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RESEARCH METHODS FOR
LEISURE AND TOURISM
A.J. VEAL Fifth edition
RESEARCH METHODS FOR
LEISURE AND TOURISM
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Research Methods for
Leisure and Tourism

Fifth edition

A. J. VEAL
University of Technology Sydney

Harlow, England • London • New York • Boston • San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney • Dubai • Singapore • Hong Kong
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Pearson Education Limited
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First published 1992 (print)
Second edition published 1997 (print)
Third edition published 2006 (print)
Fourth edition published 2011 (print)
Fifth edition published 2018 (print and electronic)
© Longman Group UK Limited 1992 (print)
© Financial Times Professional Limited 1997 (print)
© Pearson Education Limited 2006, 2011 (print)
© Pearson Education Limited 2018 (print and electronic)
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accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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ISBN: 978-1-292-11529-0 (print)
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for the print edition is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Veal, Anthony James, author.
Title: Research methods for leisure and tourism/A. J. Veal.
Description: Fifth edition. | Harlow, United Kingdom : Pearson, 2018. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017038217| ISBN 9781292115290 (print) | ISBN 9781292115313 (pdf) |
ISBN 9781292217864 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Leisure—Research—Methodology. |
Tourism—Research—Methodology.
Classification: LCC GV14.5 .V43 2018 | DDC 790.1/8072—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017038217
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Front cover image © Robert Cadloff/Getty Images
Print edition typeset in 10/12.5 Palatino LT Pro by iEnergizer, Aptara®, Ltd.
Printed and bound in Malaysia by Jiwabaru
NOTE THAT ANY PAGE CROSS REFERENCES REFER TO THE PRINT EDITION
 Summary contents

List of figures xxiii

List of tables xxvi
List of case studies xxix
Text website contents xxx
Preface xxxi
Acknowledgements xxxiii

I Preparation 1
1. Introduction to research: what, why and who? 3
2. Approaches to leisure and tourism research 33
3. Starting out – research plans and proposals 63
4. Research ethics 109
5. The range of research methods 131
6. Reviewing the literature 181

II Data collection 217

7. Secondary data sources 219
8. Observation 251
9. Qualitative methods: introduction and data collection 277
10. Questionnaire surveys: typology, design and coding 309
11. Experimental research 371
12. Case study method 397
13. Sampling: quantitative and qualitative 413
vi Summary contents

III Data analysis 435

14. Analysing secondary data 437
15. Analysing qualitative data 455
16. Analysing quantitative data 481
17. Statistical analysis 519

IV Communicating results 563

18. Preparing a research report 565

Index 587
 Detailed chapter contents

List of figures xxiii

List of tables xxvi
List of case studies xxix
Text website contents xxx
Preface xxxi
Acknowledgements xxxiii

I Preparation 1
1 Introduction to research: what, why and who? 3
1. Introduction 4
2. What is research? 5
2.1 Research defined 5
2.2 Scientific research 6
2.3 Social science research 6
2.4 Descriptive, explanatory and evaluative research 6
3. Why study research? 9
3.1 In general 9
3.2 Research in policy-making, planning
and management processes 10
4. Who does research? 15
4.1 Academics 16
4.2 Students 17
4.3 Government, commercial and non-profit organisations 17
4.4 Managers 18
4.5 Consultants 19
5. Who pays? 19
6. Research outputs 20
6.1 Academic journal articles 20
6.2 Professional journal articles 22
viii Detailed chapter contents

6.3 Conference papers/presentations 22

6.4 Books 23
6.5 Policy/planning/management reports 23
7. Terminology 25
8. Using this text 26
Summary 26
Test questions 27
Exercises 27
Resources 28
References 29
2 Approaches to leisure and tourism research 33
1. Introduction 33
2. Disciplinary traditions 34
3. Approaches, dimensions, issues, terminology 36
3.1 Ontology, epistemology, methodology 38
3.2 Positivist, post-positivist, interpretive and critical
approaches/paradigms39
3.3 Descriptive, explanatory, evaluative 41
3.4 Quantitative and qualitative research 42
3.5 Pragmatism 44
3.6 Participatory research 44
3.7 Theoretical and applied research 44
3.8 Reflexivity 45
3.9 Experimental and naturalistic methods 46
3.10 Empirical and non-empirical research 47
3.11 Induction and deduction 48
3.12 Objectivity and subjectivity 51
3.13 Primary and secondary data 52
3.14 Self-reported and observed data 52
4. Validity, reliability and trustworthiness 53
Summary 54
Test questions 55
Exercises 55
Resources 56
References 57
3 Starting out – research plans and proposals 63
Introduction: elements of the research process 64
1. Select a topic 65
1.1 Sources of topics 65
1.2 Processes for topic selection 70
1.3 Purpose of research 70
2. Review the literature 73
2.1 Introduction: purposes 73
 Detailed chapter contents ix

2.2 Conducting the review 74

2.3 What discipline? 74
3. Devise conceptual framework 75
3.1 The idea 75
3.2 Explore/explain relationships 77
3.3 Identify/list concepts 78
3.4 Define concepts 79
3.5 Operationalise concepts 79
3.6 Modelling 82
4. Decide research question(s) 82
4.1 Research question, problem or hypothesis? 82
4.2 Specific starting point 84
4.3 Decision-making models 84
4.4 Area of interest 84
4.5 Research questions or objectives? 85
4.6 Primary and secondary questions 85
5. List information requirements 85
6. Decide research strategy 86
6.1 Project elements/stages 86
6.2 Information gathering techniques to be used 86
6.3 Approach to data analysis 87
6.4 Budget 88
6.5 Timetable 88
7. Obtain ethics clearance 89
8. Conduct the research 89
9. Communicate findings 90
10. Store data 90
11. The research process in the real world 91
12. Research proposals 92
12.1 Introduction 92
12.2 Self-generated research proposals 93
12.3 Responsive proposals – briefs and tenders 94
Summary 97
Test questions 98
Exercises 98
Resources 99
References 100
Appendix 3.1: Examples of conceptual frameworks 105
4 Research ethics 109
1. Introduction 109
2. Institutional oversight of research ethics 110
3. Ethics in the research process 111
4. Ethical issues in research 114
4.1 Social benefit 114
x Detailed chapter contents

4.2 Researcher competence 115

4.3 Subjects’ freedom of choice 115
4.4 Subjects’ informed consent 117
4.5 Risk of harm to subjects 120
4.6 Honesty/rigour in analysis, interpretation and reporting 124
4.7 Conflict of interest 126
5. Access to research information 126
Summary 127
Test questions 127
Exercises 127
Resources 128
References 128
5 The range of research methods 131
1. Introduction – horses for courses 132
2. Major research methods 132
2.1 Scholarship 133
2.2 Just thinking 133
2.3 Existing sources – the literature 133
2.4 Existing sources – secondary data 134
2.5 Observation 134
2.6 Qualitative methods 135
2.7 Questionnaire-based surveys 136
2.8 Experimental method 138
2.9 Case study method 138
3. Subsidiary/cross-cutting techniques 138
3.1 Action research 141
3.2 Big data 142
3.3 Conjoint analysis 142
3.4 Content analysis 143
3.5 Coupon surveys/conversion studies 143
3.6 Cross-cultural research 144
3.7 Delphi technique 144
3.8 Discourse analysis 144
3.9 En route/intercept/cordon surveys 144
3.10 Experience sampling method (ESM) 145
3.11 Historical research 146
3.12 Longitudinal studies 146
3.13 Mapping techniques 147
3.14 Media reader/viewer/listener surveys 147
3.15 Meta-analysis 148
3.16 Multiple correspondence/latent class analysis 148
3.17 Netnography 148
3.18 Network analysis 148
 Detailed chapter contents xi

3.19 Panel studies 149

3.20 People meters 150
3.21 Perceptual mapping 150
3.22 Projective techniques 150
3.23 Psychographic/lifestyle research 151
3.24 Q methodology 152
3.25 Quantitative modelling 152
3.26 Repertory grid/laddering 152
3.27 Scales 153
3.28 Scenarios 155
3.29 Time-use surveys 155
3.30 Visitor conversation research 156
3.31 Visual methods 156
3.32 Web-based research 156
4. Multiple methods 156
4.1 Triangulation/mixed methods 157
4.2 Counting heads 158
4.3 Community study as method 159
5. Policy/management-related methods 160
6. Choosing methods 161
6.1 The research question or hypothesis 162
6.2 Previous research 162
6.3 Data availability/access 162
6.4 Resources 163
6.5 Time and timing 163
6.6 Validity, reliability and generalisability 163
6.7 Ethics 163
6.8 Uses/users of the findings 163
Summary 164
Test questions 164
Exercises 165
Resources 165
References 169
6 Reviewing the literature 181
1. Introduction – an essential task 182
2. The value of bibliographies 183
3. Searching: sources of information 183
3.1 Library catalogues 184
3.2 Indexes and databases 185
3.3 Searching the internet 185
3.4 Google Scholar 186
3.5 Published bibliographies 186
3.6 General leisure and tourism publications 186
xii Detailed chapter contents

3.7 Reference lists 187

3.8 Beyond leisure and tourism 187
3.9 Unpublished research 188
4. Obtaining access to material 188
5. Compiling and maintaining a bibliography 189
6. Reviewing the literature 192
6.1 Types of literature review 192
6.2 Reading critically and creatively 197
6.3 Summarising 199
7. Referencing the literature 200
7.1 The purpose of referencing 200
7.2 Recording references 200
8. Referencing and referencing systems 202
8.1 The author/date or Harvard system 202
8.2 Footnote or endnote system 204
8.3 Comparing two systems 206
9. Referencing issues 207
9.1 Second-hand references 207
9.2 Excessive/ambivalent referencing 208
9.3 Latin abbreviations 208
Summary 209
Test questions 209
Exercises 210
Resources 210
References 212

II Data collection 217

7 Secondary data sources 219
1. Introduction – measurement 220
1.1 Measuring leisure and tourism activity 220
1.2 Counting heads 222
2. Introduction to secondary sources 225
2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of using
secondary data 226
2.2 Types of secondary data 227
3. Administrative/management data 227
3.1 Tourist arrivals and departures 227
3.2 Licensing and taxing 228
3.3 Management data 228
4. National leisure participation surveys 229
4.1 The national leisure survey phenomenon 229
4.2 Validity and reliability 233
4.3 Sample size 233
 Detailed chapter contents xiii

4.4 Key questions/specifications 234

4.5 National time-use surveys 236
5. Tourism surveys 237
5.1 International and domestic tourism surveys 237
5.2 Sample size 238
5.3 Definitions 238
6. Economic/industry data 240
6.1 Household expenditure 240
6.2 Satellite accounts 240
7. The population census 241
7.1 The modern population census 241
7.2 Uses of census data 241
8. Documentary sources 243
9. Opportunism 243
Summary 244
Test questions 244
Exercises 244
Resources 245
References 247
8 Observation 251
1. Introduction 252
2. Types and possibilities 253
2.1 Introduction 253
2.2 Children’s play 253
2.3 Informal spaces: counting heads 254
2.4 Informal spaces: spatial/functional patterns of use 254
2.5 Visitor profiles 255
2.6 Deviant behaviour 257
2.7 Mystery shopping 257
2.8 Complementary research 257
2.9 Everyday life 258
2.10 Social behaviour 258
3. Main elements of observational research 259
3.1 Choice of site(s) 259
3.2 Choice of observation point(s) 260
3.3 Choice of observation time-period(s) 260
3.4 Continuous observation or sampling? 260
3.5 Count frequency 261
3.6 What to observe 262
3.7 Division of site into zones 263
3.8 Recording information 263
3.9 Conducting the observation 264
3.10 Analysing data 265
xiv Detailed chapter contents

4. Use of technology 268

4.1 Automatic counters 268
4.2 GPS 269
4.3 Aerial photography 270
4.4 Still photography 270
4.5 Video 270
4.6 Time-lapse photography 270
5. Just looking 271
Summary 271
Test questions 272
Exercises 272
Resources 273
References 274
9 Qualitative methods: introduction and data collection 277
1. Introduction 278
1.1 The nature of qualitative methods 278
1.2 History and development 279
2. Merits, functions, limitations 282
3. The qualitative research process 284
3.1 Sequential vs recursive 284
3.2 Grounded theory 285
4. The range of qualitative methods – introduction 286
5. In-depth interviews 287
5.1 Nature 287
5.2 Purposes and situations 288
5.3 Checklist 288
5.4 The interviewing process 290
5.5 Recording 292
6. Focus groups 292
6.1 Nature 292
6.2 Purposes 292
6.3 Methods 293
7. Participant observation 293
7.1 Nature 293
7.2 Purposes 293
7.3 Methods 294
8. Analysing texts 294
8.1 Nature 294
8.2 Novels and other literature 295
8.3 Mass media coverage 295
8.4 Film 295
8.5 Material culture 296
8.6 Digital sources 296
 Detailed chapter contents xv

9. Biographical research 296

9.1 Nature 296
9.2 Biography/autobiography 296
9.3 Oral history 297
9.4 Memory work 297
9.5 Personal domain histories 297
10. Ethnography 297
11. Validity and reliability, trustworthiness 298
Summary 299
Test questions 299
Exercises 300
Resources 300
References 301
10 Questionnaire surveys: typology, design and coding 309
1. Introduction 310
1.1 Definitions and terminology 311
1.2 Roles 311
1.3 Merits 312
1.4 Limitations 313
1.5 Interviewer-completion or respondent-completion? 315
1.6 Types of questionnaire survey 316
2. The household questionnaire survey 316
2.1 Nature 316
2.2 Conduct 317
2.3 Omnibus surveys 318
2.4 Time-use surveys 319
2.5 National surveys 319
3. The street survey 320
3.1 Nature 320
3.2 Conduct 320
3.3 Quota sampling 321
4. The telephone survey 321
4.1 Nature 321
4.2 Conduct 322
4.3 Representativeness and response levels 323
4.4 National surveys 323
5. The mail survey 324
5.1 Nature 324
5.2 The problem of low response rates 324
5.3 Mail and user/site/visitor survey combos 328
6. E-surveys 328
6.1 Nature and conduct 328
6.2 Advantages and disadvantages 329
xvi Detailed chapter contents

7. User/on-site/visitor surveys 330

7.1 Nature 330
7.2 Conduct 330
7.3 Uses of user surveys 331
7.4 User/site/visitor and mail/e-survey combo 334
8. Captive group surveys 334
8.1 Nature 334
8.2 Conduct 334
9. Questionnaire design 335
9.1 Introduction – research problems and information
requirements335
9.2 Example questionnaires 336
9.3 General design issues 340
9.4 Types of information 343
9.5 Activities/events/places questions 343
9.6 Respondent characteristics 348
9.7 Attitude/opinion questions 348
9.8 Market segments 350
9.9 Ordering of questions and layout of
questionnaires351
10. Coding 353
10.1 Pre-coded questions and open-ended questions 353
10.2 Open-ended questions 354
10.3 Recording coded data 355
11. Validity of questionnaire-based data 358
11.1 Threats to validity 358
11.2 Checking validity 359
12. Conducting questionnaire surveys 361
12.1 Planning fieldwork arrangements 361
12.2 Conducting a pilot survey 364
Summary 365
Test questions 365
Exercises 366
Resources 366
References 367
11 Experimental research 371
1. Introduction 372
2. Principles of experimental research 372
2.1 Components 372
2.2 The classic experimental design 373
3. Validity 374
3.1 Threats to validity 374
3.2 Field experiments versus laboratory experiments 375
 Detailed chapter contents xvii

4. Quasi-experimental designs 375

4.1 Types of quasi-experimental design 375
4.2 Experiments and projects 376
5. Experimental methods in leisure and tourism research 377
5.1 Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) 378
5.2 Policy/management experimental projects 380
5.3 Experimenting with research methods 383
5.4 Psychological/perceptual studies 385
5.5 Sport-related experiments 386
5.6 Children’s play 387
5.7 Other examples 389
Summary 391
Test questions 391
Exercises 391
Resources 392
References 392
12 Case study method 397
1. Introduction 398
2. Definitions 398
2.1 What is the case study method? 398
2.2 What the case study method is not 398
2.3 Scale 399
3. Validity and reliability 400
4. Merits of the case study approach 402
5. Design and conduct of case studies 402
5.1 Defining the unit of analysis 403
5.2 Selecting the case(s) 403
5.3 Data gathering 403
6. Analysis 404
7. Case studies in practice 405
7.1 Case study 12.1: English Life and Leisure 405
7.2 Case study 12.2: Euro Disneyland 406
7.3 Case study 12.3: Nike, advertising and women 407
7.4 Case study 12.4: Leisure, Lifestyle and the New
Middle Class408
Summary 409
Test questions 409
Exercises 409
Resources 410
References 410
13 Sampling: quantitative and qualitative 413
1. Introduction: the idea of sampling 414
2. Samples and populations 414
xviii Detailed chapter contents

3. Representativeness 415
3.1 Random sampling 415
3.2 Sampling for household surveys 415
3.3 Sampling for telephone surveys 416
3.4 Sampling for site/user/visitor surveys 417
3.5 Sampling for street surveys and quota sampling 418
3.6 Sampling for mail surveys 419
3.7 Sampling for e-surveys 419
3.8 Sampling for complex events and destination studies 419
3.9 Sampling/random assignment in experimental research 420
4. Sample size 420
4.1 Level of precision – confidence intervals 421
4.2 Detail of proposed analysis 424
4.3 Budget 425
4.4 Reporting sample size issues 425
4.5 Confidence intervals applied to population estimates 426
4.6 Sample size and small populations 426
5. Weighting 428
6. Sampling for qualitative research 429
Summary 430
Test questions 431
Exercises 431
Resources 432
References 432
Appendix 13.1: Suggested appendix on sample size
and confidence intervals 433

III Data analysis 435

14 Analysing secondary data 437
1. Introduction 437
2. Case studies of secondary data analysis 438
2.1 Income inequality and leisure participation 438
2.2 Estimating demand for a leisure facility 441
2.3 Tourism trend analysis 445
2.4 Facility utilisation 447
2.5 Facility catchment area 449
2.6 Meta-analysis 450
Summary 451
Exercises 451
Resources 452
References 452
15 Analysing qualitative data 455
1. Introduction 456
 Detailed chapter contents xix

1.1 Data collection and analysis 456

1.2 Data storage and confidentiality 457
1.3 Case study example 457
2. Manual methods of analysis 461
2.1 Introduction 461
2.2 Reading 461
2.3 Emergent themes 461
2.4 Mechanics 463
2.5 Analysis 463
3. Qualitative analysis using computer software 465
3.1 Introduction 465
3.2 Interview transcripts 465
4. NVivo 466
4.1 Introduction 466
4.2 Creating a project 467
4.3 Saving 468
4.4 Classifications, attributes and values 468
4.5 Cases and their attributes 469
4.6 Importing documents 469
4.7 Linking individual interviewees/nodes and documents 470
4.8 Setting up a coding system 470
4.9 Maps 472
4.10 Coding text 472
4.11 Project summary 475
4.12 Analysis: coding query 475
4.13 Analysis: matrix coding query 477
Summary 477
Test questions 478
Exercises 478
Resources 479
References 480
16 Analysing quantitative data 481
1. Introduction 482
2. Quantitative data analysis and types of research 482
2.1 Descriptive research 483
2.2 Explanatory research 483
2.3 Evaluative research 484
2.4 Overlaps 484
2.5 Reliability 484
3. Spreadsheet analysis 485
4. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 485
5. Preparation 489
5.1 Cases and variables 489
xx Detailed chapter contents

5.2 Specifying variables 489

5.3 Starting up 494
5.4 Entering information about variables – Variable
View window 496
5.5 Saving work 496
5.6 Entering data – Data View window 496
6. Analysis procedures 497
6.1 Starting an analysis session 497
6.2 Descriptives 498
6.3 Frequencies 500
6.4 Checking for errors 501
6.5 Multiple response 501
6.6 Recode 503
6.7 Mean, median and mode – measures of central tendency 505
6.8 Presenting the results – statistical summary 507
6.9 Crosstabulation 508
6.10 Weighting 510
6.11 Graphics 510
7. The analysis process 515
Summary 515
Test questions 516
Exercises 516
Resources 516
References 517
17 Statistical analysis 519
1. Introduction 520
2. The statistics approach 520
2.1 Probabilistic statements 521
2.2 The normal distribution 521
2.3 Probabilistic statement formats 523
2.4 Significance 524
2.5 The null hypothesis 524
2.6 Dependent and independent variables 525
3. Data types and appropriate statistical tests 526
4. Chi-square 527
4.1 Introduction 527
4.2 Null hypothesis 528
4.3 Procedure 528
4.4 The value of Chi-square 528
4.5 Degrees of freedom 531
4.6 Reporting 531
5. Comparing two means: the t-test 532
5.1 Introduction 532
 Detailed chapter contents xxi

5.2 Paired samples test 533

5.3 Independent samples test 535
6. A number of means: one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA) 536
6.1 Introduction 536
6.2 Variance 537
6.3 ANOVA: analysis of variance 538
7. Factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) 539
7.1 Introduction 539
7.2 Procedure 540
8. Correlation 541
8.1 Introduction 541
8.2 Significance of r: null hypothesis 543
8.3 Procedure 544
9. Linear regression 545
9.1 Introduction 545
9.2 Regression model 545
9.3 Procedure 546
9.4 Non-linear regression 549
10. Multiple regression 550
10.1 Introduction 550
10.2 Procedure 550
10.3 Binary logistic regression analysis and odds ratios 552
10.4 Multi-dimensional scaling 553
11. Cluster, factor, multiple correspondence analysis 553
11.1 Introduction 553
11.2 Factor analysis 553
11.3 Cluster analysis 554
11.4 Multiple correspondence analysis 555
12. In conclusion 556
Summary 557
Test questions and exercises 558
Resources 558
References 559
Appendix 17.1: Details of example data used – variable deatails
and data 560
Appendix 17.2: Statistical formulae 561

IV Communicating results 563

18 Preparing a research report 565
1. Introduction 565
2. Written research reports 566
2.1 Types/styles 566
xxii Detailed chapter contents

2.2 Getting started 566

2.3 Report components 568
2.4 Main body of the report – technical aspects 571
2.5 Main body of the report – structure 576
2.6 Between methods and results 578
2.7 Audiences and style 579
2.8 Report functions: record and narrative 579
2.9 Research reports: conclusions 581
3. Other media 582
3.1 Oral presentations 582
3.2 Use of PowerPoint-type software 583
3.3 Poster presentations 584
4. A final comment 584
Summary 584
Test questions/exercises 585
Resources 585
References 585

Index 587

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 List of figures

1.1 Leisure and tourism 5

1.2 The rational/comprehensive planning/management process 11
2.1 Circular model of the research process 48
3.1 Elements in the research process 65
3.2 Development of a conceptual framework 77
3.3 Concept map example 79
3.4 Example of research programme diagrammatic
representation 88
3.5 Example of research project timetable 89
3.6 The research process in the real world 92
3.7 Concept map and Information needs for a market
research study 106
3.8 Concept map holiday/leisure facility choice 107
3.9 Concept map: performance monitoring 108
3.10 Conceptual framework: customer service
quality study 108
4.1 Example of a consent form 119
5.1 Action research process 141
5.2 A simple network 149
5.3 Repertory grid example 153
5.4 Scenarios for the year 2025: two dimensional 155
5.5 Triangulation 158
6.1 EndNote system 190
6.2 Making sense of the literature 199
8.1 Visitor movement patterns in a museum 256
8.2 Counts of site use 261
8.3 Mapping observed data: use of a park 262
8.4 Flows within a site 263
8.5 Examples of observation recording sheets 264
8.6 Park usage pattern 266
xxiv List of figures

9.1 Sequential and recursive approaches to research 285

9.2 Example of a checklist for in-depth interviewing 289
10.1 Mail survey response pattern 327
10.2 Questionnaire design process 335
10.3 Open-ended vs pre-coded questions – example 341
10.4 Example of range of replies from an open-ended question 342
10.5 Opinion or attitude question formats 349
10.6 Filtering: examples 352
10.7 Coding open-ended questions – example 354
10.8 Completed questionnaire 356
10.9 Data from 15 questionnaires 357
11.1 Classic experimental design 373
11.2 Quasi-experimental designs 376
11.3 Experimental model of policy projects 381
12.1 The case study method: demographic and geographic levels 399
13.1 Normal curve and confidence intervals 422
14.1 Sport participation and income inequality,
European countries, 2013 440
14.2 Sport participation and GDP/head, European countries, 2013 440
14.3 Estimating likely demand for a leisure facility 442
14.4 Tourism trends – quarterly arrivals and moving average 447
14.5 Facility utilisation 448
14.6 Catchment/market area 449
15.1 Circular model of the research process in quantitative
and qualitative contexts 456
15.2 Outline conceptual framework for qualitative study
of activity choice 458
15.3 Developed conceptual framework for qualitative
study of activity choice 462
15.4 ‘Crosstabulation’ of qualitative data 464
15.5 NVivo procedures covered 466
15.6 Create NVivo project – procedure 467
15.7 Cases and attributes – procedure 469
15.8 Setting up a coding system – procedure 471
15.9 Maps – procedure 473
15.10 Coding text – procedure 475
15.11 Activity Choice project summary 475
15.12 Queries – procedure 476
15.13 Matrix coding query – procedure 477
16.1 Survey data: spreadsheet analysis 486
16.2 Questionnaire survey data: steps in spreadsheet analysis 487
16.3 Survey analysis – overview 488
16.4 Blank Variable View and Data View windows 495
16.5 Variable View window with variable names, labels, etc. 496
 List of figures xxv

16.6 Data View window with data from 15 questionnaires 497

16.7 Descriptives procedure and output 498
16.8 Frequencies for one variable 500
16.9 Multiple response – procedure and output 502
16.10 Recode procedures and output 504
16.11 Means procedures and output 506
16.12 Crosstabs – procedures and outputs 508
16.13 Graphics procedures and outputs 512
17.1 Drawing repeated samples and the normal distribution 522
17.2 Dependent and independent variables 526
17.3 Chi-square test: procedure and output 529
17.4 Distribution of Chi-square assuming the null
hypothesis is true 530
17.5 Chi-square and t distributions 533
17.6 Comparing means: t-test: paired samples – procedure
and output 534
17.7 Comparing means: t-test: independent samples –
procedure and output 535
17.8 Comparing ranges of means: procedure and output 536
17.9 Comparing means and variances 537
17.10 One-way analysis of variance – procedure and output 538
17.11 A table of means – procedure and output 539
17.12 Factorial analysis of variance – procedure and output 541
17.13 Relationships between variables 542
17.14 Correlation 543
17.15 Correlation matrix – procedure and output 544
17.16 Regression line 546
17.17 Regression analysis – procedure and output 547
17.18 Regression line: curve estimation – procedure
and output 548
17.19 Regression: curve estimation, non-linear – procedure
and output 549
17.20 Multiple regression – procedure and output 551
17.21 Structural equation modelling 551
17.22 Binary and scale variable graphic 552
17.23 Simple manual factor analysis 554
17.24 Plots of ‘clusters’ 555
17.25 Dendrogram 555
17.26 Multiple Classification Analysis: from Bourdieu’s
diagram of the spaces of social position and lifestyle 556
18.1 Example report contents page 570
18.2 Table and commentaries 575
18.3 Report as narrative – structure 580
 List of tables

1.1 Types of research 7

1.2 Why study research? 9
1.3 Examples of policies, plans and management 11
1.4 Examples of planning/management tasks and
associated research 13
1.5 Who does research? 16
1.6 Managers and research 18
1.7 Who pays? 20
1.8 Research report formats 21
1.9 Refereed journals in leisure and tourism 21
1.10 Examples of article impact (as at July 2017) 22
2.1 Disciplines and examples of research questions 35
2.2 Terminology, approaches, dimensions and issues 37
3.1 Examples of research topics from different sources 66
3.2 Reasons for re-visiting theories/propositions/
observations from the literature 68
3.3 Purposes of research 71
3.4 Roles of the literature in research 73
3.5 Exploration of relationships between concepts – example 78
3.6 Examples of concepts – definition and operationalisation 80
3.7 Examples of operationalisation of concepts 81
3.8 Conceptual framework as quantifiable model 82
3.9 The research question vs the hypothesis 83
3.10 Research strategy components 86
3.11 Research proposal checklist – self-generated research 94
3.12 Research proposal checklist – responsive research 96
4.1 Ethics in the research process 112
4.2 Information for research participants: checklist 118
4.3 Ethics guidelines for anonymous questionnaire-based surveys 120
4.4 Personally identifiable data 123
5.1 The range of major methods 132
5.2 Qualitative data-collection methods 136
5.3 Types of questionnaire-based survey 138
 List of tables xxvii

5.4 Subsidiary, cross-cutting techniques/methods 139

5.5 Examples of psychographic/lifestyle categories 151
5.6 Scales for leisure/tourism-related topics 154
5.7 Multiple methods 157
5.8 Policy/management-related research approaches/techniques 160
5.9 Considerations in selecting a research method 162
6.1 The roles of the literature in research 182
6.2 Sources of information 184
6.3 Specialist reference books 187
6.4 Types of literature review 193
6.5 Questions to ask when reviewing the literature 198
6.6 Standard/generic reference formats 201
6.7 Examples of references 201
6.8 Reference systems: features, advantages, disadvantages 207
7.1 Typology of individual engagement with leisure and tourism 220
7.2 Measuring leisure and tourism activity 221
7.3 Counting heads: sources and methods – leisure 223
7.4 Counting heads: sources and methods – tourism 224
7.5 Advantages and disadvantages of using secondary data 226
7.6 Types of secondary data 227
7.7 Management data 228
7.8 Publications summarising surveys of time-use, leisure
and sport: countries included 230
7.9 Sport participation surveys, Britain and
Australia, 1996–2016 232
7.10 Participation rates in sports, England, 2002, 2008–9 235
7.11 Time use: Britain and Australia 237
7.12 National tourism survey details 239
7.13 Household expenditure survey leisure items 240
7.14 Census data: levels of availability 242
7.15 Census data available 242
7.16 Documentary sources 243
8.1 Types of observational research: quantitative and qualitative 252
8.2 Situations for observational research 253
8.3 Tasks/steps in an observation project 259
8.4 Observed use of a park 266
8.5 Estimating visit numbers from count data 267
8.6 Type of technology 268
9.1 Qualitative methods: summary 286
9.2 Questions, responses and interview types 287
9.3 Interviewing interventions – based on Whyte (1982) 291
10.1 Use of questionnaire surveys compared with other
methods – examples 313
10.2 Interviewer-completion compared with respondent-completion 315
10.3 Types of questionnaire survey – characteristics 317
10.4 Factors affecting mail survey response 324
10.5 Mail survey follow-ups 326
xxviii List of tables

10.6 Types of e-survey 329

10.7 Question-wording: examples of good and bad practice 340
10.8 Range of information in leisure/tourism questionnaires 344
10.9 Attendance at arts events, England, 2003 346
10.10 Respondent characteristics 348
10.11 Questionnaire surveys: threats to validity 358
10.12 Fieldwork planning tasks 361
10.13 Pilot survey purposes 364
11.1 Threats to validity of experiments 374
11.2 Types and contexts of experiments in leisure and
tourism research 377
11.3 National park alternative management, social
and resource conditions, examples 379
12.1 Case study research: theory and policy 401
13.1 Confidence intervals related to sample size 423
13.2 Necessary sample sizes to achieve given confidence intervals 424
13.3 Confidence intervals applied to visit numbers 427
13.4 Sample size and population size: small populations 427
13.5 Interview/usage data from a site/visitor survey 428
13.6 Weighting 428
13.7 Selected qualitative sampling methods 430
14.1 Sport participation, income inequality and GDP/head,
European countries, 2013 439
14.2 Cinema attendance by age 443
14.3 Study town and national age structure compared 443
14.4 Estimating demand for cinema attendance 444
14.5 Tourist arrivals 2004–9 446
14.6 Facility utilisation data 448
15.1 Interview transcript extracts 458
15.2 Attributes – procedure 468
15.3 Importing internal documents – procedure 470
15.4 Linking documents and cases – procedure 470
16.1 Research types and analytical procedures 482
16.2 Variable names, labels and values 490
16.3 Starting a SPSS Statistics session 495
16.4 Starting a SPSS analysis session 498
16.5 Campus Life Survey 2010: statistical summary 507
16.6 Data types and graphics (* Grouped) 511
17.1 Types of data and statistical test 527
17.2 Alternative expressions of hypotheses 528
17.3 Presentation of Chi-square test results 531
18.1 Types of research report 567
18.2 Report style and components 569
18.3 Main body of report: technical aspects 571
18.4 Dot-point list example 572
18.5 Conventional academic article structure 577
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 I n tE rest
S he C hem
M aT tins.

It appears that this forms an acrostic, and is connected with some

kind of competition in the weekly papers. The two first words have
not been successfully identified, the four last have. All we saw on our
half-sheet was the non-significant termination of the last four words. I
took it to Lees-Jones—you remember Lees-Jones, our Acrostic
expert?—and he said it would have been very difficult to reconstruct
the original acrostic from these indications. Your critical faculty will
not fail to be delighted by the mistake we made in reading “rest” as
“vest,” simply because it came next to the word “socks,” which set up
a train of mental association.
It appears that Davenant used to toy with this peculiar sport, and
Miss Rendall-Smith occasionally helped him. On the Sunday before
the murder she sent him the answer, as far as she could decipher it,
on a full sheet of note-paper, and he tore off half of this when he
wanted to write the cipher message to Brotherhood. The writing was
Miss Rendall-Smith’s own, and I fancy it was purely through that,
with the help of the Post Office, that the police got on her track.
The sleeper-coupon was the most misleading clue of all. It
appears certain that Brotherhood himself did not know of his
impending bankruptcy when he applied for it, and merely intended a
business visit to Glasgow; indeed, he was expected there. The
correction was quite a genuine one, necessitated by an error on the
part of the clerk. And that, I think, finishes the list of enigmas. It was,
of course, Miss Rendall-Smith who sent the other wreath. And it was
Marryatt (I found out by tactful questioning) who took the copy of
Momerie from Reeves’ shelves—he was looking for material for his
evening sermon.
The only problem that remains to me is this—Do we really know in
full the part which Miss Rendall-Smith plays in the story? Davenant’s
excessive anxiety to keep her out of the whole business looks to me,
I confess, suspicious. But I know how you distrust theories; and
perhaps since Davenant was content to die in silence it would be
ungenerous to probe further. The police, certainly, have made no
attempt to do so. Reeves has never called on Miss R.-S., or heard
from her.
Reeves himself, meanwhile, is entirely changed for the better. He
has forsworn detective work, and succeeded in doing the ninth in
four. The other day I actually heard him start a sentence with the
words “When I was a limpet in the War Office,” so I think there is
hope for him yet. I call him “Mordaunt Reeves, the Converted
Detective.”
I hope you will excuse my typewriting this letter; its inordinate
length must be my apology. I hope we shall see you here again
before long, and have less stirring times together. My wife wishes to
be remembered to you very kindly; her rheumatism has almost
disappeared.
Yours sincerely,
William Carmichael
 Endnote
¹ To the Reader—This chapter may be omitted if the book be thought too long. ↩︎
 Transcriber’s Notes
This transcription follows the text of the edition published by Simon
and Schuster, Inc. in 1926. The following alterations have been
made to correct what are believed to be unambiguous errors in the
text:

“circumstancs” has been changed to “circumstance” (Chapter

VII);
“Reeve’s” has been changed to “Reeves’ ” (Chapter XII);
“they’d thing it was” has been changed to “they’d think it was”
(Chapter XVI);
“Marrayyatt’s” has been changed to “Marrayatt’s” (Chapter XXI);
“Oatville” has been changed to “Oatvile” (Chapter XXIII);
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE VIADUCT
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