This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D3213 − 19

Standard Practices for

Handling, Storing, and Preparing Soft Intact Marine Soil1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical

1.1 These practices cover methods for project/cruise Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
reporting, and handling, transporting and storing soft cohesive
2. Referenced Documents
intact marine soil. Procedures for preparing soil specimens for
triaxial strength, and consolidation testing are also presented. 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.2 These practices may include the handling and transport-
Fluids
ing of sediment specimens contaminated with hazardous ma-
D1587/D1587M Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of
terials and samples subject to quarantine regulations.
Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical Purposes
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as D2435/D2435M Test Methods for One-Dimensional Con-
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for solidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as (Visual-Manual Procedures)
nonconformance with this standard. D2850 Test Method for Unconsolidated-Undrained Triaxial
1.4 These practices offer a set of instructions for performing Compression Test on Cohesive Soils
one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
education or experience and should be used in conjunction Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
with professional judgment. Not all aspects of these practices Used in Engineering Design and Construction
may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is D4186/D4186M Test Method for One-Dimensional Consoli-
not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by dation Properties of Saturated Cohesive Soils Using
which the adequacy of a given professional service must be Controlled-Strain Loading
judged, nor should this document be applied without consid- D4220/D4220M Practices for Preserving and Transporting
eration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Stan- Soil Samples
dard” in the title means only that the document has been D4452 Practice for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samples
approved through the ASTM consensus process. D4648/D4648M Test Methods for Laboratory Miniature
Vane Shear Test for SaturatedFine-Grained Clayey Soil
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the D8121/D8121M Test Method for Approximating the Shear
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Strength of Cohesive Soils by the Handheld Vane Shear
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Device
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3. Terminology
Specific precautionary statements are given in Sections 1, 2
and 7. 3.1 Definitions—The definitions of terms used in these
practices shall be in accordance with Terminology D653.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4. Summary of Practice
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 4.1 Procedures are presented for handling, transporting,
storing, and preparing very soft and soft, fine-grained marine
sediment specimens that minimize disturbance to the test
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling and
2
Related Field Testing for Soil Evaluations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2019. Published February 2019. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D3213 – 13ɛ1. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D3213-19. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 D3213 − 19
specimen from the time it is initially sampled at sea to the time reader is referred to papers by Johns, et al.,4 and Lee.5
it is placed in a testing device in the laboratory.
6. Apparatus
5. Significance and Use 6.1 Coring Device, capable of obtaining high-quality soil
specimens, including related shipboard equipment such as
5.1 Disturbance imparted to sediments after sampling can
cable and winch. Typical coring devices used in industry are
significantly affect some geotechnical properties. Careful prac-
the wireline push or piston samplers.6
tices need to be followed to minimize soil fabric changes
caused from handling, transporting, storing, and preparing NOTE 5—Some sampling devices, for example, box corers, obtain
sediment specimens for testing. samples of a size or shape that are difficult to preserve. Such cores can be
subsampled aboard ship by pushing a thin-walled sampler into the larger
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is size core. This method can produce samples from soils obtained near the
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the seafloor. The subsamples can then be handled and stored according to
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the these practices.
criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
and objective testing/sampling/inspection, etc. Users of this standard are 6.1.1 Metal or Plastic Liners or Barrels (Pipe or Thin-
cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure Walled Tubes), the soil will be obtained or stored within, or
reliable results. Reliable results depend on may factors; Practice D3740 both. Short sections of the liner, sharpened on one end, may
provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
also be used to subsample larger sized cores (see Note 5). It is
5.2 The practices presented in this document should be used important to note that liners constructed of cellulose acetate
with soil that has a very soft or soft shear strength (undrained butyrate (CAB) plastic are pervious to water. Polycarbonate is
shear strength less than 25 kPa (3.6 psi)) consistency. nearly impervious and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is impervious
to water migration.
NOTE 2—Some soils that are obtained at or just below the seafloor
quickly deform under their own weight if left unsupported. This type of 6.2 Equipment Required on Board Ship to Seal and Store
behavior presents special problems for some types of testing. Special Soil Samples:
handling and preparation procedures are required under those circum- 6.2.1 Identification Material—This includes the necessary
stances. Tests, such as the handheld vane (D4648/D4648M) or miniature
vane (D8121/D8121M), are sometimes performed at sea to minimize the writing pens, tags, and labels to properly identify the
effect of storage time and handling on soil properties. An undrained shear sample(s).
strength of less than 25 kPa was selected based on Terzaghi and Peck.3 6.2.2 Caps, either plastic, rubber, or metal, to be placed over
They defined a soft saturated clay as having an undrained shear strength the end of thin-walled tubes, liners and rings, and sealed with
less than 25 kPa. tape or wax, or both.
5.3 These practices shall apply to specimens of naturally 6.2.3 Packers, or add wax to top and bottom of core to seal
formed marine soil (that may or may not be fragile or highly the ends of samples within thin-walled tubes.
sensitive) that will be used for density determination, NOTE 6—Plastic expandable packers are preferred. Metal expandable
consolidation, permeability testing or shear strength testing packers seal equally well; however, long-term storage using metal
with or without stress-strain properties and volume change expandable packers may cause corrosion problems.
measurements (see Note 3). In addition, dynamic and cyclic 6.2.4 Filler Material, used to occupy the voids at the top
testing can also be performed on the sample. and bottom of the sediment container. The material must be
NOTE 3—To help evaluate disturbance, X-Ray Radiography has proven slightly smaller than the inside dimensions of the container and
helpful, refer to Practice D4452. must be a light-weight, non-absorbing, nearly incompressible
substance. For example, wooden disks of various thicknesses
5.4 These practices apply to fine-grained soils that do not
that have been coated with a waterproofing material can be
allow the rapid drainage of pore water. Although many of the
used.
procedures can apply to coarser-grained soils, drainage may
6.2.5 Tape, either waterproof electrical or duct tape.
occur rapidly enough to warrant special handling procedures
6.2.6 Cheesecloth or Aluminum Foil, to be used in conjunc-
not covered in these practices.
tion with wax for block sample.
5.5 These practices apply primarily to soil specimens that 6.2.7 Sealing Wax, non-shrinking, non-cracking wax, in-
are obtained in thin-walled or similar coring devices that cludes microcrystalline wax, beeswax, ceresine, carnauba wax,
produce high-quality cores or that are obtained by pushing a or combination thereof.
thin-walled tube into cores taken with another sampling device. NOTE 7—The wax must be able to adhere to the container and be ductile
5.6 These practices can be used in conjunction with soils enough not to chip or flake off during handling at cold temperatures.
containing gas, however, more specialized procedures and
equipment that are not covered in these practices have been 4
Johns, M. W., Taylor, E., and Bryant, W. R., “Geotechnical Sampling and
developed for use with such materials. Testing of Gas-Charged Marine Sediments at In Situ Pressures,” Geo-Marine
Letters, Vol 2, 1982, pp. 231–236.
NOTE 4—For information on handling gas charged sediments, the 5
Lee, H. J., “State of the Art: Laboratory Determination of the Strength of
Marine Soils,” Strength Testing of Marine Sediments, ASTM STP 883, ASTM,
1985, pp. 181–250.
6
Noorany, I., “Underwater Soil Sampling and Testing: A State of the Art
3
Terzaghi, K. and Peck, R. B., Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, 2nd ed., Review”, Underwater Soil Sampling, Testing, and Construction Control, ASTM
Wiley, 1967, p. 729. STP 501, ASTM, 1972, pp. 3–41.

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Microcrystalline wax alone or in combination with other waxes has been 6.5.2 Thin-Walled Piston Subsampler, used to obtain triaxial
shown to be satisfactory in sealing the ends of cores stored at low test specimens from soil that quickly deforms under its own
temperatures.
weight if left unsupported (see Fig. 1).
6.2.8 Plastic Wrap, used to prevent the wax from adhering
NOTE 11—To minimize soil disturbance, the sampler wall thickness
to other objects and providing additional protection against soil should be the thinnest possible that will adequately obtain a test specimen.
moisture loss. The area ratio (see Note 10) should be less than 10 % and the inside
6.2.9 Core Storage Boxes. clearance ratio (refer to Practice D1587/D1587M) should be zero.
6.2.10 Rope, Cord, or Chains, used to immobilize
containers, boxes, or other core storage fixtures aboard ship. 7. Hazards
6.2.11 Shipboard Refrigeration Equipment, when 7.1 Preserving and transporting soil samples may involve
geochemical, or gas-charged sediments are present or other personnel contact with hazardous materials, operations, and
special use. Refrigeration may not be needed under some equipment. It is the responsibility of whoever uses these
circumstances, such as coring in shallow water in the tropics. practices to consult and establish appropriate safety and health
practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory
6.3 Equipment for Transporting Cores, used from the ship
limitations and requirements prior to use.
to a shore-based laboratory facility.
6.3.1 Packing—Material to protect against vibration and 7.2 Special instructions, descriptions, and marking of con-
shock, includes foam rubber. tainers must accompany and be affixed to any sample container
6.3.2 Insulation, if refrigeration is not used, either granule that may include radioactive material, toxic chemicals, or other
(bead) sheet, or foam type, to resist temperature change of soil hazardous materials.
or to prevent freezing. 7.3 International or interstate transportation, containment,
6.3.3 Shipping Containers, either box or cylindrical type storage, and disposal of soil samples obtained from certain
and of proper construction to protect against vibration, shock, areas within or between countries may be subject to regulations
and other adverse conditions. Refer to Practices D4220/ established by both the source and destination countries and/or
D4220M. local agencies.
NOTE 8—The length, girth, and weight restrictions for commercial NOTE 12—For example, transportation of soil samples from certain
transportation must be considered. areas of the United States and foreign soils into or through the United
States are subject to regulations established by the U.S. Department of
6.4 Equipment for Storing Cores, used at the shore-based Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection
laboratory facility. and Quarantine Programs, and possibly to regulations of other federal,
6.4.1 Refrigeration Unit, capable of maintaining a tempera- state, or local agencies. Wooden boxes used to transport core samples may
be subject to similar regulations.
ture close to the in situ condition, see 6.2.11.
6.4.2 Core Storage Boxes or Racks, capable of supporting
all cores in the same, typically near-vertical, orientation in
which they were obtained.
NOTE 9—An environment that is close to 100 % relative humidity may
be required to minimize sediment water loss during storage of samples
obtained within cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) liners unless they are
totally coated with impervious wax and plastic wrap. Other liner materials,
such as polycarbonate or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) may be more suitable
for sample storage because of their low water transmissibility.
6.5 Equipment for Preparing Specimens, used for laboratory
testing.
6.5.1 Thin-Walled Rings, made of stainless steel or other
noncorrosive metal or material, used to obtain samples for
consolidation or permeability testing.
NOTE 10—The sampling ring may also be used as the test confining
ring. For size and deformation requirements of consolidation test rings
refer to Test Methods D2435/D2435M and D4186/D4186M. Because of
the small height to diameter ratio of consolidation samples and due to the
nature of consolidation testing, the inside clearance ratio as specified by
Practice D1587/D1587M can be reduced from 1 % to zero. The ring area
ratio, Ar, equal to [(Do2 − Di2)/Di2] × 100 (terms are defined in Practice
D1587/D1587M) should be less than 13 % to minimize subsampling
disturbance.7

7
International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Inter-
national Manual for the Sampling of Soft Cohesive Soils, Tokai University Press,
Tokyo, 1981, p. 129. FIG. 1 Thin-Walled Piston Sampler

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 D3213 − 19
8. Procedure accordance with 8.1.3.1 or 8.1.3.2. It is desirable for ease of
storage and handling that cores are cut to the same length as far
8.1 Shipboard Handling of Soil Cores not Requiring Sub-
as practical.
sampling:
8.1.7 Securely store the core in the same orientation in
8.1.1 Carefully bring soil sampling or coring device aboard which it was obtained away from sources of vibration in an
ship, avoid contact with either the side of the ship or moon area typically along the vessel centerline and amidships, where
pool, or dropping the device onto the deck during this process. the ship motion will be minimized.
For drop corers, have an end cap available to prevent material
from dropping out. NOTE 17—Cores are typically obtained and stored vertically. Some
circumstances may require horizontal storage; for example, if significant
NOTE 13—Proper coring and sampling operations may not be possible gravitational compaction is anticipated, then the cores can be stored
during adverse weather conditions or sea states. horizontally. However, horizontal storage can cause problems. For
example, a smear zone can develop along one side of the core by
8.1.2 Remove liner or core tube from soil sampling or gravitational compaction while oriented horizontally. If the cores are
coring device. stored horizontally, make a note to that effect on the core sample
8.1.3 Sealing the Bottom of the Sample Liner: information report. Better sample quality will be obtained by storing short
cores sections vertically than by storing long cores horizontally.
8.1.3.1 Either insert expandable packer and tighten (some NOTE 18—If refrigeration equipment is available aboard ship the soil
sediment may have to be removed) or add wax at top and samples should ideally be stored at the in situ, seafloor temperature. Deep
bottom of core in its tube. sea soil is often stored at 5 6 2°C. Under no circumstances should cores
8.1.3.2 Apply an end cap and securely tape in place with or subsamples be frozen because of possible water migration and volume
change if index property, compressibility, and strength testing are to be
waterproof electrical tape or duct tape. If the sample is to be performed, unless they contain permafrost or were naturally frozen.
stored for over 2 weeks prior to testing, insure that the tape is NOTE 19—Where applicable, follow procedures for soil Groups C and
completely covered with wax by dipping the liner and end cap D in Practices D4220/D4220M.
into a container of melted wax. Cover with plastic wrap prior 8.2 Shipboard Handling of Soil Requiring Subsampling:
to storage. Leakage or evaporation of pore water during storage 8.2.1 Carefully bring coring device aboard ship; avoid
is not acceptable. contact with the side of the vessel or dropping the device onto
NOTE 14—If an air void is present between the end of the liner and the the deck during this process.
soil surface, cut the liner level with the soil surface prior to applying the 8.2.2 Expose sediment surface to be subsampled.
end cap or fill the void with a nearly incompressible, nonabsorbing inert 8.2.3 Insert subsampling device into core.
material, or add wax (see Note 6). Free water accumulating above the
sample when held vertically can be drained by either a small cut in the NOTE 20—The subsampling device may be a piece of liner sharpened
liner, drilled hole, or decanting. The liner is then cut off level with the soil on one end, a thin-walled stainless steel ring, or a thin-walled stainless
surface. When cutting the liner, be sure that the method used does not steel piston sampler (Fig. 1). The inside diameter of the thin-walled
impart significant vibrations to the soil or distort the liner. subsampler may be the same as the outside diameter of the laboratory test
NOTE 15—A rotary pipe cutter, fine-toothed crosscut hand or power specimen.
saw, or custom-made device may be used to cut liner with a circular cross 8.2.4 Remove the subsampler from the large-size core and
section. Snug-fitting metal sleeves applied around the liner perimeter on
clean the excess soil from the exterior of the subsampler with
each side of the cut can be used to minimize liner distortion during the
cutting process. a spatula and wipe with either a cloth or paper towel.
NOTE 16—Cheesecloth or aluminum foil taped to the end cap and liner 8.2.5 Seal the ends of the subsampling device to prevent
allows better adhesion of the wax and reduces the potential of wax to chip drainage. Refer to 8.1.3.1 or 8.1.3.2.
or crack during handling. Cheesecloth or aluminum foil and wax may be 8.2.6 Refer to 8.1.4 and 8.1.7.
applied to entire core sections to reduce leakage and evaporation.
NOTE 21—Sealed subsampled sections for long term storage can be
8.1.4 Recording Information on Core Liner: stored in tanks of seawater to reduce the potential for moisture loss. The
8.1.4.1 Mark a series of arrows or other appropriate symbols salinity of the seawater should be similar to the salinity of the sediment’s
or text on the liner indicating the top of the core. pore water.
8.1.4.2 Mark the core liner in accordance with the project 8.3 Transportation of Samples from the Ship to the Shore-
requirements with information such as cruise, station, and Based Laboratory:
boring number/core identifiers and subbottom depth intervals 8.3.1 Transport cores or subsamples in accordance with
on the liner at several locations. Adhesive labels can be used if Practices D4220/D4220M for soil Groups C and D where
they are securely fastened in place with tape or a coating of applicable.
wax. NOTE 22—If cores are stored at in situ temperature aboard ship, then
8.1.5 Sealing the Top of the Sample Liner: provision for maintaining that temperature during transportation to the
8.1.5.1 Refer to 8.1.3.1 or 8.1.3.2 and Note 14 and Note 16. shore-based laboratory would be optimal. However, if transit time is short
and containers are adequately insulated, special provisions are generally
8.1.5.2 Cores that are stored vertically for less than two
unnecessary.
weeks do not need the top cap waxed. NOTE 23—Tilt indicators can be applied to the interior and exterior of
8.1.5.3 Cores that are stored horizontally for longer than 2 shipping containers to record mishandling. Any mishandling must be
weeks require either waxing of both ends if packers are not noted and considered when analyzing data from the resulting test program.
used. Either brush wax on or dip ends into wax. 8.4 Storage of Samples at the Shore-Based Laboratory:
8.1.6 If the recovered core is larger than 1.5 m (4.9 ft), cut 8.4.1 Securely store cores and subsamples in the orientation
the liner into lengths of 1 m (3.3 ft) or less. Seal the ends in in which they were obtained in situ. Refer to Note 17.

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8.4.2 Check the cores as appropriate for signs of leakage. 9.1.1 Cruise or Project identification (E),
Report and correct any leakage. 9.1.2 Station/boring number and core identification (E),
8.4.3 Store cores in the dark at their in situ temperature at 9.1.3 Date and time of sampling (D),
high humidity. 9.1.4 Location, including latitude and longitude (E),
8.4.4 Test cores as soon as possible after sampling. 9.1.5 Water depth (D),
NOTE 24—Storage time should be minimal. Some properties may 9.1.6 Sea state, weather conditions (U),
change for some types of soil within hours or days of sampling. Storage 9.1.7 Corer or sampler type (E),
should not be allowed to adversely affect the soil properties to be
measured. 9.1.8 Core barrel or sampler length, and cross section
dimension(s) (D),
8.5 Specimen Preparation:
8.5.1 Follow specimen handling procedures for each respec- 9.1.9 Free-fall height or rate of penetration (U),
tive test. 9.1.10 Amount of weight added and total weight of coring
8.5.2 If any test, for example, a consolidation test, requires device (U),
that a top cap be placed on the soil make the top cap out of a 9.1.11 Bottom elevation (D),
light-weight inert material so that applied consolidation or 9.1.12 Subbottom penetration depth, depth of sampling
shear stresses are minimized. interval (E),
8.5.3 For the triaxial compression test, refer to Test Method 9.1.13 Total recovered length and length of individual
D2850, and the following special provisions. subsections (D),
8.5.3.1 Specimens that cannot be trimmed with a common 9.1.14 Soil description (see Practice D2488) (D),
soil lathe because the soil quickly deforms if left unsupported 9.1.15 Storage orientation (U),
can be prepared by using a thin-walled piston sampler (Fig. 1). 9.1.16 Storage temperature (U), and
8.5.3.2 Obtain test specimen. The piston sampler is operated 9.1.17 Names of party members (U),
by keeping the piston fixed at the level of the soil surface while
pushing the tube down into the soil. Use the piston sampler in 9.2 Note if any of the following conditions were present or
conjunction with a support device that keeps the piston occurred:
stationary, during both subsampling and subsequent extrusion. 9.2.1 Visible degassing (D),
8.5.3.3 Quickly place a membrane around the specimen 9.2.2 Pore water leakage, when it occurred, how it was
after extrusion, assemble and fill the test chamber with fluid. corrected (D),
NOTE 25—Whenever water must be added it is preferable to add water 9.2.3 Soil disturbance, at what subbottom depths in the core
having the same electrolyte as the natural water. (D),
NOTE 26—The above procedure should provide an acceptable triaxial 9.2.4 Mishandling or problems during recovery, transporta-
specimen for all but the weakest marine soil. tion and storage (E), and
9. Report: Records 9.2.5 Potential hazardous substances (E).
9.1 The following data obtained onboard ship and in the
laboratory for each core or boring should be reported. Indi- 10. Keywords
vidual items are marked as follows: E − essential, D − desir- 10.1 laboratory fine-grained soils; marine; soft; storage;
able, U − useful. intact samples

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D18 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D3213 – 13ɛ1) that may impact the use of this standard. (February 1, 2019)

(1) Updated units statement in 1.3. (4) Updated the title of Section 9.
(2) Added reference in Footnote 6 and renumbered subsequent
references.
(3) Revised 7.3 to reflect international considerations. Added
new Note 12 to reflect examples in United States. Renumbered
subsequent notes and references.

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