calculate the drag coefficient from the
obtained force value. Instead, let FloEFD make all the necessary calculations for you by
specifying an Equation Goal.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Equation Goal.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Insert > Goals > Equation Goal.
3 From the Add Goal list select the GG Force (X) 1 goal and click Add . It appears
in the Expression box.
4 Use buttons in the calculator or keyboard to complete the expression as follows:
7 Click OK . The new equation goal appears in the FloEFD Analysis tree.
To compare the FloEFD results with the experimental curve taken from Ref.1, we will
perform calculations considering Reynolds number values of 1, 103 and 105. As with Re =
1, the cylinder_001m.asm will be used to calculate the flow at the Reynolds number of
103. The cylinder_1m.asm will be used to calculate the flow at the Reynolds number of
105.
B2-8
Changing Project Settings
1 Click Flow Analysis > General Settings. The General Settings dialog box appears.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Project > General Settings.
2 As it has been mentioned above, since
the flow over a cylinder is unsteady at
Re > 40, select the Time-dependent
physical feature for this project.
3 In the Navigator click Initial and
ambient conditions.
1 Right-click the Drag Coefficient icon under Goals and select Edit Definition.
2 In the Expression box type the new formula for the new Reynolds number:
{GG Force (X) 1}/(0.002*(0.0010115*10^3)^2)*(2*998.19*0.01).
3 Select No unit in the Dimensionality list.
Creating a Template
B2-10
Creating a Project from the Template
2 Click OK .
3 Open the General Settings dialog box and click Initial and ambient conditions, click
the Velocity in X direction field, then click Dependency.
4 Change the velocity X component formula as follows:
1e5*(0.0010115/1/998.19).
Click OK to return to the General Settings dialog box.
By default, FloEFD determines the default turbulence length basis equal to one percent
of the model overall dimension (i.e. cylinder diameter). Since the Re 1e5 project was
created from the template, it inherited the turbulence length value calculated for the
small cylinder (d = 0.01m). For the cylinder_1m we need to change this value.
5 In the General Settings dialog box
expand the Turbulence parameters
item. Type 0.01 m in the Turbulence
length field.
6 Click OK.
7 Create the Equation Goal for the drag
coefficient of the cylinder as it was
described before. In the Expression box enter the formula:
10 Click OK .
Now you can solve all of the projects created for both cylinders.
FloEFD allows you to automatically solve a set of projects that exist in any currently
opened document.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Solve > Batch Run.
2 Select the Solve check
box in the All projects
row to select Solve for
all projects (Re 1,
Re 1000, Re 1e5). Also
select the Close Monitor
check box in the
All projects row. When
the Close Monitor check
box is selected, FloEFD
automatically closes the
Solver Monitor window
when the calculation
finishes.
3 Click Run.
Getting Results
After all calculations are complete, activate the Re 1000 project in the FloEFD projects
tree. Create Goal Plot to obtain the Drag Coefficient value:
1 Click Flow Analysis > Results > Load\Unload Results.
2 In the Load Results dialog box, keep the default project’s results file (2.fld) and click
Open.
3 In the FloEFD Analysis tree, under Results, right-click
the Goal Plots icon and select Insert. The Goal Plot
dialog box appears.
4 Select All.
B2-12
5 Click OK . The Goals1 Excel workbook is created. Switch to Excel to obtain the
value.Activate the Re 1 project and load results. Create the goal plot for both the goals.
CYLINDER_001M.ASM [RE1000]
Goal Name Unit Value Averaged Value Minimum Value Maximum Value
GG Force (X) 1 [N] 0,000113488 0,000137279 0,000112818 0,000157575
Drag Coefficient [] 1,107217709 1,339326042 1,100680396 1,537335639
CYLINDER_001M.ASM [RE1]
Goal Name Unit Value Averaged Value Minimum Value Maximum Value
GG Force (X) 1 [N] 1,17543E-09 1,20537E-09 1,10834E-09 2,16893E-09
Drag Coefficient [] 11,46775487 11,75983582 10,81316853 21,16057241
6 Switch to the cylinder 1m part, activate the Re 1e5 project, load results and create the
goal plot for both the goals.
CYLINDER_1M.ASM [RE1E5]
Goal Name Unit Value Averaged Value Minimum Value Maximum Value
GG Force (X) 1 [N] 0,802145756 0,758909684 0,684053148 0,834139189
Drag Coefficient [] 0,782590787 0,740408737 0,667377079 0,813804273
Even if the calculation is steady, the averaged value is more preferred, since in this case
the oscillation effect is of less perceptibility. We will use the averaged goal value for the
other two cases as well.
You can now compare FloEFD results with the experimental curve.
Re
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 100000010000000
Ref. 1 Ronald L. Panton, “Incompressible flow” Second edition. John Wiley & sons Inc., 1995
B2-14
B3
Heat Exchanger Efficiency
Problem Statement
FloEFD can be used to study the fluid flow and heat transfer for a wide variety of
engineering equipment. In this example we use FloEFD to determine the efficiency of a
counterflow heat exchanger and to observe the temperature and flow patterns inside of it.
With FloEFD the determination of heat exchanger efficiency is straightforward and by
investigating the flow and temperature patterns, the design engineer can gain insight into
the physical processes involved thus giving guidance for improvements to the design.
A convenient measure of heat exchanger performance is its “efficiency” in transferring a
given amount of heat from one fluid at higher temperature to another fluid at lower
temperature. The efficiency can be determined if the temperatures at all flow openings are
known. In FloEFD the temperatures at the fluid inlets are specified and the temperatures
at the outlets can be easily determined. Heat exchanger efficiency is defined as follows:
= -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
actual heat transfer -
maximum possible heat transfer
The actual heat transfer can be calculated as either the energy lost by the hot fluid or the
energy gained by the cold fluid. The maximum possible heat transfer is attained if one of
the fluids was to undergo a temperature change equal to the maximum temperature
difference present in the exchanger, which is the difference in the inlet temperatures of the
hot and cold fluids, respectively: T hot
inlet – T inlet . Thus, the efficiency of a counterflow
cold
The goal of the project is to calculate the efficiency of the counterflow heat exchanger.
Also, we will determine the average temperature of the heat exchanger central tube’s wall.
The obtained wall temperature value can be further used for structural and fatigue
analysis.
Copy the B3 - Heat Exchanger folder into your working directory and ensure that the
files are not read-only since FloEFD will save input data to these files. Run FloEFD.
Click File > Open. In the File Open dialog box, browse to the heat_exchanger.asm
assembly located in the B3 - Heat Exchanger folder and click Open (or double-click the
assembly).
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the heat_exchanger.asm assembly located in the B3
- Heat Exchanger\Ready To Run folder and run the project.
Tinlet = 293.2 K
Warm water
Air
Steel
Hot air = 10 m/s
Tinlet = 600 K
B3-2
Creating a FloEFD Project
Click Next.
Click Next.
Click Next.
6 Since we have selected the Heat
conduction in solids option at the
Analysis Type step of the Wizard, the
Default Solid dialog box appears. In this dialog you specify the default solid material
applied to all solid components. To assign a different material to a particular assembly
component you need to create a Solid Material condition for this component.
If the solid material you wish to specify as
the default is not available in the Solids
table, you can click New and define a new
substance in the Engineering Database.
The tube and its cooler in this project are
made of stainless steel.
Expand the Alloys folder and click Steel
Stainless 321 to make it the default solid
material.
Click Next.
7 In the Wall Condition dialog box, select
Heat transfer coefficient as Default outer
wall thermal condition.
B3-4
8 In the Initial Conditions dialog box under
Thermodynamics parameters enter
2 atm in the Value cell for the Pressure
parameter. FloEFD automatically
converts the entered value to the selected
system of units.
Click Finish.
After finishing the Wizard you will complete
the project definition by using the FloEFD
Analysis tree. First of all you can take
advantage of the symmetry of the heat exchanger to reduce the CPU time and memory
required for the calculation. Since this model is symmetric, it is possible to “cut” the
model in half and use a symmetry boundary condition at the plane of symmetry. This
procedure is not required, but is recommended for efficient analyses.
4 Click OK .
Since we have selected Liquids as the Default fluid type and Water as the Default fluid in
the Wizard, we need to specify another fluid type and select another fluid (air) for the fluid
region inside the tube through which the hot air flows. We can do this by creating a Fluid
Subdomain. When defining a Fluid Subdomain parameters we will specify Gas as the
fluid type for the selected region, Air as the fluid and the initial temperature of 600 K and
flow velocity of 10 m/s as the initial conditions in the selected fluid region.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Fluid Subdomain.
2 Select the FLANGE_1 inner face (in contact with the fluid).
Immediately the fluid subdomain you are going to create is
displayed in the graphics area as a body of blue color.
B3-6
3 Under Selection, accept the default Coordinate System
and the Reference axis.
4 Under Fluids in the Fluid type list, select Gases / Real
Gases / Steam. Because Air was defined in the Wizard
as one of the Project fluids and you have selected the
appropriate fluid type, it appears as the fluid assigned to
the fluid subdomain.
1 Right-click the Boundary Conditions icon in the FloEFD Analysis tree and select
Insert Boundary Condition. The Boundary Condition dialog box appears.
2 Select the WATER_INLET_LID component.
The selected component appears in the Faces to Apply
the Boundary Condition list.
3 Under Selection, accept the default Coordinate System
and Reference axis.
B3-8
Next, specify the water outlet Environment Pressure condition.
7 In the FloEFD Analysis tree, right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and select
Insert Boundary Condition.
8 Select the WATER_OUTLET_LID component. The
selected component appears in the Faces to Apply the
Boundary Condition list.
9 Under Type, click Pressure Openings and in the
Type of Boundary Condition list select the
Environment Pressure item.
10 Under Thermodynamic Parameters, accept the value of
Environment Pressure (202650 Pa), taken from the
value specified at the Initial Conditions step of the
Wizard, the default value of Temperature (293.2 K)
and all other parameters.
11 Click OK . The new Environment Pressure 1 item
appears in the FloEFD Analysis tree.
Next we will specify the boundary conditions for the hot air flow.
13 In the FloEFD Analysis tree, right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and select
Insert Boundary Condition.
14 Select the AIR_INLET_LID component.
The selected component appears in the Faces to Apply
the Boundary Condition list. Accept the default
Coordinate System and Reference axis.
15 Under Type, select the Inlet Velocity condition.
16 Under Flow Parameters in the Velocity Normal to
Face box, set the value equal to 10 (type the value,
the units will appear automatically).
17 Expand the Thermodynamic Parameters item. The
default temperature value is equal to the value specified
as the initial temperature of air in the Fluid Subdomain
dialog box. We accept this value.
18 Click OK . The new Inlet Velocity 1 item appears in
the Analysis tree.
This boundary condition specifies that air enters the tube at
the velocity of 10 m/s and temperature of 600 K.
B3-10
Next specify the air outlet Environment Pressure condition.
20 In the FloEFD Analysis tree, right-click the Boundary Conditions icon and select
Insert Boundary Condition. The Boundary Condition dialog box appears.
21 Select the AIR_OUTLET_LID component.
The selected component appears in the Faces to Apply
the Boundary Condition list.
22 Under Type, click Pressure Openings and in the
Type of Boundary Condition list select the
Environment Pressure item.
23 Under Thermodynamic Parameters, make sure that the
Environment Pressure and Temperature are set
to 101325 Pa and 600 K respectively. Accept the default
values of other parameters.
Click OK .
Notice that the auxiliary lids on the openings are solid. Since the material for the lids is the
default stainless steel, they will have an influence on the heat transfer. You cannot
suppress or disable them in the Component Control dialog box, because boundary
conditions must be specified on solid surfaces in contact with the fluid region. However,
you can exclude the lids from the heat conduction analysis by specifying the lids as
insulators.
1 Right-click the Solid Materials icon
and select Insert Solid Material.
2 In the Model Tree, select all the lid
parts. As you select the lids, their
names appear in the Components
to Apply the Solid Material list.
3 In the Solid group box expand the
list of Pre-Defined materials and
select the Insulator solid in the
Glasses & Minerals folder.
B3-12
4 In the Name template type
VG Av T of Tube.
5 Click OK .
1 Click Flow Analysis > Solve > Run. The Run dialog box appears.
2 Click Run.
After the calculation finishes you can obtain the temperature of interest by creating the
corresponding Goal Plot.
In addition to using the FloEFD Analysis tree you can use FloEFD Toolbars to get fast and
easy access to the most frequently used FloEFD features. Toolbars are very convenient for
displaying results.
1 Click Generate goal plot on the toolbar. The Goal Plot dialog box appears.
2 Select the goals of the project (actually, in our case there
is only one goal) .
7 Click OK .
8 The cut plot is created but the model
overlaps it.
B3-14
Adjusting the Parameter Display Range
1 In the temperature palette bar click the maximum
value and type 300 K in an edit box
2 Click . This will update the current cut plot in
accordance with the specified temperature range.
To see how the water flows inside the exchanger we will display the Flow Trajectories.
Let us now display how the flow develops inside the exchanger.
In the FloEFD Analysis tree right-click the Cut Plot 1 icon and select Hide.
3 Click Geometry to show the model, then on the Model Display toolbar click
Hidden Line to show the face outlines.
Since we are more interested in the temperature distribution, let us color the trajectories
with the values of temperature.
B3-16
1 In the velocity palette bar click the caption with the name of
the current visualization parameter and select Temperature
in a dropdown list.
2 Click . Immediately the trajectories are updated.
The water temperature range is less than the default overall
(Global) range (293 – 600), so all of the trajectories are the
same blue color. To get more information about the
temperature distribution in water you can manually specify
the range of interest.
The water minimum temperature value is close to 293 K. Let us obtain the values of air
and water temperatures at outlets using Surface Parameters. You will need these values to
calculate the heat exchanger efficiency and determine the appropriate temperature range
for flow trajectories visualization.
You can see that the average water temperature at the outlet is about 300 K.
Now let us determine the temperature of air at the outlet.
7 Click the Environment
Pressure - Air item to
select the inner face of the
AIR_OUTLET_LID.
8 At the bottom pane, click
Refresh .
B3-18
9 Look at the local parameters at the left side of the bottom pane.
You can see that the average air temperature at the outlet is about 585 K.
10 The values of integral parameters are displayed at the right side of the bottom pane.
You can see that the mass flow rate of air is 0.046 kg/s. This value is calculated with
the Consider entire model option selected, i.e. taking into account the Symmetry
condition.
The heat exchanger efficiency can be easily calculated, but first we must determine the
fluid with the minimum capacity rate (C= m c ). In this example the water mass flow rate
is 0.02 kg/s and the air mass flow rate is 0.046 kg/s. The specific heat of water at the
temperature of 300 K is about five times greater than that of air at the temperature of
586 K. Thus, the air capacity rate is less than the water capacity rate. Therefore,
according to Ref.2, the heat exchanger efficiency is calculated as follows:
= ------------------------------
inlet outlet
T hot – T hot
inlet inlet
-,
Thot – T cold
inlet outlet
where T hot is the temperature of the air at the inlet, T hot is the temperature of the
inlet
air at the outlet and T cold is the temperature of the water at the inlet.
We already know the air temperature at the inlet (600 K) and the water temperature at the
inlet (293.2 K), so using the obtained values of water and air temperatures at outlets, we
can calculate the heat exchanger efficiency:
= ------------------------------
inlet outlet
T hot – T hot 600 – 586- = 0,045
- = ---------------------------
inlet
T hot – Tcold i nlet 600 – 293,2
As you can see, FloEFD is a powerful tool for heat-exchanger design calculations.
Ref. 2 J.P. Holman. “Heat Transfer” Eighth edition.
B3-20
B4
Mesh Optimization
Problem Statement
The ejector model is shown in the picture below. Note that the ejector orifice’s diameter is
more than 1000 times smaller than the characteristic model size determined as the
computational domain’s overall dimension.
Exhaust
Opening
Baffles
Ejector
B4-2
Opening the Model
Copy the B4 – Mesh Optimization folder into your working directory and ensure that the
files are not read-only since FloEFD will save input data to these files. Open the
Ejector_in_Exhaust_ Hood.asm assembly.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the Ejector_in_Exhaust_ Hood.asm assembly
located in the B4 – Mesh Optimization\Ready To Run folder and run the desired
projects.
When you enable gravitation, pay attention that the hydrostatic pressure is calculated
At first, let us specify all the necessary boundary conditions because they influence the
automatic initial mesh settings through the automatic minimum gap size, which depends
on the characteristic size of the faces on which the boundary conditions are set.
FloEFD calculates the default minimum gap size using information about the faces
where boundary conditions (as well as sources, fans) and goals are specified. Thus, it
is recommended to set all conditions before you start to analyze the mesh.
The first two boundary conditions are imposed on the exhaust hood's inlet and outlet.
Open the Initial Mesh dialog box (click Flow Analysis > Initial Mesh) and select the
Manual specification of the minimum gap size option. You will see that the current
automatic minimum gap size is 0.5 ft, which is the width of the outlet opening. Click
Cancel to close this dialog box.
To open Initial Mesh dialog box in Creo Parametric, click Flow Analysis > Mesh >
Initial Mesh.
B4-4
The next inlet volume flow rate condition defines the gas ejected from the bottom of the
Ejector component.
If you now look at the automatic minimum gap size value (click Flow Analysis > Initial
Mesh > Manual specification of the minimum gap size), you will notice that it is now
changed to approximately 0.00446 ft, which is close to the orifice diameter.
The Minimum gap size is a parameter governing the computational mesh, so that a
certain number of cells per the specified gap should be generated. To satisfy this
condition the corresponding parameters governing the mesh are set by FloEFD
(number of basic mesh cells, small solid features refinement level, narrow channel
resolution, etc.). Note that these parameters are applied to the whole computational
domain, resolving all its features of the same geometric characteristics (not only to a
specific gap).
Since the minimum gap size value influences the mesh in the entire computational
domain, the large aspect ratio between the model and the minimum gap size value will
produce a non-optimal mesh: not only will all small gaps be resolved, but there will also
be many small cells in places where they are not necessary. As a result, an extremely large
mesh will be produced, which may result in overly large computer memory requirements
exceeding the computers' available resources. Moreover, if the aspect ratio between the
model and the minimum gap size is more than 1000, FloEFD may not adequately resolve
such models with the automatically generated mesh anyway.
Finally, let us create the ejector’s porous media and apply it to the ejector’s top and side
screens.
The material you are going to create is already defined in the Engineering Database under
the Pre-Defined folder. You can skip the definition of the porous material, then when
creating the porous condition, select the pre-defined "Screen Material" from the
Engineering database.
Components to apply:
TOP_SCREEN
SIDE_SCREEN
To see advantages of using the local mesh and refinement options, let us first try to
generate the computational mesh governed by the automatic mesh settings. The resulting
mesh will consist of more than 1000000 cells, and may be not processed by some
computers due to the computer memory restriction (you may get a warning message about
insufficient memory)
We can distinguish two parts of the model that are very different in size: a relatively big
cavity having several thin walls within and no small solid features, and the ejector’s region
containing some very fine geometrical features. Therefore, the mesh required to resolve
the ejector properly and the mesh appropriate for the rest of the model should be also very
different in terms of cell size. Since the ejector region is a part of the entire computational
domain, we need to specify such settings for the automatic mesh generation that the
model’s geometry outside the ejector’s region will be resolved without excessive mesh
splitting.
The minimum gap size value, automatically defined from the dimensions of the ejector’s
Top Screen and Side Screen components, is too small and will result in excessive mesh
splitting.
To define an appropriate minimum gap size we need to examine all narrow flow passages
outside the ejector’s region:
• Boundary conditions;
• The passages connecting the ejector’s internal volume with the model’s cavity;
• The narrow flow passages between the baffles.
B4-6
After reviewing the model we can accept the width of the
gap between the middle and upper baffles as the
minimum gap size. To avoid excessive mesh splitting, we
will specify the same value for the minimum wall
thickness.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Initial Mesh.
0.067 ft
5 Click OK.
The resulting mesh has significantly less cells than the mesh generated automatically with
the default values of Minimum gap size and Minimum wall thickness. The total number
of cells is about 200 000.
B4-8
Switching off the Automatic Mesh Definition
We have successfully reduced the number of cells, yet using the mesh of the higher level.
The higher level mesh provides better refinement in the regions with small geometrical
features. However, we actually do not need such a fine mesh in some regions where the
flow field changes slowly and so does not affect the solution much. We can further
decrease the number of cells by switching off the automatic definition of the mesh
generation settings and adjusting these settings manually. The decreased number of cells
will provide us a computer memory reserve needed to resolve better fine geometrical
features of the ejector.
Click Flow Analysis > Project > Rebuild.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Initial Mesh. Switch off the automatic mesh settings by
clearing the Automatic settings check box. The Initial Mesh dialog box controls the
basic mesh and the initial mesh within the entire computational domain unless local
initial mesh settings are specified.
To open Initial Mesh dialog box in Creo Parametric, click Flow Analysis > Mesh >
Initial Mesh.
The mesh is named Initial since it is the mesh the calculation starts from and it could
be further refined during the calculation if the solution-adaptive meshing is enabled.
The initial mesh is constructed from the Basic mesh by refining the basic mesh cells in
accordance with the specified mesh settings. The Basic mesh is formed by dividing the
computational domain into slices by parallel planes which are orthogonal to the
Global Coordinate System’s axes.
The Initial Mesh’s parameters are currently set by FloEFD in accordance with the
previously specified automatic mesh settings, including Minimum gap size and Minimum
wall thickness.
1 Go to the Narrow channel tab and
set the Narrow channels
refinement level to 1. This allows
us to reduce the number of cells in
the channels between the baffles and
the wall of the Box.
So if N = 0…9 is the specified Narrow channels refinement level, the minimum size of
the cells obtained due to the mesh refinement is 2N times smaller (in each direction of
the Global Coordinate System, or 8N times by volume) than the basic mesh cell’s size.
To view the resulting mesh, run the mesh generation again (without further problem
calculation).
The resulting mesh is shown below. It consists of about 80 000 cells.
B4-10
Using the Local Initial Mesh Option
While the ejector’s geometry is resolved reasonably well, the inlet face of the ejector’s
orifice needs finer mesh in order to resolver it properly. The resolution of the boundary
condition face is very important for imposing the boundary condition correctly. To resolve
the gas inlet face properly we will use the Local Initial Mesh option.
The local initial mesh option allows you to specify mesh settings in a local region of the
computational domain to resolve better the model geometry and/or flow peculiarities in
this region. The local region can be defined by a component of the assembly (disabled in
the Component Control dialog box, in case it belongs to the fluid region) or specified by
selecting a face, edge or vertex of the model. Local mesh settings are applied to all cells
intersected by a component, face, edge, or a cell enclosing the selected vertex.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Local Initial Mesh.
Now we have specified to refine all cells near the ejector’s orifice inlet face up to the
maximum level. The locally refined mesh is shown below.
Before specifying local initial mesh After specifying local initial mesh
The basic mesh in many respects governs the generated computational mesh. The proper
basic mesh is necessary for the most optimal mesh.
You can control the basic mesh in several ways:
• Change number of the basic mesh cells along the X, Y, Z-axes.
• Shift or insert basic mesh planes.
• Stretch or contract the basic mesh cells locally by changing the relative distance
between the basic mesh planes.
The local mesh settings do not influence the basic mesh but are basic mesh sensitive:
all refinement levels are set with respect to the basic mesh cell.
You may notice that the mesh resolving the ejector’s orifice inlet face is not symmetric. It
can has a negative effect on the specified boundary condition. We will add a control plane
to shift the boundary between cells so that it will pass through the center of the inlet face.
1 Click Wireframe button on the Model Display toolbar. The wireframe display mode
makes it easier to select small geometrical features.
In Creo Parametric click Model > Display Style > Wireframe on the Graphics
Toolbar.
B4-12
6 Zoom in to the ejector’s orifice area and select one of the
vertexes of the the edge of the inlet face in the graphics area.
The control plane will pass through the middle of the edge
parallel to the Global Coordinate System plane selected in the
Parallel to group.
Please check that the value of offset along the Z axis, appeared
in the Control planes list, is equal to 0.703125 ft. If not, it
means that you have mistakenly selected another geometry
feature. In this case, right-click on the Control planes list and select Delete All, then
try to select the edge of the inlet face again.
7 Click OK. The Z2 control plane appears in the Control intervals table.
You can visualize the basic mesh before solving the problem. To see the basic mesh,
click Show basic mesh in the Initial Mesh dialog box or click Flow Analysis > Project
> Show Basic Mesh.
8 Click OK to save changes and close the Initial Mesh dialog box.
Then, generate the initial mesh to check whether the thin walls and the other geometry are
resolved.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Solve > Run.
2 Clear the Solve check box in order to generate the
mesh only.
3 Clear the Load results check box.
4 Click Run.
B4-14
Creating a Second Local Initial Mesh
With the specified mesh settings the ejector’s geometry will be resolved properly. But we
need to create the mesh successfully resolving not only fine geometrical features, but the
small flow peculiarities as well. In the Ejector Analysis project such peculiarities can be
found within the internal volume of the ejector, where the thin stream of chlorine is
injected from the ejector’s orifice. Therefore the mesh within the ejector’s region must be
split additionally. To refine the mesh only in this region and avoid excessive splitting of
the mesh cells in other parts of the model, we apply a local initial mesh at the component
surrounding this region. The component was created specially to specify the local initial
mesh.
Set to resolved the suppressed LOCAL_MESH component. Click Close after FloEFD
shows you a warning message. Note that this component was created so that there is a
small distance between the boundaries of the component and the solid feature of interest
(i.e., the ejector). Because the local settings are applied only to the cells whose centers lie
within the selected model component, it is recommended to have the component's
boundaries offset from the solid component's walls.
After resolving the LOCAL_MESH component an error message appears informing you
that the inlet volume flow condition is not in contact with the fluid region. The problem
disappears after disabling the component in the Component Control dialog box to treat it
as a fluid region.
Click Flow Analysis > Component Control and
deselect the LOCAL_MESH-48 component. Click OK.
Rebuild the project by clicking Flow Analysis >Project
> Rebuild.
The settings on the Narrow Channels tab controls the mesh refinement in the model’s
flow passages. Characteristic number of cells across a narrow channel box specify
the number of initial mesh cells (including partial cells) that FloEFD will try to set
across the model’s flow passages in the direction normal to solid/fluid interface . If
possible, the number of cells across narrow channels will be equal to the specified
characteristic number, otherwise it will be close to the characteristic number. If this
condition is not satisfied, the cells lying in this direction will be split to satisfy the
condition.
Rebuild the project and run the mesh generation again.
Click Flow Analysis > Results > Display > Geometry, then select EJECTOR.ASM and
LOCAL_MESH.PRT in the model tree, right click and press hide to hide the model.
B4-16
In the figure below you can see the final mesh. After all the adjustments made to resolve
only the regions of interest its number of cells turned out to be about 100 000. The is an
order less comparing to the mesh generated using the automatic mesh settings, where the
number of cells turned out to be more than 1 000 000.
B4-18
C
Advanced Examples
The Advanced Examples presented below demonstrate how to use a wide variety of the
FloEFD features to solve real-life engineering problems. It is assumed that you
successfully completed all First Steps examples before.
C1 - Application of EFD Zooming
C2 - Textile Machine
C3 - Non-Newtonian Flow in a Channel with Cylinders
C4 - Radiative Heat Transfer
C5 - Rotating Impeller
C6 - CPU Cooler
C7 - Oil Catch Can
C-2
C1
Application of EFD Zooming
Problem Statement
Small Chips
Inlet Fan
Main Chip
Capacitors
Power Supply
Mother Board
Electronic enclosure
The problem’s engineering aim is to determine the temperature of the main chip when
using one of two heat sink designs considered with the other conditions unchanged within
the enclosure. As a result, we will determinate difference in cooling capability between
these two competing shapes.
No.1
No.2
The heat sink’s competing shapes (No.1 and No.2)
As you can see, all components within the electronic enclosure except the main chip’s heat
sink are specified as coarse shapes without any small details, since they do not influence
the main chip’s temperature which is the aim of the analysis (the enclosure model was
preliminary simplified to this level on purpose). On the contrary, the heat sink of each
shape is featured by multiple thin (thickness of 0.1 in) fins with narrow (gaps of 0.1 in)
channels between them.
To solve this problem, FloEFD offers two possible approaches described below.
In the first and more direct way, we compute the entire flow inside the whole electronic
enclosure for each heat sink shape using the Local Initial Mesh option for constructing a
fine computational mesh in the heat sink’s narrow channels and thin fins. Naturally, the
Heat conduction in solids option is enabled in these computations.
In the other, two-stage way (EFD Zooming using the Transferred Boundary Condition
option), we solve the same problem in the following stages:
1 computing the entire flow inside the whole electronic enclosure at a low result
resolution level without resolving the heat sink’s fine features (so, the parallelepiped
envelope is specified instead of the heat sink’s comb shape) and disabling the Heat
conduction in solids option;
2 computing the flow over the real comb-shaped heat sink in a smaller computational
domain surrounding the main chip, using the Transferred Boundary Condition option
to take the first stage’s computation results as boundary conditions, specifying a fine
computational mesh in the heat sink’s narrow channels and thin fins to resolve them,
and enabling the Heat conduction in solids option.
The first stage’s computation is performed once and then used for the second stage’s
computations performed for each of the heat sink’s shapes.
C1-2
The EFD Zooming Approach to Solve the Problem
Let us begin from the second (EFD Zooming) approach employing the Transferred
Boundary Condition option. Then, to validate the results obtained with this approach, we
will solve the problem in the first way by employing the Local Initial Mesh option.
The model simplification at this stage allows us to compute the electronic enclosure’s flow
by employing the automatic initial mesh settings with a lower level of initial mesh (we use
4) and accepting the automatic settings for the minimum gap size and the minimum wall
thickness. Moreover, at this stage it is also not necessary to compute heat conduction in
solids, since we do not compute the main chip temperature at this stage. Instead, we
specify surface heat sources of the same (5W) heat transfer rates at the main chip and heat
sink (parallelepiped) faces and at the small chips’ faces (they are heated also in this
example) to simulate heating of the air flow by the electronic enclosure. This is not
obligatory, but removing the heat conduction in solids at this stage saves computer
resources. As a result, the computer resources (memory and CPU time) required at this
stage are substantially reduced.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the enclosure_assembly.asm assembly located in the
C1 - EFD Zooming\Ready To Run folder and run the desired projects.
Fluid Air
Wall Conditions Adiabatic wall, Zero roughness
Result and Geometry Resolution Result resolution level set to 4, other options are
default
For this project we use the automatic initial mesh and the default computational domain.
C1-4
Options dialog box and governs the refinement of computational mesh during
calculation and the calculation finishing conditions. The Geometry Resolution
options, which also influence the initial mesh, can be changed in the Initial Mesh box,
and/or their effects can be corrected in the Local Initial Mesh dialog box.
2 Specify Inch for the Length and Watt for the Total
Heat flow & power.
3 Click Save.
4 In the Save to Database dialog box, expand the Units
group and select the User Defined item.
5 Name the new system of units Electronics.
6 Click OK to return to the Unit System dialog box.
7 Click OK.
4 Click OK .
Following the same procedure, create a surface source of
5 W on the fluid-contacting surfaces of small chips.
Specifying Goals
Specify the surface goals of mass flow rate at the inlet and
outlet.
C1-6
Run the calculation. After the calculation is finished, you can start the second stage of
EFD Zooming to focus on the main chip.
Save the model.
Here, we use the automatic initial mesh by specifying the Result resolution level (Level
of initial mesh) of 4, but in contrast to the first stage’s computation, we specify manually
the minimum gap size of 0.1 in to resolve the fine features of heat sink.
Next, we will reduce the computational domain to focus on the main chip, i.e. perform
EFD Zooming.
C1-8
• Zmax = 1.2 in (entirely lies inside the electronic enclosure’s aluminum upper wall,
therefore the same boundary condition, as at Xmin = -2.95 in, are automatically
specified at this boundary),
• Zmin = -1.1 in (entirely lies inside the mother board specified as a heat insulator,
therefore the adiabatic wall boundary condition is automatically specified at this
boundary).
To adjust the computational domain size in Creo Parametric, click Flow Analysis >
Project > Computational Domain .
C1-10
Specifying Goals
Specify the Volume Goals of maximum and average
temperatures of the main chip and the heat sink.
The mesh cut plot obtained for the heat sink No.1 at Y=-0.3 in.
The Minimum gap size and Minimum wall thickness influence the same parameter,
namely, the characteristic cell size. By default, FloEFD generates the basic mesh in
order to have a minimum of two cells per the specified Minimum gap size. The number
of cells per the Minimum gap size depends non-linearly on the Level of initial mesh
and cannot be less than two. In turn, the Minimum wall thickness condition induces
FloEFD to create the basic mesh having two cells (two cells are enough to resolve a
wall) per the specified Minimum wall thickness (regardless of the specified initial
mesh level). That’s why, if the Minimum wall thickness is equal to or greater than the
Minimum gap size, then the former does not influence the resulting mesh at all.
To validate the results obtained with the EFD Zooming approach, let us now solve the
same problems employing the Local Initial Mesh option. To employ this option, we add a
parallelepiped surrounding the main chip to the model assembly and then disable it in the
Component Control dialog box. This volume represents a fluid region in which we can
specify computational mesh settings differing from those in the other computational
domain, using the Local Initial Mesh option.
The electronic enclosure configuration with the additional part for applying the Local Initial Mesh option.
C1-12
FloEFD Project for the Local Initial Mesh Approach (Sink No1)
To create the project in this case, we clone the Zoom - Sink 1 - L4 project to the existing
SINK_1_LOCALMESH configuration, but in contrast to the previous cloning, we reset
the computational domain to the default size so the computational domain encloses the
entire model.
Activate Zoom - Sink 1 - L4 project.
Open the Clone Project dialog, in the Project Name, type
LocalMesh - Sink 1 - N2. In the Configuration to Add
the Project list, select Select. In the Configurations
list, select SINK_1_LOCALMESH as the configuration to
which FloEFD will attach the cloned project.
After clicking OK, confirm with Yes both messages
appearing.
Specifying Goals
Keep the cloned volume goals of maximum and average temperatures of the main chip
and the heat sink.
To adjust the automatic initial mesh settingsin Creo Parametric, click Flow Analysis >
Mesh > Initial Mesh.
C1-14
Specifying Local Initial Mesh Settings
To apply the local mesh setting to a region we
need a component representing this region to be
disabled in the Component Control dialog box.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Local Initial
Mesh.
In our case, to ensure the 2 cells across a channel criterion, we increased the Narrow
channels refinement level to 4.
We perform these settings for both of the heat sinks under consideration.
FloEFD Project for the Local Initial Mesh Approach (Sink No2)
Clone the active LocalMesh – Sink 1 – N2 project to the
existing SINK_2_LOCALMESH configuration (instance).
Name the new project LocalMesh - Sink 2 - N2. While
cloning confirm the message to rebuild the mesh.
Using the Batch Run, calculate both projects.
Results
The computational results obtained for both of the heat sinks are presented below in
comparison with the results obtained with the EFD Zooming approach. It is seen that
computations with the local mesh settings yield practically the same results as the EFD
Zooming approach.
Heat sink N o.1 Heat sink N o.2
Parameter
Zoom LocalM esh Zoom LocalM esh
tm ax , °F 110,6 114,5 96,8 99,4
M ain chip
tav er , °F 110,3 114,2 96,6 99,2
C1-16
EFD Zooming Local Mesh
The temperature cut plots obtained for heat sink No.1 at Y=2.19 in Top plane with the EFD
Zooming (left) and Local Mesh (right) approaches.
The temperature cut plots obtained for heat sink No.1 at Z= -0.32 in Front plane with the EFD
Zooming (left) and Local Mesh (right) approaches.
The temperature cut plots obtained for heat sink No.1 at X= -1.53 in Right plane with the EFD
Zooming (left) and Local Mesh (right) approaches.
The temperature cut plots obtained for heat sink No.2 at Y=2.19 in Top plane with the EFD
Zooming (left) and Local Mesh (right) approaches.
The temperature cut plots obtained for heat sink No.2 at Z= -0.32 in Front plane with the EFD
Zooming (left) and Local Mesh (right) approaches.
The temperature cut plots obtained for heat sink No.2 at X= -1.53 in Right plane with the EFD
Zooming (left) and Local Mesh (right) approaches.
C1-18
C2
Textile Machine
Problem Statement
The simplified textile machine used in this tutorial is described as a closed hollow cylinder
having a cylindrical stator with a narrow inlet tube (see the figure below). A thin-walled cone
rotates at a very high speed. The air flows over the rotating cone before leaving through the
outlet pipe. Due to the shear stress, the rotating cone swirls the air. The swirling air motion
orients the fibers, for the correct formation of yarn.
Outlet
P = 96325 Pa Housing
Rotating wall
In this example a hollow cylinder with the following dimensions were used: 32 mm inner
diameter and 20 mm inner height. Air is injected into an inlet tube of 1 mm diameter at a mass
flow rate of 0.0002026 kg/s. The cone thickness is 1 mm and the cone's edge is spaced at 3
mm from the bottom of the main cylinder. The cone rotates at a speed of 130000 RPM. The
static pressure of 96325 Pa is specified at the cylinder's outlet tube exit.
FloEFD analyzes the air flow without any fiber particles. The influence of the fiber
particles on the air flow was assumed to be negligible. Small polystyrene particles were
injected into the air stream using the results processing Flow Trajectory feature to study
the air flows influence on the fibers. A 40 m/s tangential velocity of air is specified as an
initial condition to speed up convergence and reduce the total CPU time needed to solve
the problem.
Copy the C2 - Textile Machine folder into your working directory and ensure that the
files are not read-only since FloEFD will save input data to these files. Open the
textile_machine.asm assembly.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the textile_machine.asm assembly located in the C2
- Textile Machine\Ready To Run folder and run the desired projects.
C2-2
Creating a FloEFD Project
Fluid Air
C2-4
Specifying Rotating Walls
The influence of parts and components rotation on the flow can be simulated in FloEFD in
two ways. With the Rotating Region feature you can assign a rotating reference frame to a
selected fluid region. This allows to simulate the rotation of components of complex
geometry, such as fans, pump wheels, impellers, etc. In this tutorial we consider rotation
of a component with a relatively simple geometry. All surfaces of the textile machine rotor
are surfaces of revolution such as cones or cylinders. For this kind of rotating geometry
the Moving Wall boundary condition is better suited and usually provides more accurate
results.
1 In the FloEFD Analysis tree,
right-click the Boundary Conditions
icon and select Insert Boundary
Condition.
2 Select Wall, then Real Wall.
3 In the Model Tree select the ROTOR
component.
4 Select Wall Motion.
5 Select Y as the rotation Axis.
6 Specify the Angular Velocity of
130000 RPM.
below.
8 Click OK. You will return to the Initial Condition dialog box.
9 Click in the Velocity in Z direction item.
10 Click Dependency and specify formula for the
Z component of velocity: -40*sin(phi).
11 Click OK.
C2-6
12 Under Thermodynamic Parameters, change the
Pressure to 99800 Pa.
13 Click OK .
14 Click-pause-click the new Initial Condition1 item and
rename it to vel = 40.
Specifying Goals
Since the rotating cone swirls the air, it make sense to specify the air velocity as a goal to
ensure the calculation stops when the velocity is converged. In addition, let us specify the
static pressure surface goal at the inlet and the mass flow rate surface goal at the outlet as
additional criteria for converging the calculation.
Specify the following project goals:
The calculated flow velocity field and velocity Y-component field at Z = 0 (XY section)
are shown in the pictures below. It can be seen that the maximum flow velocity occurs
near the inlet tube and near the rotating cone's inner surface at the cone's edge.
Velocity in the XY section at Z = 0.
It is interesting that the vertical (i.e. along the Y axis) velocity in the region close to the
rotating cone's internal and external surfaces is directed to the cylinder bottom. Also, this
velocity component is nearly zero in the gap between the rotating cone and the bottom of
the cylinder, and positive (i.e. directed to the top) in the vicinity of the cylinder's side
walls. As a result, small particles carried by the air into the region between the lower edge
of the rotating cone and the bottom of the cylinder cannot leave this region due to the
small vertical velocity there. On the other hand, larger particles entering this region may
bounce from the cylinder’s bottom wall (in this example the ideal, i.e. full reflection is
considered) and fly back to the region of high vertical velocity. Then they are carried by
the air along the cylinder's side walls to the cylinder's top wall where they remain in this
region's vortex.
To display flow trajectories as flow streamlines, we need to specify the starting points
through which the trajectory passes and the streamline direction relative to these points.
C2-8
1 In the FloEFD Analysis tree, right-click the Flow Trajectories icon and select Insert.
2 In the FloEFD Analysis tree click the inlet boundary
condition icon (Inlet Mass Flow = 0.73 kg/h) to select
the corresponding face.
2 Keep the default name for the Particle Study and click Next .
8 Click Next .
9 Under Default Appearance, set Draw Trajectories as
Lines with Arrows.
11 Click OK . A new Particle Study 1 item with one sub-item (Injection 1) appear in
the Analysis tree.
12 Right-click the created Injection 1 item and select Clone. The Injection 2 item will be
created. For this item, increase the particle size by editing the Diameter to 0.015 mm.
13 Right-click the Particle Study 1 item and select Run.
14 Select Injection 1 and click Show to view the particles’ trajectories.
15 When finished examining the trajectories from the first injection, hide the Injection 1
trajectories and show the Injection 2 trajectories.
In the previous calculation zero roughness was used for the walls of the rotating cone's
internal and external surfaces. To investigate an influence of the rotating cone wall's
C2-10
Create a new project by cloning the current project to the
current configuration, and name it 130000rpm - rough
wall.
The calculated fields of flow velocity and Y-component of velocity in different section are
shown below and reveal practically no change in the vertical velocity of the flow. As a
walls. It is seen that increase in the roughness from 0 to 500 m increases the vortex flow's
result, the flying particles’ trajectories are nearly identical to those in the case of smooth
tangential velocity.
Velocity in the XY section at Z = 0 (roughness = 500 m)
Flow trajectories
Trajectories of 5 m particles
C2-12
Trajectories of 15 m particles
C2-14
C3
Non-Newtonian Flow in a Channel with Cylinders
Problem Statement
obeys the power law K with a consistency coefficient of K = 20 Pa×sn and a
to the channel's midplane shown in Ref.1. Following Ref.1, let us consider the 3%
n 1
aqueous solution of xanthan gum as a non-Newtonian liquid. Its viscosity approximately
power-law index of n = 0.2, whereas its other physical properties (density, etc.) are the
same as in water (since the solution is aqueous).
The problem's goal is to determine the total pressure loss in the channel. Also, to highlight
the influence of the 3% xanthan gum addition to water on the channel's total pressure loss,
we will calculate the flow of water using the same volume flow rate within the channel.
The FloEFD calculations are performed with the uniform liquid velocity profile at the
channel inlet, the liquid’s volume flow rate is 50 cm3/s. The static pressure of 1 atm is
flow, i.e., the total pressure drop Рo between the channel inlet and outlet.
specified at the channel outlet. The calculation’s goal is the channel’s resistance to the
Copy the C3 - Non-Newtonian Flow folder into your working directory and ensure that
the files are not read-only since FloEFD will save input data to these files. Open the
array_of_cylinders.asm assembly.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the array_of_cylinders.asm assembly located in the
C3 - Non-Newtonian Flow\Ready To Run folder and run the desired projects.
3 Click New Item in the toolbar. The blank Item Properties tab appears. Double-
click the empty cell to set the corresponding property value.
4 Specify the material properties as shown in the table below:
Name XGum
Project Definition
C3-2
Analysis type Internal;
Exclude cavities without flow
conditions
Specifying Goals
Specify surface goals for the Average Total Pressure at the inlet and outlet.
Specify an equation goal for the total pressure drop between the channel’s inlet and outlet.
Run the calculation. When the calculation is finished, create the goal plot to obtain the
pressure drop between the channel’s inlet and outlet.
A R R A Y _ O F _ C Y L IN D E R S .A S M [X G S ]
G oa l Na m e U n it V a lu e A ve ra g e d V a lu e M in im u m V a lu e M a x im u m V a lu e P ro g re ss [%]
S G A v Tota l P res s ure 1 [P a] 1 056 52, 296 4 1 05 652 ,21 7 10 56 49, 863 2 1 056 55 ,00 1 100
S G A v Tota l P res s ure 2 [P a] 101 329 ,31 9 10 13 29, 317 6 10 13 29, 311 6 10 132 9,3 19 9 100
P res s ure D rop [P a] 4 322 ,97 740 6 43 22 ,89 940 3 43 20 ,54 859 5 43 25, 681 39 9 100
Let us now consider the flow of water in the same channel under the same conditions (at
the same volume flow rate).
Create a new project by cloning the current project to the
current configuration, and name it Water.
C3-4
Changing Project Settings
1 Click Flow Analysis > General
Settings.
Run the calculation. After the calculation is finished, create the goal plot.
A R R A Y _ O F _ C Y L IN D E R S .A S M [W A T E R ]
G oa l Na m e U n it V a lu e A ve ra g e d V a lu e M in im u m V a lu e M a x im u m V a lu e P ro g re ss [%]
S G A v Tota l P res s ure 1 [P a] 1 014 04, 182 7 10 14 03, 887 6 10 14 03, 370 4 10 140 4,3 25 7 100
S G A v Tota l P res s ure 2 [P a] 1 013 29, 938 5 10 13 29, 962 2 10 13 29, 913 8 10 133 0,0 17 1 100
P res s ure D rop [P a] 7 4,2 441 802 3 73 ,92 54 206 6 73 ,36 80 046 9 74 ,37 034 85 7 100
As shown in the results table above, the channel's total pressure loss is about 60 Pa, i.e.
60...70 times lower than with the 3% aqueous solution of xanthan gum, this is due to the
water's much smaller viscosity under the problem's flow shear rates.
The XGS (above) and water velocity distribution in the range from 0 to 30 cm/s.
1 Georgiou G., Momani S., Crochet M.J., and Walters K. Newtonian and Non-Newtonian
Flow in a Channel Obstructed by an Antisymmetric Array of Cylinders. Journal of
Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, v.40 (1991), p.p. 231-260.
C3-6
C4
Radiative Heat Transfer
Problem Statement
Copy the C4 - Radiative Heat Transfer folder into your working directory and ensure
that the files are not read-only since FloEFD will save input data to these files. Open the
heated_ball_assembly.asm assembly.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the heated_ball_assembly.asm assembly located in
the C4 - Radiative Heat Transfer\Ready To Run folder and run the desired projects.
Screen
Glass Cover
Ø3
Reflector
Heated Ball
C4-2
Case 1: The reflector inner surface is a whitebody
Unit system SI
C4-4
Specifying Bodies and Materials Transparent to the Heat Radiation
Assign the Glass material to the glass cover and specify it as transparent to radiation.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Solid Material.
2 In the Model Tree, select the GLASS component.
3 Under Solid expand the list of Pre-Defined solid
materials and select Glass under Glasses and Minerals.
cases you should select Temperature (Solid) as the goal parameter). You can rename
the goals as shown to make it easier to monitor them during the calculation.
4 Click OK .
C4-6
Specifying Goals
Specify the additional surface goals of the maximum, average, and minimum temperature
of solid for the REFLECTOR inner and outer surfaces.
Results
In Case 1, due to the heat returned by the reflector, the ball surface facing the reflector is
hotter than the ball surface facing the screen (see pictures below). Therefore, the screen
temperature in Case 1 is higher than in the other cases.
In Case 2, radiation coming from the ball to the reflector heats up the reflector and heat is
radiated from the reflector outer surface to ambient, therefore being lost from the system.
Since less heat is returned to the ball by the radiation from the reflector, the ball
temperature is lower, although it is distributed over the ball in the same manner as in
Case 1. Less heat is also coming from the reflector to the screen. As a result, the screen
temperature is lower than in Case 1.
Since the reflector is removed in Case 3, there is no noticeable heat radiated back to the
ball. The ball temperature is lower than in Case 2 and mostly uniform (the non-uniformity
is lower than 1 K). Since in the absence of reflector the screen is only exposed to the
radiation from the side of the ball facing the screen, the screen temperature is the lowest
among all the cases.
C4-8
P arame te r C ase 1 C ase 2 C ase 3
M a ximum 1 2 5 1 ,5 6 1 2 3 1 ,2 8 1 2 2 2 ,9 3
The b a ll’s te mp e ra ture , K A verage 1 2 2 8 ,6 6 1 2 1 1 ,2 9 1 2 0 4 ,0 6
M inimum 1 2 1 0 ,7 1 1 9 9 ,3 7 1 1 9 4 ,3 2
M a ximum 3 4 0 ,8 5 3 2 2 ,1 8 3 1 1 ,9 1
The sc re en’s temp erature, K A verage 3 1 7 ,8 2 3 0 8 ,9 7 3 0 3 ,5 9
M inimum 3 0 7 ,6 4 3 0 3 ,1 8 2 9 9 ,8 5
C4-10
C5
Rotating Impeller
Problem Statement
Let us consider the air flow through a centrifugal pump having a rotating impeller (see
below). This pump has a stationary axial inlet (an eye), a pipe section of 92 mm radius
with a central body of circular arc contour, which turns the flow by 90o from the axial
direction. At the inlet's exit the radial air flow is sucked by a rotating impeller, which has
seven untwisted constant-thickness backswept blades with wedge-shape leading and
trailing edges. Each blade is cambered from 65o at the impeller inlet of 120 mm radius to
70o at the impeller exit of 210 mm radius, both with respect to the radial direction. These
blades are confined between the impeller shrouding disks rotating with the same (as the
blades) angular velocity of 2000 rpm. Downstream of the impeller the air enters a
stationary (non-rotating) radial diffuser.
To complete the problem statement, let us specify the following inlet and outlet boundary
conditions: inlet air of 0.3 m3/s volume flow rate having uniform velocity profile with
vectors parallel to the pump's axis; at the radial-directed outlet a static pressure of 1 atm is
specified.
rpm
Outlet Static Pressure
Copy the C5 - Rotating Impeller folder into your working directory. Open the
pump.asm assembly.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the pump.asm assembly located in the C5 - Rotating
Impeller\Ready To Run folder and run the project.
Unit system SI
C5-2
Specifying Boundary Conditions
Specify the boundary conditions for inlet and outlet flows as shown in the tables below:
Relative to rotating frame. When the Relative to rotating frame option is selected, the
specified velocity (Mach number) is assumed to be relative to the rotating reference
V specified V r V abs r
frame (Vr):
Here, r is the distance from the rotation axis and is the angular velocity of the
rotating frame. The mass or volume flow rate specified in the rotating reference frame
(the Relative to rotating frame option is selected) will be the same in the absolute (non-
rotating) frame of reference if the tangential velocity component is perpendicular to the
opening’s normal, thus not influencing the mass (volume) flow rate value, e.g. when the
opening's normal coincides with the rotation axis.
Thermodynamic Parameters:
Default values (101325 Pa and 293.2 K) in the
absolute frame of reference (the Pressure
potential option is not selected)
Pressure potential. If you enable a rotating reference frame, you can select the
Pressure potential check box. When the Pressure potential check box is selected, the
specified static pressure is assumed to be equal to the rotating frame pressure (Pr) and
may be calculated using following parameters: absolute pressure, density, angular
velocity and radius:
Pspecified Pr Pabs 2 r 2
1
2
When the Pressure potential check box is unchecked, the specified static pressure is
assumed to be a pressure in terms of the absolute frame of reference (Pabs).
When you specify a rotating reference frame, it is assumed that all model walls are rotated
with the reference frame's angular velocity unless you set a specific wall to be stationary.
To specify a non-rotating wall, the Stator moving wall boundary condition can be applied
to this wall. Specifying the stator boundary condition is the same as specifying the zero
velocity of this wall in the absolute (non-rotating) frame of reference. Note that stator face
must be axisymmetric with respect to the rotation axis.
C5-4
On Calculating the Impeller’s Efficiency
pump under consideration the efficiency () can be calculated in the following way
Engineers dealing with pump equipment are interested in the pump efficiency. For the
Poutlet Pinlet Q
(F.M.White "Fluid Mechanics", 3rd edition, 1994):
M
pressures at the impeller’s outlet (Pa), Q is the volume flow rate (m3/s), is the impeller
where Pinlet is the static pressure at the pump’s inlet, Poutlet is the bulk-average static
rotation angular velocity (rad/s), and M is the impeller torque (N·m). To obtain Poutlet, an
auxiliary MEASURE component was placed where the flow exits the impeller.
The MEASURE component is only used for the pressure
measurement (the corresponding goal will be specified at
the inner face of the MEASURE thin ring), thus it should be
disabled in the Component Control dialog box.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Component Control.
First, since the pressure and volume flow rate boundary condition are specified, it makes
sense to set the mass flow rate surface goal at the pump’s inlet and outlet to inspect the
mass balance as an additional criterion for converging the calculation.
Next, specify the goals that are necessary for calculating the impeller’s efficiency:
Surface Goal Torque (Z) All impeller faces in contact with air
(see details below).
C5-6
Finally, specify the following Equation goals:
Results
The velocity vectors and static pressure distribution are shown below. To display vectors
in the rotating reference frame, select the Velocity RRF parameter under the Vectors of
the Cut Plot definition window.
The flow velocity vectors in the frame rotating with the impeller (left) and in the stationary frame (right)
at the impeller flow passage midsection (ASM_FRONT cross-section, position Z = - 0.02 m, vector
spacing = 0.02 m, arrow size = 0.03 m).
C5-8
The flow pressure distribution over the impeller surface.
For the impeller under consideration the obtained efficiency is about 0.75.
Goal Name Unit Value Averaged Value Minimum Value Maximum Value
Efficiency [] 0,75704682 0,757049362 0,756981666 0,757112269
C5-10
C6
CPU Cooler
Problem Statement
Let us consider a CPU cooler consisting of a copper core and an aluminum heat sink with
62 fins. An eight-blade propeller generates a constant flow of air through the heat sink.
The CPU is mounted on a socket installed on a PCB. Heat produced by the CPU is
transferred through the core to the heat sink and then released into the air flow.
To calculate the problem using
FloEFD, it is convenient to use the Fan
concept of local rotating regions.
In order to simplify the problem
statement, we do not consider the
thermal interface layer between
the processor and the cooler. Also,
we neglect the thermal conduction
Heat sink
through the processor socket and
Copper core
PCB.
CPU
A quantitative measure of the
cooler efficiency is the thermal
characterization parameter
CA = T C – TA PD , where Tc is
the temperature of the CPU cover,
TA is the surrounding air
temperature, and PD is the thermal
design power (TDP) of the CPU.
Copy the C6 - CPU Cooler folder into your working directory. Open the
CPU_COOLER.ASM assembly.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the CPU_COOLER.ASM assembly located in the
C6 - CPU Cooler\Ready To Run folder and run the project.
Unit system SI
C6-2
Adjusting the Computational Domain Size
The Rotating region is used to calculate flow through rotating components of model
(fans, impellers, mixers, etc.) surrounded by non-rotating bodies and components, when a
global rotating reference frame cannot be employed. For example, local rotating regions
can be used in analysis of the fluid flow in the model including several components
rotating over different axes and/or at different speeds or if the computational domain has a
non-axisymmetrical (with respect to a rotating component) outer solid/fluid interface.
Each rotating solid component is surrounded by an axisymmetrical rotating region which
has its own coordinate system rotating together with the component.
A rotating region is defined by an additional component of the model. This additional
component must meet the following requirements:
• the rotating component must be fully enclosed by it,
• it must be axisymmetric (with respect to the rotating component's rotation axis),
• its boundaries with other fluid and solid regions must be axisymmetrical too, since
the boundaries are sliced into rings of equal width and the flow parameters' values
transferred as boundary conditions from the adjacent fluid regions are
circumferentially averaged over each of these rings,
• the components defining different rotating regions must not intersect.
Specify the rotating region as follows:
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Rotating Region.
2 In the Model tree, select ROTATION_REGION component. Note that the Disable solid
components check box is automatically selected to treat the Rotating Region as a fluid
region.
By placing the
rotating region
boundary within a
solid instead of
putting it into a
narrow channel
between the fan and
the attach clip we
avoid the additional
mesh refinement
and the negative
effects of the non-
axisymmetrical flow
in this narrow
channel
C6-4
3 Under Parameter, set the Angular Velocity to 4400 RPM. If default direction of
the rotation is opposite to the desired, then specify -4400.
We will specify the stator condition at the appropriate walls of the fan attach and the
attachment clip. To easily select the necessary faces, hide the FAN and
ROTATING_REGION components.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Boundary Condition.
Specify the volume source with the heat generation rate of 75 W in the CPU component.
To resolve the complex geometry of the fan and heat sink better, let us define six
additional control planes and specify the proper Ratios for the intervals between them to
make the mesh denser in the central region containing the complex geometry and coarser
near the computational domain’s boundaries.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Initial Mesh.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Mesh > Initial Mesh.
2 Clear the Automatic settings check box.
3 Click Reset and then in the Automatic Initial Mesh window click OK.
C6-6
4 On the Basic Mesh tab, under
Control intervals select either Max
of X1 interval or Min of X2 interval
and click Delete Plane.
5 Click Add plane.
Ratio is the ratio of cell sizes on the given interval. The cell sizes are changed
gradually along the selected direction so that the proportion between the first and the
last cells of this interval is close (but not necessarily equal) to the entered value of the
Ratio. Negative values of the ratio correspond to the reverse order of cell size increase.
C6-8
Specifying Project Goals
Specify surface goals for maximum temperature on the CPU cover and mass flow rate for
the flows entering the rotating region and exiting from it. To select the necessary faces,
you will probably need to hide temporarily some components of the assembly.
Equation goal ({SG Mass Flow Rate The disbalance of the inlet and outlet mass
1}+{SG Mass Flow flow rates. We are using the "+" operand
Rate 2})/{SG Mass since the inlet and outlet mass flow rate
Flow Rate 1} values have opposite signs.
Select No unit for Dimensionality.
To calculate the thermal characterization parameter we will need the temperature of the
center of the CPU cover. To get more accurate value of the parameter we will specify a
separate point goal.
C6-10
Results
Use the goal plot tool to obtain the value of the temperature of the center of the CPU
cover. Now we can calculate the thermal characterization parameter of the heat sink:
CA = TC – T A PD = (330-311.15)/75 = 0.25 °C/W. The second most important
characteristic of the CPU Cooler is the velocity of the flow above PCB. We can assess the
value of this parameter as well as the distribution of the temperature by looking at the cut
plots made in the ASM_FRONT and ASM_RIGHT planes (see below).
C6-12
C7
Oil Catch Can
Problem Statement
Here we consider the motion of motor oil droplets in the air flow inside the oil catch can
installed in the car. The presence of the droplets in this flow is caused by the rotating
crankshaft that churns up oil inside the crankcase. As oil catch can traps these droplets, it
eliminates the possibility of oil suction into the engine and its subsequent combustion
with fuel and oxidizer (air) that produces a lot of smoke in the exhaust.
For this tutorial we consider the geometry of oil catch can
shown on the picture right. The dividing wall is placed so that
most of the droplets entering through the inlet nipple along
with the air flow collide to it. Once the collision occurs, the oil
droplet adheres to the wall and then trickles down. However
some particular smaller-sized droplets may evade collision
with the wall due to their small inertia and escape the can
through the outlet nipple.
The objective of the simulation is to estimate the probability of
Copy the C7 - Oil Catch Can folder into your working directory. Open the
OIL_CATCH_CAN.asm assembly.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the OIL_CATCH_CAN.asm assembly located in the
C7 - Oil Catch Can\Ready To Run folder and run the project.
Unit system SI
Specify the boundary conditions for inlet and outlet flows as shown in the tables below:
Parameters:
Volume Flow Rate
of 100 l/min (0.00167 m^3/s)
C7-2
Type Static Pressure
Thermodynamic Parameters:
Default values (101325 Pa and 293,2 K)
1 In the Analysis tree, select the Inlet Air Volume Flow boundary condition
2 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Surface Goals.
3 Under Parameter, select Av Static Pressure.
4 Click OK . This goal will be an intermediate one to calculate pressure drop through
the oil catch can.
5 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Equation Goal.
7 From the Add Goal list select the SG Av Static Pressure 1 goal and click Add . It
will appear in the Expression box.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Insert > Goals > Equation Goal.
8 Click the minus "-" button in the calculator.
14 Click OK.
15 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Global Goals.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Insert > Goals > Global Goals.
With the specified Result Resolution value of 3, it may be not sufficient to resolve
accurately the regions with large velocity gradients and swirls, which are obviously
present here. When analyzing the particles, this may also lead to incorrect predictions of
particle trajectories. So, to improve the accuracy of the solution in those regions, it is
convenient to perform additional (adaptive) mesh refinement during the calculation.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Calculation Control Options.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Project > Calculation Control Options.
2 Go to the Refinement tab.
3 Under Global Domain specify
refinement level = 1.
4 Make sure that the value of the
Refinement Strategy item is set to
Tabular Refinement.
5 To edit the table of refinements, first
expand the Refinement Strategy item
and make sure that the value of Units
is set to Travels. Then, click the
button in the Table of refinements field.
C7-4
6 In the opened window, click Add Row. A single blank row will
appear.
7 Enter the value of 2 in the created row. This means that mesh
refinement will occur during the calculation when the value of
travels reaches 2.
8 Click OK. Go to the Finish tab.
9 Under the Finish Conditions, make sure that the Minimum
refinement number is set On. Edit its value to 1.
10 Set Off the Maximum travels.
11 Click OK.
Save the model and run the calculation. During the calculation you can preview the
velocity field in the Front Plane or other plane and see how mesh refinement improves
the final solution.
3 Click New Item in the toolbar. The blank Item Properties tab appears. Double-
click the empty cell to set the corresponding property value.
4 Specify the material properties as shown in the table below:
Name Tutorial Motor Oil
1 In the Analysis tree, right-click the Particle Studies icon and select Wizard.
2 Keep the default name for the Particle Study and click Next .
3 Click the Inlet Air Volume Flow boundary condition, so
that the corresponding face appears under the Starting
Points.
C7-6
7 Click Next .
8 Under Physical Features, select Gravity. Click Next
Results
You can see the trajectories of each droplet size (injection), by right-clicking on the
Injection of interest and selecting Show. The resulting trajectories colored by the Velocity
parameter are presented below.
For each particular droplet size, we can obtain the precise amount of particles flown out of
the Oil Catch Can by evaluating the integral parameter Number of Particles on the outlet
face using the Surface Parameters feature.
With these values, we can conclude that the probability of trapping the 18m droplets is
100%; 13m is about 97%; 8m is about 90%.
C7-8
D
Examples for HVAC Module
The examples for HVAC Module presented below demonstrate how to use capabilities
and features of this module to solve real-life Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
problems. This functionality is available for the HVAC module users only.
D1 - 150W Halogen Floodligh
D2 - Hospital Room
D3 - Pollutant Dispersion in the Street Canyon
D-2
D1
150W Halogen Floodlight
Problem Statement
Bulb
Filament
Base sockets
Case Cover
Lamp
Lampholder
Front Window
Reflector
Gasket
In the table below, you can see the typical values of the maximum allowable operating
temperatures for some of these components. The objective of the simulation is to ensure
that the pinch pins, the lamp bulb and the front glass are not overheated.
Copy the D1 - Halogen Floodlight folder into your working directory. Open the
Floodlight.asm assembly. Select the generic instance.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the Floodlight.asm assembly located in the D1 -
Halogen Floodlight\Ready To Run folder and run the project.
D1-2
Creating a FloEFD Project
Unit system SI
Only one semi-transparent solid material, the quartz glass, is used in this device. Its
absorption properties are specified as dependent on the wavelength with an abrupt
change in absorption at 2500 nm. The UV radiation from the tungsten filament is
negligible at 2900K. Thus, a two-bands spectrum with the bands edge at 2500 nm
allows to simulate the radiation absorption in the glass components of the lamp
accurately enough.
Halogen lamps are filled with an inert gas and some small amount of halogen (iodine or
bromine). For the purposes of this simulation we can consider the lamp as filled with an
inert gas only. The gas in a halogen lamp is at the pressure several times higher than
atmospheric. We use fluid subdomain to define both the gas filling the lamp and its
pressure.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Fluid Subdomain.
2 Select the inner cylindrical surface of
the LAMP.ASM\LAMP_BULB
component. Immediately the fluid
subdomain you are going to create is
displayed in the graphics area as a
body of blue color.
3 Under Fluids make sure that
Gases/Real Gases/Steam is selected
in the Fluid type list and clear the
Air (Gases) check box in the list of
fluids below, so that only Argon
remains selected.
4 Under Thermodynamic parameters in the Pressure box type 2 atm.
5 Click OK .
There are several ways to define a heat source in FloEFD. The surface area of the
cylindrical straight-line filament can substantially differ from the actual surface area of the
coil. If you specify a heat source by its power, this difference must be considered. To avoid
discrepancy between the actual and specified radiation heat transfer you can:
a) define a heat source with the temperature specified,
b) then define a radiation source with the power specified.
To do this, we specify a Volume Heat Source with the temperature of 2900K. The value
of the convective heat transfer rate is determined as a Surface Goal and the Radiation
Source power is defined as 150 Watt minus the convective heat transfer rate. And finally,
the outgoing radiation by the filament must be excluded from the calculation, so the
filament surface must be defined as a whitebody surface.
D1-4
Specify the volume heat source as shown in the table below:
Name 2900 K
Components to LAMP.ASM\LAMP_WIR
apply E
Parameter:
Temperature of 2900 K
The true temperature of the filament can be estimated from its color temperature. The
typical values of the filament color temperature are specified by the lamp
manufacturer. For the filament temperature of about 3000 K the color temperature of
tungsten is 2-3 % higher than its equivalent true temperature.
Specify the goal necessary for calculating the convective heat transfer rate:
8 Click OK .
The new Diffusive Radiation source 1 item appears in the Analysis tree.
D1-6
Specifying Radiative Surfaces
Follow the steps below to specify the radiative surfaces:
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Radiative Surface.
2 Under Type, expand the list of Pre-Defined radiative
surfaces and select Whitebody wall.
3 In the FloEFD Analysis Tree select the Diffusive
Radiation source 1 item.
9 Save the created radiative surface and exit the Engineering Database.
10 Under Type, expand the list of User-Defined radiative surfaces and select Tutorial
Aluminum, polished.
11 Select the inner faces of REFLECTOR
located (at least, partially) within the
computational domain.
LAMP.ASM\LAMP_WIRE Pre-Defined\Metals\Tungsten
LAMP.ASM\LAMP_PINCH Pre-Defined\Metals\Molybdenum
(the first one in the tree)
5 Click OK . FloEFD now treats this solid material and all solid bodies it is assigned
to as semi-transparent to the thermal radiation.
D1-8
Specifying Goals
It makes sense to adjust the computational mesh to better resolve the semi-transparent
solid bodies and the fine filament. The most convenient way to do this is to specify Local
Initial Mesh - it allows us to obtain more accurate solution in these specific regions
without creating an excessively fine mesh in other regions.
1 In the Model Tree select the filament and bulb components of the halogen lamp
(LAMP.ASM\LAMP_WIRE, LAMP.ASM\LAMP_BULB).
2 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Local Initial Mesh.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Mesh > Local Initial Mesh.
3 Clear the Automatic settings check box.
4 Go to the Solid/Fluid Interface tab and set Small solid features refinement level to 1.
5 Go to the Refining Cells tab. Select Refine solid cells and set Level of refining solid
cells to 3.
6 Go to the Narrow Channels tab. Select Enable narrow channels refinement and set
Characteristic number of cells across a narrow channel to 7.
7 Click OK to save local initial mesh settings.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Project > Calculation Control Options.
2 Switch to the Advanced tab.
3 Under Radiation, make sure that the value of
Discretization level is set to 3. This value is
appropriate for the given conditions and
allows to obtain an acceptable accuracy in the
case of compact radiation sources.
Results
In accordance with the obtained results, we can say that the glass cover and the lamp bulb operate
at permissible temperatures.
Goal Name Unit Value Averaged Value Minimum Value Maximum Value
SG Av Temperature of Front Glass (outside) [K] 406,9207831 405,9210302 404,5090822 406,9207831
SG Max Temperature of Front Glass (outside) [K] 447,7389048 446,1168752 443,7679985 447,7389048
VG Av Temperature of Front Glass [K] 408,4118527 407,4064091 405,9832431 408,4118527
VG Max Temperature of Front Glass [K] 450,5026033 448,8672748 446,5126887 450,5026033
VG Av Temperature of Bulb Glass [K] 711,9991158 711,2355085 710,1377058 711,9991158
VG Max Temperature of Bulb Glass [K] 909,362173 908,7665526 907,8839731 909,362173
VG Av Temperature of Pinch [K] 496,2168727 495,7868545 494,6775118 496,6216646
VG Max Temperature of Pinch [K] 520,884922 520,3716383 519,4545268 521,1030745
D1-10
The glass temperature distribution (surface plot of The temperature distribution in the symmetry plane (cut
solid temperature) in the range from 293 to 900 K. plot of temperature) in the range from 293 to 700 K.
D1-12
D2
Hospital Room
Some of the features used in this tutorial are available for the HVAC module users only.
Problem Statement
The ventilation system and the patient room features are shown at the figure below.
Washroom exhaust vent grille Forced air removal
Ceiling lights
Forced inlet
fresh air flow
Caregiver
Hospital
equipment
Patient TV set
The following parameters are used to estimate the ventilation system effectiveness with
respect to contaminant removal: Contaminant Removal Effectiveness (CRE) and Local
Air Quality Index (LAQI).
The following parameters are used to estimate the ventilation system effectiveness with
respect to thermal satisfaction of people: Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI),
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percent Dissatisfied (PPD).
Model Configuration
Copy the D2 - Hospital Room folder into your working directory. Open the
hospital_room.asm assembly.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the hospital_room.asm assembly located in the D2 -
Hospital Room\Ready To Run folder and run the desired projects.
D2-2
Project Definition
After creating the project an error message appears informing you that the fluid volume
recognition has failed. Select No to ignore the closing openings with Create Lids tool. The
problem disappears after disabling the FLUIDVOLUMEPART component in the Flow
Analysis > Component Control dialog box to treat it as a fluid region.
Boundary Conditions
Specify the inlet and outlet boundary conditions as shown in the tables below:
D2-4
Type Inlet Volume Flow
There are several heat sources in the hospital room: ceiling lights, a TV set and hospital
equipment. The caregiver and the patient are the sources of heat also. The amount of heat
produced by a human body depends on the kind of activity the person is involved in. A
patient laying on the bed produces significantly less heat than a caregiver, whose work
requires physical activity and concentration.
Since we do not consider heat conduction in solids in this simulation, we use surface heat
sources with the fixed heat transfer rate.
Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Surface Source.
1 In the Model tree, select the PATIENT.ASM component. This component appears in
3 Click OK .
Rename the created heat source to Patient.
In the same way specify the surface heat source of 144 W at all faces of the
CAREGIVER.ASM component.
Rename the created heat source to Caregiver.
Other sources of heat are not represented by separate components, but by cuts and
extrudes made on the Room component. Use the tables below as a reference to specify the
remaining heat sources:
Parameters:
Heat Transfer Rate of 50 W
Parameters:
Heat Transfer Rate of 50 W
D2-6
Specifying Calculation Control Options
By default, calculation of comfort parameters is disabled in FloEFD to save the CPU time
and memory resources. Besides comfort parameters, FloEFD is capable of calculating
Local Mean Age (LMA) and Local Air Change Index (LACI) parameters:
• LMA is the average time for fluid to travel from the selected inlet opening to the
point considering both the velocity and diffusion.
• LACI (Local Air Change Index) is the ratio of the V/Q value, where V is the
entering this volume, to the average time for the fluid to travel from the selected
computational domain fluid volume and Q is the volume flow rate of the fluid
inlet opening to the point considering both the velocity and diffusion.
Calculation of comfort parameters, LMA and LACI can be enabled in the Calculation
Control Options dialog.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Calculation Control Options.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Project > Calculation Control Options.
2 Switch to the Advanced tab.
3 Select the Calculate Local Mean Age (LMA)
and Calculate Comfort Parameters check
boxes.
Specifying Goals
You can use Mean Radiant Temperature and Operative Temperature as the goal
parameters only after you enable calculation of comfort parameters in the Calculation
Control Options dialog.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Mesh > Initial Mesh.
To better resolve the complex geometry of the CAREGIVER and PATIENT components
and more accurately account the heat produced by the heat sources specified at these
components, we employ the local initial mesh refinement.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Local Initial Mesh.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Mesh > Local Initial Mesh.
2 In the Model Tree, select the CAREGIVER.ASM and PATIENT.ASM components.
3 Clear the Automatic settings check box. Go to the Solid/Fluid Interface tab.
4 Set Small solid features refinement level to 4.
5 Go to the Refining Cells tab. Select Refine fluid cells and set Level of refining fluid
cells to 2.
6 Click OK to save local mesh settings.
Run the calculation. During the calculation process you may notice that the Av Volume
Fraction of Expired Air goal converges slower than the other goals specified. Since this is
a tutorial example, there may be not need to wait before the solution fully converges. To
save the CPU time, you can stop the calculation earlier, for example when all the other
specified goals converge.
D2-8
Results
balance of the human body. Thermal balance is obtained when the internal heat
production in the body is equal to the loss of heat to the environment.
slightly slightly
cold cool cool neutral warm warm hot
-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3
Volume Parameters
We can obtain the values of thermal satisfaction parameters with the Volume Parameters
results processing feature. The volume, in which the parameters will be calculated, is
FLUIDVOLUMEPART component (i.e. the entire fluid region within the computational
domain).
Before specifying Volume Parameters, we need to check the values of reference
parameters: metabolic rate, external work, closing thermal resistance and relative
humidity, used to calculate comfort parameters such as PMV and PPD. These reference
parameters define the approximate heat power produced by a human body depending on
the activity and health condition, insulating properties of the closing and humidity of the
air.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Results > Default Reference Parameters.
D2-10
2 Specify Metabolic rate of
100 W/m^2. Keep the other values default.
Now we can use the Volume Parameters feature to see the values of comfort parameters.
1 In the FloEFD Analysis tree right-click the Volume Parameters icon and select Insert.
2 In the Model tree, select the FLUIDVOLUMEPART component.
3 Under Parameters click More Parameters. The Customize Parameter List dialog
appears.
4 Expand the Comfort Parameters item and select the following parameters:
• Mean Radiant Temperature,
• Operative Temperature,
• PMV,
• PPD,
• Draft Temperature
• LAQI of Air,
• LAQI of Expired Air.
5 Click OK to close the Customize Parameter List dialog.
6 In the Volume Parameters dialog make sure that the selected parameters are also
selected as the Parameters to Evaluate under Parameters. Additionally select the
ADPI parameter.
7 Click Export to Excel. A spreadsheet with the selected parameters values appears.
Parameter V alue
A DPI [% ] 62,0554295
D2-12
Cut Plots and Isosurfaces
To see how the quality of air with respect to the contained contaminant changes through
the room, we create a cut plot by the LAQI of Expired Air parameter at the distance of
1 m from the floor - i.e. slightly above the level of the patient’s head. The higher the value,
the less the concentration of the contaminant and better it is removed.
The isosurfaces of PMV at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 allows us to estimate the level of
thermal comfort through the room - from 0 (normal) to +1 (slightly warm).
D2-14
D3
Pollutant Dispersion in the Street Canyon
Some of the features used in this tutorial are available for the HVAC module users only.
Problem Statement
where V(h) is the wind speed at height h, and Vr is the known wind speed at a reference
height hr. The power-law exponent p is an empirically derived coefficient that varies
dependent upon the stability of the atmosphere from about 0.1 to about 0.6. The larger the
power-law exponent the larger the vertical gradient in the wind speed.
Wind direction
North
Model Configuration
Copy the D3 - Street Canyon folder into your working directory. Open the
tower_building.asm assembly.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the tower_building.asm assembly located in the D3
- Street Canyon\Ready To Run folder and run the project.
D3-2
Project Definition
Unit system SI
Specifying Goals
To better resolve the street canyon and the area around the tower block, we employ the
local initial mesh refinement.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Local Initial Mesh.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Mesh > Local Initial Mesh.
2 In the graphics area, select the
roof and facing faces of the both
buildings and the side face of the
tower.
3 Clear the Automatic settings
check box.
4 Go to the Refining Cells tab.
Select Refine fluid cells and set
Level of refining fluid cells to
3.
5 Go to the Narrow Channels tab and set Characteristic number of cells across a
narrow channel to 20.
6 Click OK to save local mesh settings.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Project > Calculation Control Options.
2 In the Calculation Control Options
dialog box, change the Value of
Finish Conditions to If all are
satisfied and select Goals
Convergence..
3 Click OK.
4 Save the model and run the
calculation.
Save the model and run the calculation.
D3-4
Specifying Tracer Study
Tracers allow you to study the flow of a certain admixture (tracer) in the existing
carrier fluid under assumption that the presence of the admixture has a negligible
influence on the carrier fluid flow. Such assumption is justified if the concentration
(mass fraction) of the admixture is relatively low.
Follow the steps below to specify the tracer substance:
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Tracer Study.
2 Under Tracers, click Create/Edit.
3 In the Engineering Database, under Tracers, User
Defined, create a new item and change its Name to
Tutorial NOx.
4 Change the parameters of the surface as shown
below:
tracer .
7 The Tutorial NOx [User Defined] item
appears in the list below.
Results
To see how the wind flows around the buildings we will display the Flow Trajectories.
D3-6
The isosurfaces of the Tracer Mass Fraction (Tutorial NOx) at 6.4·10-8 allows us to
estimate areas of high traffic pollution.
Additionally, let us see the distribution of the Tracer Mass Fraction (Tutorial NOx) in
the symmetry plane and on the leeward face of the tower block.
1 Qin Y., Kot S.C. Validation of computer modeling of vehicular exhaust dispersion near
a tower block. Journal of Building and Environment, vol. 25, No2, 1990, pp 125-131.
D3-8
E
Examples for Electronics Cooling and LED Modules
The examples for Electronics Cooling and LED modules presented below demonstrate
how to use capabilities and features of this module to simulate a wide variety of electronic
components. This functionality is available for the Electronics Cooling or LED modules
users only.
E1 - Electronic components
E2 - LED lighting
E-2
E1
Electronic Components
Some of the features used in this tutorial are available for the Electronics Cooling
module users only.
Problem Statement
CPU 85 °C
Northbridge 80 °C
Southbridge 100 °C
Northbridge
Peripheral Southbridge
Connectors
EPIC PC Mainboard SODIMM Memory Module
Bottom Vents
Copy the E1 - Electronic Components folder into your working directory. Open the
epic_pc.asm assembly. Select the generic instance. This is the original model geometry in
accordance with the problem statement. After studying this model, switch to the
SIMULATION_MODEL instance.
E1-2
To unhide simplified components components, click View > Visibility > Unhide All.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the epic_pc.asm assembly located in the E1 -
Electronic Components\Ready To Run folder and run the project.
Northbridge Two-
Resistor Model
EPIC PC Mainboard
Southbridge
Bottom Inlet Lid Two- Resistor Model
Simulation model
To simplify the problem for this tutorial and, therefore, to save your computer resources,
we neglect some particular components and features, which do not affect the flow and heat
exchange much. These include holes in PCI and ISA slots, screws and peripheral
connectors. The model geometry of exhaust fan is also excluded from the simulation and
is replaced by an appropriate boundary condition. In the simulation, we consider CPU,
Northbridge, Southbridge and DDR RAM chips as Two-Resistor simplified thermal
models, each consisting of two parallelepiped components.
To set the boundary conditions for the inlet and outlet flows, we close the vents by placing
a single lid on the inner side of each panel. Thus, we neglect some phenomena, which
occur in the flow entering and exiting the case thought the vents. However, we take into
account the value of the pressure loss coefficient reflecting the resistance to the flow in
accordance with the specific shape and arrangement of the vent holes.
In the SIMULATION_MODEL instance you can see
that the vents on the back panel are suppressed . This is
done in order to define the exhaust fan boundary
condition correctly. If you examine the original model
geometry, you will see that the exhaust fan is placed
close to the vents on the back panel, and there is no air
flow through some of them. Actually, the air flow exits
the case through a ring-shaped array of the vent holes
(see the picture), so in the SIMULATION_MODEL
instance we place a lid to close only these vent holes
without considering other vent holes on the back panel at all. As resolving of each vent
hole can be rather time-consuming and they are not the part of the flow simulation
anyway, we suppress them. Instead, we specify an External Outlet Fan boundary condition
on the inner surface of the ring-shaped lid. In addition, on the same lid we specify the
Perforated Plate condition to define the pressure loss due to the resistance of the vent holes
to the flow.
E1-4
Creating a FloEFD Project
Specify the boundary conditions for inlet and outlet flows as shown in the tables below:
Thermodynamic Parameters:
Default values (101325 Pa and 20.05°C)
Model:
Pre-Defined\Axial\Papst\Papst 412
Thermodynamic Parameters:
Default values (101325 Pa)
E1-6
Specifying Perforated Plates
The Perforated Plate feature is used for simulating inlet and outlet flows through thin
planar walls with multiple openings without having to create an individual lid for each
opening. Instead, the Perforated Plate condition is applied together with a boundary
condition for a surface of a single lid, which closes multiple openings, and defines the
additional resistance of these openings to the flow. It can be useful, for example, when you
simulate a flow entering or leaving the model through a series of small openings, which
can require some additional mesh refinement if resolved directly. In this simulation, we
use Perforated Plates to take into account the resistance of inlet and outlet vents in the
computer case to the flow.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Tools > Engineering Database.
2 In the Engineering Database, under Perforated Plates > User Defined, create two
items with the following parameters:
You can specify the Hole shape as Rectangular > Round > Regular Pitch
Polygon or Complex. To define the holes arrangement (for non-
Complex holes), in the Coverage you can select either Pitch or
Checkerboard distance (for non-Rectangular holes). Depending on
the selected option, you can specify the size of a single hole and either
the distance between two adjacent holes in two mutually Checkboard
distance
perpendicular directions (X - Pitch and Y - Pitch) or the Distance
between centers. The specified values are used to calculate Free
area ratio, which denotes the ratio of the holes total area to the total
area of the perforated plate. The automatically calculated Free area
ratio value appears at the bottom of the table. Alternatively, you can select the Free
area ratio option in the Coverage, and specify this value directly.
The two-resistor model is widely used to estimate the temperature of chips and other small
electronic packages. It considers each package consisting of two parallelepiped
heat conductivity (see the picture below). The Junction-to-Case (JC) and Junction-to-
components (Case and Junction) with identical contact areas, made of material with high
Board (JB) thermal resistances are modeled as infinitely thin plates. The heat conduction
through the package is calculated using the values of these resistances.
Package
Adiabatic walls
JC
Adiabatic walls Case
JB
Junction
Board (PCB)
E1-8
2 Select the CPU_2R_CASE component as Case Body
8 For each of the four considered DDR RAM chips, specify the same way RAM chip N
item (with N being the chip number) by selecting its corresponding Case and Junction
parts under the SODIMM assembly:
If you specify some package as Two-Resistor Component in the project, make sure that
its dimensions in the Engineering Database totally match (or are very close to) the
dimensions of the package model geometry (its Case and Junction components). If the
dimensions do not match, you must either make changes in the model geometry or
select a different Two-Resistor Component in the Engineering Database.
The Heat Pipe feature is used for modeling heat transfer from the hotter surface to the
colder surface through a heat pipe (considered as solid body made of high heat-conducting
material).
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Heat Pipe.
2 Select CPU_HEAT_PIPE as Components to Apply
Heat Pipe .
3 Select the face of the CPU_HEAT_PIPE component
contacting with the top face of CPU as Heat In Faces
.
4 Select the faces of the CPU_HEAT_PIPE contacting
E1-10
Specifying Contact Resistances
The Contact Resistance feature is used for specifying the value of thermal contact
resistance on a face of a solid contacting fluid or another solid. It can be defined by a
specific thermal resistance value or by thickness and thermal properties of the contact
layer material. Taking into account the thermal contact resistance helps to estimate, for
example, such phenomenon as temperature drop at the contact surface. Here we use this
feature to specify thermal interface material attaching heat pipes to CPU and Northbridge
and to specify thermal contact resistance between the surfaces of heat pipes and the
surrounding air.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Contact Resistance.
2 Select the faces of the CPU_HEAT_PIPE and
NORTHBRIDGE_HEAT_PIPE components
contacting with the top faces of CPU and Northbridge
correspondingly. We selected these faces earlier as Heat
In Faces when specifying the heat pipes.
3 Under Thermal Resistance, select Bond-Ply 660 @ 10
psi (Pre-Defined\Interface
Materials\Bergquist\Bond-Ply\Bond-Ply 660 @ 10
psi).
5 Repeat step 1, then hold down the Ctrl key and double-click the CPU_HEAT_PIPE
and NORTHBRIDGE_HEAT_PIPE components in the Model tree. FloEFD selects
both these components.
Faces that are not in contact with fluid must be removed from the Faces to Apply the
Contact Resistance list.
6 Under Selection, select each component in the selection
list and click List All Component Faces in turn to
list all faces belonging to the both components.
Then click Filter Faces . Select Keep outer and fluid-contacting faces , and
click Filter.
It is convenient to select all faces of the component by selecting this component in the
Model Tree, though finding and removing unnecessary faces from the selection
manually (one by one) may require excessive time, especially when there are many
faces to remove. The Filter allows you to remove unnecessary faces of specified type
from the list of selected faces.
7 Under Thermal Resistance, expand the Pre-Defined list, and select Infinite
resistance. We use Infinite resistance here to reflect the qualitative difference
between the intensity of heat transfer inside and outside the considered heat pipes.
8 Click OK .
The Printed Circuit Board feature is used for modeling PCBs as flat solid bodies with
anisotropic thermal conductivity, which is calculated from the specified structure of
interleaving conductor and dielectric layers. You can define such material in the
Engineering Database by specifying the properties of conductor and dielectric materials
and the structure of layers. We use this feature to specify the material for SODIMM board,
which consists of six layers of conductor (Copper) and five layers of dielectric (FR4)
1 Click Flow Analysis > Tools > Engineering Database.
2 In the Engineering Database, under Printed Circuit Boards > User Defined, create a
new item with the following parameters:
As you specify the parameters, at the bottom of this table you can see the calculated
properties of the equivalent material used in the simulation .
E1-12
3 In the Conducting Layers table, click the button to switch to the Tables and
Curves tab. Type the following values to specify the structure of conducting layers:
As you specify the layers structure, you can see the graphical representation of this
structure at the right .
4 Save and exit the Engineering Database.
5 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Printed Circuit Board.
6 Select SODIMM_PCB in the graphic area.
7 Under Printed Circuit Board select the created 4s2p PCB
item.
8 Click OK .
Pre-Defined\Metals\Copper HEATSINK
Pre-Defined\IC Packages\Typical PC104_PCI_CONNECTOR ,
Connector PC104_ISA_CONNECTOR,
SODIMM_CONNECTOR
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Insert > Goals > Volume Goals.
3 In the Components to Apply the Volume Goal list,
make sure that both Case (CPU_2R_CASE) and
Junction (CPU_2R_JUNCTION) components are
added.
4 Under Parameter select both Max and Av Temperature
(Solid).
5 Edit the Name Template to: CPU - VG <Parameter>.
6 Click OK .
7 Repeat the same steps separately for each heat source:
Chipset - Northbridge, Chipset – Southbridge, RAM Chip 1, 2, 3, 4 (select all these
four RAM chips at once) and the HEATSINK. Edit the Name Template in a similar
way.
8 When finished, in the Analysis tree select all
specified boundary conditions (Environment
Pressure 1, Environment Pressure 2 and
External Outlet Fan 1), holding down the Ctrl
key.
9 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Surface Goals.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Insert > Goals > Surface Goals.
10 Select the Separate goal for each surface option to create a separate goal for each of
the selected surfaces.
11 In the Parameter, select Mass Flow Rate.
12 Click OK .
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Mesh > Initial Mesh.
2 Switch off the automatic settings by clearing the Automatic settings checkbox. Go to
the Basic Mesh tab.
3 Click Add Plane.
E1-14
4 In the Create Control Planes dialog box make sure that
Creating mode is set to Click on Screen.
In the Parallel to, click ZX.
5 In the graphic area, click anywhere, and then type 0 for
the Y.
It is also convenient to specify the Local Initial Mesh to obtain more accurate solution in
the regions of interest.
1 In the Analysis tree, select all created Two-Resistor components (CPU, Chipset –
Northbridge, Chipset – Southbridge, RAM Chip 1-4).
2 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Local Initial Mesh.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Mesh > Local Initial Mesh.
3 Clear the Automatic settings checkbox. Go to Refining Cells tab.
4 Select Refine partial cells and Refine solid cells.
5 Set both Level of refining solid cells and Level of refining partial cells to 2.
6 Click OK to save Local Initial Mesh settings.
7 Create another Local Initial Mesh for the HEATSINK. After clearing the Automatic
settings checkbox, go to the Narrow Channels tab, and set Characteristic number of
cells across a narrow channel to 4 and Narrow channels refinement level to 2.
Results
Goal Name Unit Value Averaged Value Minimum Value Maximum Value Progress [%]
SG Mass Flow Rate Inlet Lid [kg/s] 0,000874331 0,000872428 0,000866164 0,000876732 100
SG Mass Flow Rate Outlet Lid [kg/s] -0,002117667 -0,00211709 -0,002117667 -0,002116389 100
SG Mass Flow Rate Inlet Lid 2 [kg/s] 0,001243313 0,001244659 0,001240256 0,001250352 100
CPU - VG Av Temperature (Solid) [°C] 78,11027219 78,09781048 78,05672621 78,11706281 100
CPU - VG Max Temperature (Solid) [°C] 79,11610781 79,10387809 79,06256935 79,12328617 100
Chipset - Northbridge - VG Av Temperature (Solid) [°C] 55,42071381 55,40562741 55,3841179 55,42256088 100
Chipset - Northbridge - VG Max Temperature (Solid) [°C] 55,70526618 55,69034608 55,66890553 55,70711814 100
Chipset – Southbridge - VG Av Temperature (Solid) [°C] 86,46932621 86,47201044 86,36744543 86,60810332 100
Chipset – Southbridge - VG Max Temperature (Solid) [°C] 88,2380636 88,2376433 88,14342397 88,36032906 100
RAM Chips VG Av Temperature (Solid) 1 [°C] 63,75306739 63,70852983 63,65611637 63,75792045 100
RAM Chips VG Max Temperature (Solid) 1 [°C] 67,48810778 67,44384108 67,38708974 67,4944499 100
Heatsink VG Av Temperature (Solid) 1 [°C] 46,61653256 46,60195552 46,58783758 46,61751183 100
Heatsink VG Max Temperature (Solid) 1 [°C] 47,01342172 46,99872618 46,98476739 47,01442693 100
In accordance with the obtained results, we can say that electronic components operate at moderate
temperatures, and there is no need to introduce any additional design features in order to improve
the efficiency of heat exchange inside the considered case.
E1-16
E2
LED Lighting
Some of the features used in this tutorial are available for the LED module users only.
Problem Statement
The size, potential energy savings, and reduced maintenance benefits of LED’s make
them attractive for use in a wide range of applications. However, the thermal management
is the most critical aspect of LED system design. Heat buildup can reduce an LED’s light
output and cause a color shift and at the same time. The key to successful LED system
design is to transfer the active device’s heat efficiently from its own PN junction to the
ambient. The path involves both the printed circuit board that mounts the LED and the
enclosure.
This tutorial demonstrates the capabilities of FloEFD to solve LED’s thermal problems,
helping you eliminate critical component temperatures, increase product reliability and
ultimately product longevity.
The LED module features enable thermal simulation of the most advanced LED products
along with the capability of predicting their “hot lumens” i.e. their total emitted luminous
flux at their operating temperatures. This capability is provided through an LED model
library whose elements are characterized directly from physical tests by the Mentor®
T3Ster+TeraLED combined thermal and radiometric/photometric LED testing solution. In
addition, the FloEFD LED models support radiation absorption in semi-transparent solids,
such as the head or taillight lens.
Here we consider a LED based lighting, which contains a six-LED array module, mounted
on Aluminum heat sink and packaged in ABS polymer housing (including a cover), and a
quartz glass lens as shown at the figure below.
Cover
Heat sink
Housing
LEDs
Lens
MCPCB
E2-2
As Metal Core PCB means the base material for PCB is metal (usually aluminum, or
copper alloy). MCPCBs are used instead of traditional PCBs because of the ability to
efficiently dissipate heat away from the components. This is achieved by using a
Thermally Conductive Dielectric Layer. Here we consider a single layer MCPCB consists
of an aluminum base, T-preg dielectric layer, copper circuit layer and shellac solder mask.
To simplify the model, we eliminate circuit layer and assume that LED packages is
connected to the dielectric layer directly.
Circuit layer
Solder mask
LED package
Dielectric layer
Metal base
The lighting operates in typical indoor conditions at the room temperature (~20 °C) and
without any forced cooling.
The objective of the simulation is to ensure that under these conditions, that lighting heat
sink and housing participate efficiently in carrying heat away from the LEDs and the
components of LED lighting are not overheated.
Copy the E2 - LED Lighting folder into your working directory. Open the
LED_LIGHTING.asm assembly. Select the generic instance.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the LED_LIGHTING.asm assembly located in the
E2 - LED Lighting\Ready To Run folder and run the project.
Unit system SI
E2-4
Specifying Solid Materials
E2-6
Specifying Radiative Surfaces
2 Click OK .
Rename the new Radiative Surface 1 item to
FR4 Radiative Surface.
8 Save the created radiative surface and exit the Engineering Database.
9 Under Type, expand the list of User-Defined radiative surfaces and select avc-led.
10 Click OK .
Change the name of the new radiative surface to LED Radiative Surface.
Specifying LEDs
The LED model implemented in FloEFD is based on a two-resistor model and a luminaire
detailed model. The electric to light energy conversion efficiency is determined by the
operating conditions of the LED: the junction temperature TJ and the applied forward
current IF. The power dissipated at the active region of a LED (PH) is thus determined by
PH V F I F e
This power together with the LED thermal resistance Rth determine the junction
temperature:
TJ PH Rth Tamb
The total thermal resistance between the chip junction and the ambient can be given as
follows:
1 1 1
Rth R JB R JT
where RJB is the Junction to bottom, i.e. the total thermal resistance from the junction to
the bottom side; RJT is the Junction to top, i.e. the total thermal resistance between the
junction and the topside of the chip (RJT >>RJB), by default it is set to 50·RJB.
LED package
RJT
RJB
MCPCB
The simple model based on a two-resistor model and the exact dissipated heating power
PH allows to predict the junction temperature TJ only.
The luminaire detailed model uses the exact forward current IF and LED thermal
predict the junction temperature and the emitted luminous flux (V also called "hot
characteristics and light output measured by T3Ster+TeraLED. This model allows to
E2-8
the forward voltage VF0 linearly depends on the junction temperature at fixed,
VF VF 0 SVF TJ T0
constant forward current IF :
(2.1)
the emitted optical power e and the emitted luminous flux V also linearly
(2.2)
where:
SVF is the temperature sensitivity of the forward voltage VF at the constant
forward current IF ;
Se is the temperature sensitivity of the e radiant flux at the constant forward
current IF ;
You can get the dynamic thermal compact model (DCTM - or RC model) of the LED
package from the T3Ster Master tool and the other data from the TeraLED View tool. If
you characterize a single LED it is important to determine the RthJC value from a set of
transient measurements as described in the JESD51-14 standard. The transient
measurements used in this procedure must comply with the JESD51-51 and 51-52
standards as well (combined thermal and radiometric/photometric measurements). The
RthJC value can be detected with the Determine Rth-JC command in T3Ster Master.
After detecting RthJC you can export RC ladder to a *.xCTM file which you can import
in FloEFD using Import from T3Ster TeraLED button in the Engineering database. This
import specifies only RC ladder data, so the LED electrical and optical data should be
taken from the TeraLED View. If you are not going to simulate transient analysis in
FloEFD it is enough to input one RC pare only: RthJC as a resistance and the
corresponding Capacitance value.
To get diode characteristics go to TeraLED View and open Diode Characteristics chart.
Take voltage sensitivity (SVF) for the value of the forward current (Iforce) for which you
would like to create an LED model in FloEFD. Note that in FloEFD you need to input
positive value of voltage sensitivity in SI system of units. When you set up the
measurement of your LED in the TeraLED Measurement Control Tool (version 2.0 or
higher) make sure that the chosen reference value of the junction temperature is among the
radiant flux (Popt), luminous flux (), Radiant Flux Sensitivity (Se) and Luminous Flux
pre-programmed temperature values. To get reference temperature, voltage (Uforward),
Sensitivity (Sv) go to Optical Test Report (you need version 2.0 or higher), select these
data from the table of the test report which corresponds to your chosen reference
temperature value. Convert the values into the SI system of units and change the Radiant
Flux Sensitivity and Luminous Flux Sensitivity to positive, for example:
E2-10
Specifying Pre-Defined LED components
A set of pre-defined LED components with thermal and optic characteristics measured by
T3Ster+TeraLED is provided in the Engineering Database. Each item corresponds to a
specific package type. The models of the pre-defined LED components are located in the
E2 - LED Lighting\Pre-Defined LEDs folder.
Follow the steps below to specify the pre-defined LED components:
1 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > LED
2 Under Selection, select the central
OSRAM_GOLDEN_DRAGON component as
Component to Apply the LED , the lens face of this
component as Top Faces and the bottom face of
this component as Bottom Faces .
3 Under LED select the Osram Golden Dragon item.
4 In the Forward Current, enter the value of Current
equals to 500 mA.
400 mA
350 mA
500 mA 350 mA
350 mA
400 mA
Specifying Goals
Results
In accordance with the obtained results, we can say that LEDs operate at moderate temperatures,
and there is no need to introduce any additional design features in order to improve the efficiency
of heat exchange inside the considered housing.
Goal Name Value, °C
SG T Max Top Surface LED 500 mA 45,2
SG T Max Top Surface LED 400 mA (1) 43,5
SG T Max Top Surface LED 400 mA (2) 44,0
SG T Max Top Surface LED 350 mA (1) 43,1
SG T Max Top Surface LED 350 mA (2) 43,6
SG T Max Top Surface LED 350 mA (3) 42,9
VG T Junction LED 500 mA 52,3
VG T Junction LED 400 mA (1) 49,7
VG T Junction LED 400 mA (2) 49,7
VG T Junction LED 350 mA (1) 48,6
VG T Junction LED 350 mA (2) 48,6
VG T Junction LED 350 mA (3) 48,6
E2-12
Note that if you intend to display the distribution of the solid temperature, the Junction
temperature fills the entire LED’s section view.
E2-14
F
Examples for Advanced CFD Module
The examples for Advanced CFD Module presented below demonstrate how to use
capabilities and features of this module to solve specific engineering problems, such as
the combustion of gas-phase mixtures. This functionality is available for the Advanced
CFD module users only.
F1 - Combustion in a Tube
F-2
F1
Combustion in a Tube
This feature is available for the Advanced CFD module users only.
Problem Statement
The considered tube has a length of 750 mm and a diameter of 50 mm. The inlet mass
flow rates of methane and air are set to 5.5·10-5 kg/s and 9.45·10-4 kg/s, providing nearly
stoichiometric mixture ratio. The inlet temperature is set to 293 K and the outlet pressure
is 1 atm.
The objective of the simulation is to estimate thermal effects of the combustion in the
tube.
To skip the project definition and run the FloEFD project defined in accordance with
the tutorial, you will need to open the Tube.asm assembly located in the F1 -
Combustion in Tube\Ready To Run folder and run the desired projects.
F1-2
4 In the table at the right, change the Mass fraction of Methane (CH4) to 1.
5 Under Property, select Oxidizer. In the list of available oxidizers select Air and,
similarly, change its Mass fraction to 1.
The Total mass fraction sums up the mass fractions of components separately for Fuel
and Oxidizer. You must check that this value is equal to 1 for both the Fuel and the
Oxidizer.
6 Return to the Item Properties tab.
7 Change the other parameters of the mixture as shown below:
F1-4
Specifying Boundary Conditions
Specify the boundary conditions for inlet and outlet flows as shown in the tables below:
Thermodynamic Parameters:
Default values (101325 Pa and 293.2 K)
3 Click OK .
4 Click Flow Analysis > Insert > Surface
Goals.
7 Click OK .
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Project > Calculation Control Options.
2 In the Calculation Control Options
dialog box, change the Value of Finish
Conditions to If all are satisfied and
select Goals Convergence.
F1-6
3 Switch to the Advanced tab.
4 Select the Manual Time Step check
box and change its value to 0.005 s.
This value is appropriate for the given
conditions and allows to obtain the
solution sooner (the estimated default
time step is smaller by more than an
order of magnitude).
5 Click OK.
Save the model and run the calculation. If you are running this example for the first time
and there is no calculated table with the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of
the Tutorial Methane+Air mixture, FloEFD calculates this table first.
Results
The distribution of fluid temperature along the tube is shown in the Cut Plot below. In this
plot, the regions with the maximum temperature indicate the nearly stoichiometric mixture
ratio.
Additionally, let us see the distribution of the Residual Fuel and the Residual Oxidizer
along the tube.
To plot the Mass Fraction of Residual Fuel and Mass Fraction of Residual
Oxidizer parameters, they must be enabled in the Parameter list (in the plot or Color Bar
dialog you can add these parameters to the Parameter list by selecting Add Parameter at
the end of the list).
a)
b)
The distribution of the Residual Fuel (a) and Residual Oxidizer (b) in the symmetry plane along the tube.
According to these plots, the fuel and the oxidizer burn out completely in the tube. The distribution
of the unburned components shows the character of mixing along the tube.
It is also possible to output mass fractions of some specific combustion products. Let us
see the mass fractions of the toxic combustion products, such as carbon oxides (COx) and
nitrogen oxides (NOx) calculated over the outlet surface. To display the Mass Fraction of
Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Mass Fraction of Nitric oxide (NO) and
Mass Fraction of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) parameters, they must be enabled in the
Parameter list (in the plot or Color Bar dialog you can add these parameters to the
Parameter list by selecting Add Parameter at the end of the list).
The mass fractions of the toxic components of the combustion products at the outlet surface.
F1-8
Case 2: Premixed Combustion with ignition
Let us see how to solve a similar problem if the fuel and oxidizer are premixed. To calculate the
combustion of premixed components, it is necessary to enable the Limited Combustion Rate
option and specify the value of the Ignition temperature parameter in the Tutorial Methane+Air
mixture. For this example, the value of ignition temperature is assumed equal to 700K. This means
that combustion occurs only when the temperature of the mixture exceeds 700K. In order to
provide the required temperature of ignition, a heat source of 100 W is placed downstream of the
bluff body and is toggled on for 0.05 s.
1 Click Flow Analysis > Project > Clone Project.
2 In the Project Name, type Case 2 - Premixed
Combustion
3 In the Configuration to Add the Project select
Select.
4 In the Configuration Name list, select
PREMIXED_COMBUSTION.
To open General Settings dialog box in Creo Parametric, click Flow Analysis >
Project > General Settings.
In Creo Parametric click Flow Analysis > Project > Component Control.
13 In the Component control dialog box, deselect the
IGNITER component, then click OK .
Now FloEFD will treat this component as a fluid.
14 Select the IGNITER component and specify the
Volume heat source that is toggled on for the
period of time from 0.15 s to 0.2 s. To do this, under
Toggle, click Dependency .
15 Select F(time) as the Dependency type and fill the
table as shown below. When finished, click OK.
The power of the heat source required to ignite the combustible mixture depends on the
volume of heat source, local temperature, heat capacity and velocity of the mixture.
There are other ways to heat the combustible mixture above the ignition temperature,
such as supply of hot gases or presence of hot walls.
Save the model and run the calculation.
During the calculation, it is possible to track how the flow temperature changes in time. Notice
that when the maximum temperature of the mixture is below the specified ignition
temperature, mixture does not burn. After 0.15 s, the heat source toggles on, heats the mixture
above the ignition temperature, and the burning starts.
F1-10
The Cut Plot of the calculated temperature is shown below.
Since the given methane/air mixture ratio is nearly stoichometric, the maximum temperature is
the same as in the previously calculated project.
F1-12
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