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 (a) Lycurgus.

E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
3100-3102 (3018-3020).

C. H. Hanson:
The Land of Greece,
3103 (3021).

(b) Draco.

G. Grote:
History of Greece,
153 (146).

(c) Solon.

C. F. Hermann:
Political Antiquities of Greece,
155 (148).

W. Wachsmuth:
Historical Antiquities of the Greeks,
155-156 (148-149).

G. Grote:
History of Greeks,
673 (649-650).

6. THE RISE OF ATHENS:

E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
194-195 (187-188).
 Thucydides:
History,
151-153 (144-146).

W. W. Leake:
Topography of Athens,
151 (144).
See Maps, 152 (145).

E. Bulwer-Lytton:
Athens, 154 (147).

7. THE PISISTRATIDÆ AND CONSTITUTION OF CLEISTHENES

(560-507 B. C.):

E. Abbott:
History of Greece,
156 (149).

C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
156-157 (149-50).

8. CONTEST WITH SPARTA FOR SUPREMACY

(509-506 B. C.):

C. H. Hanson:
The Land of Greece,
3102 (3021).

C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
156-157 (149-150).

C. W. Cox:
The Greeks and Persians,
157 (150).
9. THE IONIAN REVOLT AND PERSIAN WARS
(B. C. 500-479):

(a) In General.

Herodotus:
Story of the Persian War,
1607-1608 (1569-1570).

P. Smith:
Ancient History of the East,
2579 (2512).

P. Smith:
History of the World, 1609 (1571).

L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
157-159 (150-152).

G. Rawlinson:
Ancient History,
2580 (2513).

(b) Marathon.

G. Grote:
History of Greece,
1609 (1571).

E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1609-1610 (1571-1572).

(c) Thermopylae.
 Herodotus:
History,
1610-1611 (1572-1573).

B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
160-161 (153-154).

(d) Platæa and Mycale.

Herodotus:
History,
1612, 1613 (1574, 1575).

E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1613 (1575).

B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
160-161 (153-154).

10. THE CONFEDERACY OF DELOS AND END OF PERSIAN WARS

(B. C. 477-461):

G. W. Cox:
History of Greece.
1613 (1575).

W. W. Lloyd:
The Age of Pericles,
1614 (1576).

T. Keightley:
History of Greece,
164 (157).
 J. Fiske:
Greek Federations,
1137 (1109).

11. POLITICAL RESULTS OF PERSIAN WARS:

G. Grote:
History of Greece,
163 (155-156).

Aristotle:
Constitution of Athens,
163-164 (156-157).

"None of these men were enervated by wealth or hesitated to

resign the pleasures of life. … And when the moment came they
were minded to resist and suffer, rather than to fly and save
their lives; they ran away from the word of dishonor, but on
the battlefield their feet stood fast, and in an instant, at
the height of their fortune, they passed away from the scene,
not of their fear, but of their glory. Such was the end of
these men; they were worthy of Athens; and the living may not
desire to have a more heroic spirit although they may pray for
a less fatal issue. … The sacrifice which they collectively
made was individually repaid to them; for they received again
each one for himself a praise which grows not old, and the
noblest of all sepulchers—I speak not of that in which their
remains are laid, but of that in which their glory survives,
and is proclaimed always and on every fitting occasion both in
word and deed. For the whole earth is the sepulcher of famous
men; not only are they commemorated by columns and
inscriptions in their own country, but in foreign lands there
dwells also an unwritten memorial of them, graven not on
stone, but in the hearts of men."

From the Funeral Oration of Pericles,

pages 175-178 (168-171).
STUDY IX.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE.

"To Greece we owe the love of Science, the love of Art, the
love of Freedom; not Science alone, Art alone, or Freedom
alone, but these vitally correlated with one another and
brought into organic union. And in this union we recognize the
distinctive features of the West. The Greek genius is the
European genius in its first and brightest bloom. From a
vivifying contact with the Greek spirit Europe derived that
new and mighty impulse which we call Progress."
S. H. BUTCHER.

I. ATHENS AFTER THE PERSIAN WARS:

(a) The Rebuilding of the City.

E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
161-152 (154-155).

J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1022-1023 (994-995).

(b) The Enlargement of the Democracy.

G. Grote:
History of Greece,
162-163 (155-156).

{743}

Aristotle:
 The Constitution of Athens,
163-164 (156-157).

A. J. Grant:
The Age of Pericles,
1615 (1577).

C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
132 (125).

(c) Quarrels with Sparta.

C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
165-166 (158-159).

C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
166-167 (159-160).

A. J. Grant:
Age of Pericles,
1614 (1576).

E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1615-1616 (1577-1578).

2. THE RISE OF PERICLES

(B. C. 466-429):

C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
165-166 (158-159).

A. J. Grant:
 The Age of Pericles,
1615 (1577).

3. THE AGE OF PERICLES

(B. C. 445-429):

(a) The Splendor of Athens.

E. Abbott:
Pericles,
167-168 (160-161).

E. Bulwer-Lytton:
Athens,
168 (161).

(b) Art and the Domestic Life.

E. E. Viollet-le-Duc:
Habitations of Man in All Ages,
168-169 (161-162).

R. C. Jebb:
Influence of Classical Greek Poetry,
1676 (1637).

(c) Education and Literature.

Plato:
Protagoras,
701 (678).

Aristotle:
Politics,
702 (679).

J. P. Mahaffy:
Old Greek Education,
702-703 (679-680).

O. Browning:
Educational Theories,
703 (680).

J. A. St. John:
The Hellenes,
703-704 (680-681).

F. B. Jevons:
History of Greek Literature,
1676-1677 (1637-1638).

S. H. Butcher:
Some Aspects of Greek Genius,
1675 (1636).

(d) Law and its Administration.

Sir H. S. Maine:
Ancient Law,
170 (163).

J. P. Mahaffy:
Social Life in Greece,
170-171 (163-164).

(e) The Political Life.

E. A. Freeman:
Athenian Democracy,
172 (165).

E. A. Freeman:
Comparative Politics,
 171-172 (164-165).

S. H. Butcher:
Some Aspects of Greek Genius,
172 (165).

J. S. Blackie:
What does History Teach,
173 (166).

Pericles:
Funeral Oration,
175-178 (168-171).

4. THE GREAT PLAGUE AND DEATH OF PERICLES

(B.C. 430-429):

Thucydides:
History,
178 (171).

5. THE RISE OF THE DEMAGOGUES

(429-421 B. C.):

E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
178-179 (171-172).

E. A. Freeman:
Historical Essays,
179 (172).

6. SOCRATES AS SOLDIER AND CITIZEN:

F. J. Church:
Trial and Death of Socrates,
179-180 (172-173).
 E. Zeller:
Socrates,
705-706 (682-683).

7. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR (B. C. 431-404):

(a) First Period (431-421) to Peace of Nicias:

Thucydides:
History,
1620 (1582).

W. Mitford:
History of Greece,
1620-1621 (1582-1583).

C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
1622 (1584).

T. Timayenis:
History of Greece,
1623-1924 (1585-1586).

C. W. C. Oman:
History of Greece,
181 (174).

E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
181 (174).

J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1023 (995).
(b) Alcibiades; The Sicilian Expedition
(B. C. 415-413):

B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
1624-1625 (1586-1587).

Y. Duruy:
History of Greek People,
182 (175).

E. A. Freeman:
Story of Sicily,
182-183 (175-176).

E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1625-1627 (1587-15899).

T. N. Talfourd:
History of Greece,
1629 (1591).

W. Wachsmuth:
Antiquities of the Greeks,
184-185 (177-178).

E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
185 (178).

(c) Battle of Ægospotami; Overthrow of Athens

(405 B. C.).

G. Grote:
History of Greece,
185 (178).
 G. W. Cox:
Athenian Empire,
1629-1630 (1591-1592).

8. THE OVERTHROW OF DEMOCRACY:

E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
185-186 (178-179).

9. EXPEDITION OF CYRUS; RETREAT OF THE "TEN THOUSAND"

(B. C. 401-400):

E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
2581 (2514).

10. THE SUPREMACY OF THEBES

(B. C. 379-362):

E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1631-1632 (1593-1594).

Xenophon:
Hellenica,
1632 (1594).

C. Sankey:
The Spartan and Theban Supremacies,
1632-1634 (1594-1596).

11. CHÆRONEA; END OF GREEK INDEPENDENCE

(B. C. 338):

B. G. Niebuhr:
 Ancient History,
1634-1636 (1596-1598).

W. W. Fowler:
The City State,
186-187 (179-180).

P. Gardner:
Greek History,
189, first column, (182).

12. HELLENIC GENIUS, CULTURE, AND INFLUENCE:

The Funeral Oration of Pericles,

175-178 (168-171).

P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
189-190 (182-183).

J. P. Mahaffy:
Greek Life and Thought,
188, 189, 706 (181, 182, 683).

T. Davidson:
Aristotle,
704 and 705 (681, 682).

J. P. Mahaffy:
Old Greek Education,
702-703 (679-680).

O. Browning:
Educational Theories,
703 (680).

The Nation:
Free Schools in Greece,
705 (682).

W. W. Capes:
University Life in Ancient Athens,
706-707 (683-684).

S. H. Butcher:
Some Aspects of Greek Genius,
1675 (1636).

R. C. Jebb:
Growth and Influence of Classical Greek Poetry,
1675-1676 (1636-1637).

F. B. Jevons:
History of Greek Literature,
1676-1677 (1637-1638).

J. P. Mahaffy:
The Greek World under Roman Sway,
1680 (1641).

L. E. Upcott:
Introduction to Greek Sculpture,
2956-2957.

J. A. St. John:
The Hellenes,
1657 (1819).

W. M. Leake:
Topography of Athens,
1657 (1619).

W. W. Capes:
University Life in Ancient Athens,
 5 (5).

T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1679 second column, (1640).

"So long as Greece was free and the spirit of freedom animated
the Greeks, so long their literature was creative and genius
marked it. When liberty perished, literature declined. The
field of Chæronea was fatal alike to the political liberty and
to the literature of Greece."
F. B. JEVONS.

{744}

STUDY X.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

THE CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

1. MACEDONIA AND ITS EARLY HISTORY:

G. Grote:
History of Greece,
2101 (2057).

P. Smith:
Ancient History of East,
2579 (2512).

G. Grote:
History of Greece,
1631 (1593).
2. RISE AND CAREER OF PHILIP OF MACEDON
(B. C. 359-336):

C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
1634 (1596).

B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
1634-1636 (1596-1598).

E. Curtius:
History of Greece,
1636 (1598).

W. W. Fowler:
The City-State,
186-187 (179-180).

A. H. L. Heeren:
Politics of Ancient Greece,
188 (181).

"No alliance could save Greece from the Macedonian power, as

subsequent events plainly showed. What was needed was a real
federal union between the leading states, with a strong
central controlling force; and Demosthenes’ policy was
hopeless just because Athens could never be the center of such
a union, nor could any other city. Demosthenes is thus the
last, and in some respects the most heroic champion of the old
Greek instinct for autonomy. He is the true child of the
City-State, but the child of its old age and decrepitude."
W. W. FOWLER.

3. THE CAREER OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT

(B. C. 336-323):
 L. von Ranke:
Universal History,
1637 (1599).

J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
2102-2103 (2058-2059).

C. A. Fyffe:
History of Greece,
2103 (2059).

E. A. Freeman:
Alexander,
2103-2104 (2059-2060).

J. T. Wheeler:
History of India,
1742-1743 (1703-1704).

See Maps,
2106-2107 (2062-2063).

4. THE EFFECTS OF THE MACEDONIAN CONQUESTS:

E. Zeller:
Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics,
188 (181).

J. P. Mahaffy:
Greek Life and Thought,
188-189 (181-182).

P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
189-190 (182-183).
 J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
1640, first column, (1602).

F. B. Jevons:
History of Greek Literature,
1676-1677 (1637-1638).

R. S. Poole:
Cities of Egypt,
44 (37).

J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
44-45 (37-38).

J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1023-1024 (995-996).

5. The Division of Alexander’s Empire:

(a) Preliminary Struggles to Battle of Ipsus

(B.C. 323-301).

J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
1639-1640 (1601-1602).

T. Keightley:
History of Greece,
1637-1639 (1599-1601).

A. H. L. Heeren:
Ancient History,
2104 (2060).
W. C. Taylor:
Ancient History,
2104-2105 (2060-2061).

T. T. Timayenis:
History of Greece,
2105-2016 (2061-2062).

C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2106-2107 (2062-2063).

(b) The Seleucidæ.

G. Rawlinson:
Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,
2960 (2883).

C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
2960 (2883).

B. G. Niebuhr:
Ancient History,
2960-2961 (2883-2884).

P. Smith:
History of the World,
2961-2963 (2884-2886).

E. Gibbon:
Decline and Fall of Roman Empire,
2959-2960 (2882-2883).

(c) The Ptolemies.

S. Sharpe:
 History of Egypt,
785 (758).

P. Gardner:
New Chapters in Greek History,
785-786 (758-759).

J. H. Newman:
Historical Sketches,
707-708 (684-685).

J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
44-45 (37-38).

6. THE ACHAIAN LEAGUE (E. C. 280-146):

E. A. Freeman:
Federal Government,
1640-1641 (1602-1603).

E. A. Freeman:
Federal Government,
1136 (1108).

John Fiske:
American Political Ideas,
1137 (1109).

7. THE GALLIC INVASION

(B. C. 280-279):

C. Merivale:
History of the Romans,
1448-1449 (1415-1416).
 C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
1449 (1416).

J. P. Mahaffy:
Story of Alexander’s Empire,
1442 (1409).

8. THE ROMAN CONQUEST (B. C. 214-146):

C. Thirlwall:
History of Greece,
1641 (1603).

T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
191 (184).

E. S. Shuckburgh:
History of Rome,
2752-2753 (2678-2679).

R. C. Jebb:
Influence of Classical Greek Poetry,
1678 (1639).

T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
1680 (1641).

"So too it was with Greece. As a people she ceased to be. When
her freedom was overthrown at Chæronea, the page of her
history was to all appearance closed. Yet from that moment
'she was to enter on a larger life and on universal empire. …
As Alexander passed conquering through Asia, he restored to
the East, as garnered grain, that Greek civilization whose
seeds had long ago been received from the East. Each conqueror
 in turn, the Macedonian and the Roman, bowed before conquered
Greece and learnt lessons at her feet. To the modern world too
Greece has been the great civilizer, the œcumenical teacher,
the disturber and regenerator of slumbering societies. She is
the source of most of the quickening ideas which remake
nations and renovate literature and art. If we reckon up our
secular possessions, the wealth and heritage of the past, the
large share may be traced back to Greece. One half of life she
has made her domain,—all, or well-nigh all, that belongs to
the present order of things, and to the visible world.

S. H. Butcher:
Some Aspects of Greek Genius,
page 1675 (1636).

STUDY XI.
Page references in first 1895 edition in parentheses.

RISE OF ROME AND CONQUEST OF THE WORLD.

1. ORIGIN OF THE ROMAN PEOPLE:

C. F. Keary:
Dawn of History,
144-145 (137-138).

T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
37-38, 1844-1845, 2731 (30-31, 1804-1805, 2657).

A. Tighe:
Roman Constitution,
1455-1456 (1422-1423).

H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
 1456 (1423).

F. de Coulanges:
The Ancient City,
2731 (2657).

E. A. Freeman:
European History,
2731-2732 (2658).

J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1024 (996).

H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2861 (2787).

Padre de Cara:
Civilità Cattolica,
1845 (1805).

Appendix A,
3793-3794 (End Volume I.).

2. LATIUM AND THE LATIN NAME:

T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
37-38, 1998 (30-31, 1954).

T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
1997-1998 (1953-1954).

3. THE FOUNDING OF ROME, AND ITS CIVILIZATION

(B. C. 753-):
 Sir H. Nicholas:
Chronology of History,
2734 (2660).

E. A. Freeman:
European History,
2731-2732 (2658).

Goldwin Smith:
Greatness of the Romans,
2733 (2659).

G. A Simcox:
History of Latin Literature,
2734 (2660).

{745}

4. THE PATRICIANS AND PLEBS:

E. A. Freeman:
European History,
2732 (2658).

A. Tighe:
The Roman Constitution,
505 (491).

F. de Coulanges:
The Ancient City,
2738 (2664).

5. ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:

(a) The King.

Sir G. C. Lewis:
Early Roman History,
2734-2735 (2660-2661).

W. W. Fowler:
The City-State,
2735 (2661).

H. F. Pelham,
Roman History,
2735-2736 (2661-2662).

(b) The Comitia Curiata, Comitia Centuriata,

and Comitia Tributa.

A. Tighe:
The Roman Constitution,
504, 505 (490, 491).

H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).

W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).

(c) The Senate.

A. Tighe:
The Roman Constitution,
2971 (2894).

H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2971-2972 (2894-2895).
 (d) The Consuls and Prætors.

T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2737 (2663).

A. Tighe:
Roman Constitution,
633-634 (610-11).

W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
634, 2744 (611, 2670).

(e) The Censors.

T. Arnold:
History of Rome,
412 (402-403).

(f) The Tribunes.

R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2737-2738, 2739 (2663-2664, 2665).

W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
634, 2738, 2739 (611, 2664, 2665).

F. de Coulanges:
The Ancient City,
2738 (2664).

6. THE LEGENDARY PERIOD OF THE KINGS

(B. C. 753-510):
 Sir G. C. Lewis:
Early Roman History,
2734-2735 (2660-2661).

T. Livy:
History of Rome,
2735 (2661).

H. F. Pelham:
Roman History,
2735-2736 (2661-2662).

A. J. Church:
Stories from Livy,
2736-2737 (2662-2663).

7. RISE OF THE REPUBLIC

(B. C. 509-):

(a) Struggle between Patricians and Plebeians

(B. C. 509-286).

R. F. Horton:
History of Romans,
2738 (2664).

F. de Coulanges:
Ancient City,
2738 (2664).

J. Hadley:
Introduction to Roman Law,
673 (650).

J. L. Strachan-Davidson:
Plebeian Privilege at Rome,
2740 (2666).
J. N. Larned:
Europe,
1025 (997).

(b) Laws establishing Privileges of the People.

(1) The Valerian Laws (B. C. 509).

T. Mommsen:
History of Rome,
2737 (2663).

W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2737 (2663).

(2) The Publilian Laws

(B. C. 472).

H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).

W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2739 (2665).

(3) The Icilian Law

(B. C. 456).

J. L. Strachan-Davidson:
Plebeian Privilege at Rome,
2740 (2666).

(4) The Terentilian Law and The Twelve Tables

(B. C. 451-449)
W. Ihne:
History of Rome,
2740-2741 (2666-2667).

H. S. Maine:
Ancient Law,
2741 (2667).

(5) The Valerio-Horatian Laws

(B. C. 440).

H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2741 (2667).

(6)
The Canuleian Law
(B. C. 445).

V. Duruy:
History of Rome,
2741-2742 (2667-2668).

(7) The Licinian Laws

(B. C. 376-367).

H. G. Liddell:
History of Rome,
2743 (2669).

A. Stephenson:
Agrarian Laws of Roman Republic,
2743-2744 (2669-2670).

(8) The Publilian Laws

(B. C. 340).