UNODC STUDY GUIDE - GCMUN 2024

Agenda: Discussing The Recruitment and Admission of Minors into Extremist Groups in
The Middle East and Africa

INDEX

1. Letter from the Executive Board

2. Introduction to the committee (UNODC)

3. List of key terms

4. Introduction to the agenda.

5. History of the agenda.

6. Timeline of events

7. Key players- NSAS involved

8. Case studies

9. Bloc positions.

10. Current scenario

11. Past action taken by the UN

12. Past resolutions

QARMA

IMPORTANT LINKS

DELEGATE RESOURCES

RESOLUTION GUIDELINES + FORMAT

LETTER FROM THE EB

The Executive Board of The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) welcomes
each one of you to GCMUN 2024.

For many, it may be the first-ever MUN conference in your educational experience, and we
strongly encourage you to go through the study guide that has been prepared for you as a part of
the resources provided, to get an in-depth understanding of the issues that will be discussed in
committee. However, there is a lot of content available beyond the study guide. You are expected
to research, collate, list down possible points of discussion, questions, and plausible responses
and be prepared to enjoy the intellectual energy in the room. At the same- time it is not only
about speaking and presenting but also the ability to listen, understand viewpoints and learn
from each one's perspective.

The UNODC is a technical committee that requires resilience accompanied by a fierce mind-set
and the ability to address aspects of a larger situation with utmost empathy. The issue being-
discussed in the committee requires a balance of all traits to ensure the best results. The
committee deals with sensitive topics like human trafficking, abuse of minors and the ill
treatment of victims of organized crime. It is thus imperative to understand the importance of
sensitivity and situational awareness while addressing these subjects. Remember that you can be
a powerful delegate and still be diplomatic and respectful of member nations.

The executive board strongly encourages all delegates to actively participate in the committee
regardless of their experience, and engage in debate. The executive board will also remain
approachable at all times for any doubts or queries that you may have or any grievances you
may be facing.

We, the executive board, ensure a thrilling experience and wish all our enthusiastic delegates the
very best!

Regards,
The Executive Board of UNODC,

Gia Fernandes (CHAIRPERSON)

Vihaan Arora (VICE-CHAIRPERSON)
INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMITTEE

UNODC was established in 1997 as a result of the merging of the United Nations Centre for
International Crime Prevention and the United Nations International Drug Control Programme. It
was established by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to enable the Organization to
focus and enhance its capacity to address the interrelated issues of drug control, crime, and
international terrorism in all its forms.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is committed to achieving health,
security, and justice for all by tackling threats from illicit drugs, organized crime, and terrorism
worldwide. UNODC is a global leader in the struggle against illicit drugs and organized and
serious crime, and the lead United Nations entity for delivering legal and technical assistance to
prevent terrorism. Headquartered in Vienna, UNODC operates more than 50 field offices around
the world, covering over 150 countries.

Crime, drugs, and terrorism are high-priority issues for the United Nations. At a time when these
problems without borders are becoming widely recognized as threats to individuals and nations
alike, requests for coordinated UNODC initiatives at the national, regional, and transnational
levels continue to grow. Our work enhances security and improves the everyday lives of people
across the globe.The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is a global leader in
the fight against illicit drugs and international crime. The UNODC has approximately 500 staff
members worldwide. It relies on voluntary contributions, mainly from governments for 90
percent of its budget.

The three pillars of the UNODC work programme are:

1. Normative work to assist States in the ratification and implementation of the international
treaties, the development of domestic legislation on drugs, crime, and terrorism, and the
provision of secretariat and substantive services to the treaty-based and governing bodies;

2. Field-based technical cooperation projects to enhance the capacity of Member States to

counteract illicit drugs, crime, and terrorism;

3. Research and analytical work to increase knowledge and understanding of drugs and crime
issues and expand the evidence base for policy and operational decisions.
LIST OF KEY TERMS

UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime): A UN office that helps countries fight
illicit drugs, crime, and terrorism, including preventing minor recruitment into extremist
organizations.

Child Soldier: A minor who is recruited by armed groups and used in various roles including
combat, logistics, or support.

Extremist Organizations: Groups that use radical ideologies to justify violence and terrorism,
often recruiting and exploiting minors.

Radicalization: The process through which individuals, including minors, adopt extremist
ideologies and beliefs that justify violence.

Recruitment: The process by which extremist organizations target and enlist minors to join their
ranks, often involving coercion or manipulation.

Propaganda: Information, often biased or misleading, used by extremist organizations to

influence beliefs and actions, especially of minors.

Rehabilitation and Reintegration: Programs aimed at helping former child soldiers and minors
reintegrate into society through psychological support, education, and vocational training.

Human Trafficking: The illegal trade of humans for forced labor, sexual exploitation, or
recruitment into armed groups, particularly affecting minors.

Counter-Terrorism: Strategies and actions to prevent and respond to terrorist activities,

including preventing the recruitment of minors.

De-radicalization: Programs aimed at changing the beliefs of radicalized individuals, including

minors, to prevent extremist activities.

Psychosocial Support: Services addressing the psychological and social needs of individuals
affected by conflict or recruitment into extremist groups.

Child Protection: Measures to safeguard children from violence, exploitation, abuse, and
neglect, including recruitment by extremist groups.
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR): Programs to disarm and demobilize
combatants, including child soldiers, and assist their reintegration into civilian life.

Violent Extremism: Actions and ideologies advocating violence for political, ideological, or
religious goals, often involving minor recruitment.

International Humanitarian Law (IHL): Rules limiting the effects of armed conflict,
protecting those not participating in hostilities, including minors.

Social Cohesion: The strength of relationships and solidarity among community members,
undermined by the recruitment of minors into extremist groups.

Conflict Zones: Areas with ongoing armed conflict, where minors are vulnerable to recruitment
by extremist organizations.

Child Rights: Rights recognizing the special needs and protections required by minors, as
outlined in international treaties like the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC).

Prevention Strategies: Policies and programs to prevent the recruitment of minors into
extremist organizations through education and community engagement.

Human Rights Violations: Breaches of international human rights laws, including the
recruitment and use of minors in armed conflict by extremist organizations.

Child Abduction: The illegal taking of minors by force or deception, often for recruitment into
extremist groups.

Child Exploitation: The use of minors for labor, sexual exploitation, or participation in armed
conflict.

Forced Recruitment: Compelling minors to join armed groups or extremist organizations

against their will.

Community-Based Interventions: Localized programs aimed at preventing the recruitment of

minors by engaging communities in protective measures.

Transnational Crime: Criminal activities affecting multiple countries, including the trafficking
of minors for recruitment by extremist groups.
Non-State Armed Groups (NSAGs): Armed organizations not officially part of state military
forces, often recruiting minors.

Peacebuilding: Efforts to establish lasting peace in conflict areas, including initiatives to prevent
the recruitment of minors.

Security Sector Reform (SSR): Programs to improve the effectiveness and accountability of
security forces, reducing minor recruitment risks.

Asylum and Refugee Protection: Legal frameworks and practices to protect individuals,
including minors, fleeing conflict zones and recruitment.

Gender-Based Violence (GBV): Violence directed at individuals based on gender, including the
exploitation of minors by extremist organizations.

Early Warning Systems: Mechanisms to detect potential recruitment or radicalization of

minors, enabling timely interventions.

Inter-Agency Coordination: Collaborative efforts among UN agencies, NGOs, and

governments to address minor recruitment.

Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E): Processes to assess the effectiveness of programs

preventing minor recruitment.

Legal Frameworks: National and international laws designed to protect minors from
recruitment and exploitation by extremist groups.

Public Awareness Campaigns: Initiatives to inform communities and minors about recruitment
risks and signs by extremist organizations.

Protective Legislation: Laws specifically designed to safeguard minors from recruitment into
extremist organizations.

Conflict Prevention: Strategies and actions aimed at avoiding conflict outbreaks, reducing
minor recruitment risks.

Reintegration Assistance: Support to former child soldiers and minors to help them return to
civilian life, including education and vocational training.
Social Reintegration Programs: Initiatives to help minors involved with extremist groups
reintegrate into their communities.

Mental Health Services: Psychological support provided to minors affected by recruitment or

involvement with extremist organizations.

Economic Empowerment: Programs providing minors and their families with economic
opportunities to reduce extremist group appeal.

Education Access: Ensuring minors have access to education to prevent recruitment by

extremist groups.

Family Tracing and Reunification: Efforts to locate and reunite minors with their families after
involvement with extremist organizations.

Victim Support Services: Assistance to minors who have been victims of recruitment or
exploitation by extremist groups.

Child-Friendly Spaces: Safe areas in conflict zones where minors can receive support and
protection from recruitment.

Survivor Testimonies: Accounts from minors involved with extremist organizations, used to
raise awareness and inform prevention strategies.

Capacity Building: Efforts to strengthen local organizations' and governments' ability to prevent
minor recruitment.

Youth Empowerment Programs: Initiatives engaging young people in positive activities to

counter extremist influence.

Legal Aid Services: Providing legal support to minors recruited by extremist groups, ensuring
their rights are protected.

Humanitarian Aid: Assistance to conflict zone populations to reduce vulnerabilities exploited

by extremist groups for recruitment.

Surveillance and Intelligence Sharing: Collaborative efforts among international and local
agencies to monitor and share recruitment activity information.
Restorative Justice: Approaches focusing on rehabilitating minors involved with extremist
groups, rather than punitive measures.

Parental Engagement: Involving parents and guardians in efforts to prevent their children's
recruitment by extremist organizations.

Grassroots Advocacy: Local efforts to raise awareness and mobilize communities against minor
recruitment by extremist groups.

Reconciliation Processes: Initiatives to heal divisions within communities affected by conflict

and minor recruitment.

Vocational Training: Providing skills and training to minors to enhance employment

opportunities and reduce extremist group allure.

Conflict Resolution Education: Teaching minors and communities peaceful dispute resolution
methods to prevent recruitment.

Protective Asylum Procedures: Special measures to protect minors seeking asylum from
recruitment by extremist groups.

Community Resilience Building: Strengthening community capacity to resist extremist

organizations' influence and recruitment tactics.

Strategic Communication: Targeted messaging to counter extremist propaganda and prevent

minor recruitment.
INTRODUCTION TO THE AGENDA

The recruitment and admission of minors into extremist groups is a critical issue that has plagued
the Middle East and Africa for decades. This phenomenon represents a grave violation of human
rights and has severe implications for regional stability, security, and development. Extremist
organizations, such as ISIS, Boko Haram, and Al-Shabaab, have systematically targeted and
manipulated vulnerable children and adolescents, exploiting their circumstances to swell their
ranks. This introduction aims to provide an overview of the factors driving the recruitment of
minors, the methods employed by extremist groups, and the profound impacts on the minors
involved and broader society.

Factors that Drive Recruitment:

The recruitment of minors by extremist groups in the Middle East and Africa is influenced by a
complex interplay of social, economic, and political factors. Chronic poverty, lack of education,
and limited economic opportunities create a fertile ground for extremist ideologies to take root.
In regions where state institutions are weak or non-existent, extremist groups often fill the
vacuum, providing basic services and a semblance of order. Additionally, ongoing conflicts and
political instability displace families, leaving children orphaned or separated from their
guardians, thereby increasing their susceptibility to recruitment.

Psychological factors also play a significant role. Extremist groups are adept at exploiting
feelings of marginalization, frustration, and revenge among youths. The promise of belonging,
identity, and purpose is a powerful lure for minors who feel alienated from their communities or
societies. In some cases, indoctrination begins in schools or community centers controlled by
extremists, where children are exposed to radical ideologies from a young age.

Methods of Recruitment

Extremist groups employ a variety of methods to recruit minors, ranging from coercion and
abduction to voluntary enlistment driven by ideological persuasion or financial incentives.
Abductions are common in conflict zones, where children are forcibly taken from their homes or
schools. Boko Haram’s mass kidnappings in Nigeria, such as the infamous Chibok schoolgirls’
abduction, exemplify this tactic.

Voluntary recruitment, however, is often rooted in economic desperation or ideological

indoctrination. Extremist groups offer financial rewards, food, shelter, and security to entice
children and their families. Propaganda through social media, local leaders, and peer networks
plays a crucial role in spreading extremist ideologies and glorifying martyrdom, making it an
appealing option for impressionable youth.
Implications on Minors and Society:

The consequences of recruiting minors into extremist groups are devastating and far-reaching.
For the children involved, the impact is immediate and severe: exposure to violence,
psychological trauma, and loss of educational and developmental opportunities. These children
are often trained as soldiers, suicide bombers, or in supportive roles, all of which have long-term
detrimental effects on their physical and mental health. The societal impact is equally profound.
The cycle of violence and instability perpetuates as these children grow into adulthood with
deep-seated radical beliefs and traumas that are difficult to rehabilitate. Communities suffer as a
result of the loss of their younger generations to violence and extremism, hindering social
cohesion and economic development. Moreover, the normalization of child soldiers undermines
international norms and laws designed to protect children, posing a significant challenge to
global efforts in promoting peace and human rights.

Addressing the recruitment and admission of minors into extremist groups requires a
multifaceted approach that tackles the root causes of vulnerability and provides sustainable
alternatives. Strengthening education systems, improving economic opportunities, and enhancing
the capacity of state institutions to protect and support children are essential steps. Additionally,
community-based interventions and international cooperation are critical in countering extremist
ideologies and reintegrating former child soldiers into society. Only through comprehensive and
concerted efforts can we hope to disrupt the cycle of exploitation and violence that endangers the
future of children in the Middle East and Africa.
HISTORY OF THE AGENDA

The issue of recruiting minors into extremist organizations has been a persistent global problem.
Historically, the enlistment of children in conflicts was widespread, till the matter surfaced at a
Convention in Geneva in 1949, which addressed the welfare of children in conflict zones by
prioritizing their safety and ensuring they received humanitarian aid. This was further expanded
in 1977, with clauses prohibiting the recruitment of minors under 15 for any conflict-related role.
Additional Protocol II explicitly stated that children under 15 should not be recruited into armed
groups or forces, representing one of the first international acknowledgments of this issue.

However, the exploitation of child soldiers continues in numerous conflicts. Children are used as
attackers, suicide bombers, mules, and in various other roles. Female minors often face
additional abuse, including sexual violence. Such practices have been documented in multiple
conflict scenarios.

In Afghanistan, the Taliban, classified by the United Nations as an extremist organization, has
actively recruited children. Under Taliban rule, traditional schools were replaced with
madrassas—religious schools where the curriculum promotes the Taliban ideology.

The Taliban frequently recruits children from these madrassas, training them from a young age
and indoctrinating them to ensure their loyalty. These children are often deployed in suicide
missions, particularly targeting the Afghan government.

Similarly, ISIL has resorted to the abduction of children to use them as fighters. Lacking a formal
hierarchy and territory, ISIL often immediately deploys these children as suicide bombers or
militia fighters.

Many of the ISIL operatives involved in recent attacks, such as the attack on Moscow, were
indoctrinated as children. This indoctrination process involves the teaching of religious texts and
a biased historical narrative that supports ISIL's extremist and militaristic views.

Education plays a crucial role in the recruitment of child soldiers. The manipulation of
educational curricula and the exclusive use of specific schools and teachers have been tactics
used to indoctrinate children, shaping their beliefs and actions in support of extremist
organizations. This weaponization of education has been a consistent element in the exploitation
of minors throughout history.
TIMELINE OF EVENTS

YEAR EVENT/ REGION DESCRIPTION

1979 Iran During the Iranian Revolution, children were

recruited into the Basij, a paramilitary volunteer
militia established by Ayatollah Khomeini. They
played significant roles in the Iran-Iraq War
(1980-1988).

1980- 1988 Iran- Iraq War The Iranian Basij used child soldiers extensively,
with many young boys participating in human
wave attacks against Iraqi forces.

1980s Lebanon During the Lebanese Civil War, various factions,

including Hezbollah and Amal, recruited children
as fighters.

1991- 2002 Sierra Leone The Revolutionary United Front (RUF)

notoriously recruited child soldiers during the
Sierra Leone Civil War.

1990s Somalia Following the collapse of the Somali government

in 1991, various warlords and militant groups,
including Al-Shabaab, recruited children.

2000s Democratic Various armed groups, including the Congolese

Republic of Congo army, recruited child soldiers during the Second
Congo War and its aftermath.

2002 Uganda The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), led by

Joseph Kony, abducted and used children as
soldiers and sex slaves during the Ugandan civil
conflict.

2011- Present Syria The Syrian Civil War saw numerous factions,
including ISIS, the Free Syrian Army, and
Kurdish forces, recruiting children. ISIS, in
particular, used children as fighters, suicide
bombers, and in propaganda.

2014 Nigeria Boko Haram, an Islamist militant group,

increased the recruitment and use of child soldiers
and suicide bombers, especially after the
abduction of over 200 schoolgirls from Chibok.
 YEAR EVENT/ REGION DESCRIPTION

2014- Present Yemen The Yemeni Civil War led to the recruitment of
children by various factions, including the
Houthis, al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
(AQAP), and government forces.

2020- Present Ethiopia The Tigray conflict involved the recruitment of

child soldiers by both the Tigray People's
Liberation Front (TPLF) and the Ethiopian
government forces.

2021- Present Mozambique The Islamist insurgency in the Cabo Delgado

province saw increased recruitment and use of
children by militant groups linked to ISIS.

2024 Ongoing Sahel Region Various Islamist militant groups, including those
linked to ISIS and al-Qaeda, continue to recruit
children in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger.

2024 Ongoing Somalia Al-Shabaab remains a significant recruiter of

child soldiers, using them in various capacities,
including as fighters and suicide bombers.

2024 Ongoing Libya Post-Gaddafi Libya has seen various militias and
armed groups using children in combat roles.
KEY PLAYERS - GROUPS INVOLVED

BOKO HARAM

With prime control in Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon, this notorious extremist organization
uses a mix of force and coercion through manipulation to lure children into the organization.
They typically target vulnerable youth from poverty-stricken backgrounds, offering a misguided
sense of belonging and purpose. They may also kidnap children from schools, villages and
markets. Brutal use of force and indoctrination are often used to solidify control over minors.
They are known for violent attacks on civilians, government officials and kidnapping minors.
They use child soldiers in these brutal attacks, including as suicide bombers.

AL- SHABAAB

The organization operates primarily in Somalia with some influence in Kenya. Similar to Boko
Haram, Al-Shabab employs a combination of force and manipulation. They may exploit clan
loyalties, religious ideologies and poverty as ways to create a sense of desperation and urgency
to aid recruitment and entice children to join. They engage in armed insurgency against the
Somali government and African Union Peacekeeping Forces. They deploy children for combat,
bombings and as props to lure more children.

ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS)

The organisation has territorial control in Iraq and Syria, and while their territorial control has
diminished significantly in recent years, they retain sleeper cell presence in not only Iraq and
Syria but also have affiliates in other regions. ISIS uses sophisticated propaganda to target
children both online through web browsers as well as through abductions and physical
encounters. They portray violence and the concept of ‘jihad’ as heroic, while promising a sense
of community and purpose.

They may also exploit modern outlets like social media to groom and radicalize children. They
previously held vast territories and also engaged in brutal warfare. Now, they focus their
resources on insurgency tactics like bombings and assassinations. ISIS has vast documented use
of child soldiers in their activities and propaganda.
AL- QAEDA

While Al-Qaeda itself doesn’t have a centralized structure for the recruitment of child soldiers,
some of its affiliated groups in various regions have been accused of the practice. The affiliate
branches operate in Yemen, Syria and The Sahel region which encompasses countries bordering
the southern Sahara desert in Africa. They also have a notable presence in areas with active
insurgencies. Being a highly advanced group, information on specific recruitment methods can
be difficult to obtain. However they are believed to use common practices like indoctrination by
preying on religious beliefs and grievances in order to create a ‘common enemy’. This tactic
often fastracks recruitment. They also resort to radicalization through extremist teachings. They
often target children from poor backgrounds or conflict zones offering a sense of belonging or
purpose, sometimes even financial gain. Exploiting existing social structures is a common
practice to pressure or coerce children into joining. Similar to ISIS, some affiliates may use
online propaganda and social media to target and radicalize vulnerable youth. The activities of Al
Qaeda affiliates vary based on region, but they often involve bombings, assassinations and
ambushes.

SYRIAN DEMOCRATIC FORCES (SDF)

The organization primarily operates in northeastern Syria. The SDF is a US backed alliance of
Kurdish and Arab militants that played a key role in defeating ISIS in Syria. They currently
control a significantly vast majority of northeastern Syria and are engaged in maintaining
security in the region. However, according to scathing UN Reports Like the 2022 Report by the
UN Secretary Generals Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict, have
documented cases of child recruitment by the SDF and associated groups. These reports raise
concern about the groups lack of compliance with international law on child soldiers. The group
has denied these allegations and claims to have measures in place to prevent child recruitment.
CASE STUDIES

Amina Mohammed- Escaped Boko Haram Captive

Amina Mohammed was abducted by Boko Haram at the age of 11 while attending school in
Nigeria. She was forced to convert and become a ‘bride of jihad’, she endured horrific abuse and
indoctrination. Amina eventually escaped with her infant son and sought refuge. Her story
highlights the trauma inflicted on girls and the dire need for effective rehabilitation programmes.

Mohammed Eissa- ISIS Child Soldier

Mohammed Eissa, a 12 year old Syrian boy was recruited by ISIS after his family fled the war.
He was convinced of the righteousness of their cause and trained as a soldier. After witnessing
the atrocities and disillusioned by reality, Mohammed escaped. His story sheds light on how
extremist groups exploit displacement and insecurity.

Yasmin - Former Al-Shabab Recruit

Yasmin, a young Somali woman, was lured into joining Al-Shabab by promises of belonging and
purpose. After witnessing violence and realizing the groups true agenda, she defected with great
difficulty. Yasmin’s story highlights the psychological manipulation used by extremist groups
and the courage it takes for victims to leave.

The Lost Boys of Sudan

Thousands of boys, some as young as 7 years old, were forced to flee their villages in South
Sudan during the civil war. Many ended up in refugee camps in neighboring countries, left
vulnerable to recruitment by armed groups. The “Lost Boys” represent a generation of children
who lost their childhood to violence and displacement at the hands of extremist groups

The Chibok Schoolgirls and the Fight for Education

The kidnapping of over 200 schoolgirls by Boko Haram in 2014 brought international attention
to the plight of children in conflict zones. While some victims have either escaped or been
released, many remain missing. The Chibok schoolgirls case underscores the importance of
safety around areas with heavy footfall of children. It also emphasizes the importance for
education so that children are not susceptible to radicalisation and indoctrination through
widespread mass misinformation or hysteria.
BLOC POSITIONS

UNITED STATES (USA)

The United States of America has a zero tolerance policy for terrorism and recognises minors’
vulnerability. The Child Soldiers Prevention Act (2008) prohibits US aid to governments using
child soldiers. The US Department of State works with international partners on
counter-recruitment efforts and developing programmes to protect minors at risk. The country
has provided counterterrorism training and resources to partner countries to disrupt recruitment
networks. They’ve also supported education initiatives in conflict zones to address root causes of
radicalisation .Critics argue that the US drone strikes in the Middle East and their current funding
of Israeli attacks in Palestine create instability and inadvertently fuel recruitment. Additionally
some suggest the US focus on military intervention overshadows addressing social and economic
grievances that make youth vulnerable. On an International platform the US is a leading voice in
efforts to counter terrorism and child soldier recruitment. They are active participants in
initiatives like the UN Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict.

INDIA

India has faced its share of terror induced violence and condemns child recruitment. The Juvenile
Justice Act (2015) aims to protect children from exploitation, including abuse at the hands of
extremist organizations. India is highly cooperative with regional partners to counter terror
financing and dismantle recruitment networks. India has launched multiple initiatives like the
“Operation Smile” program to counter radicalization in Jammu and Kashmir. The program
focuses on education, skill development, and promoting social harmony. Many analysts argue
however, that the Indian government's counterterrorism measures in Kashmir often infringe on
human rights. Additionally some suggest limited educational and economic opportunities in
certain regions make youth more susceptible to extremist narratives. India actively participates in
regional counterterrorism initiatives like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

SAUDI ARABIA

Saudi Arabia views child recruitment as a heinous act and has a strong stance against terrorism.
They have implemented counter terrorism strategies focused on education and deradicalization
programs. Saudi Arabia has established rehabilitation centres for individuals caught engaging or
at risk of extremist activities. They have also invested in religious education reforms to counter
extremist interpretations. Human rights groups heavily condemn the lack of transparency in
Saudi counterterrorism measures to silence dissent rather than solely tackling extremism. Saudi
Arabia is a member of the Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF) and works with others
members to share best practices in countering terrorism.
UNITED KINGDOM (UK)

The UK has a robust counter terrorism legislation that criminalizes terrorist recruitment and
training. The Prevent strategy focuses on early intervention and diversity vulnerable individuals
away from extremism. The UK has established programs that engage with communities at risk of
radicalisation. They also work with internet companies to remove extremist content from online
platforms. However it’s important to note that the implemented strategy is too broad and could
lead to profiling of Muslim communities. Concerns also exist regarding the effectiveness of
deradicalization programs. Being a leader in international counterterrorism efforts, they
participate in initiatives like the Five Eyes intelligence-sharing alliance and contribute to UN
efforts to counter terrorism.

PAKISTAN

Pakistan has been a victim of terrorism itself and has taken steps to address child recruitment.
The National Action Plan (NAP) Includes measures to counter extremist narratives and
dismantle militant networks. The Pakistani government has cracked down on extremist religious
schools suspected of promoting radicalization. They've also launched media campaigns to
counter extremist propaganda. The effectiveness of Pakistan’s NAP has been questioned multiple
times due to the continued presence of extremist groups in the country. According to many, the
government has not done enough to dismantle these groups or address the underlying causes of
terrorism. Pakistan works with international partners like the Financial Action Task Force
(FATF) to counter terror financing. However, their relationship with some countries has been
strained due to accusations of harboring terrorist groups.

SUDAN AND SOMALIA

Both states are often referred to as fragile states face challenges due to internal conflicts and the
presence of terrorist groups. While neither has well developed legal frameworks specifically
addressing child recruitment, they are increasingly working with international partners to counter
terrorism and create programs to protect vulnerable youth. Both countries have received
international assistance for counterterrorism training programs aimed at promoting education and
social development in conflict affected areas. The ongoing instability in these countries makes it
the need of the hour to find solutions that may be implemented by poorer states with fewer
resources.
IRAN

Iran's position on child recruitment by terrorist groups is ambiguous. While they condemn some
terrorist organizations, they’ve also faced accusations of supporting others. Iran does have
programmes focused on youth education and social development, which could potentially
counter extremist narratives. However, the overall lack of clarity regarding their stance on child
recruitment by terror groups raises concerns.

IRAQ

Iraq has been a breeding group for terrorist organizations like ISIS, making child recruitment a
major concern. The ongoing instability hinders efforts to establish a secure environment.
However, the Iraqi government has taken steps to counter terrorist propaganda and promote
education in war torn areas. International assistance plays a crucial role in supporting Iraq's fight
against child recruitment by terror groups.

SYRIA

Syria’s brutal civil war has created a power vacuum exploited by terrorist groups like ISIS. The
complex web of actors involved in the conflict makes it difficult to establish a clear picture of
how each views child recruitment. However, international efforts focus on promoting child
protection and education in war torn regions to counter the vulnerability of young people to
extremist groups.
CURRENT SCENARIO

The specter of terrorism continues to cast a long shadow across the Middle East and Africa, and
a particularly disturbing trend is the recruitment of minors into these violent organizations. These
children, often facing poverty, lack of opportunity, or the trauma of war, become pawns in a
deadly game.Terror groups exploit a complex web of factors to target minors. Poverty, lack of
education, and a sense of marginalization create fertile ground for extremist narratives. ISIS,
Boko Haram, and Al-Shabaab are just some of the groups notorious for using online propaganda,
religious indoctrination, and even kidnapping to lure children into their ranks.Once recruited,
children are subjected to brutal training, indoctrination, and desensitization to violence.

They are often used as foot soldiers in attacks, suicide bombers, or spies due to their ability to
blend in and evade suspicion. This not only robs them of their childhood but also exposes them
to immense physical and psychological harm. Combating this issue requires a multifaceted
approach. Countries in the region are increasingly working with international partners to disrupt
recruitment networks, counter extremist ideology, and address the root causes of radicalization.

Programs promoting education, social development, and economic opportunities for youth are
crucial in creating alternatives to the allure of extremist groups.The rise of online radicalization
poses a significant challenge. Governments and tech companies need to collaborate on
countering extremist content online while ensuring freedom of expression. Additionally,
dismantling terror group financing networks is vital to limit their ability to recruit and exploit
vulnerable youth.

Moving on, there are positive developments. International organizations like UNICEF and
UNODC are actively involved in supporting regional efforts. Programs such as those that
empower communities, promote religious tolerance, and provide psychological support to former
child soldiers offer a glimmer of hope for the future which holds both challenges and
opportunities.

Ending the recruitment of minors into terror groups requires sustained commitment from
governments, international organizations, and civil society. By investing in education, promoting
social development, and countering extremist narratives, we can create a future where children
are not targeted by the forces of terror.

PAST ACTION TAKEN BY THE UN

The UN’s efforts span legal frameworks, advocacy, monitoring mechanisms, field operations,
and global campaigns, reflecting a deep commitment to protecting the most vulnerable. Over the
years, the United Nations has embarked on a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach to
address this grave issue, particularly in the Middle East and Africa. Central to the UN’s strategy
are robust legal frameworks designed to establish international norms against the recruitment of
child soldiers.

The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of
children in armed conflict (OPAC), adopted in 2000, is a seminal instrument. OPAC prohibits the
compulsory recruitment of individuals under the age of 18 into armed forces and their
participation in hostilities, setting a clear legal standard.

The Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism (MRM), created by Resolution 1612, plays a pivotal
role in the UN’s efforts. This mechanism collects and verifies information on grave violations
against children in armed conflict, including recruitment as soldiers. The MRM's data informs
the annual reports of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict, ensuring that the
international community remains aware of ongoing abuses and can respond appropriately.
Advocacy and the development of action plans are critical components of the UN’s strategy. The
Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict
(OSRSG-CAAC), established in 1996, spearheads efforts to promote and protect the rights of
children affected by armed conflict. This office engages with governments and non-state actors
to secure commitments to end violations against children and implement action plans for their
release and reintegration.
These action plans typically include specific commitments from parties to conflict to release
children from their ranks, prevent future recruitment, and support reintegration efforts. Such
plans are essential for translating international norms into practical, on-the-ground changes. The
UN’s field operations, particularly through peacekeeping missions and the work of UNICEF, are
vital for addressing the recruitment and use of child soldiers. Several peacekeeping missions in
Africa, such as the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) and the United Nations
Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA), include mandates to
protect children. These missions monitor, report, and work to prevent the recruitment of child
soldiers, often under challenging conditions.

UNICEF is at the forefront of these efforts, providing technical support for the MRM, advocating
for the release of child soldiers, and implementing programs to support their demobilization,
disarmament, and reintegration (DDR). UNICEF's programs are comprehensive, offering
education, vocational training, psychosocial support, and family reunification services, which are
crucial for the successful reintegration of former child soldiers into their communities.

In regions plagued by conflict, the UN has tailored its approach to meet specific challenges. In
the Central African Republic, the UN has supported DDR programs aimed at demobilizing child
soldiers and reintegrating them into society, with special emphasis on securing commitments
from armed groups to release children. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the UN has
collaborated with the government and armed groups to end the recruitment of child soldiers,
implementing action plans and supporting DDR programs. Similarly, in South Sudan, UNMISS,
UNICEF, and other partners have been actively involved in securing the release of child soldiers
and providing necessary reintegration support.

The UN’s commitment to ending the recruitment and use of child soldiers is also reflected in
global campaigns and initiatives. The Children, Not Soldiers Campaign, launched in 2014 by the
OSRSG-CAAC and UNICEF, aimed to end the recruitment of children by government security
forces by 2016. This campaign has achieved significant progress, including commitments from
several countries to cease this practice and the release of thousands of child soldiers.

Furthermore, the Paris Principles and Commitments, adopted in 2007, provide comprehensive
guidelines for protecting children from recruitment and ensuring their release and reintegration.
Endorsed by many countries and organizations, these principles reinforce global efforts to
combat the use of child soldiers.
PAST RESOLUTIONS

UNSC Resolution 1261 (1999):

The first major United Nations resolution to address the topic of child recruitment in conflict,
particularly in extremist organizations. This resolution noted that at the time, almost 300,000
children were formally identified to be part of conflict as gorillas, soldiers or in other supporting
roles. The resolution took actions including resettling displaced children, and re-affirment of
international law protocols that stood against child labour.

UNSC Resolution 1539 (2004):

The resolution firmly established a broad framework against recruitment of children into any
conflict, with special notations for extremist organizations as well. The resolution as well called
for the sharing of information regarding children in warzones between nations in order to
coordinate rescue missions and more.

UNSC Resolution 1612 (2005):

This resolution continued to take action on child recruitment into extremist organisations. The
council through this resolution established a mechanism to be able to monitor the recruitment of
children into these organizations. The council however, focused on 50 countries (and/or
organizations) that were violating resolution 1539, with the mechanism being focused around
them.

UNSC Resolution 2225 (2015):

The resolution aimed to encourage more nations to have legal measures in place to tackle the use
of children in extremist organizations and conflict in general, with focus put on awareness
campaigns to be able to spread information and protections for children.

UNSC Resolution 2427 (2018):

This resolution, which is the most recent and most important passed on the topic in recent times,
focused on measures which nations could take in order to achieve the rehabilitation of children
who were previously part of these extremist organizations or recruited young, to ensure they
would have ways to rejoin society as functioning members.

QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER (QARMA)

For first time MUNNERS, these questions essentially serve as fundamental pointers regarding
the points your resolution could address, in order to make it comprehensive and relevant.
Delegates may however, come up with other angles and viewpoints to construct solutions with.

- What community-based strategies can effectively prevent the recruitment of minors?

- How can local communities be empowered to resist militant recruitment efforts?

- What legislative and policy measures can governments implement to combat the
recruitment of minors?

- How can the international community monitor and report on the recruitment of minors in
conflict zones?

- What role can technology and social media play in both the recruitment and prevention of
recruitment of minors?

- How can cross-border and regional cooperation be enhanced to address the recruitment of
minors by militant groups?
IMPORTANT LINKS

-UNODC Mandate
https://www.unodc.org/romena/en/mandate.html

-UN charter
https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter

VALID SOURCES OF INFORMATION

- Al Jazeera
- UN Articles/ UN Libraries
- Amnesty International
- Britannica
- Times of India
- Official Country Websites (and) Statements or Speeches made by Heads of State.
- UNODC Reports
RESOLUTION GUIDELINES

Resolutions:
● Use 12 point Times New Roman and 1.0 spacing throughout
● Do not exceed four pages in length, for committee convenience
● The heading at the top of the resolution, must include three main components, in the
following order: COMMITTEE; QUESTION OF; MAIN AUTHOR + 2 CO AUTHORS
● After the title of the resolution, a single line spacing is places, followed by the full name
of the committee written in capital letters with a comma at the end
● Acronyms and a abbreviations are spelled out the first time they are mentioned, in the
following manner: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)
● Use formal, 3rd person, diplomatic language at all times

Perambulatory Clauses:
● The introductory word/phrase of each perambulatory clause is italicized
● Only a selected set of phrases can be used as introductory words/phrases
● The first letter of the introductory word/phrase is capitalized
● No introductory word/phrase can be repeated in a resolution
● Commas separate the preambulatory clauses from each other
Preambulatory Phrases:
Acknowledging Expressing its appreciation Noting with appreciation
Affirming Expressing its satisfaction Noting with approval
Alarmed by Fulfilling Noting with deep concern
Approving Aware of Fully alarmed Noting with regret
Believing Fully aware Noting with satisfaction
Bearing in mind Fully believing Observing
Confident Further deploring Pointing out
Congratulating Further recalling Reaffirming
Contemplating Guided by Realizing
Convinced Having adopted Recalling
Declaring Having considered Recognizing
Deeply concerned Having considered further Referring
Deeply conscious Having devoted attention Reminding
Deeply convinced Having examined Seeking
Deeply disturbed Having heard Taking into account
Deeply regretting Having received Taking into consideration
Deploring Desiring Having studied Taking note
Emphasizing Keeping in mind Viewing with appreciation
Expecting Noting further Welcoming

Operative Clauses:
● Each operative clause is numbered: 1, 2, 3, 4, ……
● All operative clause and sub clauses are indented
● The introductory word/phrase of each operative clause is underlined
● The first letter of the introductory word/phrase is capitalized
● Only a selected set of phrases can be used as introductory words/phrases
● The following starters are only applicable to UNSC; ‘condemns’ , ‘demands’
● This is because DISEC is a suggestive body and cannot take action
● No introductory word/phase can be repeated in a resolution (but may be re-used with the
addition of "strongly" or "further" as in: "Further requests...")
● Semicolons separate operative clauses from each other
● Sub clauses are lettered: a, b, c, d, ……
● Sub sub clauses are numbered with Roman numerals: i, ii, iii, iv, …….
● Sub-clauses and sub-sub-clauses are indented by using tabs, NOT by using individual
spaces (sub-clauses are tabbed once and sub-sub-clauses are tabbed twice)
● First letters of sub-clauses and sub-sub-clauses are not capitalized
● Single sub-clauses are not allowed
● A period is used at the end of the final word of the operative clause

Operative Phrases:
 Accepts Encourages Recommends
Affirms Endorses Regrets
Approves Expresses its appreciation Requests
Asks Expresses its hope Resolves
Authorizes Further invites Seeks
Calls for Further proclaims Strongly affirms
Calls upon Further recommends Strongly condemns
Condemns Further requests Strongly urges
Congratulates Further resolves Suggests
Confirms Hopes Trusts
Deplores Proclaims Transmits
Designates Proposes Urges

For grammar aficionados:

● The resolution is one very long sentence. It begins with the committee (the subject of the
sentence), e.g. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
● After the subject, come the perambulatory clauses. These are participle (or adjectival
phrases modifying the subject (modifying by describing the committee's intent,
motivation, and frame of mind in writing the resolution).
● The operative clauses make the predicate of the sentence (i.e. describe the action of the
resolution); thus operative clause starters should be present tense verbs in the third person
singular.
● The last operative clause should be completed with a period to mark the end of the very
long sentence.

General Points to note:

● A GSL speech lasts 90 seconds, it may address any aspect of the agenda
● The delegate may even use their GSL as an extended way to respond to comments made
prior in committee
● Delegates are to speak in 3rd person by addressing their country as the core voice;
The delegate of the United States of America believes xyz………
● One does not use personal pronouns in committee for the simple reason that you are not a
representative of your own views and personal biases, but the views of the government
that represents your country
● Foul language is not permitted in committee and will lead to suspension (baring)
● It is important to enjoy the conference.
● The EB will always be at your disposal for any assistance you may require.

-END OF GUIDE-